Zambia Iwrm Action Plan

ZAMBIA INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND WATER EFFICIENCY IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENT
The Zambia Integrated Water Resources Management and Water
Efficiency Implementation Plan (IWRM/WE) marks a major milestone in the
management of our country’s water resources. The plan is particularly relevant
at a time when Zambia and the Southern African region are faced with
challenges of effective water resources management coupled with the emerging
uncertainties associated with effects of climate change on water resources. In the
last 15 to 30 years, many parts of the country have experienced droughts and
floods, and these have led to loss of lives and livelihoods and left thousands of
people homeless.
The development of this Plan was agreed upon by Heads of States at the 2002 World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, which confirmed the importance of water and
its critical relationship to all other development issues and reinforced the importance of achieving
the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s).
In January 2007, I launched the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP) for the period 2006 to 2010 and the
vision 2030, a roadmap aimed at ushering Zambia into a prosperous middle-income nation by the year 2030.
The theme of the FNDP is “broad based wealth and job creation through citizenry participation and
technological advancement”. The FNDP focuses on agricultural development as the engine of income
expansion in the economy. I am convinced that agriculture offers the best potential to improve livelihoods and
combat poverty. In this regard, we must recognize water as the catalyst for development.
My Government is therefore pleased to launch the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan whose vision is to
“achieve equitable and sustainable use, development and management of water resources for wealth
creation, socio development and environmental sustainability”.
This Implementation Plan will provide a long-term implementation framework for water related programmes in
the FNDP and should thus be viewed as a powerful tool to guide the implementation these programmes and
the national budget in a coordinated and integrated manner in order to maximize economic efficiency,
environmental sustainability and water use equity. Government is committed to the implementation of this
plan through the creation of an enabling policy, legislative and institutional framework and the commitment of
public resources. I urge the private sector, local communities and other stakeholders to own and participate in
the implementation of this plan, as water affects every one of us.
May God prosper our country, Zambia.
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FOREWORD
The Management of Water Resources in Zambia has remained a big challenge,
as the list of challenges facing the sector is numerous. Its management has
been complicated by the belief by many Zambians that the country has
abundant water resources. Water, like every resource, is finite and needs to be
managed sustainably to benefit the present and future generations. The
Ministry of Energy and Water Development recognizes the important
role water plays in improving agricultural productivity and livelihoods,
and other uses such as domestic use, mining, manufacturing, hydropower
generation and environmental use. An increased population and an awakening,
growing economy have resulted in increased demand for water from each of
these sectors.
In recognition of this, the Ministry in collaboration with the Zambia Water Partnership has developed this
Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Implementation Plan. The goal of the plan is
“sustainable water resources management and development with equitable provision of water in adequate
quantity and quality for all competing users, at reasonable cost, with security of supply under varying
conditions, supporting economic growth and improving livelihoods.” The preparation of the implementation
plan has built on reforms within the water sector, which emphasised strengthening the framework for water
resources management through an integrated water resources management approach.
The development process of the Plan benefited from extensive consultations at national level, consultations
through the FNDP process and high level water related government institutions. In further consultations,
stakeholders at the catchment, district, provincial and sectoral level were engaged to bring out priority issues
to be tackled in this Implementation Plan. At the catchment, district and provincial level, government
departments, traditional leaders, civil society and ordinary citizens participated in the consultative process.
Other consultations included the sector coordination meetings of the water sector advisory group (SAG)
Hon. Kenneth Konga, MP

MINISTER-MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Energy and Water Development wishes to
acknowledge the contribution and support of various actors1 in the Integrated
Water Resources Management planning process. Special thanks are due the
Planning and Economic Division, Ministry of Finance and National Planning
for their role integrating the Plan into the FNDP; the Zambia Water Partnership for
facilitating the process; the PAWD Core Team for leading and directing the project;
the PAWD Project Secretariat; the School of Mines, University of Zambia for
hosting the project; the IWRM Plan Drafting Team for their specific
contributions, the various stakeholders and communities who participated in the
consultations, the Consultants for their contributions, the Water Resources Action
Programme, the Water Sector Advisory Group, Global Water Partnership Southern
Africa for technical support and guidance, and to CIDA for funding the project.
Peter Mumba
Permanent Secretary- MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT
1 For full list of contributors, refer to back page of document.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADCs Area Development Committees
CUs Commercial utilities
DISS Department of Infrastructure and Support Services
DWA Department of Water Affairs
FNDP Fifth National Development Plan
GWP Global Water Partnership
GWPO Global Water Partnership Organisation
IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MEWD Ministry of Energy and Water Development
MLGH Ministry of Local Government and Housing
NDCC National Development Coordinating Committee
NDP National Development Plan
NWASCO National Water Supply and Sanitation Council
PAWD Partnership for Africa’s Water Development
PDCC Provincial Development Coordinating Committee
RDCs Resident Development Committees
RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
SAG Sector Advisory Group
UWSS Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
WASHE Water Sanitation and Health Education
WDC Ward Development Committee
WE Water Efficiency
WRAP Water Resources Action Programme
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
WSSD World Summit for Sustainable Development
ZWP Zambia Water Partnership
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENT ............................................................................................................................ I
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................ I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... II
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................... III
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. VIII
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Overview: Integrated Water Resources Management /Water Efficiency Plan ................................ 1
1.2. National Development Planning Framework ................................................................................... 2
1.3. Plan Development Process ............................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Scope of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan ................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER 2: SITUATION ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 6
2.1. Brief on Zambia................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Economic Conditions ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1. Trade and Industry.............................................................................................................. 8
2.2.2. Poverty ................................................................................................................................ 8
2.3. Water and the MDG’s .................................................................................................................... 13
2.4. The Water Situation ....................................................................................................................... 14
2.4.1. Water Potential ................................................................................................................. 14
2.4.2. Rainfall Situation ............................................................................................................... 15
2.4.3. Surface Water Resources Potential.................................................................................. 16
2.4.4. Water distribution in the country, population growth and economics ............................... 16
2.4.5. Groundwater Situation ...................................................................................................... 17
2.4.6. Water Demand and Use ................................................................................................... 17
2.4.7. Water Efficiency ................................................................................................................ 18
2.4.8. Emergency Situations ....................................................................................................... 18
2.4.9. Floods ............................................................................................................................... 19
2.4.10. Droughts ........................................................................................................................... 20
2.5. International Shared Watercourses ............................................................................................... 21
2.6. Environment and Natural Resources Management....................................................................... 21
2.6.1. Water Pollution and inadequate Sanitation ...................................................................... 22
2.6.2. Soil Degradation ............................................................................................................... 22
2.6.3. Air Pollution ....................................................................................................................... 23
2.6.4. Wildlife Depletion .............................................................................................................. 23
2.6.5. Deforestation..................................................................................................................... 23
2.6.6. Invasive Alien Species Management ................................................................................ 24
2.6.7. Vulnerability to Climate Change ....................................................................................... 24
2.6.8. Environmental Water Requirements ................................................................................. 25
2.6.9. Environmental Impact Assessment .................................................................................. 26
2.7. Water Quality ................................................................................................................................. 26
2.8. Water–Related Sector Analysis ..................................................................................................... 27
2.8.1. Tourism ............................................................................................................................. 27
2.8.2. Energy Sector ................................................................................................................... 28
2.8.3. Mining Sector .................................................................................................................... 29
2.8.4. Water Supply and Sanitation ............................................................................................ 29
2.8.5. Health and Water-related Diseases .................................................................................. 33
2.8.6. Agriculture and Irrigation ................................................................................................... 34
2.9. Water Sector Policy and Legal Reform ......................................................................................... 35
2.9.1. Water Sector Reforms ...................................................................................................... 35
2.9.2. Reform of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ................................................................ 37
2.9.3. Water Resources Management Reform ........................................................................... 37
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2.9.4. Water Policy Framework................................................................................................... 38

2.9.5. Policy Coordination ........................................................................................................... 39
2.9.6. Gender .............................................................................................................................. 41
2.9.7. Legal framework ............................................................................................................... 41
2.10. Institutional Arrangements in the Water Sector ............................................................................. 42
2.11. Capacity Building ........................................................................................................................... 45
2.12. Institutions ...................................................................................................................................... 46
2.12.1. Government ministries and departments .......................................................................... 47
2.12.2. Local Authorities (cities, municipalities, districts).............................................................. 47
2.12.3. Regulatory authorities ....................................................................................................... 47
2.12.4. Commercial Water Utilities ............................................................................................... 47
2.12.5. Private Sector ................................................................................................................... 48
2.12.6. Academic and Research Institutions ................................................................................ 48
2.12.7. Bilateral and Multilateral Institutions ................................................................................. 48
2.12.8. NGOs and CBOs .............................................................................................................. 48
2.13. Proposed IWRM Institutional Set Up ............................................................................................. 48
2.13.1. Human Resource Analysis ............................................................................................... 49
2.13.2. Addressing Human Resource Capacity Requirements for the Water Sector ................... 50
2.14. Financing of the Water Sector ....................................................................................................... 52
2.14.1. Public Financing................................................................................................................ 52
2.14.2. Overseas Development Assistance Financing ................................................................. 54
2.14.3. Private Sector Financing ................................................................................................... 55
2.14.4. Community Financing ....................................................................................................... 55
2.14.5. Water Charges .................................................................................................................. 55
2.15. Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements in the Water Sector ..................................................... 56
2.15.1. Resource and Use Monitoring .......................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER 3: ISSUES AND GAPS IDENTIFIED ....................................................................................... 57
3.1. Synthesis of Issues Identified in Situation Analysis ....................................................................... 57
3.2. Priority Issues and Strategic Areas of Focus for the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan ................. 58
3.2.1. Programmes (Strategic focal areas) and Priority Issues .................................................. 59
CHAPTER 4: IWRM/WE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN STRATEGIES ........................................................ 61
4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 61
4.2. IWRM/WE Implementation Plan Vision ......................................................................................... 61
4.3. Goal of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan ................................................................................. 61
4.4. Strategic Objectives and Prioritised Projects ................................................................................. 61
4.5. Implementation Plan Project Costs................................................................................................ 62
4.5.1. Medium Term Projects (2007 – 2010) .............................................................................. 62
4.5.2. Long -Term Projects (2010 – 2030) .................................................................................. 63
4.5.3. Activities and Schedule (5 Year Rolling) .......................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 5: FINANCING OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN .............................................................. 87
5.1. Financing the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan ............................................................................. 87
5.2. Medium Term Expenditure Framework and IWRM/WE Financing ................................................ 87
5.3. Financing Strategy ......................................................................................................................... 88
5.3.1. Domestic Resources ......................................................................................................... 89
5.3.2. External Financing ............................................................................................................ 89
CHAPTER 6: IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS ................................................................................... 92
6.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 92
6.2. Existing Institutional Roles and Responsibilities............................................................................ 92
6.3. Transitional Arrangements ............................................................................................................. 93
6.3.1. Establishment of the new institutional framework............................................................. 93
6.3.2. Implementation of other projects in the five year rolling plans ......................................... 93
6.4. Coordination Mechanisms ............................................................................................................. 94
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6.4.1. Water Sector Advisory Group ........................................................................................... 94

6.4.2. Technical Secretariat –IWRM Unit.................................................................................... 94
6.5. Risks and Assumptions ................................................................................................................. 95
CHAPTER 7: MONITORING AND EVALUATION .................................................................................... 96
7.1. Monitoring Levels: .......................................................................................................................... 96
7.2. Evaluation Approaches: ................................................................................................................. 96
7.3. Institutional Framework for Monitoring and Evaluation.................................................................. 97
CHAPTER 8: COMMUNICATION PLAN ................................................................................................... 99
8.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 99
8.2. Communication Plan Objectives .................................................................................................... 99
8.3. Target Stakeholders....................................................................................................................... 99
8.4. Activities and Budget ..................................................................................................................... 99
ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................................... 101
8.5. Annex 1: Consolidated Matrix of Programmes, Issues, Strategies, Objectives and Projects ..... 101
8.6. Annex 2: Water Related Programmes in the FNDP ................................................................... 116
8.7. Annex 3: Project Concept Notes and Fact Sheets ...................................................................... 119
8.7.1. Water Resources Management ...................................................................................... 119
WATER RESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT .................................................................... 131
CONCEPT NOTES ......................................................................................................................................... 131
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION CONCEPT NOTES ............................................................................ 135
8.8. Annex 3: Project Fact Sheets ...................................................................................................... 143
8.9. Annex 4: Key Performance Indicators ......................................................................................... 155
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 165
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: National Development Planning Framework ....................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Map of Zambia ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3: Population by province ......................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4: Growth and poverty trends at national level, 1991-2004 ..................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Incidence of poverty (%) by province in 2004 in Zambia ................................................................... 11
Figure 6: Provincial contributions to national poverty, 2004 ............................................................................. 11
Figure 7: Incidence of poverty 1998 and 2004 .................................................................................................. 13
Figure 8: River Basins of Zambia ...................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 9: Annual rainfall variation ...................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 10: Rainfall and maize production for Southern Province ...................................................................... 20
Figure 11: Rational parks of Zambia ................................................................................................................. 28
Figure 12: households with access to safe water ............................................................................................. 30
Figure 13: Coordination arrangements ............................................................................................................. 40
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Key Macroeconomic Targets: 2003-2008 ............................................................................................. 7
Table 2: Changes in Poverty levels from 1998 to 2004 in Zambia ................................................................... 10
Table 3: Percentage Contribution of each river system .................................................................................... 16
Table 4: Summary of Access to Safe Water Supply in Zambia, 1990 – 2005 .................................................. 31
Table 5: Summary of Access to Sanitation in Zambia, 1990-2005 ................................................................... 32
Table 6: Selected Health Indicators 2001-2003 in Zambia ............................................................................... 34
Table 7: Key Outputs and Progress in Water Sector Reform ........................................................................... 36
Table 8: Summary of Legal and Institutional Framework .................................................................................. 43
Table 9: WRAP Programme: Seven areas for Strategic Interventions ............................................................. 46
Table 10: Analysis of Human Resource Capacity in the Water Sector in Zambia ............................................ 49
Table 11: External Aid Inflows (in US millions), 2002-2005 in Zambia ............................................................. 54
Table 12: Summary of Key Issues Identified ..................................................................................................... 57
Table 13: Programmes (Strategic focal areas) and Priority Issues................................................................... 59
Table 14: Strategic Objectives and Prioritised Projects .................................................................................... 62
Table 15: Project Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Table 16: Long Term Projects ........................................................................................................................... 64
Table 17: MTEF Indicative Expenditure Allocation ........................................................................................... 87
Table 18: Players in the Water Sector and their Roles ..................................................................................... 92
Table 19: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities for the IWRM Monitoring and Evaluation ........................... 97
Table 20: Communication Plan activities and budget ..................................................................................... 100
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
One of the targets agreed by Heads of State at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
held in Johannesburg, South Africa, was that nations should prepare National Integrated Water Resources
Management and Water Efficiency Plans (IWRM/WE Plans) by 2005. It was acknowledged that to achieve the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) sustainable water resources management is critical especially for
eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, ensuring environmental sustainability and improving health
conditions.
Water resources have generally not been well managed resulting in problems such as inadequate supplies to
meet various needs, pollution, inadequate information for decision making, inefficient use of the resource,
inadequate financing and limited stakeholder awareness and participation. Internationally, there is acceptance
that these problems can be addressed through applying the principles of integrated water resources
management (IWRM). The process of integrated water resource management is now well established in
international practice. It is largely concerned with balancing the trilogy of economic efficiency, social equity
and environmental sustainability. The approach rests on the three pillars of an enabling environment, the
institutional framework and management instruments.
With support from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the Global Water Partnership
(GWP)through the Partnership for African Water Development (PAWD Project), supported a number of
countries in preparation of IWRM/WE Plans. GWP-Southern Africa specifically provided guidance, technical
support and capacity building to Zambia during the process.
In 2004, the Zambian government, through the Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD), with
facilitation of the Zambia Water Partnership (ZWP), began developing an Integrated Water Resources and
Water Efficiency Plan for sustainable management of the country’s water resources.
Plan development process
The formulation of the plan drew upon various initiatives and plans from several sectors within the country
and the southern Africa region. A team of seven multi-disciplinary experts, coordinated by the PAWD project
Core Team, drafted the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan under the leadership of the Ministry of Energy and
Water Development.
Government began water sector reforms in the 1990s in a bid to address key issues constraining effective
development and management of the sector. This resulted in the adoption of the National Water Policy, which
emphasised strengthening the framework for water resources management through an integrated water
resources management approach. This led to the formulation and implementation of the Water Resources
Action Programme (WRAP). This programme addressed issues related to a weak legal and institutional
framework, limited human resources capacity, inadequate hydrological data and information systems,
inadequate stakeholder participation and weak provisions for addressing international waters.
Further, the call at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg in 2002, for
all countries to “develop integrated water resource management and water efficiency (IWRM/WE) plans by
2005” gave Zambia more impetus to continue the formulation of the integrated water resource management
plan through the WRAP. In view of the fact both the WRAP and IWRM/WE process were aimed at achieving
the same objectives, government decided to harmonise the WRAP and IWRM/WE plan initiatives. An
IWRM/WE plan discussion document was then prepared. This document drew upon several initiatives
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focusing on managing water resources in an integrated way. The discussion document was presented to
stakeholders for discussion at a stakeholders meeting held in Lusaka in August 2005, which included
cooperating partners, academia and the private sector. The document was further presented to a stakeholder
consultative meeting for the FNDP in Lusaka in September 2005 and a national workshop for directors of
water-related government ministries and their heads of planning, held over 7-11 January 2007, in Ndola. At
the Ndola workshop, a decision was made to reformulate the plan into an integrated water resources
management and efficiency implementation plan for the water sector based on the FNDP which had just been
launched by his Excellency, the President of Zambia.
The discussion document went through further consultative processes for stakeholders at the catchment,
district, and provincial levels. The consultative process was intended to bring out priority issues that should be
addressed in the Implementation Plan. To this end, consultative workshops were held in four locations to
cover five catchment areas, namely, for the Upper Zambezi catchment in Mongu; the Luangwa catchment in
Chipata; and the Tanganyika-Chambeshi and Luapula catchments in Kasama. Government departments,
traditional leaders, civil society and ordinary citizens participated in the consultative process. These
consultations were valuable and brought out issues critical to the development and management of water at
sectoral, provincial and catchment level. In addition, the consultations ensured that all the water-related
sectors and stakeholders agreed on the appropriate linkages and coordination mechanisms required during
the implementation of the programmes outlined in the FNDP.
Other consultations that fed into the IWRM/WE plan preparation included coordination meetings of the Water
Sector Advisory Group (SAG) and the technical meetings of the SAG sub-committees, which include water
resources and environment, water supply and sanitation, water resources infrastructure, capacity building,
monitoring and evaluation.
Scope of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan
The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan is an inter-sectoral plan with proposed interventions to support the four
main priority drivers of Zambia’s economic development identified in FNDP 2007-2010 as agriculture, tourism,
mining and industry/manufacturing. Being a national level plan, it will, through an integrated approach, lay a
foundation for the enhanced planning, development and management of water resources and for their
utilisation. The intention is to advance the development objectives identified in the National Long Term Vision
2030 as well as making progress towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s).
The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan addresses issues raised and prioritised by stakeholders. These have
been classified into the following broad IWRM change areas:
Enabling environment: policies; legislation; financing and incentive structures;

