Psychology and Behavioral Sciences

2015; 4(1): 29-35

Published online January 30, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/pbs)
doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20150401.15
ISSN: 2328-7837 (Print); ISSN: 2328-7845 (Online)

Role of emotional intelligence on aggression:

A comparison between adolescent boys and girls
Prangya Paramita Priyadarshini Das, Suchitra Tripathy
Department of Psychology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India

Email address:
prangya.ppdasresearch@gmail.com (P. P. P. Das), sweet.ctc1992@gmail.com (S. Tripathy)

To cite this article:

Prangya Paramita Priyadarshini Das, Suchitra Tripathy. Role of Emotional Intelligence on Aggression: A Comparison between Adolescent
Boys and Girls. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. Vol. 4, No. 1, 2015, pp. 29-35. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20150401.15

Abstract: Emotional intelligence (EI) is based on the concept of understanding one’s own emotion and the emotions of
others. Aggression is often categorized by hurtful and destructive behavior towards others; it seems to oppose the empathetic
nature of EI. In this study the objective was to study the role of emotional intelligence on adolescents’ aggression and also a
gender difference in emotional intelligence and aggression of adolescents. The aggression scale developed by Buss & Perry, in
the year 1992 was used to measure aggression and the emotional intelligence scale developed by Anukool Hyde & Sanjyo
Pathe & Upinder Dhar, in the year 1971 was used to measure emotional intelligence of adolescents. Data was collected from
64 adolescents from various Colleges and Universities. It was found that there exists a significant difference between the levels
of emotional intelligences (HEI, MEI & LEI) on aggression of adolescent girls as compared to adolescent boys. Boys were
found to be more aggressive where as girls were found to be more emotionally intelligent. For boys emotional intelligence
does not influence the level of aggression. There could be some other factors (peer pressure, media violence, and influence of
drug) which play an important role in the development of aggression.
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Adolescence, Aggression

1. Introduction
Besides the ability of people to receive external stimuli the person. Mental health is related with adequate expression
through the five senses, human bodies respond internally by of emotion. Adequate expression of emotion is related with
receiving and understanding information through affective the ability to understand, perceive and control one’s and
states like emotions and feelings. The concept of emotional other’s emotion. Aggression is directly linked with emotion
intelligence proposes that intelligence may understand and it determines one’s behavior, personality and integrity. It
emotion, and that emotion may facilitate intelligence (Mayer determines the nature of an individual. Emotional
& Ciarrochi, 2006). According to Akinboye (2002) “no intelligence is related with empathy (Ciarrochi, Chan, and
human action, whether good or bad, is emotion free”. Caputi, 2000). Research evidence shows that there exist a
Emotional intelligence is one of the important variables and significant negative correlation between emotional
has greater influence on human character. It has a pivotal role intelligence and aggression.
in the success of various domain of life. The basic emotions Emotional Intelligence among adolescents affects
are happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sorrow and adolescents’ level of interpersonal relationship. Low level of
disgust. According to Leventhal (1982) each of these emotional intelligence among adolescents leads to adolescent
emotions are operating through a control mechanism which substance and illegal drug abuse, poor interpersonal
serve as a monitor for one of the main aspects of human life. relationship, high level of aggression, and physical fights
Controlling one’s emotions does not happen automatically. (Brackett, Mayer and Warner, 2004). Emotional Intelligence
This can be done when someone is in touch with his inner as plays a pivotal role in all realm of life. Keeping in view the
well as outer world. significance of emotional intelligence on adolescents’ level of
Each individual expresses emotion differently and aggression and gender difference the following objectives
ineffective expression of emotion creates abnormality within were formulated.
30 Prangya Paramita Priyadarshini Das and Suchitra Tripathy: Role of Emotional Intelligence on Aggression: A
Comparison between Adolescent Boys and Girls

