This document discusses the study of history and historical sources. It defines history as the study of the past through written documents and evidence. However, it notes that history does not fully capture the complexity of the past, and that oral traditions, artifacts, and other non-written sources can also provide valid insights. The role of the historian is discussed, noting they must interpret facts and that their own biases can influence their work, despite rigorous methodology. Different schools of historical thought, like positivism and the Annales School, are mentioned that have challenged traditional historical approaches. Throughout, the importance of validating sources is emphasized to avoid false historical conclusions.
This document discusses the study of history and historical sources. It defines history as the study of the past through written documents and evidence. However, it notes that history does not fully capture the complexity of the past, and that oral traditions, artifacts, and other non-written sources can also provide valid insights. The role of the historian is discussed, noting they must interpret facts and that their own biases can influence their work, despite rigorous methodology. Different schools of historical thought, like positivism and the Annales School, are mentioned that have challenged traditional historical approaches. Throughout, the importance of validating sources is emphasized to avoid false historical conclusions.
This document discusses the study of history and historical sources. It defines history as the study of the past through written documents and evidence. However, it notes that history does not fully capture the complexity of the past, and that oral traditions, artifacts, and other non-written sources can also provide valid insights. The role of the historian is discussed, noting they must interpret facts and that their own biases can influence their work, despite rigorous methodology. Different schools of historical thought, like positivism and the Annales School, are mentioned that have challenged traditional historical approaches. Throughout, the importance of validating sources is emphasized to avoid false historical conclusions.
This document discusses the study of history and historical sources. It defines history as the study of the past through written documents and evidence. However, it notes that history does not fully capture the complexity of the past, and that oral traditions, artifacts, and other non-written sources can also provide valid insights. The role of the historian is discussed, noting they must interpret facts and that their own biases can influence their work, despite rigorous methodology. Different schools of historical thought, like positivism and the Annales School, are mentioned that have challenged traditional historical approaches. Throughout, the importance of validating sources is emphasized to avoid false historical conclusions.
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READINGS OF THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY just as valid.
A few of these are oral
traditions in forms of epics and History has always been known as the study of songs, artifacts, architecture, and the past, yet it does not give justice to the memory. complexity of the subject and its importance to With the aid of archaeologists, human civilization. historians can use artifacts from a Derived from the Greek word Historia bygone era to study ancient (knowledge acquired through inquiry or civilizations that were formerly investigation) ignored in history because of lack of The term ‘historia’ then adapted to documents. classical Latin where it acquired a new Linguists can also be helpful in definition tracing historical evolutions, past Historia- known as the account of the connections among different past of a person or a group of people groups, and flow of cultural through written documents and influence by studying language and historical evidences (the meaning stuck the changes that it has undergone. until the early parts of the twentieth Biologists and Biochemists can help century) with the study of the past through Became an important academic analyzing genetic and DNA patterns discipline of human societies. It became the historian’s duty to write about the lives of important individuals QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY like monarchs, heroes, saints, and What is history? Why study history? And nobilities. history for whom? Also focused on writing about wars, Historiography is the history of history. revolutions, and other important Difference between history and breakthroughs. historiography. History is the study of Traditional historians lived with the the past, the events that happened in mantra of “No document, no history.” the past, and the causes of such events. (unless a written document can approve Historiography is history itself (How was a certain historical event, then it cannot a certain historical text written? Who be considered as a historical fact) wrote it? What were the sources used?) Some were keener on passing their Students do not only get to learn history by word of mouth. historical facts, but they are also Restricting historical evidence as provided with the exclusively written (burning or understanding of the facts’ and destroying the events of war or the historian’s contexts. colonization) is also discrimination Historiography is important for against other social classes who were someone who studies history not recorded in paper. because it teaches the student Nobilities, monarchs, and even the to be critical in the lessons of middle class would have their birth, history presented to him. education, marriage and death as ROLES OF HISTORY matters of government and historical - States use history to unite a nation. record. - Used as a tool to legitimize regimes and PEASANT FAMILIES or INDIGENOUS GROUP forge a sense of collective identity Other kind of historical sources. It through collective memory. may not be in written form but were - Lessons from the past can be used to - His interpretation of the historical fact is make sense of the present. affected by his context and