Institutional roles: creating an organisation framework; and institutional capacity building;
Management instruments: water resources assessment; plans for IWRM; efficiency in water use (water
demand management); social change instruments; conflict resolution; regulatory instruments; economic
instruments; and information exchange; and
Infrastructure for water resources management and development: monitoring stations, water and
wastewater treatment plants, dams, wells, canals, hydro-power plants etc.
The four broad areas above fall within the programmes incorporated in the Fifth National Development Plan.
The change areas are also in line with the Southern African Development Community’s (SADC) Regional
Strategic Action Plan for Integrated Water Resources Development and Management which calls for the
implementation of IWRM principles. The IWRM/WE Plan will thus serve as an implementation plan for the
FNDP and MDG’s water-related programmes.
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Priority issues and programmes and projects
The identified key issues and problems were analysed and grouped into clusters namely;
policy, institutional and legal framework,

water resources information,
institutional and human resources development,
water resources demand, supply and infrastructure economics and financing,
water and environment,
managing international waters and
advocacy, public involvement and awareness.
In-depth analyses of issues in the clusters led to the conclusion that insufficient water resources management
has had a significantly negative impact on economic growth, poverty reduction and the environment in
general
To enhance integration and strategic focus, the priority issues identified were organised into four strategic
programmes that align with the Water Sector Advisory Group’s inter-sectoral sub-committees. This approach
is expected to ease coordination and monitoring of the implementation of the projects from local to cabinet
level. These strategic focal areas include:
water resources management,

water resources infrastructure development,
water supply and sanitation, and
monitoring, evaluation and capacity building.
The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan seeks to address challenges of managing water resources within the
board areas identified above and in accordance with the priorities identified. Priority issues are detailed within
appropriate sections of the plan. IWRM projects were identified on the basis of the strategic focal areas.
IWRM Implementation Plan Strategies
The vision of this plan is:
“To achieve equitable and sustainable use, development and management of water resources for
wealth creation, socio economic development and environmental sustainability by 2030”
The goal of the IWRM Implementation Plan is:
“Supporting economic growth and improving livelihoods through sustainable water resources
development and management with equitable provision of water in adequate quantity and quality
for all competing groups of users, at reasonable cost, with security of supply under varying
conditions”.
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Financing
The total cost of executing the IWRM/WE Plan is estimated at K 2,485 billion. The plan will be financed
through a number of sources namely domestic resources, external grants, limited borrowing (both internally
and externally), public private partnerships, regional and international financing initiatives. To achieve
effectiveness, financing from various sources will be channelled following mechanisms that government has
initiated under its financial management reforms namely fiscal decentralisation and the sector wide approach.
Implementation Mechanisms
This IWRM/WE Implementation Plan (2007-2010) is intended to support the implementation of the water-
related programs in the current and future National Development Plans, using an IWRM approach. It will
involve stakeholders from various sectors emanating from government, private, non-governmental
organisations, academic and community based organisations. The responsibilities of the implementing
entities are indicated in the implementation schedule in Annex 1. The Water Sector Advisory Group will
undertake overall coordination. MEWD will also lead the execution of the Communication Plan as part of the
IWRM/WE Implementation Plan in order to provide information and raise awareness of the Plan for building
support for implementing the activities and in the interest of coordination and cooperation.
Monitoring and Evaluation
In order to assess the achievements of IWRM initiatives, a monitoring and evaluation framework has been
elaborated which includes indicators of success. The monitoring of progress will be a continuous process that
will feed into the periodic evaluation of the impact of integrated water resources management on the:
Status of water resources country-wide;

Trends in water supply and availability;
Impact on peoples livelihoods; and
Status of implementation of the plan and other similar frameworks.
The national monitoring framework that includes the Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Central
Statistical Office (CSO) and the Ministry of Energy and Water Development will need closer collaboration in
order to monitor water resources effectively.
The plan will be reviewed regularly in order to respond to the ideals of the FNDP and the National Long Term
Vision.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Overview: Integrated Water Resources Management /Water Efficiency

Plan
The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa in September, 2002
confirmed the importance of water and its critical relationship to other development issues that underlie efforts to
achieve the Millennium Development Goals. A key target agreed at the conference and endorsed by the Heads of
State was for countries to prepare national integrated water resources management and water efficiency plans by
2005.
The process of integrated water resource management is now well established in international practice. It is
largely concerned with balancing the trilogy of economic efficiency, social equity and environmental sustainability.
The approach rests on the three pillars of an enabling environment, the institutional framework and management
instruments. The process of developing this plan has drawn extensively on international best practice.
In Zambia, the planning, management, development and utilisation of water in a sustainable way has not been
effectively undertaken. Progression towards integrated water resources management (IWRM) was intensified with
the initiation of the Water Sector Reforms and the 1994 National Water Policy, which both advocate for
implementation of IWRM. The Integrated Water Resources Management/ Water Efficiency (IWRM/WE)
Implementation Plan is a tool which will bring together the various multi-sectoral initiatives and serve as the guide
to stakeholders for implementing various initiatives related to integrated water resources management. Further
the Plan is expected to contribute to the realisation of optimal benefits to the environment and to the welfare of the
population.
The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan has been developed with support from the Partnership for Africa’s Water
Development (PAWD) Project which was being implemented by the Ministry of Energy and Water Development
(MEWD) with the facilitation of the Zambia Water Partnership. The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan presented in
this document represents a synthesis of the aspirations of the Fifth National Development Plan, outputs of the
Water Resources Action Programme (WRAP) and the situation analysis and stakeholder consultation carried out
during development of the plan. The aim is to provide a unified implementation plan that will support both the
reforms of water resources management as well as all other inter-related/multi sectoral aspects of IWRM and
water efficiency, in a coordinated, effective and efficient manner. The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan will thus
serve as a single reference document for implementers in government; the private sector; non- governmental
organisations; development and cooperating partners and the general public on priority water-related
interventions to support the socio-economic growth of Zambia.
The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan developed was undertaken within the national planning framework. The pillar
of national planning is the development of five yearly National Development Plans (NDPs). Government, informed
by multi-stakeholders consultations, formulate the NDP. There are also other initiatives being undertaken by
government and stakeholders that have a bearing on IWRM and where implementation needs to be harmonised
and guided under a common framework for effective coordination. Within this context, the IWRM/WE
Implementation Plan has been developed to bring together water/ IWRM related plans into an implementation
framework. In the context of Zambia, the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan will therefore be an implementation plan
for the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP) up to 2010 and provide important input into future NDPs.
The Plan seeks to take account of several external factors that strongly influence the water sector. These include
diseases such as HIV, AIDS, cholera and malaria, the levels of investment in the sector and the level of
importance the public attaches to the sector.
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The Implementation Plan is outlined in ten chapters. Chapter 1 highlights the general framework of the IWRM/WE
Implementation Plan and sets the national policy framework within which the plan was developed. This chapter
also outlines the specific scope of the plan. A situation analysis of water-related/ IWRM issues in Zambia is
presented in Chapter 2. In the third chapter the issues identified are outlined. Chapter 4 sets the strategic focus of
the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan based on the national development framework and IWRM issues raised and
details the Vision, Goal and Strategic Objectives of the Plan. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the presentation of the
proposed actions of the Plan. The financing mechanisms and implementation mechanisms are presented in
Chapters 6 and 7 respectively. The risks that may affect implementation and mitigation measures are presented
in Chapter 8. In Chapter 9 the monitoring and evaluation framework for the plan is outlined. Lastly but not the
least, Chapter 10 outlines the communication plan. Note that a summary version of this document is available as
Volume 2.
1.2. National Development Planning Framework

The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan is a medium-term planning instrument that is linked to the overall planning
framework through the National Development Plan and the National Long Term Vision (NLTV). It is the intention
of the Zambian government to improve economic development and citizen’s wellbeing through efficient and
effective planning. Since the reintroduction of central planning, a framework, which encompasses short, medium
and long-term strategic planning, has been defined. It is a comprehensive framework that encompasses all
planning aspects including national, sectoral, provincial and district planning as well as budget execution.
The national long-term planning instrument Vision 2030 or NLTV, prepared in collaboration with all stakeholders,
sets the long-term vision for Zambia. The NLTV sets forth the horizon for developing the medium-term plans and
also provides the “gravitational pull” for achieving long-term objectives. It outlines, in broad terms, the plausible
course of action to be taken towards the achievement of the country’s long-term objectives and targets. It broadly
reflects what Zambians aspire to achieve by 2030 and the options they feel will realistically get them there. The
NLTV is reflected in the current NDP and will continue to be reflected in subsequent NDPs. This is made possible
by the fact that the NLTV is set in a long-term strategic context that the NDP will successively aspire to achieve
through its medium-term strategic approach.
The long-term plan is operationalised through the NDP, a medium-term planning instrument, which contain
specific policies, programmes and projects, predominantly targeted towards poverty reduction. The current NDP
the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP) will be implemented from 2006 to 2010. The FNDP has been
designed to ensure that it is result-based, formulating national development strategies within a realistic annual
and medium-term budget process.
In order to improve expenditure planning, management and tracking systems, a Medium Term Expenditure
Framework (MTEF) is developed in collaboration with line ministries, the donor community, and civil society. The
MTEF is based on the medium-term framework established under the NDP and the medium-term resource
envelope (both government and external).
In the short-term, the annual budget is the primary instrument for effecting expenditures for the NDP programme
cycle. The annual work plans and budgets provide the critical link for the NDP to other frameworks such as the
MTEF, and sector plans. The Sector Investment Plans are the medium-term capital budget, or developmental
budget, and the annual national budget’s capital expenditures will be derived from the sector investment plans.
The NDP is, therefore, a medium-term growth, employment creation and poverty reduction strategy, which is
linked to the Zambia Vision 2030, the MTEF, sector plans, provincial and district medium-term development
plans, and the annual budget. Figure 1 illustrates these relationships.
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Figure 1: National Development Planning Framework
In line with the policy of decentralisation, and in reaffirming government’s commitment to broad based
consultations, planning and the subsequent budgeting process, designed and adopted within the Medium Term
Expenditure Framework (MTEF), will be extended to the district level. In this regard, the development of
subsequent National Development Plans will strongly be influenced by the district strategic plans.
Currently, the environment is conducive for implementing IWRM since the country is moving from a centralised,
control-oriented system of planning, development and economic management to a form of governance
characterised by decentralisation, participation of stakeholders in policy-making and in resource management.
1.3. Plan Development Process

The development of the IWRM/WE Plan goes as far back as the early 1990s when government initiated a water
sector review in a bid to address key issues constraining effective development and management of the sector.
This process resulted in the adoption of the National Water Policy, which emphasised strengthening the water
resources management framework through an integrated water resources management approach.
The National Water Policy was intended to promote sustainable water resources development with a view to
facilitating adequate, equitable and good quality water for all users at acceptable costs while ensuring security of
supply under all conditions. Consequently, this resulted in the formulation and implementation of the Water
Resources Action Programme (WRAP). This programme was aimed at addressing issues related to the weak
legal and institutional framework, limited human resources capacity, inadequate hydrological data and information
systems, inadequate stakeholder participation and weak provisions for addressing international waters.
The call at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), for all countries to “develop integrated water
resource management and water efficiency (IWRM/WE) plans by 2005” gave the country further impetus to
continue the formulation of the integrated water resource management plan through the WRAP. In 2003, another
international process under the Partnership for Africa’s Water Development (PAWD) Project was initiated by the
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Canadian government to support the development of IWRM/WE Plans in developing counties. In 2004 the
Zambia Water Partnership through the Partnership for Africa’s Water Development Project started to facilitate the
development of the IWRM/WE plan.
In view of the above processes, Government decided to harmonise the two initiatives of WRAP and PAWD in the
development of an IWRM/WE plan. Government in collaboration with the Zambia Water Partnership (ZWP)
through support from the Partnership for Africa’s Water Development (PAWD) Project produced a discussion
document that built on a number of initiatives to manage water resources in an integrated manner. This document
was discussed and reviewed at a stakeholders meeting held in Lusaka in August 2005. The document was further
reviewed during consultations for the FNDP in September 2006. It was further taken to the national stakeholders
through the national workshop for Directors of water-related government ministries and their heads of planning,
held from the 7th to 11th January 2007, in Ndola. This workshop marked a critical stage in the consultation
process and kick-started the bottom-up consultative process from catchment, to provincial to sectoral level. Other
stakeholders at the national level included cooperating partners, the private sector as well as academia. At the
Ndola workshop, a decision was made to reformulate the plan into an integrated water resources management
and water efficiency implementation plan based on the FNDP, which had just been launched by his Excellency
the President of Zambia.
During the consultation process, stakeholders at the catchment, district, provincial and sectoral level were
engaged to bring out priority issues that would be tackled in the implementation plan. To this effect, consultative
workshops were held in the five catchment areas which included Upper Zambezi Catchment-at Mongu; Luangwa
Catchment-at Chipata and Tanganyika, Chambeshi and Luapula Catchments at Kasama covering four provinces.
These consultations brought out critical issues and the constraints of managing, using and developing water
resources at sectoral, provincial and catchment level. In addition, the consultations ensured that all the water-
related sectors and stakeholders arrived at appropriate linkages and coordination mechanisms required for the
implementation of programmes outlined in the FNDP. Government departments, traditional leaders, civil society
and ordinary citizens participated in the consultative process at the catchment, district and provincial levels.
Other consultations at the national level included the sector coordinaton meetings of the Water Sector Advisory
Group’s (SAG) sub-committees (water resources management, water supply and sanitation, water resources
infrastructure and capacity building, monitoring and evaluation).
The formulation of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan has also drawn upon various initiatives and plans from
other sectors and from regional processes under the SADC umbrella. Key among these are:
The Fifth National Development Plan;

The National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme;
The Water Resources Action Programme including stakeholder consultations at national and provincial
levels; situation analysis; Draft Water Action Plan (June, 2005); and Implementation of Integrated Water
Resources Management in Zambia programme with components to support the transitional phase, and
implementation of the new water act once enacted;
The Water Sector Support Programme with three components namely rural water supply and sanitation,
peri-urban and low cost housing water supply and sanitation and integrated water resources management;
The National Environmental Action Programme;
The National Environmental Policy Situation Analysis;
The National Irrigation Policy and Strategy;
The National Water Resources Master Plan;
The Southern Africa Water Vision; and
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The SADC Regional Strategic Action Plan.
IWRM related issues and actions raised in these documents have been incorporated and harmonised in the
IWRM/ WE Implementation Plan. The development of this plan has been overseen by the PAWD Core Team (a
multi-sectoral Team) and the drafting undertaken by a team of multi-disciplinary experts.
1.4. Scope of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan

The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan is an inter-sectoral plan with interventions to support the four main priority
drivers (as identified in the FNDP 2006-2010) of Zambia’s economic development namely: agriculture, tourism,
mining and industry/manufacturing. Being a national document, it will lay a foundation for the enhanced planning,
development and management of the water resources and utilisation through an integrated approach.
The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan addresses issues that have been raised and prioritised by stakeholders.
These have been classified to fall into the following broad IWRM change areas:
Enabling environment – policies, legislation, financing and incentive structures;

Institutional roles- creating an organisation framework and institutional capacity building;
Management instruments- water resources assessment, plans for IWRM, efficiency in water use (WDM),
social change instruments, conflict resolution, regulatory instruments, economic instruments and
information exchange; and
Infrastructure for water resources management and development – monitoring stations, water and waste
water treatment plants, dams, wells, canals, hydro-power plants etc.
“Infrastructure for Water Resources Management and Development” has been included here in view of the fact
that there are serious inadequacies in infrastructure affecting the effective management of the country’s water
resources.
Programmes indicated in the Fifth National Development Plan fall within the four broad areas mentioned above
providing a vertical linkage to the to the plan which will be used as an implementation plan for FNDP and MDG’s
water-related programmes. These areas of intervention are also in line with the SADC Regional Strategic Action
Plan for Integrated Water Resources Development and Management, which calls for implementation of IWRM
principles. The Regional Strategic Action Plan for IWRM identifies the following seven main problems to which
SADC countries are compelled to give urgent attention if IWRM is to be achieved:
Weak legal & regulatory frameworks;

Institutional strengthening;
Inadequate information acquisition, management & dissemination:
Awareness& public participation;
Sustainable development polices;
Infrastructure; and
Public participation.
The Zambia IWRM/WE Implementation Plan seeks to address these issues within the broad areas identified
above in accordance with the priorities identified.
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CHAPTER 2: SITUATION ANALYSIS
2.1. Brief on Zambia

Zambia is a land locked country, located in
Southern Africa between 8o 20’ and 18o S latitude
and 22o 00’ and 33o 45’ E longitude and is
surrounded by eight neighbouring countries,
namely; Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic
of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia,
Tanzania and Zimbabwe. See Figure 2.
The country has a relatively large land surface,

with a total area of 752,972 square kilometres and
lies on the Central Africa high plateau with an
average altitude of 1 200m above sea level. The
rift valley formations in the eastern and southern
parts of the country have produced escarpment
systems and valley troughs. The most famous of
the escarpment systems is the Muchinga
Escarpment.
Figure 2: Map of Zambia
The population, which is predominantly Christian, is currently estimated to be about 11.7 million with an annual
growth rate of about 2.9 percent. The population is projected to be 12.4 million in 2010 and 13.4 million in 2015.
The projected rural population is 7.5 million in
2005, 8.0 million in 2010 and 8.7 million in 2015.
The population size by Province as of 2000
when the last Census was conducted is shown
in Figure 3. The average population density in
2000 was 13.1 persons per square kilometre;
but there were wide variations in population
density from province to province, ranging from
4.6 to 6 persons per square kilometre in North-
western and Western provinces to about 50-64
person per square kilometre in the Copperbelt
and Lusaka provinces. Generally, the country is
sparsely populated with an overall density of 16
people per square kilometre (CSO, 2000). The
population density is higher in many localised
areas due to immigration and urbanisation.
Figure 3: Population by Province
The country is endowed with a number of valuable resources such as copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds,
gold, silver, uranium, water, forests, wildlife and fertile land. The exploitation of these resources does not
significantly contribute to poverty reduction as Zambia remains one of the low-income countries in Africa.
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2.2. Economic Conditions