1.1. Objectives answering the questionnaires and instructed to give a tick

mark for each item in emotional intelligence scale and for
1 To study the role of emotional intelligence on aggression questionnaire subject put one of the numbers from
adolescents’ aggression. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, for each item according to his or her choice.
2 To study the gender difference in adolescents’ The sample consisted of 30 males and 30 females. Each
aggression with reference to the levels of emotional subject gave his or her responses for both scales. They were
intelligence (high emotional intelligence, medium asked to respond to each item in the questionnaires freely
emotional intelligence and low emotional intelligence). without any hesitation. All subjects individually administered
their questionnaires and were asked to complete the
2. Method questionnaire without any time limit. Subjects were very
happy at the time of data collection when they got to know
2.1. Sample about their level of aggression and emotional intelligence.
The size of the sample was 64. Data was collected from 64 This study was conducted in compliance with “ethical”
adolescent students from UG to PG level. Out of 64 students principles.
30 were male and 34 were female adolescents. The age range
was in between 18-24 years. All students were belonged to 3. Results and Interpretation
middle socioeconomic status.
Table I. Descriptive Statistics for Adolescent Boys.
2.2. Tools
N Mean SD
High Emotional Intelligence (HEI) 12 86.333 6.879
Two questionnaires were used in this study. One was
Medium Emotional Intelligence (MEI) 12 92.083 7.204
emotional intelligence scale and other one was aggression Low Emotional Intelligence (LEI) 6 83.833 11.321
scale. Total 30 88.133 8.447
The emotional intelligence scale (EIS) developed by
Dependent Variable: Aggression
Anukool Hyde and Sanjyoi Pathe and Upinder Dhar in the
year 1971. It was a 5 point scale. This scale was designed to From Table-I it was found that out of 30 adolescent boys
measure Emotional Intelligence. This scale consisted of 34 12 belongs to HEI, 12 belongs to MEI and 6 belongs to LEI
items and the highest score is 170 and lowest score is 34. The respectively. The mean score of aggression with high
scale measures 10 factors dimensions, such as self awareness, emotional intelligence is 86.33, the mean score of aggression
empathy, self motivation, emotional stability, meaning with medium emotional intelligence is 92.08 and the mean
relation, integrity, self development, value orientation, score of aggression with low emotional intelligence is 83.83
commitment and altruistic behavior. The reliability of the respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
scale was 0.88 and the validity of the scale was 0.93. Each applied to know the significance of mean difference between
item of the scale would be scored 5 for strongly agree, 4 for the three groups (HEI, MEI & LEI).
agree, 3 for neutral, 2 for disagree, and 1 for strongly
disagree. Table II. One-Way ANOVA showing the role of EI on Aggression among
The aggression scale developed by Buss & Perry, in the Boys.
year 1992 was used in this study. It was a 5 point scale. This Sum of Mean
df F Sig.
scale was designed to measure aggression. This scale Squares Square
consisted of 29 items and the highest score is 145 and the Between group 337.050 2 168.525
lowest score is 29. This scale consists of 4 factors, such as – Within group 1732.417 27 64.164 2.626 .091
Total 2069.467 29
Physical Aggression (PA), Verbal aggression (VA), Anger (A),
Hostility (H). The reliability of this scale is 0.60 and the Dependent Variable: Aggression
validity of this scale is 0.84. Each item of this scale would be
scored as 5 for extremely characteristic of me, 4 for The findings of one-way ANOVA shown in Table-II
somewhat characteristic of me, 3 for neither uncharacteristic revealed that the effect of emotional intelligence on
nor characteristic of me, 2 for somewhat uncharacteristic of aggression for adolescent boys is not significant F (2, 27) =
me and 1 for extremely uncharacteristic of me. 2.626, p =.091. So there is no significant difference between
adolescents boys with HEI, MEI and LEI respectively with
2.3. Procedure regard to their aggression score.
The present study was conducted on adolescent students Table III. Descriptive Statistics for Adolescent Girls.
within the age bracket of 18 to 24 years. The scales were
N Mean SD
used to study the role of emotional intelligence on aggression High Emotional Intelligence (HEI) 17 66.235 4.493
of adolescent students. The instructions of these Medium Emotional Intelligence (MEI) 12 72.583 10.448
questionnaires were clearly explained to the subjects and care Low Emotional Intelligence (LEI) 5 92.800 3.114
was taken to ensure that they understood the items in both the Total 34 72.382 11.401
scale. All subjects were asked to clarify their doubts before Dependent Variable: Aggression
 Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 2015; 4(1): 29-35 31