POSITIVISM. Is the school of thought that circumstances. emerged between the eighteenth and - His subjectivity will inevitably influence nineteenth century. Requires empirical and the process of his historical research: the observable evidence before one can claim that a methodology that he will use, the facts particular knowledge is true. that he shall select and deem relevant, - Entails an objective means of arriving at his interpretation, and even the form of a conclusion his writings. Deeming history as - In the discipline of history, the mantra subjective. “no document, no history” stems from Historical research requires vigor. Despite this very same truth, where historians the fact that historians cannot ascertain were required to show written primary absolute objectivity, the study of history documents in order to write a particular remains scientific because of the rigor of historical narrative. research and methodology that historians - Positivist historians are also expected to employ. be objective and impartial not just in Historical methodology comprises certain their arguments but also on their techniques and rules that historians follow in conduct of historical research. order to properly utilize sources and POSTCOLONIALISM. Is a school of thought that historical evidences in writing history. emerged in the early twentieth century when Historians and the arguments that they formerly colonized nations grappled with the forward in their historical writings, while idea of creating their identities and may influenced by the historian’s understanding their societies against the inclinations, can still be validated by using shadows of their colonial past. reliable evidences and employing correct and - Looks at two things in writing history: tell meticulous historical methodology. the history of their nation that will ANNALES SCHOOL OF HISTORY. Is a school highlight their identity free from that of of history born in France that challenged the colonial discourse and knowledge; to cannons of history. This school of thought criticize the methods, effects, and idea did away with the common historical of colonialism subjects that were almost always related to - A reaction and an alternative to the the conduct of states and monarchs. colonial history that colonial powers - Annales scholars studied the history of created and taught to their subjects. peasantry, the history of medicine, or HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN even the history of environment. The historian’s job is not just to seek - They advocated that the people and historical evidences and facts, but also to classes who were not reflected in the interpret these facts. history of the society in the grand “facts cannot speak for themselves.” manner be provided with space in the - To give meaning to these facts and records of mankind. organize them into a timeline, establish - A historian needs to validate the claims causes, and write history. of his informant through comparing and - A person who is influenced by his own corroborating it with written sources. context, environment, ideology, - While bias is inevitable, the historian can education, and influences, among balance this out by relying to evidences others. that back up his claim. Thus, the historian need not let his bias blind his judgment and such bias is only acceptable if he maintains his rigor as a NOTE: Validating historical sources is important researcher. because the use of unverified, falsified, and HISTORICAL SOURCES untruthful historical sources can lead to equally Historical sources – historian’s most important false conclusions. Without thorough criticisms of research tools historical evidences, historical deceptions and Can be classified between primary and lies will be highly probable. secondary sources – depends on the historical Historian’s task: subject being studied - To look at the available historical Primary Sources. Produced at the same time as sources, and select the most relevant the event, period, or subject being studied. and meaningful for history and for the (minutes of the convention, newspaper subject matter that he is studying. clippings, records, drafts, and recordings, - To organize the past that is being eyewitnesses, memoirs, archival documents, created so that it can offer lessons for artifacts, census, and governmental records) nations, societies, and civilization. Secondary Sources. Produced by an author who - To seek for the meaning of recovering used primary sources to produce the material. the past to let the people see the Can be historical sources, which studied a certain continuing relevance of provenance, historical subject. memory, remembering, and historical NOTE: The classification of the two depends not understanding for both the present and on the period when the source was produced or the future. the type of the source, but on the subject of PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGARPHY. Underwent historical research. several changes since the precolonial period External Criticism. The practice of verifying the until the present. authenticity of evidence by examining its - Filipino historian Zeus Salazar, physical characteristics; consistency with the introduced the new guiding philosophy historical characteristics of the time when it was for writing and teaching history: produced; and the materials used for the pantayong pananaw (for us – from us evidence. perspective). - Examples of the things that will be - This perspective highlights the examined when conducting external importance of facilitating an internal criticism of a document include the conversation and discourse among quality of the paper, the type of the ink, Filipinos about our own history, using and the language and words used in the the language that is understood by material, among others. everyone. Internal Criticism. The examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. - Looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production. - Looks at the factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose. - Entails that the historian acknowledge and analyze how such reports can be manipulated to be used as war propaganda