At independence in 1964, Zambia, with per capita income in excess of US $750, inherited a strong economy,
which was primarily based on mining. At that time the United Nations classified Zambia as a medium-income
country. Nonetheless, the country had poor socio-economic infrastructure and low human capital.
Over the last two decades, Zambia’s economic performance has declined, in real terms, with per capita income
falling to less than half (US$300) in 2000. However, the economy has stabilised since 2001 and begun to grow.
Thus by 2004 the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) had grown from 3.6 percent in 2000 to 5.4 percent in 2004.
In relation to the targets indicated in Table 1, the set target was achieved. In 2004, the per capita income was
estimated at US$450. However, real GDP growth rates have fluctuated between 2 and 5% over the last five
years. Inflation and interest rates have shown a declining trend over the same period.
Zambia embarked on economic reforms with tight monetary and fiscal polices from the late 1990’s. Among the
country’s reform strategies is the thrust to diversify the economy, especially towards agriculture and tourism.
Currently, agriculture contributes about 22% of the country’s GDP. However, this figure fluctuates depending on
rainfall patterns as the irrigation potential is not fully exploited, and the country is vulnerable to periodic droughts
and floods. The floods of the 2007/2008 rainy season are a case in point.
The performance of the Zambian economy improved considerably during the period of the implementation of the
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and the Transitional National Development Plan (TNDP) from 2002 to
2005. Real GDP growth averaged 4.8 percent per year, up from an annual average of 2.2 percent in the
preceding four years. Growth actually exceeded the 4 percent target identified in the PRSP/TNDP (Table 1). The
improvements in performance represented a marked reversal of the economic stagnation experienced during the
1990’s. Per capita income grew at 2.3 percent annually. The positive growth trends are due largely to several
factors which include favourable global economic conditions and the overall impact of the economic reforms that
started in the early 1990’s. The renewed rapid expansion of mining as a result of re-capitalisation and new
investments following the privatisation of state owned mines, buoyant prices on the world commodity market and
construction have been the key drivers of growth.
Table 1: Key Macroeconomic Targets: 2003-2008
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007(P) 2008(P)
Real GDP Growth Rate 5.1 5.4 5.1 6 6 6
Inflation Rate (end period) 17.2 17.5 15 10 5 5
Inflation (annual average) 17.2 17.5 15 10 5 5
Nominal GDP (K’billion) 20,479 25,916 31,956 36,669 41,162 46,238
Current Account Deficit Including grants (% of GDP) (7.5) (4.8) (4.3) (2.7) (2.9) (1.4)
Domestic Borrowing (% of GDP) 5.2 2.2 1.6 1.6 1 0.5
GIR months of Import Cover 1.3 1.2 1.7 2 3 3
Source: Ministry of Finance and National Planning
This growth however has not translated into any substantial decline in income poverty at household level. This is
partly because economic growth has been driven by a small number of highly capital-intensive sectors, whose
expansion has not created income opportunities necessary for broad-based poverty reduction.
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2.2.1. Trade and Industry
Zambia’s trade policy recognises that export promotion is key to the expansion of domestically manufactured
goods. Thus, the key issue is the establishment of a fair domestic and foreign trade regime that facilitates trading
to take place on a common set of agreed rules as opposed to discretion and one that does not stifle domestic
production and employment. Export opportunities in markets that give Zambia preferential treatment for its
exports such as the European Union, USA, China, COMESA and SADC region are being pursued. Increasing
exports would require increased production of good quality products.
There is a drive to attract investors to boost all aspects of the economy but mainly in tourism, agriculture,
hydropower, mining and manufacturing. Increasing hydropower production, processing /value added for export
particularly of agricultural products (such as cotton, coffee, cashew nuts, groundnuts, paprika, sugar and fruits)
and mining products (such as copper, marble and gemstones) as well as setting up processing free trade zones,
is receiving special attention.
The increase in manufactured outputs is expected to create increased demand for raw materials. For instance,
increased agriculture products will be required and thus more land and water needed. With industrial growth, it is
expected there would be a commensurate increase in demand for water and an increased risk of pollution.
Equally, increasing trade and industry requires increasing hydropower. This will require securing large quantities
of water to meet the demands of hydropower stations. Water infrastructure coupled with an effective management
framework will thus be necessary to meet the growing water demands and that would cope with these challenges
including that of environmental management.
2.2.2. Poverty
Poverty is pervasive in Zambia and the majority of the population live in income deficit situations and suffer from
other deprivations such as little access to and poor quality of social services. In general, poverty is more prevalent
in rural areas (83% of the rural population) in comparison to the urban areas (56% of the urban population).
Lately, poverty has rapidly increased in urban areas due to failing industries and subsequent rising
unemployment. Provinces with extreme poverty include Western, Northern, Luapula, and Eastern provinces, while
Lusaka, Copperbelt and Central provinces have lower incidence of poverty by comparison. The areas of extreme
poverty are characterised by high prevalence of material deprivations in terms of food and nutrition, health,
education and literacy, safe water and sanitation, and clothing and shelter. The poverty situation intensifies
resource overuse and its degradation.
2.2.2.1. Income Poverty Levels
In spite of the PRSP and positive growth trends during the last few years, Zambia is yet to register significant
declines in income poverty levels. According to the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (LCMS) IV of 2004, as
many as 68 percent of the population fell below the national poverty line, earning less than K111 747 per month.
Figure 2 shows that poverty levels fell slightly in 2004 compared to 1998 when poverty stood at 73 percent. The
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depth2 and severity of poverty also remain high despite the slight decline since 1998. At the national level, the
depth of poverty dropped to 36 percent from 40 percent in 1998, while the severity of poverty declined to 23
percent from 26 percent in 1998. Extreme poverty (covering people earning less than K78 223 per month) fell
3
from 58 percent in 1998 to 53 percent in 2004 . The declining depth and severity of poverty was driven primarily
by rising per capita consumption amongst the poorest non-farm households. This represents a deviation from the
experiences of 1991-1998, during which time non-farm poverty rose rapidly.
Figure 4: Growth and Poverty Trends at National level, 1991-2004
Source: Central Statistical Office
Note: These official poverty estimates are based on the Priority Surveys (1991, 1993) and Living Conditions
Monitoring Surveys (1996, 1998, and 2004). GDP per capita is based on National Accounts.
Changes in poverty during 1998-2004 were evenly distributed across rural and urban areas. Table 2 shows that
poverty in rural and urban areas declined by 5 percent and 3 percent, respectively. The incidence of poverty in the
rural areas fell from 83 percent in 1998 to 78 percent in 2004, while poverty in urban areas declined to 53 percent
in 2004 from 56 percent in 1998. Rural incidence of extreme poverty fell from 71 percent in 1998 to 65 percent in
2004. In urban areas, the incidence of extreme poverty declined by 2 percent from 36 percent to 34 percent.
Although almost all provinces recorded some declines in poverty incidence, important gains were made in certain
provinces like the Copperbelt and Eastern provinces. The incidence of poverty declined the most in Eastern
Province, where it fell by 11 percentage points to 70 percent in 2004 from 81 percent in 1998. This was followed
by the Copperbelt, which recorded a 9 percentage points decline in poverty incidence to 56 percent in 2004 from
65 percent in 1998.
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Page 9 of 169
Table 2: Changes in Poverty levels from 1998 to 2004 in Zambia
Population (1000s) Incidence (P0) % Depth (P1) % Severity (P2) %
1998 2004 1998 2004 1998 2004 1998 2004
National 10,183 10,954 73 68 40 36 26 23
Rural 6,359 6,662 83 78 49 44 34 30
Small-scale farms - - 84 79 50 45 35 31
Medium/large-scale farms - - 73 73 38 36 25 22
Large-scale farms - - - 37 - - - -
Non-farm households - - 79 69 48 36 35 24
Urban 3,824 4,292 56 53 23 22 13 12
Central 1,019 1,136 77 76 44 43 31 28
Copperbelt 1,823 1,661 65 56 31 24 19 13
Eastern 1,304 1,514 81 70 46 40 31 27
Luapula 701 863 82 79 47 42 32 26
Lusaka 1,526 1,534 52 48 22 19 13 10
Northern 1,237 1,407 82 74 45 41 31 27
North-Western 549 654 76 76 41 40 27 26
Southern 1,268 1,360 76 69 42 35 28 22
Western 756 826 89 83 57 53 42 38
Note: These official poverty estimates are based on the Priority Surveys (1991, 1993) and Living Conditions
Monitoring Surveys (1996, 1998, and 2004). GDP per capita is based on National Accounts.
In terms of incidence of poverty among various strata, Table 2 shows that the rural small-scale farmers had the
highest incidence of poverty at 79 percent with 66 percent being extremely poor. This was followed by rural
medium-scale farmers where poverty incidence was 73 percent. In the urban areas, the highest incidence was
among the low cost households at 58 percent. In terms of the status of poverty, high levels of poverty continue to
be associated with more remote provinces such as Western Province (83 percent), Luapula (79 percent), and
North-Western Province (76 percent). The incidence of poverty was lowest in more urbanised regions like Lusaka
(48 percent) and the Copperbelt Provinces (56 percent). While the proportion of the population living in poverty
did not vary much among the provinces, there were quite significant variations in terms of the proportion of the
population living in extreme poverty across the provinces. The rate of extreme poverty varied from 29 percent in
Lusaka Province to 64 percent in Luapula Province. Incidence of extreme poverty was also high in rural areas
where two thirds of the population was extremely poor compared to only one third in the urban areas. Figure 5
shows the incidence of poverty by province in 2004.
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In terms of each province’s contribution to the national incidence of poverty of 68 percent, Figure 6 shows that
Northern Province contributed the most (16 percent), followed by Copperbelt and Eastern provinces (both 14
percent). The severity of poverty is more acute among rural than urban households. In the rural areas, it was
estimated at 17 percent, while in urban areas it was estimated at 9 percent.
The preceding analysis indicates that poverty remains concentrated in rural areas. The majority of rural
households in Zambia depend on consumption of own produce. Therefore, the high poverty levels in rural areas
could be as a result of not having adequate food by the majority of households there. The rural areas have poor
infrastructure and marketing systems while labour productivity among the small-scale farmers is quite low.
90
80
70
60
50
40
Total
30
Extreme
20
10
0
Copperbelt
Northern
Luapula
Southern
N/western
Eastern
Western
Lusaka
Central
Figure 5: Incidence of poverty (%) by province in 2004 in Zambia
Source: Living Conditions Survey Report 2004, CSO
Southern, 13 Western, 9
North-Western, 7 Central, 12
Copperbelt, 12
Northern, 14
Eastern,14
Lusaka, 10
Luapula, 9
Figure 6: Provincial contributions to National Poverty, 2004
Source: Living Conditions Report 2004, CSO
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The persistently high-income poverty observed in 2004 is in sharp contrast to the rapid acceleration in economic
growth experienced since 1999. This implies that the country’s improved economic performance over recent
years has not translated into significant declines in poverty. There are several important factors that may explain
the persistence of high poverty levels. They include the changing structure of growth, which during the period
1998-2004 was largely driven by the improved performance of the mining and construction sectors. Agriculture,
upon which the majority of poor people depend, did not perform particularly well over the recent years, with wide
fluctuations in production and a relatively low average growth rate. This reflected considerable variation in
weather patterns as well as inadequate infrastructure and generally poor market access. Much of the growth that
has taken place has been driven by cash crops such as cotton and tobacco, which are concentrated in specific
areas of the country. This may explain why poverty incidence is still the highest among the rural small-scale
farmers.
The changing structure of growth has also influenced the provincial distribution of poverty. The collapse of the
mining sector during the late 1990s may explain why the population of the Copperbelt has declined dramatically.
This, together with subsequent mining growth, may account for the sharp decline in poverty experienced in the
Copperbelt Province, and the rapid increase in the population of the North-Western Province, where new mining
growth has been taking place. The decline in poverty in the Eastern Province may be the result of strong growth
of such agricultural commodities as cotton and tobacco that are grown in the region. Of interest, as seen from
Table 2, is that the predominant rural areas have higher a poverty rate where the majority of the population is
engaged in agriculture. In addition, the high levels of poverty are in Northern, North Western, Western and
Luapula provinces. These provinces have relatively better availability of water resources, but there is very little
infrastructure, which reveals that these resources are not being adequately utilised for socio- economic gain and
thus having an impact on the well-being of the people in these regions and rural areas in general. The
government has seen this as an economic development opportunity, which will be developed through the
programme of provision of social and economic services to rural development.
2.2.2.2. Non-Income Poverty
There are several non-income or social dimensions of poverty that are also important for household welfare. For
instance, education indicators have improved over recent years, with increases in primary school enrolment and a
decline in drop-out rates. For instance, gross enrolment ratios (GER) for Grades 1 to 9 rose from 75.1 in 2000 to
104.6 in 2005 while net enrolment ratios (NER) rose to 92.3 percent from 68.1 in 2000. Significant improvements
have also been made in school completion rates. In 2000, the completion rate was 63.6 percent and increased to
72 percent in 2004. These improvements partly reflect the introduction of free primary education in 2002.
Despite the improvements noted above, there are still a number of outstanding challenges that must be
addressed. Adult literacy stands at only 55.3 percent and has remained unchanged since 1990. Furthermore, the
provision of education services is unevenly distributed in favour of urban households. Less than half of the rural
adult populations are literate, while primary and secondary school enrolment rates are lowest in the more remote
Eastern, Western and Luapula provinces. Additionally, the quality of education has not matched the levels
achieved in terms of access.
Health indicators have also shown some improvement since the early 1990s. Both rural and urban infant mortality
fell considerably between 1990 and 2000 and is projected to decline further. Furthermore, according to recent
estimates, the adult prevalence of HIV/AIDS has fallen from 20 percent in 1998 to 16 percent in 2002. However,
adult HIV/AIDS prevalence remains twice as high in urban areas as in rural areas, and women are 40 percent
more likely to be infected than men. Maternal mortality also worsened during 1996-2002. These indicators confirm
that recent changes in household welfare have indeed been ambiguous and that poverty is particularly severe,
especially once non-income dimensions are taken into account. Although still relatively high, childhood mortality
indicators have shown signs of decline. Under-five mortality was 197 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1996 but fell
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to 168 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2001-2002. As in other indicators, childhood indicators are better in urban
compared to rural areas.
Although some progress is being made, a high proportion of the Zambian population, estimated at 47 percent,
has no access to safe drinking water, especially in the rural areas. The majority of the rural population access
their water from lakes/rivers and unprotected wells, which are not safe. Each year, unsafe water, poor sanitation
and hygiene cause several deaths.
Finally, environmental degradation has reached alarming proportions. The country’s forests are under
tremendous pressure, with wood harvesting for fuel and timber and the clearance for agriculture and human
settlement being some of the primary causes. In the last decade, environmental degradation, especially
deforestation and wildlife and fish depletion, has become particularly severe and threatens sustainable economic
growth and the survival of the poorest populations.
80 73
65
60 53
46
% of Population
40
Total Poverty
Extreme Poverty
20
0
1998 2004
Year
Figure 7: Incidence of Poverty 1998 and 2004
2.3. Water and the MDG’s

The Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) were agreed upon by the international community in 2000 with
access to safe drinking water as one of the 18 objectives. The improvements in access to water can only be
guaranteed by concerted and rational management of water resources. The World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD), reinforced this relationship. The WSSD Plan of Implementation builds on the MDG’s and
because water plays a critical role in achieving all the MDG’s, specifies that countries should prepare national
Integrated Water Resource Management and Water Efficiency Plans by 2005.
Water bears a direct relationship to poverty reduction and plays a critical role in achieving all the MDG’s goals.
However, poor people lack access to water for consumption and productive activities and, in order to tackle
poverty and meet the MDG’s, sustainable water management needs to take centre stage. The priority of the water
sector for the Zambian government is expressed in the FNDP (2006-2010). The objective of ‘water resources
management’ in the FNDP recognises that effective development of Zambia’s water resources is fundamental to
poverty reduction.
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The financing gap is one of the major challenges that the country is facing in fulfilling its commitments in meeting
the MDG’s. Other challenges to meeting the MDG’s in the water sector are:
An uneven population distribution, which makes it costly to supply water to sparsely populated areas, an
increasing population and difficult settlement patterns;
Urbanisation and geographical factors such as decentralisation;
The extent of poverty in different regions;
Inadequate information on water and sanitation;
Weak drivers at national level for IWRM;
Inadequate resources mobilisation and coordination; and
Inability to retain skilled personnel.
The government and the people’s expectations for achieving the MDG’s, are high. The government’s 2005 MDG
status report suggests that Zambia could potentially achieve the targets, if water sector reforms and strategies
that provide an enabling environment are implemented. Success would also be enhanced through the effective
implementation of pro-poor policies and programmes. Serving the poor in a sustainable way also requires that the
institutions concerned operate on a sound technical and financial basis especially to empower the commercial
utilities as well as the local authorities. The momentum of government and other water institutional commitments
need to be maintained especially where they relate to sector financing and cost recovery.
2.4. The Water Situation

Zambia
2.4.1. Water Potential
The current water potential in the

country is enough to meet the present
water demand of a population of 11
million. However, most of the country’s
water resources need to be developed if
they are to meet the demand for
different productive uses in all areas.
The poor distribution of surface water in
many parts of the country especially the
southern half results in local shortages.
Access to sufficient and clean water is
critical to the general development of
the country, as it contributes to wealth
creation, poverty reduction and disease
prevention.
Figure 8: River Basins of Zambia
Much of Zambia’s surface water is confined to the major rivers and lakes which include the Zambezi, Kafue,
Luangwa, Luapula and Chambeshi. Significant lakes include the Bangweulu, Mweru, Tankanyika, Mweru-wa-
ntipa and the man made lakes of Kariba and Itezhi-tezhi as shown in Figure 8.
Most of Zambia’s surface water is generated within the country. It is only the Zambezi River that receives
substantial quantities from other countries (see Table 3).
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The population of Zambia increased from 9,885,591 in 2000 (CSO, 2000) to an estimated population of over 11
million in 2006. This increase in population and economic activities has consequently led to an increase in water
demand, which has not been matched by water resources development to ensure improved access to water. For
instance the Kafue River on the Copperbelt is threatened by pollution, while, in the middle and lower catchments
there is an increase in competition between different uses which may lead to conflicts of interest.
2.4.2. Rainfall Situation
Zambia lies in the tropics and gets moderate rainfall averaging 1000 mm per annum. The rainfall ranges from 600
mm in the south to over 1400 mm in the north. Most of the rain falls in the wet season between October and April.
This means, river flows in the country experience seasonal variations with peaks between March and April. The
lowest flows are experienced between October and November.
There are also annual variations in rainfall. For instance, the 1977/78 rainfall season was the highest recorded in
recent years, but it was followed by over a decade of below normal annual rainfall. After this, there was a
relatively good hydrological year in 1989/90. In 1990/91, the hydrological year was relatively bad resulting in one
of the exceptionally severe droughts. Subsequent hydrological years fluctuated below normal until 1997 when this
changed to above normal, although punctuated by below normal rainfall seasons in 2002 and 2004. Figure 9
below shows the annual rainfall variation from the 1975/76 to the 2005/06 hydrological year. The country is
therefore prone to extreme meteorological events.
Figure 9: Annual Rainfall Variation
The main source of renewable water in Zambia is rainfall. Most of this water is lost back to the atmosphere
through evapo-transpiration. The quantities lost depend on the way the existing climatic conditions affect the
hydrological cycle and consequently the run-off, which in turn make the forecasting of floods and droughts
difficult. The average annual evapo-transpiration is estimated at 1,574 mm and ranges between 1,394 mm and
1,892 mm (DWA/JICA, 1995). This means, the country has a precipitation deficit of 100 to 1,100mm per year
based on potential evapo-transpiration. Evapo-transpiration leads to high water losses especially from large
reservoirs and lakes. This means only about 3 to 12 percent of the rainfall can be considered as renewable water.
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2.4.3. Surface Water Resources Potential
Surface water potential is relatively well understood and the annual total renewable potential for Zambia has been
estimated to be just over 100 km3 with the Zambezi River, at the confluence with Luangwa River, contributing
over 60 percent of the runoff. In a high rainfall hydrological year, the annual runoff can be as high as 130 km3 per
year. On the other hand, it can be as low as 68 km3 in a severe drought year. However, the variations in the
annual runoff depends on the rainfall, the figures given above are based on probable discharge that can be
achieved in 95 days and 335 days in a year (i.e. Q95 and Q335) respectively. Most of the surface water flows
correlate with the variation in the rainfall with high flows during the rain season and low flows during the dry
season.
Table 3: Percentage Contribution of each river system
Total Catchment Area (Km2) % Contribution to