From Table-III it was found that out of 34 adolescent girls It was found from the above table that the mean difference
17 belongs to HEI, 12 belongs to MEI and 5 belongs to LEI between HEI and LEI is significant (I-J= -26.56, p =.000)
respectively. The mean score of aggression with high and the mean difference between MEI and LEI is also
emotional intelligence is 66.23, the mean score of aggression significant (I-J = 20.21, p = .000). But the mean difference
with medium emotional intelligence is 72.58 and the mean between HEI and MEI is not significant (I-J= 6.34, p = .075).
score of aggression with low emotional intelligence is 92.80
respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was Table VI. T-test showing the differences in emotional intelligence among
adolescent boys and girls.
applied to know the significance of mean difference between
three groups (HEI, MEI & LEI). Groups N Mean SD T df Sig
Emotional Boys 30 76.66 22.40
2.03 62 .046
Table IV. One-Way ANOVA showing the role of EI on Aggression among Intelligence Girls 34 87.02 18.22
Girls.

Sum of Mean
df F Sig
Squares Square
Between group 2727.254 2 1363.627
Within group 1562.775 31 50.412 27.050 .000
Total 4290.029 33

Dependent Variable: Aggression

The findings of one-way ANOVA shown in Table-IV

revealed that the effect of emotional intelligence on
Aggression for adolescent girls is significant F (2, 27) =
27.050, p =.000. So there exists a significant difference
among adolescent girls with HEI, MEI and LEI respectively
with regard to their aggression score.
Figure II. Bar diagram showing emotional intelligence among boys and
girls.

The above figure indicates that adolescent girls are more

emotionally intelligent as compared to adolescent boys.

Table VII. T-test showing the differences in aggression among adolescent

boys and girls.

Groups N Mean SD t df Sig

Boys 30 88.13 8.44
Aggression 6.209 62 .000
Girls 34 72.38 11.40

Figure I. Bar diagram showing aggression among girls with HEI, MEI and
LEI.

The above figure indicates that girls with HEI showed low
aggression as compared to girls with MEI and LEI.
Now that we have rejected the null hypothesis, it is
appropriate to perform a Post-Hoc test to discover whether
the three groups (HEI, MEI and LEI) are different. Scheffe
test was applied since it has the distinction of being one of
the safest of all possible post hoc tests.
Figure III. Bar diagram showing aggression among boys and girls.
Table V. Multiple Comparisons-Scheffe test.
The above figure indicates that adolescent boys are more
(I) IV levels (J) IV Levels Mean difference (I-J) Sig
MEI -6.34 .075 aggressive as compared to adolescent girls.
HEI
LEI -26.56(*) .000
HEI 6.34 .075
MEI
LEI -20.21(*) .000
4. Discussion
HEI 26.56(*) .000
LEI An effort was completed in this piece of research to gain
MEI 20.21(*) .000
insights into the statistically significant differences among
Dependent Variable: Aggression adolescents of high, medium and low emotional intelligence
*The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
32 Prangya Paramita Priyadarshini Das and Suchitra Tripathy: Role of Emotional Intelligence on Aggression: A
Comparison between Adolescent Boys and Girls

