GMOs PDF

Chapter 10
GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
Lovely May B. Patete

Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Davao Oriental State College of Science
and Technology
Genetically Modified
Organisms
Learning Objectives:
• Define genetic engineering;
• identify the characteristics of GMOs;
• Identify the issues on GMOs; and
• Discuss different implications and impact of GMOs.
Genetic Engineering
Is:
Artificially copying a piece of DNA from one organism
and joining this copy of DNA into the DNA of another
organism
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Purpose of Genetic Engineering
It allows genes from one organism to be inserted into a cell
of a different organism of a different species.
Examples:
– Human genes can be inserted into a bacterium
– Human genes can be inserted into cells from other
animals
– Bacterium genes can be inserted into plant cells
Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering means that DNA from different
organisms can be combined
• Bacteria can be engineered to produce human

proteins
• Human genes can be inserted into other animals

Genetic Engineering - Overview
 The altered DNA is called recombinant DNA
 Recombinant DNA is joined to other unrelated DNA in

the organism
 This is called gene splicing.
- tiny segments of a gene are taken out and

replaced by different genes
Transgenic Organisms
• Organisms altered by genetic engineering.
• Genetic material changed by other than random natural

breeding
• Gene transfer
-moving a gene from one organism to another.
What Transgenic means
• 'Trans-' means 'crossing from one place to another‘
• The '-genic' bit means genes
• So it means that bits of genes from different living

things have been bolted together and spliced into
another organism to make a new one which does
something which the scientists want it to do.
Genetic Modification
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

• organism which have inserted DNA that originated
in a different species
• organisms that have acquired one or more genes

by artificial means
• are organisms whose genetic material has

been altered using genetic engineering
Transgenic organism
• If the recombinant organism acquired
gene is from another organism
Genetically Modified Crops
Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are

those engineered to introduce a new trait into the plant
species.
Proposes: • resistance to certain pests, diseases, or

environmental conditions, or resistance
to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance
to a herbicide).
• to enhance its nutritional value in the

case of golden rice.
Production of golden rice
done through genetic engineering
Vitamin “A” enriched

Genetic Modification in Plants
Role of GMOs in the Food and Agricultural Industries
1. Pest resistance Bt Corn
Bacillus thuringiensis
Produces a toxin that

kills caterpillars and
other insect larvae.
• The toxin has been in

use for some years
as an insecticide.
The maize stem borer can cause
considerable losses by killing young plants.
2. Virus Resistance
papaya ringspot virus

(PRSV) is detrimental to
papaya plants
3. Herbicide resistance
• Some of the safest and most effective herbicides are those, such as
glyphosate, which kill any green plant but become harmless as soon as
they reach the soil.
These herbicides cannot be used on crops because they kill the crop
plants as well as the weeds.
4. Fortification
Plants are fortified with certain minerals
Production of golden rice
Vitamin “A” enriched

5. Cosmetic Preservation
Plants can resist natural discoloration
6. Increased Growth Rate

Plants can have higher yield in
growth than normal species.
Role of GMOs in the Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms
1. Flower Production
Modified color and extended vase
life of flowers
2. Paper Production
Tress are modified for higher yield
of paper production.
3. Pharmaceutical Productions
4. Bioremediation
Periwinkle
Nicotana glauca
5. Enzyme and Drug

Production
4. Medical Field
Genetic Modification in Animals
Genetic modification of an animal involves altering its genetic material by
adding, changing or removing certain DNA sequences in a way that does not
occur naturally.
to modify specific
characteristics of an animal or
introduce a new trait.
e .g .
1. disease resistance
2. enhanced growth
Cloning
- is the replication of certain cell types from a “parent” cell, or

the replication of a certain part of the cell or DNA to propagate
a particular desirable genetic trait.
3 Types of Cloning:
1. DNA cloning
2. Therapeutic cloning
3. Reproductive cloning
- is used if the intention is to generate an animal that has the same
nuclear DNA as another currently, or previously existing animal.
- the process used to generate this type of cloned animal is called

somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
Current context of genetically engineered animals
Genetic engineering technology has numerous

applications:
• Companion animals
• Wild animals
• farm animals, and
• animal models used in scientific

research.
Companion animals
- Insertion of foreign genes.
- gene knock-out techniques
Example: By inserting genes from sea anemone

and jellyfish, zebrafish have been
genetically engineered to express
fluorescent proteins — hence the
commonly termed “GloFish.”
Companion animals
- has also been derived by cloning.
Example:
• The first cloned cat, “CC,” was created in 2002 by nuclear

transplantation
• The first cloned dog, “Snuppy” – cloned from adult somatic

cells
Wild animals
--The primary application of genetic engineering to wild species involves
cloning.--
help retain genetic diversity in small populations
of endangered species.
Farm animals
• Productivity of farm animal species can be increased using genetic
engineering.
Example:
- transgenic pigs and sheep that have been
genetically altered to express higher levels
of growth hormone
• Genetically engineered farm animals can be created to enhance food quality.
Example:
- pigs have been genetically engineered to express the Δ12 fatty acid
desaturase gene (from spinach) for higher levels of omega-3.
- goats have been genetically engineered to express human
lysozyme in their milk.
• Genetic engineering has also been applied with the aim of reducing
agricultural pollution.
Example:
- the EnviropigTM
a pig that is genetically engineered to produce an enzyme

that breaks down dietary phosphorus (phytase), thus limiting
the amount of phosphorus released in its manure.
• Effort has also been made to generate genetically engineered farm
species such as cows, goats, and sheep that express medically
important proteins in their milk.
Benefits of Genetic Modified Organisms
Some Potential Consequences to the Environment Include:
• Higher Efficiency in Farming
• Increase in Harvest
• Control of Infertility
• Increase in Food Processing
• Improvement in desirable characteristics
• Nutritional pharmaceutical enhancement
• Reduce usage of chemicals

Genetic Modified Organisms
Potential Risks
1. Inadequate studies/ research.
2. Promotes mutation
3. Human consumption might have:
• Allergic reactions
• Gene mutation
• Antibiotic resistance
• Change nutritional value

Genetic Modified Organisms
Potential Environmental Risks
1. Risk in gene flow
2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed
problems
3. Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogen

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Chapter 10

Lovely May B. Patete

• Bacteria can be engineered to produce human

• Human genes can be inserted into other animals

 Recombinant DNA is joined to other unrelated DNA in

 This is called gene splicing.

- tiny segments of a gene are taken out and

• Genetic material changed by other than random natural

• The '-genic' bit means genes

• So it means that bits of genes from different living

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

• organisms that have acquired one or more genes

• are organisms whose genetic material has

Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are

Proposes: • resistance to certain pests, diseases, or

• to enhance its nutritional value in the

done through genetic engineering

Vitamin “A” enriched

Produces a toxin that

• The toxin has been in

papaya ringspot virus

Plants are fortified with certain minerals

Production of golden rice

Vitamin “A” enriched

6. Increased Growth Rate

5. Enzyme and Drug

- is the replication of certain cell types from a “parent” cell, or

- the process used to generate this type of cloned animal is called

Current context of genetically engineered animals

Genetic engineering technology has numerous

• farm animals, and

• animal models used in scientific

- Insertion of foreign genes.

- gene knock-out techniques

Example: By inserting genes from sea anemone

• The first cloned cat, “CC,” was created in 2002 by nuclear

• The first cloned dog, “Snuppy” – cloned from adult somatic

• Genetically engineered farm animals can be created to enhance food quality.

a pig that is genetically engineered to produce an enzyme

Some Potential Consequences to the Environment Include:

• Higher Efficiency in Farming

• Increase in Food Processing

• Improvement in desirable characteristics

• Nutritional pharmaceutical enhancement

• Reduce usage of chemicals

1. Inadequate studies/ research.

3. Human consumption might have:

• Change nutritional value

Potential Environmental Risks

1. Risk in gene flow

2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed

3. Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogen

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