River Catchment Annual Run-Off (Km3)
(Area Outside Zambia) Surface Water Potential
Tanganyika 15,856 1.73 1.99
Kafue River 156,995 8.40 9.88
Chambeshi 44,427 7.62 8.75
Luangwa 144,358 (3,264) 19.44 22.32
Luapula 173,396 26.25 30.14
Zambezi 268,235 (418,814) 36. 36 41.75
Total for Zambia 803,267 (422,078) 99.80 114.83
Source: Department of Water Affairs
Between the 2000/01 and 2005/06 hydrological years, the average runoff was around 100 km3 with the highest in
2000/01 and the lowest in 2001/02. This means that no serious droughts where experienced during this time
though 2001/02 was relatively bad with some areas experiencing droughts.
The SADC region generates about 600 km3 per year of renewable water and out of this (excluding Congo)
Zambia generates about 100 km3 per year. This means that the country is relatively better placed in terms of
available water potential. However, most of this water is found in the southern half of the country where it is
confined to the three major rivers of the Zambezi, Luangwa and Kafue. On the other hand, the northern part of the
country has a relatively denser network of rivers.
In both cases, lack of water development has restricted access to areas where the water is needed for various
activities. At the same time most countries to the south of Zambia are increasingly becoming water stressed and
have started looking north for possible sources of water. Since most of the water in Zambia is not developed to
meet the economic and social needs, the country will be at a disadvantage when these projects are implemented.
Until the country develops its water resources, it will always get reduced benefits from its water resources. It is
disheartening to note that Zambia uses just below 40 percent of its waters. However, only about 8 percent of this
water is used for consumptive uses like irrigation, industrial and domestic water supply. This situation needs to be
addressed through the sustainable development and utilisation.
2.4.4. Water distribution in the country, population growth and economics
The Kafue river basin is one of the most developed basins in Zambia. While the annual renewable resource is
only about 10 percent of the national average renewable resource, it supports about 40 percent of the population
of Zambia. Almost all the major industries are found in the basin including the largest hydropower generation
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station. This is the largest single use of water in the Kafue Basin. Other river basins such as in the Lunsenfwa ,
Kaleya and most catchments around Lusaka are increasing experiencing water stress due to increasing and
competing water demands due to increasing economic activities such as agriculture .
2.4.5. Groundwater Situation
Groundwater is a major source of water in many parts of the country. It sustains river flows during the dry season
for perennial rivers and streams and can contribute from between 30 and over 90 percent of the total flows. Due
to lack of data, it is difficult to assess accurately the groundwater potential of the country. The current estimates
are taken as a fraction of the rainfall and are assumed to be the annual exploitable water. This water is found in
many aquifers that cover most of the country making it one of the most well distributed water sources.
The average renewable groundwater potential is estimated to be 49.6 km3 DWA/JICA (1995). This is based on an
average of 8 percent of the rainfall. It is usually assumed that the variation from year to year is very small. Until
now, no significant sign of groundwater depletion has been observed. However, some aquifers like the Lusaka
aquifer are slowly coming under serious threats from pollution as much of the aquifer is exposed to seepage from
pit latrines, septic tanks and unplanned quarrying of construction material. There is also a threat of over-pumping
in specific areas such as Lusaka, Ndola and some farming areas. In mining areas, large quantities of groundwater
are discharged into the surface water. Although this water may be beneficial as it augments river flows there are
concerns with its quality. Information on the status of ground water is inadequate due to poor information
collection. The lack of regulation of groundwater in the current water legislation has contributed to the inadequate
management.
2.4.6. Water Demand and Use
Water demand can be defined as the volume of water of a specified quality that is required to meet a user
requirement. In Zambia, most water is used for hydropower generation, which is a non-consumptive use. The rest
of the water is used for consumptive uses that includes agriculture, industry and domestic water supply, which
includes drinking water. The last national assessment of water demand and use was carried out between 1992
and 1995 as part of the preparation of the National Water Resources Master Plan (MEWD/JICA, 1995).
The total water demand in Zambia is just under 40km3. Of this, 36 km3 per year or an average of 1,150m3/s is
used for hydropower generation. Out of the remaining 3km3 per year, agriculture uses about 77 percent of the
water to irrigate about 100,000 hectares (446,100ha by 2015). Industries throughout the country use 7 percent
and the rest is used by domestic water supply and other uses. Since the assessment in 1995 there has been no
significant increase in the water use mainly because is the resources are still to be developed. This is however,
likely to change as irrigation, mining, industry and manufacturing are expanding and more hydropower stations
are planned and commissioned.
Currently, land and water are managed separately by various agencies in spite of the close inter-linkages
between them. This has resulted in conflicting land-related decisions being made. For example, a groundwater
recharge area may be allocated for residential development. These weaknesses in planning would be overcome
by adopting an IWRM framework as the catchment management plan, developed for a certain area, would be the
guiding instrument for all stakeholders to follow. Other natural resources directly related to or dependent on water
resources include forests, wildlife, fisheries, aquatic species, and wetlands. Their demands and uses have not
been determined.
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2.4.7. Water Efficiency
Over the last few years some parts of the country have started to experience water shortages especially in the dry
season. Though other parts have enough water, the seasonal variation and the effects of climate change can
have devastating effect on the available water resources. Water efficiency plans are part of this plan because they
are important in water resources management. Improving water efficiency is meant to improve the benefits
derived from all water resources. In this context, water efficiency involves the application of water demand
management. This encourages a change of behaviour through information exchange, economic incentives like
metering of domestic and bulk uses, tax relief and water recycling/reuse. In farming for instance, suitable
technology can improve irrigation water use efficiency depending on how water is applied. Changing from flood
irrigation to centre pivot can greatly reduce the quantity of water applied for the same crop yield. Other tools used
to promote water efficiency include pricing and tariffs, incentives, public awareness and subsidies. In Zambia,
there has been no clearly defined policy or strategy that encourages water efficiency. There is also limited
awareness, application and appreciation of water demand management (WDM).
Approximately 77 per cent of the water for consumptive use in Zambia is used for irrigated agriculture. Flood
irrigation which is highly inefficient is used widely. Practices of WDM in agriculture for large- and small-scale
farmers are emerging. The main drivers for efficient water use are water charges, energy charges, increased crop
yield due to improved water application and scarcity and competition for water in areas such as the Kafue Flats,
Kaleya and Lunsemfwa catchments. Some of the technologies used include drip irrigation and centre pivots. The
Water Board has been instrumental in advocating for water demand management by considering the water use
and allocation equity issues when making decisions on water rights. The water supply utilities have high
unaccounted for water and limited metering of their customers. Efforts are however being made to rehabilitate
water pipes and install meters. The National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) monitors the
performance of the water utilities which includes their water efficiency. The hydropower sector is also striving to
improve water efficiency by rehabilitating power plants by installing more efficient turbines.
Industries can also adopt water efficient methods in their processing. This not only reduces the quantity of water
used but can also contribute to improving water quality discharged into the environment An example is the
installation of boiler condensers to condense steam and return the condensate for reuse in the process while at
the same time reducing evaporation. Cleaning can use a lot of water and some of the replacement technologies
use compressed air.
Overall water re-use and rainwater harvesting is not widely practiced in the country.
Apart from the “water use efficiency”, a major challenge is also to address “allocation efficiency”.
The importance of water efficiency is that the water saved can be used in other economic or social activities and
unnecessary costly investment for new infrastructure can be avoided, hence contributing to the overall growth and
well being of people and the environment.
2.4.8. Emergency Situations
Floods and droughts can result in a number of emergencies. However, emergencies may escalate to disasters as
a result of extreme hydrological events. Emergencies have varying impact on communities depending on the level
of poverty, number of people living in flood and drought prone areas and the available infrastructure and systems
for flood control and protection. Mitigation measures for control and protection or a combination of these factors
can be implemented. Although something can be done about floods and droughts, climate change has further
complicated understanding of the phenomena. This calls for improved planning and better risk management.
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Planning for floods and droughts should form part of overall planning as their effect is usually crosscutting. In
Zambia the major water-related disasters relate to floods and droughts.
The effect of climate change has made droughts and floods to be come recurrent. It has been observed, through
modelling predictions, that the SADC region will generally get less rainfall especially the south eastern parts while
the rainfall intensities would increase. This is likely to extend into Zambia.
2.4.9. Floods
Floods can result in disaster, death, and destruction that adversely affects the economy. However, not all flood
impacts are negative, for example floods deposit fertile soils as they recede and they can also help in flushing out
undesirable pollutants resulting in higher crop yields. Water must be stored or conserved during a time of plenty
(floods) for use in a time of shortage (droughts) through development of infrastructure such as dams.
Land degradation in Zambia is becoming a

Box 1: Zambia 2006-2007 Floods
major concern and in most areas this results
in an increase in surface evaporation and During 2006/2007 season 41 districts out of 72 in all nine provinces were
rainwater runoff thereby reducing retention affected by floods. Floods had adverse impact on all the sectors with
infrastructure, water and sanitation being severely affected in most districts.
time and resulting in floods because
The impact on infrastructure had an adverse multiplier effect on other sectors
infiltration is reduced. such as health, education and agriculture. Of the total flood affected population
of 1,443,563 only an estimated 295,148 people require immediate food aid
Protection of people and property from amounting to 7,084 MT of cereal for two months (March and April, 2007).
water-related hazards is still very low in
From the 41 districts assessed, 29% reported high malaria prevalence rates
Zambia. This is made worse by the fact that
while 32% reported high diarrhoea prevalence rates. There was no change
there is little or no mechanism to forecast observed in ARIs. Availability of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) and community
and provide an early warning of extreme level health campaigns were the main attributes for the low malaria prevalence.
hydrological events in specific areas. There Despite the observed low rates of diarrhoea prevalence, there is a high risk of
water contamination due to faecal matter. The assessment established wide
is an urgent need to develop a real time
spread use of unprotected shallow wells which are the main water source for
reporting mechanism that integrates land most households. Furthermore these shallow wells are at risk of being
use, hydrology and meteorology. Further, contaminated due to poor sanitary facilities for human waste disposal.
the impact of floods on health needs to be
fully understood to minimise malaria The impact of floods on education in terms of attendance rates was mainly
attributed to damaged infrastructure such as bridges, culverts, classroom
epidemics and other water-related diseases blocks and toilets. The most affected districts reported 40 to 50% reduction in
like cholera and typhoid. attendance. Infrastructure damage due to floods was mainly in the high rainfall
areas of Northern and North-Western provinces and was mostly on community-
Flood control measures are very limited in managed infrastructure projects like community schools, bridges and culverts.
Some roads have been rendered impassable due to flooding. Impact on health
Zambia. In order to effect the measures
infrastructure was low in all assessed districts. Some mobile clinics have been
there is a need to identify and map all flood suspended due to impassable roads.
prone areas and to integrate these hazards
in the overall plans of an area. This should be supported by an effective early warning system. At the moment
there are very few structures that have been constructed for flood control. It is very important that after identifying
and mapping flood areas, structures, like levees should be constructed to protect some areas. Improved flood
routing through dams can also help to reduce the impact of floods.
In some parts of the country, especially those areas that are not flood-prone, people are not usually prepared and
in most cases are adversely affected by floods. There is a need to involve these people in all efforts of flood
management.
Although technology such as satellites and radars are available to help in the measurement of rainfall intensity
and measurements of the extent of flood inundation, their use in Zambia is very limited. Capacity needs to be built
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if flood forecasting is to improve. Since it will take some time to develop these sophisticated technologies, the
measurement of stage (water levels of rivers), lakes, or reservoirs needs to be strengthened and data
transmission improved to real- or near-real time data transmission. This must be supported by clearly defined
protocols on early warning.
During the consultation process for the Integrated Water Resources Strategy for the Kafue river basin, measures
like the seasonal shifting from the flood plain to higher ground, the construction of storm drains in towns and
traditional rituals of praying to request a reduction in the severity of the floods are some of the measures practised
to reduce flood vulnerability in the Kafue Basin.
2.4.10. Droughts
Drought is a result of low rainfall, reduced discharge and low groundwater levels sustained over a sufficiently long
time. Droughts can be categorised broadly as meteorological, hydrological, or agricultural. In Zambia, this
distinction is not usually understood. A meteorological drought is simply a prolonged period of below normal
precipitation. A hydrological drought is a prolonged period of below average discharge in rivers, low stage in
reservoirs, lakes, aquifers, and soil moisture. An agricultural drought is the prolonged shortage of soil moisture in
the root zone, leading to crop water stress.
Over the years, the country has experienced a number of droughts of varying magnitude. The droughts of
1991/92, 1994/95, 1997/98 and 2001/02 worsened the quality of life for vulnerable groups such as subsistence
farmers (M de Wit, 2006). The 1990/1991 drought was one of the worst, resulting from a combination of all the
three main types of droughts. It caused a disruption of the social and economic equilibrium in the country. Water
supply for domestic use was inadequate, hydropower production was interrupted and the production of the staple
food maize declined. Figure 10 shows the impact of drought on maize production. The consequence of the low
production is the need for the government to provide relief food. This situation could be mitigated by among other
measures having water infrastructure such as dams and irrigation systems to supplement rainfall.
Figure 10: Rainfall and maize production for Southern Province
Source: M de Wit, 2006.
One of the ways to mitigate droughts is to store water when it is available and use it when it is in short supply.
Rain water harvesting, recycling of water and the use of water-saving technologies is still very low. Employing
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adaptive measures of conservation farming and the growing of drought resistant crops to support food security is
still very low.
Limited capacity in rainwater harvesting and harnessing runoff exists at the moment. There is a need to
accelerate the development of water harvesting and storage infrastructure if the effects of droughts are to be
minimised.
2.5. International Shared Watercourses

Zambia is a riparian state of two major river basins: the Zambezi, and the Congo. Managing these shared rivers
calls for an approach that reduces the opportunity for conflict and encourages cooperation in attaining equity and
the benefits associated with the management, utilisation and development of the resource.
Zambia has signed and ratified several agreements pertaining to the management of shared watercourses. These
include the Zambezi River Authority (1987), Lake Tanganyika Convention (2003) and the Revised Protocol on
Shared Watercourses in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) (2004). For these to be effective,
the country has an obligation to domesticate the agreements. A SADC project under implementation, the
ZACPRO 6.2 project has a major objective to create an organisation for the management of the shared water
resources of the Zambezi river basin. An agreement to create this organisation, the Zambezi River Commission
(ZAMCOM) has already been developed and signed by all riparian countries except Zambia.
Shared groundwater resources are now increasingly considered along with shared surface water resources
because of increasing demands on all water resources, and the impacts of the excessive abstraction of
groundwater.
In order to improve the management of international waters, it is important to understand both the surface and
ground water potential through standardisation of assessment methods so that all the countries have the same
understanding of the quantity and state of the water resources to ensure that there is sustainable utilisation. This
means an integrated approach to the management of the resource at international level. Competition is increasing
for the utilisation of water especially around the Victoria Falls and the Kariba Dam complex. This area is important
for tourism and hydropower generation respectively. Initiatives have been undertaken to create bi-lateral and
multi-lateral cooperation to help in the management of water resources. These include the Zambezi River
Authority (ZRA) and the Zambezi River Commission (under formulation) respectively. Within the region, SADC
has played an important role by providing a framework for cooperation.
The present water resources management structure in Zambia does not adequately support the effective
management of international waters. There is therefore an urgent need to strengthen the legal framework to
include international waters, the institutional capacity to address issues such as data and information exchange,
water allocation and water rights issues. It is important to put in place a management system that will increase the
benefits derived from the shared water resources while addressing the issue of equity. The understanding of
equity is one of the challenges in international water resources management.
Zambia needs to build capacity in negotiation skills, better understanding of international law and cooperation,
diplomacy and indeed international water resources management principles.
2.6. Environment and Natural Resources Management