with regard to their aggression scores. 4.4. Relationships with Peers

4.1. Major Findings Because of their aggressive behavior and lack of social
skills, highly aggressive adolescent boys are often rejected by
There exists no significant difference among boys with their peers (Coie & Dodge, 1990). This early rejection is
high, medium and low emotional intelligences with predictive of later aggressive and violent behavior (USDHHS,
regard to their aggression scores. 2001). However, by the teen years, most aggressive youth are
There exists a significant difference among girls of high, not friendless, but have developed friendships with other
medium and low emotional intelligences with regard to teens with antisocial attitudes and behavior (Cairna &
their aggression scores. Nickerman, 1998). Friendships with antisocial peers can be
The mean difference between the group HEI and LEI an important predictor of aggressive behavior and violence in
was significant for adolescent girls with regard to their the teenage years (USDHHS, 2001).
aggression score.
The mean difference between the group MEI and LEI 4.5. School Failure
was significant for adolescent girls with regard to their
aggression score. Early behavior problems often lead to poor school
There was no statistical significant difference between achievement and school failure, which are important risk
HEI and MEI for adolescent girls with regard to their factors for delinquency and involvement with antisocial peer
aggression score. groups in the teenage years (Hawkins, Cleve & Catalano,
Girls were found to be more emotionally intelligent as 1996).
compared to boys. 4.6. Exposure to Media Violence
Boys were found to be more aggressive as compared to
girls. There is now solid evidence to suggest a relationship
From this piece of research we can say that emotional between aggressive behavior and exposure to violent
intelligence does not affect aggression among boys. ANOVA television and movies (USDHHS, 2001). Researchers have
table for boys indicates that for boys there is no significant found that adolescent boys are more physically and verbally
difference between HEI, MEI & LEI with regard to aggressive immediately after watching violent television and
aggression score. So, emotional intelligence is not a factor movies. It is also clear that aggressive children and teens
for aggression among adolescent boys. There were some watch more violent television than their less aggressive peers.
other factors which actually affect the score of aggression
among adolescent boys. According to National Youth 4.7. Community and Societal Factors
Violence Prevention Resource Centre, USA, there are certain Poverty, joblessness, discrimination, and societal
risk factors which increase the likelihood of aggression acceptance of aggression all increase the risk of aggressive
among adolescent boys. behavior (Hann & Borek, 2002). Neighborhood factors that
4.2. Individual Characteristics increase the likelihood that children and teens will become
aggressive and involved in other problem behaviors include
A number of individual characteristics have been shown to exposure to violence, the availability of drugs, alcohol and
increase a child's risk for aggressive behavior particularly firearms, extreme poverty, neighborhood disintegration (e.g.,
among boys. These include a difficult temperament as an vacant lots, graffiti, crime, drug dealing, and boarded-up
infant, low intelligence, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and houses, and resident views that are tolerant of misbehavior
attention problems (Pepler & Slaby, 1994). Additionally, and violence) (Hewell, 1995).
aggressive boys frequently have poor social problem-solving ANOVA table for girls indicates that there exists a
skills: they often misinterpret other children's behavior as significant difference between HEI, MEI and LEI with regard
hostile, and they are often unable to find non-aggressive to aggression scores. The significant F ratio indicates that
solutions to conflicts (Dodge, 1991). emotional intelligence has a significant effect upon the
aggression of adolescent girls. Post hoc comparisons using
4.3. Home Environment scheffe test indicated that the mean difference between MEI
Some characteristics of the home environment can and LEI was significant which suggests that girls with MEI
increase the risk that a child will eventually become involved shows low level of aggression as compared to girls with LEI.
in aggressive behavior. Children and teens who come from The mean difference between LEI and HEI was significant
homes where parents are coercive or manipulative with their which indicates that girls with LEI show high level of
children, provide little emotional support, do not monitor aggression as compared to LEI. So, low emotional
their activities, or have little involvement in their lives are at intelligence is associated with high level of aggression.
greater risk for engaging in aggressive behavior. Additionally, However it should be noted that emotional intelligence level
the use of harsh punishments or inconsistent discipline has should be low in order to see an effect. High emotional
been shown to be related to aggressive behavior in youth intelligence levels do not appear to significantly increase the
(Pepler & Slaby, 1994). level of aggression among girls.
 Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 2015; 4(1): 29-35 33

In fact, 80% of life successes in a person’s life can be phenomenon consisting of number of distinct, yet interrelated
attributed to emotional intelligence (Goleman, 1995). High component skills including emotional appraisal, emotional
emotional intelligence levels have been correlated with a expression and emotional understanding. A study undertaken
myriad of benefits and positive life outcomes. Advantages by Bohnert, Crnic and Lim (2003) suggests that adolescents
include high levels of happiness, health, well-being, better with aggressive behavior more often make errors interpreting
academic performance and an increased ability to cope with intent in ambiguous social situations.
change (Qualter et al., 2007; Salami, 2011). This is not just
true of adults; adolescents who have more advanced 4.8. Limitations
emotional abilities show low stress, fewer signs of aggression, The study is related with only one factor that is emotional
and demonstrate a smaller likelihood of involvement with intelligence. So attempt should be made to know the role of
drugs and alcohol (Qualter et al., 2007). Abraham (1999) other factors (home environment, media violence, peer
contended that those individuals who have higher levels of pressure and school failures etc.) on adolescent aggression.
emotional intelligence have a stronger ability to empathize,
generally leading to their ability to conform better to 4.9. Implications
organizational requirements.
Just as high levels of emotional intelligence are beneficial, Socialization process plays a very important role in the
low levels create recognizable deficits. Importantly, however, development of emotional intelligence among adolescents in
the problems caused by low levels of EI are not just the general and boys in particular. It is the responsibility of the
absence of those beneficial traits exemplified by those with parents; teachers and the community to play an active role in
high EI. Low levels of EI have been correlated with some the socialization process of adolescents to nurture the trait of
forms of mental illness, including depression, aggression, emotional intelligence and decreasing the level of aggression.
borderline personality disorder and difficulties in processing Among boys emotional intelligence is not an important factor
emotional information (Grewal & Salovey, 2006). Those with that affects aggression. For boys specifically there are some
low EI levels also tend to have a hard time understanding vulnerable factors that affect the score of aggression which
situations from the perspective of others and therefore tend to needs to be taken care of in an early stage, so that it would
be less empathetic (Henley & Long, 1999). not affect the overall personality development and life of an
Siaruchi and his colleagues selected 73 boys and 58 girls adolescent.
of 13 to 18 age group to whom Schuttle’s Emotional 4.10. Direction for Further Research
Intelligence Scale was given. The girls were meaningfully
higher than the boys in overall emotional intelligence, A recommendation is made to conduct a research on
emotional understanding, emotional regulation and emotional understanding aggression among adolescent by taking some
utilization at P<0.05 level. more predictor variables like self concept, influence of drug
The fact that males are more aggressive than females has addiction and peer pressure. Age differences among
to do with biological, psychological, and social factors. adolescents (early adolescence, middle adolescence and late
Research shows in addition that males are more likely than adolescence) can also be taken into consideration while
females to behave in an aggressive manner. There is evidence addressing the issue of aggression.
that differences in socialization, cognition and personality
may help explain gender-based disparity in rates of anti- 5. Conclusion
social, as well as violent behaviors. Gender differences in
cognition, socialization, and behavior may exist as early as While decisive conclusions may be premature, the current
infancy. This is when boys are able to express themselves at a investigation lends support to the notion that low level of
higher rate. Infant girls show greater control over their intelligence is related with high level of aggression among
emotions, whereas boys are more easily angered and depend adolescent girls. Boys were more aggressive whereas girls
more on inputs from their mother's. Psychologist shows that were found to be more emotionally intelligent.What makes
the ways which females and males are socialized affect their this research so valuable is the unique ability of emotional
development. Males learn to value independence, while intelligence to be taught. Individuals who have a higher
females are taught that their self-worth depends on their emotional intelligence would be more able to conform to
ability to maintain relationships. Although there are a few preconceived societal norms, therefore being less aggressive
differences in aggression during the first few years of life, and less likely to break the law.
girls are socialized to be less aggressive than boys are. In
connection girls are supervised more closely than boys are. Acknowledgement
Males are more likely to display physical aggression, while
females display relational aggression (Welsh, 2007). We are thankful to 64 adolescents without whom these
Low trait EQ may be a key ingredient in a variety of data would not be available.
deviant behavior, many of which have been repeatedly linked
to emotional deficits among adolescents (Bracket, Warner &
Mayer, 2004). Emotional competence is a complex
34 Prangya Paramita Priyadarshini Das and Suchitra Tripathy: Role of Emotional Intelligence on Aggression: A
Comparison between Adolescent Boys and Girls

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