A natural synergy exists between IWRM and environment/natural resources management in the existing policy
and proposed strategies of the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR). The 1994
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National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of 1999 all
highlight the need for adopting sustainable policies aimed at integrating environmental concerns into the social
and development planning process, maintaining ecosystems, essential ecological processes and the biological
resources of the country. These ideas are further emphasised in the National Decentralisation Policy, 2003 and
the Fifth National Development Plan.
All the above strategies and policies highlight the fact that sustained economic growth cannot take place without
environmental conservation and sustainable use of resources, for which a supporting national policy is crucial.
The government recently adopted a National Policy on Environment (NPE) as an umbrella policy for the welfare of
the nation' s environment so that socio-economic development can be achieved effectively without damaging the
integrity of the environment or its natural resources. The National Policy on Environment (2008) has many
parallels in approach to IWRM.
Key environmental concerns in Zambia have been identified as water pollution and inadequate sanitation, soil
degradation, air pollution in the Copperbelt towns and wildlife depletion (fish and game). Other issues of concern
include; deforestation, invasive alien species management and vulnerability to climate change.
2.6.1. Water Pollution and inadequate Sanitation
Surface and ground water resources are threatened by pollution from dumping of solid waste and release of
dissolved substances including heavy metals as well as oils from industrial activity, into rivers, wetlands and
aquifers. Cement waste, molasses and bagasse, soap stock textile sediment sludge, petroleum, paint and lime
sludge from industries in Lusaka, Kafue and the Copperbelt, all continue to find their way into water systems
through direct discharge, seepage or overflow to underground and surface watercourses. The Kafue River is one
of most threatened by industrial activity and residue from agriculture run off. The limited knowledge of pollution
and resultant effects and constraints in resources makes it difficult to solve the problems of hazardous solid waste
management. Generally, many local authorities have capacity difficulties, which prevent the institution of more
sustainable waste management systems. Inspections and compliance monitoring activities carried out by ECZ in
Lusaka and other provinces indicate that most district councils have no designated disposal sites.
On the Copperbelt, the discharge of effluent with sediments from the mining industry continued to compromise the
quality of water as well as threaten the Kafue river base due to sedimentation. The water contains dissolved major
elements of calcium, magnesium, copper and cobalt emanating from acid mine drainage. This contamination
directly affects most water treatment plants drawing from the river through increased cost of water treatment
chemicals and process materials.
Water contamination problems are more acute in the peri-urban areas than in the rural areas. High population
densities in urban areas leading to smaller plots and consequently very short distances between latrines and
open yard wells or hand pumps present considerable risk to subterranean and surface pollution of water.
Residents in all informal settlements principally use unimproved pit latrines as their means of human waste
disposal.
2.6.2. Soil Degradation
Soil degradation in Zambia is localised to certain areas. Five provinces, namely Central, Eastern, Lusaka,
Southern and Western, are highly susceptible to soil degradation as they are more severely affected by
desertification and drought than the other provinces. Soil degradation is mainly due to poor agricultural practices
such as the excessive use of pesticides or fertilisers and poor land use practices. Areas with a high population
density such as the Copperbelt are also affected. This results in erosion of topsoil, eventually in reduced ability to
produce agricultural products. The situation of soil degradation has been aggravated by the recurrent droughts
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that the country has experienced. Noting that the human population in Zambia is dependent on agriculture, these
factors undermine social economic development, and continue to deepen the poverty crisis.
To manage this problem, government has prepared a National Action Programme that provides a framework for
incorporating long-term strategies to combat desertification. Some of the strategies being promoted by
government are soil and water conservation and conservation tillage.
2.6.3. Air Pollution
Air pollution is localised in Zambia and mainly felt in and around fertiliser manufacturers, cement manufacturers,
lime producers as well as around petroleum production facilities (ECZ, 2000). On the Copperbelt where mining
activity has picked up again, air pollution is mostly felt in areas near Nkana mine smelter in Wusakile and in
Mufulira. In areas affected by air pollution in Kitwe, there is little or no vegetation, especially in the direction of
prevailing winds, where ‘acid rain’ has continued to damage the vegetation. Residents living close to the Kitwe
smelter continue to be exposed to ambient SO2 concentrations in excess of the World Health Organisation
(WHO) and Zambian 24-hour SO2 guidelines. Annual concentrations also tend to occur above the WHO
guidelines Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and dust from the smelter aggravates the health of the elderly and those with
existing pulmonary (lung) diseases (Munyati, 2005). High emissions of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere from
the Mufulira smelter have been blamed for desertification in Kankoyo, an extensive high density residential area.
2.6.4. Wildlife Depletion
The majority of Zambia’s wildlife is contained within the extensive forest and wildlife protected areas. Close to
40% of the country is under protected areas set aside as national parks, game management areas, and local and
national forest reserves, to protect the country’s biodiversity. The enforcement of natural resource management
laws has generally been difficult. Government departments entrusted with managing biodiversity are constrained
by the shortage of staff, inadequate operational budgets and institutional conflicts. Government’s austere
spending measures in past years has compounded the resource constraints of the wildlife protection agency the
Zambia Wildlife Authority.
Threats to wildlife include illegal harvesting, unregulated harvesting of both fish and wildlife resources. Other
serious threats include habitat destruction (especially deforestation for fuel-wood and land conversion to
agriculture). Conversion of land to agriculture especially in wildlife corridors has tended to reduce wildlife habitats
and led to increasing human wildlife conflicts
Generally, all major fisheries are believed to be over fished. The fish ban that is effective from December to March
of the following year, instituted for fish stocks to recover, is difficult to enforce because of capacity problems in the
Fisheries Department. Few stock assessments have been carried out in the recent past and reported fish catch
levels are considered unreliable.
Under wildlife, numbers of key species continue to decline, a serious threat to the developing wildlife-based
tourism industry. A major weakness in the management of national parks and GMA’s is inadequacies in the
database on key habitats, species numbers, their protection and major threats. Data is scanty and gaps deter any
meaningful determination of trends in the status of the wildlife and habitats. Any management scenarios planned
for the wildlife estate would be well supported by the development of data and effective monitoring systems.
2.6.5. Deforestation
Deforestation is the widespread removal and disappearance of vegetation resulting from the clearing of trees for
agricultural expansion, unsustainable fuel wood collection and illegal settlement. The annual rate of deforestation
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in Zambia ranges from 250,000 and 300,000 hectares per year with an annual forest decrease factor of 0.5% on
average (PFAP, 1998). However, accurate estimation of the deforestation rate in the country has been
constrained by the lack of an updated inventory of forest resources. The licensing system also does not provide a
reliable tracking system to estimate forest loss through harvesting. Deforestation is degrading the headwaters of
most of Zambia’s rivers. It is perceived that this causes an increase in surface run off resulting in localised
flooding, a reduction in dry season flows and a reduction in groundwater recharge which in turn reduces the
amount of water available. Illegal settlements on river banks has also contributed significantly to depletion of
forests with far reaching consequences such as declining water levels because of siltation, loss of aquatic life as a
result of disturbance of ecosystems and reduction of water quality due to pollution.
The use of GIS and satellite images in determining the loss of forest cover during the implementation of the IWRM
plan should be promoted. Similarly, the IWRM plan should encourage integrated conservation and utilisation of
forest resources on the major water courses, especially in the head water areas.
2.6.6. Invasive Alien Species Management
Invasive alien species (IAS) are defined as species, subspecies or lower taxa introduced outside their natural past
or present distribution and whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological diversity. IAS’s are a global threat
to conservation of biodiversity through their proliferation and spread, displacing or killing native flora and fauna
and affecting ecosystem services.
Zambia has several IAS’s. Those commonly known are the invasive plant species. An ECZ study on invasive
alien plants control and prevention in Zambia (ECZ, 2004) revealed that the invasive alien plants affect many
sectors including agriculture, water and transport. Invasive plants associated with aquatic regimes in Zambia
include the aquatic water hyacinth or the Kafue weed (Eichhornia crassipes) and Kariba weed (Salvinia molesta),
the semi-aquatic mimosa pigra and the terrestrial lantana camara (GRZ, 1999). Aquatic weeds have had a
particularly negative impact on the wetland habitat.
In the Lochinvar National Park situated on the extensive Kafue Flats and adjacent to Kafue River on the southern
side has been invaded by mimosa pigra. The significance of this invasion is that it has excluded the native fauna
and flora from the most productive and special areas of the Lochinvar National Park and the Kafue Flats with
significant impact on biodiversity as well as tourism and livestock grazing.
Additionally, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park has also been invaded by lantana camara, This IAS has invaded the
woodlands, the riparian areas and the unique mist forest below the Victoria Falls. Lantana camara is steadily
altering the structure of the vegetation around and below the falls and thus affecting the flora as well as the fauna
of this unique area.
The Zambezi and Kafue rivers have been affected by the water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) and Kariba weed
(salvinia molesta) which has affected hydropower production, fishing and navigation. Although not quantified in
Zambia, the IASs are known to utilise a considerable amount of water thus impacting on the availability of water
resources. Therefore, the control of IAS’s is important in the management of the country’s river basins.
2.6.7. Vulnerability to Climate Change
Climate variability has been a major influence on the available water resources in any particular place. The
adverse effects of climatic change have affected the performance of sensitive economic sectors such as water,
agriculture, energy, health, among others in Zambia. This ultimately affects the overall economic development
and livelihoods. The vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) assessments conducted by the United States Country
Study Programme (USCSP) in 1998 for Zambia which also focussed on water sector concluded that the water
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sector is very sensitive to climate change (MTENR, 2007). The people living in semi-arid parts of the country’s
agro-ecological Region I (southern parts of Western and Southern provinces), which is considered a drought-
prone/risk area, experience severe water shortages during summer. An assessment of historical rainfall patterns
in this region revealed a decreasing trend of annual rainfall in recent years. Because of droughts, there has been
disruption in the water flow of most rivers and streams in this ecological region I.
The Zambian government has made considerable efforts to respond to natural calamities resulting from climate
change. The National Disaster Management Policy provides a legal framework for management and response to
natural disasters such as floods and drought. Similarly, government has formulated the National Adaptation
Programme of Action (NAPA) to deal with climate change.
The capacity of various stakeholders needs to be strengthened to adapt to climate change and foster adaptive
capacity among the most vulnerable groups. The IWRM plan will respond to the aspirations of National Disaster
Management Policy and NAPA in dealing with issues related to water sector vulnerability to climate change.
2.6.8. Environmental Water Requirements
In almost all recent legislation and policy documents, the environment as a water user is well addressed, notably
in the draft Water Resources Management Bill (2006). The identification of specific ecosystem requirements in
terms of quantity and quality of water and consideration, within the context of allocation, is a fundamental
component of IWRM. However, the practical implications and actions required by these directives are a much
more complex issue. Quantitative determination of environmental requirements, such as instream flow
requirements (IFR) associated with dam operation, is a complex and site and data specific undertaking. A
complete lack of directive or guidelines on these determinations is a recipe for inaccuracy in estimation and
potential conflict. Conflict can be created by the over-allocation rights to user groups or stakeholders within a
basin. Some specified methodologies for these types of determination, suitable to the Zambian environment, will
be required to guide catchment councils in water allocation determination. There are various methods already
defined to estimate environmental flows in rivers such as: hydrological index methods, hydraulic rating methods,
habitat rating methods and holistic methods (HR Wallingford, 2003). Exploring what type(s) of methods are most
appropriate to the Zambian context will need to be evaluated and in the long-term, local research should be
carried out to refine and adapt the appropriate methodologies.
Aquatic water quality standards are another crucial gap in the present environmental management framework.
With no standards set for aquatic water quality, there is no benchmark to clearly specify polluted natural waters.
This is of critical importance to effluent standards, which are at present set strictly on a single national standard,
and do not take into account the nature and sensitivity of the natural environment that effluent is being discharged
into, or how many other industries in the same area are discharging effluent into the same watercourse. With
aquatic water quality standards, effluent levels could become basin/area specific and be designed around
maintaining the specified acceptable quality in the open water bodies.
In addition to the more well-known issues related to environmental requirements associated with surface water,
are those associated with groundwater. Given the complexity and uniqueness of evaluating groundwater
requirements of natural systems, it is currently unlikely that a specification of methodologies similar to surface
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water will be feasible. However, specific reference to considering ecosystem requirements of groundwater and
impacts of various allocation scenarios on groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs) will be a critical
component of allocation determinations and basin water balance assessments. Although complex, practical
examples of the assessment of environmental groundwater requirements related to planned groundwater
4
development schemes, are available in the region and can guide effective inclusion of these issues in allocation
assessments and from which the country could formulate a working system for groundwater.
2.6.9. Environmental Impact Assessment
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process is a fundamental aspect of realising the vision of IWRM, by
providing a guide to ensure all types of developments consider impacts on water resources prior to their
implementation. The EIA as a development-planning tool improves project outputs by preventing, minimising,
mitigating or compensating for adverse environmental impacts. Although Environmental Impact Assessment is a
legal requirement for many developments, the recommended content of EIAs should fully reflect IWRM precepts
and balances. Improved awareness and capacity in terms of IWRM in regulatory institutions, such as the
Environmental Council of Zambia, tasked with the review and acceptance of EIAs, will be vital as it will help to
identify the likely environmental consequences of a particular course of action and to ensure protection of the
water resource and environmental sustainability. Another issue identified in relation to the EIA process at present
in Zambia is limited community participation in the EIA process. Although there is clear emphasis on community
involvement as part of the EIA process, in the actual application this is often limited by inadequate real
understanding of what a given project’s impacts and proposed mitigation plans may mean. Grass roots education
and increased awareness of IWRM within the EIA process will be crucial in advancing stakeholder involvement
and ownership.
2.7. Water Quality

The use of any water depends on the quantity and quality of water available at any one time. In Zambia, most of
the water resources are still pristine, but this is changing in areas like Lusaka and the Copperbelt where industrial
activities such as mining, agriculture and manufacture have started posing a big threat to the water resources
through pollution. It is a fact though that there is very little information on water quality. What is clear is that most
of the water is threatened by pollution from some of these industries. This is exemplified by the proliferation of
aquatic and terrestrial weeds, death of aquatic life, smell of water and its general appearance. Some rivers such
as the Luangwa River have high sediment loads that impact on water quality but generally, sedimentation in major
rivers is not routinely monitored.
Water quality has been a major concern on the Kafue River, mainly because the river supports most of the
country’s economic activities such as mining, agriculture and industry. The basin supports over 40 percent of the
population of Zambia. As a result, pollution pressure has increased especially in mining areas, and in agriculture
and industrial areas such as Kafue and Mazabuka were the high nutrient load in the river resulted in the
proliferation of aquatic weeds. On the Copperbelt, heavy metals such as copper, manganese and lead have been
detected in many rivers and streams. DWA/JICA (1994), observed that most of these metals settle before they
' ( ) * ! " + , , '" - . ) / 0/ +"1 2 " ##+ .
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reach the Lukanga swamps reducing the concentration in the water flowing downstream. This situation has
remained stable for a long time and it is hoped that this will be maintained.
Ground water quality is also a major concern in localised areas particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. For
instance, the groundwater resources of Lusaka are at risk of pollution due to inadequate piped sewerage
systems, which have resulted in an increase of the use of septic tanks.
It has been observed that, other areas are also coming under increasing threat of pollution from sources that
include leaching of chemicals from agriculture land, industrial effluents, sewage effluents, garbage disposal and
land degradation. These are usually localised to an area but their cumulative impact on the resources needs to be
further studied.
The mandate to monitor water quality is with the Department of Water Affairs and is supported by the 1948 Water
Act, while, the mandate for pollution control is with the Environmental Council of Zambia. So far, this arrangement
has worked fairly well, but there is a need to strengthen coordination. The draft Water Resources Management
Bill proposes that the functions of pollution control and water quality monitoring, fall under one body.
2.8. Water–Related Sector Analysis
2.8.1. Tourism
The tourism sector in Zambia has experienced rapid growth in recent years with foreign exchange earnings and
employment in this sector doubling over a 6-year period from 1995 to 2000 (MTENR, 2005). The potential of
tourism in Zambia lies in the uniqueness of certain resources such as cultural artefacts, heritage sites and
monuments including other natural attractions such as wildlife, rivers, lakes, waterfalls. The country’s vision of the
tourism industry is to contribute to the economic well being and enhanced quality of life for Zambians through
government led, private sector driven, quality product development that are consistent with the protection of the
unique natural resources and cultural heritage within tourism policy framework (MTENR, 2005). In this sector,
Zambia has envisaged two major considerations as intervention measures at national and zone (local
management subunits) levels with the main focus being on infrastructure rehabilitation and development. Arising
from its potential and wide range of participation in the economy, tourism has the potential to be among the
largest industries in the development of the economy. Zambia has one of the largest protected areas in Southern
Africa, with protected areas amounting to 30% of the total national land area. Of this amount, 8% are National
Parks and 22% are Game Management areas (Figure 11).
The major tourist attractions such as the national parks are found in areas that have been declared as Protected
Areas where human settlement and other land uses are not permitted. This has helped to preserve the abundant
wildlife spreading over 19 National Parks and 34 Game Management areas and the water resources that provide
water to wildlife and other uses.
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Figure 11: National Parks of Zambia
Many prime tourist sites in the protected areas are near watercourses. The impact of tourism development on
water resources include water pollution from uncontrolled solid waste disposal and effluents from bathing water
and sewer systems from the hotels and other camping sites constructed near the rivers and lakes. Similarly, in
sensitive areas where structural planning has not been effectively done, there is a danger of over-exploitation.
2.8.2. Energy Sector
The energy sector is presently the major user of water resources in Zambia through hydropower generation.
Although often considered a ‘non-consumptive’ user of water resources, the environmental impacts of
hydroelectric dams and the high rates of evaporative losses of water indicate that the sector is a very significant
user. Ninety four percent (94%) of Zambia’s electricity power capacity of 1800 MW is generated from hydropower.
Due to the economic growth in the country, mostly attributed to mining, there has been an increase demand for
electricity such that the national demand is reaching the available supply. This is causing power shortages which
are expected to increase further if additional electricity is not made available. According to the National Water
Resources Master Plan (MEWD/JICA, 1995), the national demand for electric power is expected to total 2,380
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MW. To increase power generation the government is promoting private sector investment in large and mini
hydropower stations to develop the country’s total usable hydropower potential of 6000 MW.
Some of the issues that have emerged in hydropower generating areas such as the Kafue flats and Lunsenfwa
catchments include the increasing competing demands between hydropower and agriculture, the regulation of
water releases and consideration of environmental flows. IWRM has been recognised by the government as a
means to improve water management to meet the needs of hydropower and those of other users.
2.8.3. Mining Sector
The mining sector’s significance to IWRM is primarily due to its release of water to natural waterways, through de-
watering activities. It also has an impact on the environment and water resources through pollution. Konkola
Copper Mine for instance discharges approximately 600 000 m3 of water per day into the Kafue River. The scale
and extent of serious environmental impacts, particularly on water resources, by mining operations has been well
documented, and is being addressed in some crucial areas by major programmes, such as the Copperbelt
Environment Project. Currently the project is dealing with the contamination of groundwater with lead, which is a
major problem in Kabwe. Other environmental problems include the deforestation of the Kafue basin on the
Copperbelt. Deforestation has been attributed to increased population due to presence of mines, which attracts
job seekers to the area.
The impacts of large quantities of water released into river systems as a result of de-watering activities are
significant both in terms of negative impacts (water quality, dewatering of local aquifers and associated
wetlands/dambos, changes in river hydrology) as well as positive impacts (increased flows allowing increased
water abstraction downstream).
The mining sector is currently undergoing renewed expansion and growth as old mines expand and new mines
open up, which has been supported by high copper prices on the international market. The regulation of mine
effluents and the sectors impact on the environment however needs strengthening.
2.8.4. Water Supply and Sanitation
The Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH) has overall responsibility of domestic/ municipal water
supply and sanitation. The water sector reforms separated the executive and regulation of water supply and
sanitation services. The provision of public water supply and sanitation services has since been transferred from
the Department of Water Affairs and Local Authorities to commercial water utilities. There are also individual
private service providers and companies such as ZESCO and Zambia Sugar that service their own employees.
The water utilities and private service providers are regulated by the National Water Supply and Sanitation
Council (NWASCO). NWASCO regulates all aspects of water supply and sanitation from the storage facilities
through to the consumers.
Government requires a total of US$ 360 million over 10 years to meet the water and sanitation needs of the
population, with US$ 336 million for infrastructure development while US$ 24 million will go towards sector
development. However, there is inadequate budgetary provision for water supply and sanitation and during the
FNDP the allocation is stagnant at 2% of national budget. Increased attention to sanitation, hygiene education,
sector development, advocacy and citizen participation are required.
Another challenge is the need for reliable baseline data to use as benchmark to measure progress. It is difficult to
measure the progress in access to water supply and sanitation in the absence of baseline data. Various
documents define safe water, sanitation and access differently resulting in varied access statistics.
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2.8.4.1. Domestic Water Supply
The 2000 census conducted by the Central Statistical Office (CSO, 2000) indicates that at national level 49.1% of
households in Zambia had access to safe water. Further that 86.1% of urban households had access to safe
water compared with 29.5% of rural households. The coverage by province is shown in Figure 12 and Table 4
highlights the coverage from 1990 to 2005.
Figure 12: Households with Access to Safe Water
The estimated coverage for 2005 is based on the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey of 2002/2003, updated with
estimates regarding coverage from the projects which have been implemented in the intervening period. This
assessment indicates that in 6 out of 9 province’s coverage for water was less than 50%, and the rural provinces,
Luapula, Northern, Western and North-western have relatively low water supply coverage at 30% or less (see
Table 4).
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Table 4: Summary of Access to Safe Water Supply in Zambia, 1990 – 2005
1990 2000 2005
Population Coverage Population Coverage Population Coverage

(‘000) (%) (‘000) (%) (‘000) (%)
Zambia 7,759 73 9,886 49. 1 11,563,212 53
Urban 2,949 85 3,433 86. 1 4,025,010 86
Rural 4,810 58 6,452 29. 5 7,538,202 37
Provinces
Central 772 1,001 43. 8
Copperbelt 1,458 1,564 70. 9
Eastern 1,005 1,306 43. 6
Luapula 564 767 18. 8
Lusaka 991 1,376 91. 0
Northern 926 1,245 21. 0
N/Western 438 577 31. 6
Southern 966 1,199 58. 6
Western 639 757 28. 4
Source: CSO, 2000. Zambia in Figures; CSO, 2004. Selected Socio-economic Indicators; CSO, 2004. Population Projections Report.
The National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) estimate the national urban water supply coverage
at 73% in 2005 (NWASCO, 2006). The disparity between CSO and NWASCO is due to the parameters used to
define coverage. There is need to harmonise these two perspectives.
2.8.4.2. Sanitation
There is an overall perception by many stakeholders that while water supply development at the community and
urban level has advanced significantly on many fronts, the related issue of sanitation has tended to lag behind.
Enhancing the incorporation of sanitation with water supply development will be important to improving water
resource protection. Sanitation appears already to be a key issue at the community level. For example in the
thirteen compounds covered under the PROSPECT Project (CARE), water was always the number one priority,
with sanitation consistently the second or third priority. Some innovative ideas, such as pay toilet and shower
facilities in markets, are building on the community interest. Ensuring sufficient incorporation of sanitation in water
sector planning will be an important IWRM challenge.
Sanitation in its various forms plays an important role in keeping the integrity of both water and the environment.
Unless the provision of sanitation services is improved, water sources and the environment will in some cases
suffer damage that is almost impossible to reverse. Low sanitation coverage continues to be a challenge.
Sanitation coverage is still low in rural areas. It stands at 13% compared to 41% for urban areas (Table 5). In
order to ensure improved sanitation, households in rural areas should be encouraged to have appropriate
sanitation facilities such as pit latrines. Similarly, bold steps need to be taken to avoid polluting groundwater
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sources. Options for centralised sanitation systems in rural areas need to be explored while operating standards
for septic tanks need to be set and adhered to.
Table 5: Summary of Access to Sanitation in Zambia, 1990-2005
1990* 2000* 2005**
Population Coverage Population Coverage Population Coverage

(‘000) (%) (‘000) (%) (‘000) (%)
Zambia 7,759 23 9,886 14. 9 11,563 23
Urban 2,949 54 3,433 39. 2 4,025 41
Rural 4,810 5 6,452 2. 1 7,538 13
Note:
* Sanitation estimates have been worked out on basis of CSO (2000) definition of sanitary facility (i. e. Flush toilet and VIP latrine)
** Rural coverage uses “sanplat” as proper sanitation facility
The various definitions of sanitation in the sector makes it difficult to measure progress towards the MDG’s. The
definition in the Water Supply and Sanitation Act restricted sanitation to excreta wastewater disposal. It excludes
solid waste, industrial waste, and storm water. It is different from the way it is used in the FNDP where solid waste
is included. There is need to capture all types of sanitation in the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan. In this regard,
the harmonisation of laws and regulations is required.
In order to meet the desired goals of the water and sanitation services, there is a need for harmonisation in the
water sector through integration of different stakeholder institutions and actors, and the implementation of
common approaches.
According to CSO (2000), only a flush toilet and ventilated improved pit latrine are regarded as proper sanitation
facilities. Based on this facility, the 2000 national census indicates that only 14.9% of the entire population of
Zambia had access to proper sanitation facilities. In the rural areas the corresponding figure was only 2.1% and
with 39.2% in urban areas. Some health officials are of the view that in rural areas, where space is not limited and
latrines are constructed far from dwelling places, even an ordinary pit latrine should be regarded as a proper
sanitary facility, and should be included in the assessment of sanitation coverage. Even worse than with respect
to water supply, information on sanitation facilities is not readily available from one source. Thus, estimates of
access to sanitation facilities particularly in rural areas are confounded by poor information and lack of agreement
on definition of what is a proper sanitation facility. Access to sanitation facilities is summarised in Table 5. It is
evident that a very large part of the rural population does not have access to proper sanitation facilities. This
presents a challenge not only in terms of investment support, but also health education to raise awareness among
the communities.
The year 2008 has been declared as World Sanitation Year. This declaration should lead to increased provision
of resources for improving the coverage of service provision.
Sanitation in terms of solid waste management is also a major concern. Solid waste management is the
responsibility of local authorities. The collection and management of waste is inadequate thus causing a threat to
groundwater, particularly in peri-urban areas.
Wastewater treatment plants are mostly overloaded and unable to effectively treat the sewerage which emanates
from domestic as well as industrial processes. The effluents thus do not meet the ECZ standards and this leads to
pollution of water sources such as in Lusaka, Kafue and the Copperbelt areas.
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For IWRM, the definition of sanitation should be broad. It should also include solid waste, industrial waste and
storm drainage.
2.8.4.3. Peri-urban Water supply and Sanitation
Between 40-80% of the urban population reside in peri-urban areas and informal settlements. These areas are
characterised as being unplanned making the provision of services difficult. There have been areas with a high
incidence of diarrhoeal diseases due to contamination of water sources. Efforts, such as promoting community
management of their water sources, have been initiated to improve on the local management of water and
sanitation facilities.
In an effort to assist the utilities improve service delivery to peri-urban areas, Statutory Instrument 65 of 2001
established the Devolution Trust Fund (DTF) to finance projects that would service peri-urban areas. However,
the fund only became operational in 2002, with objectives of maximising funds going directly to the beneficiaries,
while ensuring professional input, transparency and accountability. The DTF’s investment of under K2.0 billion is
funded by government grants and external support. These funds are then disbursed to Commercial Utilities (CUs)
that meet the set criteria’s for accessing the funds. By 2006, DTF had assisted in enabling about 40,000 peri-
urban poor people gain access to safe drinking water.
The challenges in the provision of water and sanitation services include high production costs, unaccounted for
water, vandalism of infrastructure, run down water distribution pipes and overloaded sewerage systems and low
willingness-to-pay, especially in peri-urban areas. The growing political will to pay for the services had increased
business confidence and increased economic activity, which presented growth opportunities for the water sector.
However, utilities are currently unable to finance their operations sustainably and major external resource
intervention is required to finance rehabilitation of WSS infrastructure.
A monopoly in the supply of the chemicals for water treatment remains a concern as it has been very costly to
obtain the chemicals. Zambia has only one supplier of these items and utilities are not allowed to order directly
from outside the country. The idea of a chemical bank needs to be revisited.
Vandalism of infrastructure in low-income areas is common and worrying. The Zambian Police have been
involved in fighting it and community awareness and education has been initiated in affected areas. Improved
service may reduce vandalism.
2.8.5. Health and Water-related Diseases
It is a known fact that access to clean water helps to prevent illness and reduce treatment costs. Water is also
used for various purposes such as food production and maintaining a healthily environment which sustain the
wellbeing and health of human beings.
The provision of health services is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health and is regulated by the Public Health
Act Cap 295. Many health problems could be mitigated and costs reduced through the effective monitoring of
water quality and the provision of clean water and adequate sanitation.
Following the implementation of health reforms, some improvements in the general health indicators for Zambia
have been seen. For instance, life expectancy at birth improved slightly, the infant mortality rate and under-five
mortality rate declined. However, maternal mortality and the incidence of malaria have remained moderately high.
(See Table 6 on the next page)
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Table 6: Selected Health Indicators 2001-2003 in Zambia
Indicator 2001 2002 2003
Infant Mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 87 95 85
Under Five Mortality Rate (per 1000 ) 145 168 136
Maternal Mortality (per 100,000 ) 729 729
Malaria Incidence (per 1000) 394 377 428
Life Expectancy at Birth 52 52 52
Source: Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2004. Second PRSP Implementation Progress Report July 2003 – June 2004
Malaria remains a major public health problem in Zambia, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all outpatient
attendances and 50 percent of cases among children under-five years of age. It is estimated that malaria is
responsible for nearly 4 million clinical cases and 50,000 deaths per year, including up to 20 percent of maternal
mortality. By 2003 malaria was the most commonly reported illness at 37% of all reported illness and caused the
largest proportion of deaths (23%).
Schistosomiasis (bilharzias) is also prevalent in rural districts especially those close to lakes and rivers. There is
need to strengthen the current water management/ environmental health approaches to combating these water-
related diseases.
HIV/AIDS prevalence rate was 16% for the population aged 15 to 49 years old in 2000. It threatens the country’s
economic development and has the potential to continue diminishing social and economic development. The HIV
and AIDS epidemic is as much a development concern as it is a health and gender concern. In 2002, the
government put in place the National AIDS Council (NAC) through an Act of Parliament as the national
mechanism to coordinate and support the development, monitoring and evaluation of a multi-sectoral national
response to HIV. The National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Policy of 2005 provides the direction and mandate for the
national response. As this is a cross cutting issue, programs have been put in place to mitigating the impact of
HIV and AIDS for the water sector by creation of HIV/AIDS campaigns and support to those infected. The loss of
skilled personnel is a major concern in the effort to have the capacity to manage water resources.
Diarrhoea accounted for 6.9 % of the illness reported in 2003. The incidence of diarrhoea is high in the age group
0-4 years age group. It accounted for 15.4% of illness in this group. The prevalence in diarrhoea can be linked to
inadequacies in safe water supply, sanitation and hygiene education. Although hygiene education programmes
are being incorporated in water and sanitation programmes to raise awareness about diseases and to promote
positive hygienic practice, more effort in this area is still needed. This is critically important where the prevalence
of HIV/AIDS is high, both in terms of the use of water, and in terms of its relationship with health and poverty in
the affected households and communities.
The number of diseases that afflict the people usually lead to reduced productivity in the water sector as
productive time is spent on sick leave or attending to sick relatives. Disease also reduces life expectancy leading
to the loss of trained professionals that are required for managing the sector.
2.8.6. Agriculture and Irrigation
Agriculture in Zambia is more dependant on rainfall than on irrigation. Despite the many benefits of irrigation, very
little has been achieved. Irrigation is poorly utilised due to attitudes and perceptions that it is very expensive and
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thus only for the more affluent. Therefore, if irrigation is to be the main stay of agriculture in the country,
considerable support would be needed, especially for small and medium scale farmers.
Food shortages occur during drought years and bumper harvests in good rainfall years. Livestock is also highly
affected during drought years. Out of the total land area of 752,612 km2 approximately 420 000 km2 (42 million
ha) is suitable for arable use. However, only 14% or 5.8 million ha is presently cultivated. The land suitable for
irrigation is estimated at 423, 000 ha (Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources, 2004).
The current area irrigated in Zambia is estimated at 100 000 ha comprising approximately 52 000 ha under formal
(commercial) and 48 000ha under informal (subsistence) farming (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries
2001). Agricultural water supply relates to irrigation, livestock and aquaculture. Its quantitative “use” in forestry
and open fisheries has not been addressed.
The challenges of providing water for irrigation include unfavourable geographical conditions, inadequate finance
for investment, insufficient skills and information, inadequate market services and infrastructure. Despite these
challenges, there are a number of opportunities which include the abundant water and land resources, including
the liberalised local and regional markets for marketing of agricultural produce, albeit with some restrictions and
tariff barriers in the developed economies at the international level.
In order to enhance the use of water for irrigation, provision of an enabling environment for irrigation development
is critical including facilitating the harmonisation of activities of all players to yield maximum benefits. Government
has in 2007 established an Irrigation Fund for small-, medium- and large-scale farmers who can obtain loans at
concessionary rates. The government is also promoting irrigation in peri- urban areas (areas within a radius of
50km from an urban centre). With these initiatives the demand for water will thus increase and there is an urgent
need for infrastructure development as well as for reliable information on the status of ground and surface water
in order to ensure equitable allocation and sustainable utilisation.
A very significant aspect as well as potential point of conflict in advancing IWRM relates to the agriculture sector
and its relationship to water resources management. A series of key issues are identified in this context which has
been advanced by various interests, primarily the Zambian National Farmers Union (ZNFU). Much of the present
concern regards allocation of water rights, specifically concerning transfer of rights, enforcement in relation to use
and fee collection, and groundwater allocations. In terms of water rights transfer, there is concern that the inability
to transfer water rights with property will create problems and negatively affect liquidity in the land market and
hinder investment in major irrigation infrastructure. Enforcement is also an important issue, with concern in
relation to the ability of the proposed catchment authorities to effectively, transparently and evenly enforce water
use fee structures. Given that the present, monitoring system and collection activities are ineffective and suffer
from insufficient human capacity, there is hope with the proposed stakeholder participation at local level that the
new institutions will have the capacity to successfully undertake these functions. Given the generally greater
complexity of groundwater assessment, there is also the need for determination of groundwater abstraction
permits as well as effective control and enforcement.
2.9. Water Sector Policy and Legal Reform
2.9.1. Water Sector Reforms
The water sector reform process in Zambia has been underway from as far back as the 1980’s when it was
recognised that the then management framework was failing to service the sector in the provision of safe and
adequate water supply and sanitation services as well as the protection, conservation, development and
management of the water resources. The reforms primarily targeted the review of the policy, legal and institutional
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framework of the sector. The reforms have benefited from developing consensus during comprehensive
consultations on effective water resources management and optimal utilisation of water resources in the
economy.
The 1994 National Water Policy was primarily adopted to address the issues, with emphasis on strengthening the
framework for water resources management following an integrated approach. The objective of the National
Water Policy is to promote sustainable water resources development with a view to facilitating adequate,
equitable and good quality water for all users at acceptable costs and ensuring security of supply under varying
conditions. This objective was to be achieved through the following key policy strategies:
Recognising the important role of the water sector in the overall socio-economic development of the
country;
Vesting control of water resources in the country under state control;
Promoting water resources development through an integrated management approach;
Providing adequate, safe and cost effective water supply and sanitation services with due regard to
environmental protection;
Defining clear institutional responsibilities of all stakeholders in the Water Sector for effective management
and co-ordination; and
Recognising water as an economic good.
The reforms have and are being strategically implemented following two parallel approaches namely: the
reorganisation of the water supply and sanitation sub-sector (WSS) which started in 1993; and the reorganisation
of water resources management sub-sector which started in 2001. The key outputs of the reforms in the water
sector are summarised in Table 7.
Table 7: Key Outputs and Progress in Water Sector Reform
SUB-SECTORS OUTPUTS AND PROGRESS MADE
Water Resources • Nation Water Policy (1994)

Development and
Management • Transfer of water supply and sanitation function from MEWD to MLGH in 1999
• Water Resources Action Programme (2002)
• Water Resources Management Bill (2006)
• Draft National Water Policy (2007)
• Draft IWRM Implementation Plan (2007)
Urban Water Supply and • National Water Supply and Sanitation Act in 1997
Sanitation
• Transfer of 46 water services schemes as well as the responsibility for rural water supply and
sanitation (RWSS) from MEWD to local authorities under the supervision of MLGH (1997)
• Establishment of NWASCO in 2000
• Establishment of Department of Infrastructure Support Services (DISS) in the MLGH to improve
infrastructure investment
• Establishment of 10 Commercial Utilities (CUs) for urban/peri-urban water supply and sanitation
• Operationalisation of the Devolution Trust Fund (DTF) for the facilitation of extending services to
low income urban areas (2002)
Rural Water Supply and • Establishment of RWSS Unit in DISS in 2003

Sanitation
• Adoption of the RWSS Institutional and Financial Framework in 2004
• Development of National rural water supply and sanitation Programme, 2006
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With the adoption of IWRM the water sector is now viewed in a broader context as evidenced by the composition
of the Water SAG and the scope of the Draft National Water Policy, 2007. The challenge is to effectively
coordinate and monitor policy development and implementation of the IWRM framework if the Water Sector
Reforms are to succeed.
2.9.2. Reform of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
The water sector reforms were first initiated to deal with domestic water supply and sanitation. This was a
response to addressing poor service provision. The reforms are still ongoing and important objectives have
already been achieved. The key ones being the enactment of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act. No. 28, 1997,
that established the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) in 2000 as an autonomous water
supply and sanitation regulator and the decentralisation and commercialisation of domestic water and sanitation
service delivery.
The enactment of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 28 of 1997 and subsequent establishment of ten
commercial water companies around the country fulfilled one of the basic principles of the water sector reforms,
which was to separate the water supply and sanitation functions from the water resources function. The water
companies deal with water supply and sanitation to urban centres around the country.
Significant reforms began in the water supply and sanitation sub-sector in 1994 and were aimed at addressing
and clarifying the inadequacies in the institutional and legislative frameworks. Since the adoption of the National
Water Policy in 1994, a number of sector reform initiatives and developments have taken place, including, in
1999, the transfer of water supply and sanitation functions from MEWD to MLGH, establishment of NWASCO in
2000, establishment of the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) Unit in MLGH in 2003, and adoption of the
RWSS Institutional and Financial Framework in 2004.
The water supply and sanitation sector reforms are based on the seven sector principles contained in the National
Water Policy (NWP). These key guiding sector principles have helped to maintain direction throughout the reform
process.
2.9.3. Water Resources Management Reform
Following the reform of the UWSS sub-sector, government in 2001 initiated the Water Resources Action
Programme (WRAP) to complement the reforms initiated in 1993 and to reform the water resources management
sector. Various issues have negatively affected performance of the sector especially in the management and
development of water resources to meet the demands of competing groups of users.
WRAP took a broader and more holistic perspective of the water sector – an approach that espouses the
principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The WRAP aims at supporting the National
Water Policy in the establishment of a comprehensive framework for the use, development and management of
water resources in a sustainable manner with strong stakeholder participation. The key achievements of the
WRAP include: the development of the proposed institutional framework and the Water Resources Management
Bill, 2006 and the raising of awareness and capacity building amongst stakeholders.
To complement and build on WRAP, government in 2006 initiated the Water Sector Programme Support (WSPS).
The integrated water resources component of this initiative is supporting IWRM activities in the MEWD,
strengthening the water rights systems administered by the Water Board, groundwater monitoring in pilot areas,
IWRM capacity building through the University of Zambia; piloting of decentralised water resources management
structures and rehabilitation and construction of small dams and weirs. These programmes have been
implemented alongside the formulation of this IWRM/WE Implementation Plan.
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The Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) has also been involved in promoting IWRM as a concept through IWRM
activities in the Kafue Flats. An Integrated Water Resources Management Plan for the Kafue Flats, was launched
in January 2000, with the goal of managing the waters of the Kafue Flats for wise use of the wetland resources
and to maintain a healthy wetland ecosystem.
2.9.4. Water Policy Framework
The National Water Policy developed in 1994 under the Water Sector Reforms provides the overall policy
framework for the water sector. The policy is “aimed at promoting sustainable water resources development with
a view to facilitating an equitable provision of adequate quantity and quality of water for all competing users at
acceptable costs and ensuring security of supply under varying conditions”.
It covers water resources management, urban water supply and sanitation, rural water supply and sanitation,
water quality, and water tariffs. Some key policy measures adopted include: recognising water as an economic
good; recognising the important role of the water sector in overall socio-economic development; promoting water
resources development through an integrated management approach; defining clear institutional responsibilities
of all stakeholders in the water sector; developing an appropriate institutional and legal framework for effective
management of water resources; promoting a state of disaster preparedness; separation of executive and
regulatory functions; and introducing groundwater resource regulations.
Although the Policy advocates for IWRM, other sectors impacting on IWRM such as agriculture, hydropower,
environment etc were not elaborated upon. This may therefore have caused a gap in implementing IWRM. The
1994 National Water Policy has been under review and a Draft National Policy, 2007, has been developed. The
reasons for revising the 1994 National Water Policy are (Ministry of Energy and Water Development, 2007):
the need to provide for a clear vision and holistic policy direction for the water sector in Zambia;
the need to assess the progress made in the implementation of that Policy and update it taking into
consideration the key developments in the water sector in Zambia and international best practice for water
resources management;
the need to re-align the water policy with the current international developments including the Rio
Declaration, Millennium Development Goals, New Partnership for Africa’s Development and the Southern
African Development Community’s Revised Protocol On Shared Watercourses;
the need to re-examine the role of the water sector in terms of the National Development Plan;
the need to integrate gender and HIV/AIDS issues in the water policy; and
the need to re-examine the institutional and legal framework and bring them in line with modern principles of
water resources management and harmonise them with other legislation on the environment.
Other policies and programmes that directly complement the 1994 National Water Policy include:
The National Environmental Action Plan which is the basis for sustainable and environmental sound
management of the country’s natural resources;
The National Energy Policy “aimed at promoting optimum supply and utilisation of energy, especially
indigenous forms, to facilitate the socio-economic development of the country and maintenance of a safe
and health environment”;
The National Agricultural Policy with multiple objectives, chief among them being to ensure national and
regional food security. Secondary objectives on irrigation and fish and fisheries have significant impacts on
the development of the water sector; and
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The National Wildlife Policy and the National Forest Policy with their emphasis on conservation of biological
diversity, and the sustainable management of the nation’s abundant wildlife and forestry, have strong
linkages with the development and management of water resources.
In addition, government has adopted policies in other sectors and is in the process of preparing further policies
that have a bearing on IWRM in Zambia. These are:
National Policy on Wetlands Conservation, 2000.

National Decentralisation Policy, 2003.
Draft National Environmental Health Policy, 2000.
Information and Communications Technology (ICTs) Policy, 2007
National Gender Policy, 2000.
Fisheries Policy
Draft Lands Policy
Disaster Management Policy, 2005
Irrigation Policy and Strategy
Private Public Participation Policy
National Policy on Environment. 2008.
Industrial, Commercial and Trade Policy, 1994.
Draft National Employment and Labour Market Policy.
National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Policy, 2002
National Housing Policy, 1996.
National Policy of Education, 1996.
National Transport Policy, 2002.
During the review of the National Water Policy there were sentiments in the sector to have specific sector polices.
It was agreed to develop one comprehensive National Water Policy rather than separate sub-sector policies,
which has the risk of inconstancies and defeating the realisation of IWRM. The sub-sectors such as the WSS sub-
sector will develop detailed specific strategies in the context of elaborating the overarching National Water Policy.
2.9.5. Policy Coordination
The Zambian government in 2003 introduced Sector Advisory Groups (SAGs) as a vehicle for contributing to the
process of planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating the Poverty Reduction Programme.
In the water sector, the Water SAG advises government on sector policy issues, on the performance of the sector
and on efficient and effective use, transparent management and sub-sectoral coordination of assistance to the
sector. It provides a forum for sector wide approaches to planning, budgeting, delivery and implementing of
programmes. It comprises representatives from key institutions and stakeholders, which currently include the line
ministries, statutory bodies, cooperating partners, academic and research institutions, NGOs and other
associations actively involved in the water sector. However, membership is open to any other organisations with
an interest in the water sector. It is chaired by the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Energy and Water
Development who also provides the secretariat.
The organisations that are members of the Water SAG ensure that the Water Policy is enshrined and integrated
in their sector plans. Thus, the Water SAG forms a forum which helps to harmonise the implementation of the
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policy and has been able to improve coordination in the sector. The coordination arrangements are shown in
Figure 13.
In order to effectively manage the sector, four sub-committees (working groups) have been constituted. These are
aimed at facilitating regular meetings to enable communication and coordination among institutions responsible
for specific functions. The four sub-committees are all chaired by different line ministries namely:
The Water Supply and Sanitation sub- sector committee chaired by the Ministry of Local Government and
Housing;
The Water Resources Management sub- sector committee chaired by the Ministry of Tourism Environment
and Natural Resources;
The Water Resources Infrastructure Development sub-sector committee chaired by the Ministry of
Agriculture and Cooperatives; and
The Monitoring, Evaluation and Capacity Building sub committee chaired by the Ministry of Finance and
National Planning.
Figure 13: Coordination arrangements
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The Water SAG has some challenges, which include the joint planning and implementation of water-related
projects emanating from competing sectors and the capacity to effectively monitor and evaluate the impacts of
programmes.
2.9.6. Gender
Issues of gender play a crucial role in water resources management. The National Gender Policy defines gender
as an analytical concept, which focuses on women’s roles and relation to those of men. Zambia recognises that
full participation of women and men in the development process is cardinal to achieving sustainable development.
Creation of an environment for equal opportunities for both women and men to play a more decisive role in water
resource management and self-reliance employment, economic equality and justice are fundamental. These are
some of the issues being addressed to empower women and reduce poverty at household levels. The Gender
Strategy for the water sector is defined in Guidelines for Implementing Community Water Supply and Sanitation
Projects in Rural Areas. The guidelines give direction on how to implement, monitor and evaluate gender
mainstreaming at national, district and community level.
Mainstreaming gender in integrated water resources management has been recognised as evident from the
provisions of the draft Water Resources Management Bill, 2006 that provides for consideration of Gender aspects
in decision making as well as its inclusion in the revised draft National Water Policy of 2007. The major challenge
is to build capacity, understanding and implementation of gender considerations so that programmes put in place
reduce inequalities and enable integration of the knowledge of both genders thus increasing their sustainability.
2.9.7. Legal framework
The principal act presently governing the administration of water is the Water Act (cap.198) of the Laws of
Zambia. This Act was passed in 1948 and has since under gone some minor amendments. The Water Act is the
main statute dealing with ownership, allocation and regulation of the nation’s water resources. The Act deals
mainly with surface water and does not regulate groundwater, or those portions of rivers, such as the Zambezi,
which constitute international boundaries. Other legal frameworks, for the water sector and relating to IWRM, are
governed by the following acts (WRAP, 2004, Ministry of Energy and Water Development, 2005, 2007):
The Constitution of Zambia;

The Zambezi River Authority Act Cap 467;
The Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 28 of 1997;
The Energy Regulation Act. Cap 436;
The Fisheries Act Cap 200;
The Tourism Act Cap 155;
The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act Cap 204 of 1990;
The Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12 of 1998;
The National Heritage Conservation Act Chapter 173;
The Forestry Act No. 7 of 1999;
The Public Health Act Cap 295;
The Local Government Act Cap 281;
The Town and Country Planning Act Cap 283;
The Mines and Minerals Act Cap 213;
The Inland Water Shipping Act;
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The Land Act;

The Citizens Economic Empowerment Act; and
The Zambia Development Agency Act.
In addition, Zambia has signed and ratified several international instruments that directly relate to IWRM, such as:
The revised Protocol on Shared Watercourses in the Southern African Development Community, 2000;
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Water Fowl Habitat, 1971;
The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992;
The United Nations Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1997;
The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972;
The Convention on Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika, 2003;
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change, 1992;
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 1994;
The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968; and
The Agreement on the Action Plan for the Environmentally Sound Management of the Common Zambezi
River System, 1987.
An inadequate legislative framework and weakness in the 1948 Water Act has been identified as affecting the
sector. In view of this, under the Water Sector Reforms the Government, through the Water Resources Action
Programme (WRAP), has developed a proposal for a new legal and institutional framework for IWRM. The
proposal is laid out in the Water Resources Management Bill, 2006. The new legislation has been developed
through a comprehensive stakeholder consultation process and takes into account the principles of IWRM. It is
currently in the process of being finalised.
2.10. Institutional Arrangements in the Water Sector

The Water Act (Cap 198) establishes the Water Board as the organisation responsible for administering water
rights in the country. The Department of Water Affairs (DWA) in the Ministry of Energy and Water Development
provides technical support to the Water Board. DWA is responsible for water resources planning, management
and development. A repeal process, to address the gaps in the current Water Act, is being considered in the 2006
Water Resources Management Bill, which is awaiting enactment.
There are numerous institutions, government, private and NGO’s involved in the Water Sector in Zambia. The
Ministry of Energy and Water Development, through the Department of Water Affairs and the Water Board have
the overall responsibility for water resources management and development. Table 8 shows the major institutions
involved in water resources management.
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Table 8: Summary of Legal and Institutional Framework
MINISTRY /INSTITUTION ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY IN WATER MANAGEMENT REGULATING ACT
Ministry of Energy and Water Responsibility of overall water resources management and
Development development
Department of Water Affairs
Water Board Water Allocation through issuing of water rights for all purposes Water Act Cap. 198
Zambezi River Authority Gives effect to the inter-state Agreement relating to the utilisation The Zambezi River Authority Act
of the Zambezi River between Zambia and Zimbabwe for Cap 467
economic, industrial and social developments. In addition,
hydrological and environmental data is collected and used for
dam operations
National Water Supply and Controls the provision of water supply and sanitation service The Water Supply and
Sanitation Council delivery Sanitation Act No. 28 of 1997
Hydroelectricity companies (e. g Responsible for planning, designing, constructing and operating
ZESCO Limited, Lunsenfwa hydropower facilities. In addition hydrological and environmental
Hydro) data is collected and used for dam operations
Ministry of Agriculture and Responsible for land use planning and irrigation development
Cooperatives
Department of Technical
Services
Department of Fisheries Development of water resources for aquaculture The Fisheries Act Cap 200
Ministry of Transport and Responsible for provision of meteorological data and information
Communications
Department of Meteorology
Department of Maritime Provides for the survey, registration and safety of certain vessels Inland Water shipping Cap. 466
Services used on inland waters of Zambia, and for the safety of
passengers and cargo, as well as for the competency of masters
and crews of shipping vessels
Ministry of Tourism, Broad mandate for tourism and environmental monitoring; and The Tourism Act 155
Environment and Natural enforcement of legislation and improvement of watersheds
Resources through control of soil erosion and deforestation
Tourism Council
Environmental Council of Environmental management and enforcement of legislation The Environmental Protection
Zambia and Pollution Control Act. Cap
204 of 1990
Zambia Wildlife Authority Responsible for all Game Management Areas (GMAs) and The Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12
National Parks covering approximately 33% of the total land area of 1998
of Zambia. It is largely responsible for the management of wildlife
but is also responsible for the management of forests and water
catchment areas found in national parks
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National Heritage and Manages the sources of the Zambezi River and Kafue Rivers, National Heritage Conservation
Conservation Commission which are protected as National Monuments. It in addition Act Chapter 173
manages unique water bodies such as lagoons, geophysical sites
such as hot springs; and all major waterfalls throughout the
country, which are protected as National Monuments
The Department of Forestry Controls, manages, conserves and administers national and local The Forests Act No. 7 of 1999
forestry
Provides participation of local communities, traditional institutions

and NGOs, preventions of pollution or fouling of public water
Ministry of Health Responsible for monitoring sanitation; health education; The Public Health Act Cap 295
monitoring of drinking water quality; setting standards and
general sanitary supervision throughout the country
Ministry of Local Government Responsible for implementing the decentralisation policy of The Local Government Act Cap
and Housing government (through Cabinet Office) 281
Department of Local
Government Administration
Department of Physical Responsible for urban planning and demarcation of areas for The Town and Country Planning
Planning development, the preparation, approval and revocation of Act Cap 283
development plans, the control of development and subdivision of
land. These features are important in that the impact of
development on natural resources is an important component of
town and country planning, and this includes water
The preparation, approval, and revocation of development plans

subject to their impact on natural resources
Department of Infrastructure Domestic urban water supply policy and investment projects.
and Support Service
Is responsible for rural water supply and sanitation
Support to planning and implementation of projects
Ministry of Community Identification of social welfare, water and sanitation projects

Development and Social Welfare
Ministry of Mines and Minerals Provides for environmental protection during prospecting, mining, Mines and Minerals Act Cap
Development decommissioning and abandonment of mines 213
Department of Mines and
Mineral Development
Department of Mines Safety Important partner in the development of groundwater resources

and in mapping out the groundwater aquifers
The Department of Geological To advise the Minister on geological matters, to undertake the
Services geological mapping of Zambia and undertake prospecting and
exploration operations, and generally assist members of the
public seeking information concerning geological matters
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Academic and research Provide human resources capacity building and knowledge
institutions through training, research an consultancy services
Private Sector Provide various services such as investment, consultancy

services and constructing
Farmers, Industries etc Utilise water resources for different purposes and contribute to Currently the water
the management of water resources by the formation in some management committees are
areas of water management committees not recognised under the Water
Act. Function on administrative
basis only
Non-governmental They usually support Resident Development Committees and

Organisations. District WASHE groups to manage water supply and sanitation in
their areas
Source: Water Resources Action Programme, 2004. Proposal for the Legal and Institutional Framework for the Use, Development and
Management of Water Resources in Zambia
There are a number of institutions that have a role to play in water resources management. These institutions all
have various interests. Ineffective coordination in the sector has contributed to the ineffective management of the
water resources.
2.11. Capacity Building

Capacity building is a cross cutting and well acknowledged issue in the transition to IWRM in Zambian society.
Although capacity building initiatives are required across all levels (sectoral, institutional and individual), a
significant deficiency in existing plans, recommended as a focus area for IWRM, is catchment level capacity.
Capacity needs at the catchment level include the development of specific methodologies and guidelines on
crucial aspects of catchment level management, such as water resources allocation, determining environmental
flow requirements and water resource assessment. Additionally, capacity building will be a key element in all of
the IWRM supporting projects.
The institutional structure and distribution of responsibility envisaged in the new Water Resources Management
Bill will require extensive and long-term capacity building to ensure effective implementation. In particular,
decentralisation will entail the devolution of many significant responsibilities and powers to the catchment and
sub-catchment level. However, having sufficient capacity to undertake and carry out all the specified functions will
be critical to successful implementation. Catchment and sub-catchment councils as well as water user
associations will have delegated responsibilities which imply the need for expertise, such as investigation of
applications for water use, collection of hydrological, hydrogeological and environmental data, pollution control,
implementation of guidelines on catchment protection, proposal of local water management plans and
maintenance of equipment for data capturing.
Capacity building has significant financial implications. However, it will be crucial to first clearly identify the needs
and define a plan to address these in the short and medium-term. The potential of private sector involvement to
supplement existing capacity will also be an important approach.
To clearly identify the capacity needs and define a plan to address these, it will be necessary to examine the
current status and future position of the water sector in Zambia. The water sector reforms have established very
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clear institutional structures from the national/central level to the local government level. WRAP identified seven
areas that hinder the effective, sustainable management of Zambia’s water resources and proposed
corresponding strategic interventions to address the issues (Table 9).
Table 9: WRAP Programme: Seven areas for Strategic Interventions
AREA OBJECTIVE OF INTERVENTION

i. Institutional and legal framework Establishment of an effective institutional and legal framework for water resources
development and management
ii. International waters Strengthening of domestic capacity to manage and negotiate international water
sharing issues
iii. Water resources information Establishment of an operational and sustainable data management system, which
effectively supports water resources planning, management and development
iv. Institutional and human resources Establishment of an organisational development and human resources competence,
development capacity and motivation to develop and sustain efficient work for management and
public awareness-raising
v. Water resources, demand, supply and Effective utilisation of improved technical aspects of water resource allocation
infrastructure practices, conservation and infrastructure development
vi. Economic and financing of water Integration of the economic value of water into decision making processes for water
resources resource management and financing
vii. Water and environment Proper integration of environmental considerations into water resources
management and development
Source: Water Resources Action Programme
So far, the milestones reached by WRAP are the development of the institutional framework and the Water
Resources Management Bill that is expected to be passed into an Act of Parliament. When this happens,
considerable changes in Zambia will take place in the areas such as groundwater rights (not included in the
current 1949 Act) and creation of National Water Management Authority and Catchment Councils. For this to
succeed, requires strengthening of institutions and human resources development and capacity. Therefore, the
inclusion of a component on capacity building in this IWRM / WE Implementation Plan, comes at an opportune
time as it outlines the status and a provides a projection of human resource needs in the sector.
2.12. Institutions
There are number of institutions involved in water activities in Zambia. The nature of their involvement ranges
from policy/legal formulation and implementation, through service provision to consumption. Eight (8) broad
categories can be identified:
Government ministries and departments (e.g. MEWD, MLGH, MoH, DWA)

Local authorities (e. g. city, municipal, district councils)
Regulatory Authorities (e. g. Water Board, Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) and NWASCO)
Commercial water utilities (e. g. Lusaka, Kafubu, Mulonga Water and Sewerage Companies)
Private sector (e. g. Mining companies, Zambia Sugar Company, Chilanga Cement)
Academic and research institutions (e. g. University of Zambia, Copperbelt University, NISIR)
Bilateral and multi-lateral institutions (KfW, DFID, World Bank, UNICEF etc.)
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) (Care International,
Water Aid, Residents Development Committees)
The role of each group is described in the following paragraphs.
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2.12.1. Government ministries and departments
Government ministries and departments have over the years played various roles in both the water supply and
water resources sub-sectors.
The Ministries of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) through the Department of Water Affairs (DWA)
and the Department of Energy, is the main institution responsible for water policy formulation and water
resources management activities.
The Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH) through the Department of Infrastructure Support
Services (DISS) is responsible for the physical planning of water supply and sanitation services.
The Ministry of Environment, Tourism and Natural Resources (METNR) through the Department of
Forestry, Tourism and the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) has a very broad mandate that includes
water resource protection.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives (MACO) through the Departments of Fisheries and
Agriculture is responsible for monitoring the use of water for agricultural purposes.
The Ministry of Health is responsible for setting standards and monitoring for drinking water quality.
The Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development (MMMD) through the Department of Geological Survey
interprets geological formations that contain groundwater.
The Ministry of Education (MOE) is responsible for human resource development through training by
mobilising resources from the Ministry of Finance and National Planning and Cooperating Partners.
2.12.2. Local Authorities (cities, municipalities, districts)
According to the Water Supply and Sanitation Act (1997), local authorities are obliged to provide water supply and
sanitation services to the areas under their jurisdiction. They do this through nine commercial water utilities
established throughout the country.
2.12.3. Regulatory authorities
Regulatory authorities in the water sector are statutory bodies established by acts of parliament. The main
regulatory institutions are:
The Water Board is responsible for allocating raw water rights to the various sectors of the economy. The
technical officers under the water board are in the Water Affairs Department except for the Secretary.
The National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO) established under the Water Supply and
Sanitation Act, No 28 of 1997 is responsible for regulating the provision of water supply and sanitation
services throughout the country.
The Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) established under the Environmental Protection and Pollution
Control Act, No 12 of 1990 is empowered to among others, establish water quality and pollution controls
standards and determine conditions for the discharge of effluents into the aquatic environment.
2.12.4. Commercial Water Utilities
Commercial water supply and sanitation utilities (CUs) have been established pursuant to the water supply and
sanitation reforms that began in 1994. As indicated above, they have been established by local authorities under
the WSS Act (1997). The mandate of CUs is to provide efficient and sustainable supply of water and sanitation
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services under the general regulation of NWASCO. There are currently nine CU’s established in Zambia, being
Chambeshi, Chipata, Kafubu, Lusaka, Mulonga, Nkana, North Western, Southern and Western.
2.12.5. Private Sector
The private sector constitutes an important end-user category in water supply. This includes the manufacturing,
food and processing industries, mining, agricultural and hydropower generation. Although there are some private
companies that provide water supply services as a fringe benefit to their employees (e.g. Chilanga Cement,
Zambia Sugar, Maamba Collieries, ZESCO Ltd and Konkola Copper Mines (KCM), these are in a minority.
However, the potential of private sector involvement to supplement existing capacity will also be an important
approach.
2.12.6. Academic and Research Institutions
Academic and research institutions’ participation in the water sector is mainly in the area of training personnel and
in research. The University of Zambia is the premier training institution for water and related professions at both
the under and post-graduate levels offering Bachelors, Masters and PhD degrees. Those offering direct water
sector courses are the Civil and Environmental Department (Hydrology and Water Resources) and Geology
(Hydrogeology). Other departments offer related disciplines that are applicable to water such as chemistry,
irrigation in agriculture and biological sciences. Others institutions include the Copperbelt University and Natural
Resources Development College. In addition, these institutions provide research in various fields such as water
quality assessment and monitoring. The National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR) conducts
research in water quality of drinking water and also quality of surface and ground water.
2.12.7. Bilateral and Multilateral Institutions
Bilateral and multilateral institutions have been the main financiers of water programmes in Zambia for over a
decade now, providing over 90% of the total costs of all major programmes e.g. providing funds for the water
supply and sanitation reforms and the WRAP initiative. Prominent amongst these are DANIDA, World Bank, GTZ,
the African Development Bank, UNICEF, KfW, NORAD, SIDA, and JICA.
2.12.8. NGOs and CBOs
There are a number of NGOs involved in water activities in both water supply and sanitation, and water
resources. These include the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Zambia
Water Partnership, Care International, Water Aid and World Vision International. CBOs such as Resident
Development Committees (RDCs), co-operate in the promotion of community-based management of water supply
and sanitation schemes. The role of NGO’s has also extended to mainstreaming gender in community water
programmes and projects.
Strengthening of these institutions will be required at all levels for them to deal more effectively and efficiently with
all aspects of integrated water resources management, including the creation of a favourable policy environment,
water resources assessment, planning, management, programme and project formulation, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation.
2.13. Proposed IWRM Institutional Set Up

The proposed institutional set up is to manage water, including groundwater, through the creation of a National
Water Authority and catchment councils. Up to six catchment councils have been proposed to be set-up and will
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include sub-catchment councils and water user associations. The proposed institutional set-up calls for the
introduction of integrated water resources management. This, in effect, calls for producing a totally different
workforce that will be able to manage the water resources in a holistic manner. The new set-up therefore, has to
immediately be planned for in terms of human resource development by carefully assessing and analysing the
existing human resources in selected government institutions – ministries and departments, regulatory
institutions, commercial water utilities and training and research institutions (UNZA & NISIR) and comparing this
with the numbers of new graduates, mainly from UNZA, in the water sector at Bachelor, Masters and PhD levels.
2.13.1. Human Resource Analysis
It is difficult to make an accurate assessment of human resources in water management because several
institutions have not kept their data current (Nyambe, 2005). A study carried out in 1995 indicates that;
(i) There are about 500 qualified people (though the figure for private companies - e.g. mines is an estimate)
currently employed in the water sector and related areas (Table 10); and
(ii) The Zambian water sector will need approximately 1000 more qualified people (Table 10).
Table 10: Analysis of Human Resource Capacity in the Water Sector in Zambia
Training and Government Private Planning Proposed

Research Sector Units Catchment
Institutions Councils
UNZA NISIR Water Geol DISS Agric REG. 9 Private Prov- Dist Six in Zambia
Affairs Surv Insts CommU Comp. ince
tilities
Current 24 4 40 22 11 16 24 300 60 - - -
Vacancies - - 55 14 - - - - - - - -
Future 50 10 25 40 20 30 40 500 100 12 77 100
numbers in (author
next 5 ity +
years DWA)
TOTALS
Current Estimated Needed Manpower 5 years from now
~ 500 ~ 1000
Graduates at UNZA in last 5 years
CORE AREAS IWRM OTHER DISCIPLINES
Engineering Geology 0 Agriculture Natural Sciences
Bach Masters Bach Masters Bach Masters Bach Masters
95 3 42 3 119 36 139 14
Members of UNZA Staff on training present and left (emigrated)
PRESENT EMIGRATED
On Training Employed Emigrated while training Left during employment
Masters/PhD Masters PhD Masters/PhD Masters PhD
50 7 17 35 7 5
No Tangible Research or Support Fund to Water Research at UNZA or NISIR
Key: Geol Surv = Geological Survey; REG Insts = Regulatory Institutions; Comm. = commercial; Dist = District; Bach = Bachelors; Mas =
Masters.
From Table 10, the following observations are made:
The vacancies at Water Affairs and Geological Survey Department (GSD) indicate that, the two
departments are operating at half capacity, and actually at a much lower capacity for the Water Affairs
Department. The establishment of about 100 staff, approved during re-structuring, has not been filled. GSD
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on the other hand, has a lot of migration of geologists to private exploration and mining companies on the
Copperbelt and other parts of Zambia, who offer better conditions of service such as salaries.
There are few individuals graduating at Masters level (less than 5) and none at all at PhD level from the
core areas of the Water Sector (Civil and Geology) at UNZA but higher numbers in the related fields of
agriculture and natural sciences. Unfortunately output of Bachelors degrees is also low in the two core
disciplines.
At UNZA about 30% of those on training end up migrating while on training (35 out of 85), while of those
employed 50% end up leaving (12 out of 24).
There is no training either at diploma or degree level in IWRM at UNZA, a core focus of the proposed water
resource management sector reforms, which from the estimates above, is expected to double in five years
from now in order to feed the planning units in provinces, districts and the proposed catchment councils,
plus the commercial utilities i.e. a training of 500 or more personnel at diploma, bachelors, masters and
PhD levels in decreasing numbers. Unfortunately, using the core fields of engineering and geology at
UNZA, at bachelors level, the two departments have produced only 137 graduates in the last 5 years, giving
an average of 27 per year. To reach 1000 personnel, there is a need of producing 140 graduates per year
including 40 candidates that may emigrate whilst still on training. The migration and switching of
employment is due to low salaries in government and the new commercial water utilities. The utilities follow
similar salary scales as those of local authorities (councils), who are the main shareholders. HIV/AIDS is
also playing a major role and has contributed significantly to the low numbers of personnel through death in
the sector.
Further, there is no funded water sector research or training at UNZA, Copperbelt University or NISIR. The
reported research activities available in the country are mainly outside the core areas of IWRM except for the
CIDA supported IWRM process facilitated by Zambia Water Partnership to come up with an IWRM/ WE
Implementation plan. The core areas of generating basic water resources data (surface and groundwater) that
would feed into the proposed National Water Authority are non-existent. In this case, groundwater is critical, in
that for the first time in Zambia groundwater will be considered as a resource.
To address these challenges, training and general water sector research covering both surface and groundwater
should be strengthened.
The delegation of water resources management to the lowest appropriate level necessitates educating and
training water management staff at all levels and ensuring that women participate equally in the education and
training programmes. Skills related to various water management functions have to be developed by local
authorities, as well as in the private sector, local/national non-governmental organisations, cooperatives,
corporations and other water-user groups. Education of the public regarding the importance of water and its
proper management is also needed.
2.13.2. Addressing Human Resource Capacity Requirements for the Water Sector
Strategic intervention areas for IWRM identified by WRAP remain critical areas where capacity building is of
utmost importance. Whereas, the enabling environment of policy and legislation will be in place when the revised
National Water Policy and the Draft WRM Bill are enacted by Parliament, there is a need to develop capacity in
the skills and knowledge required to integrate the water sector policies and strategies with other policies such as
irrigation, environmental policy and legal instruments for water resources management. An increased human
capacity is needed in the future institutional framework for decentralised water resources management as defined
in the Draft WRM Bill. These will require human resources geared to implement IWRM interventions, making a
deliberate policy to train Zambians in water resources management tools. Though Zambia has commendable
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procedures and practices for public participation, other water resources management tools, however, are in need
of strengthening through capacity building including:
(i) Water rights: These are a pre-requisite for the development of large scale commercial agriculture in Zambia
that will ensure food security at national level and for securing access to water for emerging and traditional
farmers. On the other hand, there are also demands for other uses such as hydropower and domestic use.
At macro-economic level, equitable allocation of water rights and assurance of access is the principal
contribution that the water resources sector can provide to national development.
(ii) Catchment water resources surveys and management planning: The issuance of water rights requires
reliable water resources surveys that integrate surface water, groundwater resources and water quality.
Water resources planning may be carried out by two contrasting approaches:
A scientific and technocratic approach establishing the available water resources and the future demands
and on this basis preparing a master plan for development of different areas and different sectors; and
A strategic and participatory approach identifying the key issues in water resources management through
public consultation and on this basis developing an action plan that prioritises government actions and
investment in water resources management and development.
(iii) Water resources and water quality monitoring: The issuance of firm water rights and catchment water
resources planning depend on reliable water resources and water quality monitoring data. Water resources
and water quality monitoring in Zambia needs to be restructured in accordance with international principles,
which distinguish:
A basic national monitoring network providing data for allocation of water resources between sub-
catchments and for identifying major water resources issues;
Specific monitoring networks in sub-catchments providing data for allocation of water between sectors and
monitoring of compliance with water allocations; and
Temporary monitoring networks for water resources surveys or research of specific water resources or
water quality issues.
To address the shortage of human resource in the sector in the next five years and beyond, Zambia needs first to
reduce the imbalance between the low levels of graduations from academic institutions and the high numbers of
staff that will be needed to implement the water resources reforms. The following are recommended:
Encourage the currently enrolled students in the School of Natural Sciences at UNZA to take hydrogeology
(Geology) and hydrology (Civil and Environmental) studies and in other Schools (Law, Economics, Social
work etc) to take up water-related research by offering them incentives such as scholarships to take up
water-related studies. This would increase the average number of students from 27 to 40 per year for the
two departments (30 Civil and 10 Geology).
Promote and strengthen the DANIDA supported IWRM Centre established at the University of Zambia. The
centre would offer, as a start, Diplomas in IWRM so as to meet the immediate needs for the upcoming
water resources reforms. Starting candidate numbers are estimated at between 20 and 30 per year. The
Centre may later offer bachelors degrees in IWRM. Both diplomas and bachelors in IWRM are not offered in
Zambia or the region. Secondly, Zambia does not have colleges offering diplomas in this area.
Promote water sector research through the IWRM Centre at the University of Zambia so as to foster
collaboration with other research institutions abroad. An introduction of a water sector research fund is
critical that will be targeted at funding post-graduate research at Masters and PhD level to a total of 5 per
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year. This will assist in building capacity both at human and infrastructure levels such as assisting
accreditation of Zambian laboratories to international standards. On research, existing regional research
funds such as the Water Research Fund for Southern Africa (WARFSA) does not focus on post-graduate
studies but is targeted to short-term studies carried by individuals or a group of individuals.
Set-up of groundwater training programme, perhaps as post-graduate diploma targeting the bachelor
candidates mainly from the Geology Department with candidate numbers ranging from 15 to 20 candidates,
though meeting the maximum targeted number of 20 may be a problem due to low enrolments. However,
this would improve in the near future as enrolment numbers in geology for example have improved from 6
to 22 in the 2007 intake at UNZA.
Strengthen the current DANIDA supported IWRM activities at UNZA IWRM Centre that are to be carried out
under a twinning arrangement with Danish Universities.
In addition, capacity building at local level will be promoted. This would be done through community based
organisations (CBOs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
In conclusion, this approach would build capacity in human resource in Zambia from local level to national level.
2.14. Financing of the Water Sector

The provision of water services is supported by seven sector principles, of which one states “increased sector
financing” but financing levels have been very low and totally inadequate. The challenge the country faces is to
increase and sustain investments.
The water sector is financed from three sources namely, government budgets, oversees development assistance
and water charges. It should also be noted that there are some non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that
implement programmes, finance activities and carry out capacity building for rural and peri-urban communities.
However, information on NGOs funding trends is fragmented and not easily available.
The main financial interventions have been through the public financial mechanism. The government has
provided funds through budgetary allocations to the institutions responsible for water and water-related
programmes. However, most of these interventions have not been done in an integrated manner and usually
actual expenditure has not reached the authorised expenditure, with 1997 and 2001, during drought, being the
exceptions.
2.14.1. Public Financing
The Water Resources Master Plan estimated that public financing would amount to K164 billion in 2015 (at 1993
constant prices). The projected trend of public expenditure was based on the assumptions that GDP will increase
by 27.5%. Furthermore, according to the plan, the public expenditure for water schemes was expected to amount
to K13 billion in the year 2005 and K18 billion in 2015 (at 1993 constant prices). The total amount, accumulated
from 1995, was to be K123 billion to 2005 and K283 billion to 2015 (equivalent to US$282 million and
US$651million).
The current GDP stands at 5.7% and most of the actual expenditure by government has been in excess of billions
to the sector over and above the levels of what was estimated for 2005. This could be attributed to the nominal
increment of foreign exchange rates.
The primary information source on planned investments for the sector is the FNDP for 2006 -2010. The
government for the next five years has outlined in the FNDP its expenditure in the sector as amounting to K2, 069
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billion with a financing gap of K118.9billion amounting to about 3.7% of the total allocations. This is a slight
increment from 3.1 per cent. However, there is a financing gap of K118.90 billion, while the budget of the sub
sector, WRM stands at K 250.42 billion.
The plan has divided the programmes between those that are core for the sector and those that support the core
business in order to prioritise the funding.
2.14.1.1. Central government;
On average, government funding to the sector over the years has been around 2.5% to 3.0% of the national
budget. According to the National Water Resources Master Plan, the rate of total investment by government for
capital expenditure was 5.3% on average for six years and ranged from 1.1% in 1992 to 15.4% in 1994.
Within the budgetary allocation to the institutions, the government has, in trying to formulate public innovative
financing, created a number of funds:-
Water Supply and Sanitation

Devolution Trust Fund: This fund is administered by National Water and Sanitation Council. This fund is a
financing instrument to assist the service providers extend the provision of services to the urban poor. It
receives its finances as grants from government and cooperating partners.
Constituency Fund (CF): This fund was created for rural development programmes and is administered by
Parliament. Community WSS has benefited from this fund, but it is difficult to aggregate what percentage of
the fund was spent on water projects.
Land Development Fund: This fund is supposed to cater for basic infrastructure in the rural areas, such as
feeder roads and supply of water and electricity. The major source of finance is ground rent on state land
and therefore anchored in the Ministry of Lands. However, since 1997 there has been no meaningful
development on funds disbursed to this account. The Ministry of Lands disbursed funds to a number of local
authorities throughout the country to enable them open up land for development through the provision of
services.
Social Investment Fund: This fund was administered by ZAMSIF. Many investments have been made to
support the delivery of safe drinking water and access to sanitation points both in rural and peri-urban
areas. It has been proposed that the fund be transferred to Ministry of Finance, under the Planning Division
and modalities of such a setup are being examined.
Water Resources Management

Rural Investment Fund (RIF): The purpose of this fund is to assist small-scale farmers with capital
investments, on a matching grant basis; and privatisation of agricultural services and farms. It is
administered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. It also has a sub-program – ‘Rural Finance’ to
support strengthening of rural financial institutions and pre-lending activities to improve the access of
smallholders and small entrepreneurs to formal financial services. A number of smallholders have been
assisted in making water available for irrigation.
Water Development Trust Fund (WDTF): The water sector reforms (and 2006 draft WRM Bill), have
proposed the establishment for WDTF for the effective management of resources. It will be financed
through grants from government and water use charges.
Energy
Rural Electrification Fund: In 1994, in an effort to improve the financing of the rural electrification
programme, REF was created. The money for the fund is drawn from a levy on all electricity bills and is
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used for the installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems to supply power for water pumping, medical
refrigeration and lighting. The main targets in this regard are community-based facilities such as rural health
centres, schools and community centres. However, though some districts have benefited from this fund,
progress is being hampered by the non-release of funds.
2.14.1.2. Local government:
The local authorities are supposed to raise money for regional development from own and central government
sources. The Local Government Act Cap. 480 provides for councils to receive grants from the central government
for operation and how to raise funds for development. However, because of economic difficulties, the central
government has not been able to release adequate grants to local authorities. On the other hand, the local
authorities’ capacity to raise revenue has decreased. It should be noted that with current financing arrangements,
local authorities have little say in decision-making on resource allocation which remains largely centralised
Local authorities use one type of front-end charge called the ‘service charge’. This is a one-time charge to new
customers for providing social services, such as connection to the water system and roads. Generally, these
charges are paid by the developer at the time a land is delineated for settlement. It is worth noting that the funds
requested are often not adequate to recover the investment in a new system, and quite often these funds are
misused when not all settlements are provided with the sector’s services.
Further, there are some local authorities that are still providing water supply and sanitation services in areas that
are not covered by commercial utilities (CUs). There are usually information gaps in the data submitted to the
regulator.
2.14.2. Overseas Development Assistance Financing
Over the years due to the inadequacy of government resources for financing new developments, Overseas
Development Assistance (ODA) has helped to complement government expenditures. For instance, cooperating
partners’ funding of the sector capital expenditure amounted to 89% in 1995 compared to 31% in 1990. The
financing has been sourced through grants and loans from bilateral and multilateral financing institutions.
Total external ODA inflows during the period 2002-2005 amounted to US $1,844 million. This was above the
PRSP target of US $ 804 million set at 67 percent of the planned budget of US$1, 200 million. However, on an
annual basis, external aid declined from US$746 million in 2002 to US$4023 million in 2003 and further to
US$297 million in 2004. Project support has also shown a declining trend, dropping from US$348million in 2003
to US$302 million in 2005(Table 11).
Table 11: External Aid Inflows (in US millions), 2002-2005 in Zambia
CATEGORY 2002 2003 2004 2005

Programme Support 311 56. 8 64. 8 94. 8
Project Support 435 347 233 302
Total 746 403. 8 297. 8 396. 8
As stated, donors provided about 70-80% of allocations to water supply and sanitation and could drive much of
the process. With this leverage, there is a danger of some of the donors pushing for their own sector agendas and
confusing the sector. The government has identified that there is weak management and coordination thereby
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adversely affecting the effectiveness of aid. To address this government has developed a Joint Assistance
Support Strategy, for aid coordination and harmonisation which has been agreed with the cooperating partners
2.14.3. Private Sector Financing
There has been some private financing in the water supply sub-sector. Currently, there are seven licensed private
providers providing services as an auxiliary function (NWASCO, 2006). They provide the service to their
employees. However, there has been no major private financing for infrastructure, apart from on-farm irrigation
infrastructure in the agriculture sector. Private farmers, acting alone or in cooperatives, also frequently arrange
and finance their own investment in water infrastructure for crops, livestock, etc. These works are financed
through a combination of loans from banks and other specialised credit institutions, and supplemented by farmer’s
own savings and equity.
2.14.4. Community Financing
The government has been sensitising and encouraging rural communities to establish village water committees
and subsequently create village water funds for the management of finances for operational and maintenance of
rural water supply schemes by the communities. Up to June 2005, 9,283 village water committees and 8,099
village water funds have been formed. Communities are now contributing various percentages to capital
investments ranging from 10% to 25% from a typical grouping of about 34 - 45 households with an average of six
persons/household. This is done in kind, for example, when the community contributes some of the construction
items like sand, gravel and labour.
2.14.5. Water Charges
2.14.5.1. Water Resources Management
The administration of water resources in Zambia is anchored in the Water Board, which charges for the use of the
resource. The charges are applied to registration, renewal or application for a water right, advertisement fees, and
water charges.
On average, the management and development activities in the sub-sector obtain about 20% of the required
funds. It was estimated in 2003 by the Water Resources Action Programme that the collection efficiency rate is
about 57% from about 347 officially active water right holders.
The revenue generated as with all government fees and charges is collected on behalf of the national treasury.
However, for the Water Board it was decided that it could retain 50% of its revenue, while the interventions from
the government in water resources management continued. Meanwhile, both the level of recovery of the water
charges and the inadequacy of funds at the operational level has resulted in inadequate contributions to the
recurrent cost of water resource management like investigations and monitoring of water use.
2.14.5.2. Water Supply and Sanitation
The government has adopted full cost recovery for water supply and sanitation services as a policy principle. It
has therefore commercialised the water schemes. It was reported by NWASCO that services provided by local
authorities are usually priced lower than that provided by CUs. Revenue collection efficiency differs from company
to company. By 2004, 70% of the CUs showed improvements in their collection efficiency. According to NWASCO
(2006), only North West Water and Sewerage Company (at 90%) and Western Water and Sewerage Company
(at 85%) have had acceptable average collection efficiency over the past three years. By 2006, most CUs were
not able to meet their operation and maintenance costs, let alone capital investments. However, it is important to
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note that these water schemes also receive funding from government through the Ministry of Local Government
and Housing to support operations and investments. According to NWASCO, there are no clear criteria for the
release of such funds to the CUs and local authorities.
2.15. Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements in the Water Sector

Over the years, the country has lost resources and programmes that were sidelined, partly due to lack of reviews.
The monitoring and evaluation systems have been weak in the water sector making it difficult to track results. In
implementing the FNDP, a monitoring and evaluation system has been developed by the Ministry of Finance and
National Planning.
2.15.1. Resource and Use Monitoring
Monitoring of water resources, both in their natural state and in developed and impacted areas, is crucial to
assessing and refining understanding of their extent, quantity, quality and development potential. Monitoring is an
extremely complex concept with significant cost implications depending on the scale and format of
implementation. Too often local and national monitoring programmes suffer from lack of focus and inefficient
allocation of resources, resulting in insufficient data collection but at a high cost. Additionally, there are poorly
integrated and often overlapping monitoring activities being undertaken by a variety of stakeholders, without a
clear, encompassing strategy or delineation of responsibilities. As such, the translation of the broad directives of
monitoring, for example specification of ‘catchment protection and resource monitoring’, listed in the new water bill
will critically need comprehensive and practical plans, developed at an appropriate scale. Guidelines on data
collection and data recording will also be crucial to ensure data quality and comparability across the various
catchment units nationally.
Monitoring requirements to support effective decision making in terms of allocations and timely determination of
‘water shortage areas’ at the catchment level, will require technical support to catchment councils and associated
capacity building. Development of detailed catchment and/or sub-catchment monitoring plans within their
management plans will need to be a priority area. The emphasis on catchment level monitoring is important to
increasing awareness, at the grass roots, of the significance of collecting data on water resources to livelihoods
and health and not just scientific research. Community empowerment in water supply under the PUSH-2 Project
implemented by CARE provides an important example of community involvement in monitoring and data
collection with the use of simple equipment.
In addition to monitoring the resource, effective monitoring of use will be equally important as part of the permit
allocation process. In this instance, metering usage and the maintenance of annual records will be important. It
will be crucial for an optimal regulatory environment to emphasise the importance of water use monitoring and
reporting for major users.
Awareness and technical support at the ground level will be an important focus. For example, water users utilising
boreholes are, presently carrying out little or no monitoring of abstraction quantities or water level. However, there
is generally an interest in collecting these data due to their relevance in ensuring reliable and sustainable
operations. With guidance and support in initiating and improving monitoring, and guidelines on data capture,
water use monitoring could rapidly be improved.
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CHAPTER 3: ISSUES AND GAPS IDENTIFIED
3.1. Synthesis of Issues Identified in Situation Analysis

A vital foundation and basis for the development of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan has been the identification
and evaluation of the key issues related to water resources in Zambia. Crucial issues have been derived from
stakeholder consultations undertaken since 2001. These consultative processes included the WRAP formulation
process, the FNDP process as well as consultations for the implementation plan formulation process. The
identification and clarification of water resources issues has been undertaken in an iterative process, with multiple
stages of consultation as well as the presentation of identified primary issues at stakeholder workshops for further
discussion, clarification and prioritisation.
During these consultative processes carried out throughout the country, stakeholders identified a wide range of
substantive issues relating to improving water resources management. The identified issues related both to the
need for an updated and improved legal framework for water resources management in Zambia, which under the
WRAP has culminated in the draft Water Resources Management Bill, as well as additional issues related to
improving water resources development and availability to all users, improving sanitation and environmental
management. Although extremely varied, the identified issues have been distilled into a series of key areas of
needing improvement.
The identified key issues and problems have been analysed and grouped into clusters namely; Policy, Institutional
and Legal Framework, Water Resources Information, Institutional and Human Resources Development, Water
Resources Demand, Supply and Infrastructure Economics and Financing, Water and Environment, International
Waters as well as Advocacy, Public Involvement and Awareness. These analyses and assessments have
underlined the fact that insufficient integrated water resources management has a significant negative impact on
economic growth, poverty reduction and the environment in general (see table 12).
Table 12: Summary of Key Issues Identified
CLUSTER ISSUE
Policy, Institutional • Weak or inadequate legal and institutional frameworks for water resources development and management
and Legal
Framework • Weak or inadequate legal and institutional frameworks for rural water supply and sanitation
• Inadequate implementation of integrated water resources management
• Inadequate gender mainstreaming of water issues into national development
• Inadequate collaborative arrangements among institutions involved in water resources management and with
those in other sectors
• Inadequate decentralisation of functions to manage water at local level
Water Resources • Inadequate data and information systems for water resources management and rural water supply and
Information sanitation
• Inadequate systems to facilitate disaster preparedness and appropriate early warning systems
• Data and information on quantity, quality, distribution and variability of both ground and surface water
resources is poor
Institutional and • Inadequate human resource and institutional capacity(water resources management and WSS)
Human Resources
Development
• Inadequate research and development in water resources management
• Inadequate gender mainstreaming of water issues
• Limited research
• Inadequate consideration of the needs of persons with disabilities with regards to technologies used
• Prevalence of HIV/AIDS
• Poor Monitoring and Evaluation of activities in the water sector
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CLUSTER ISSUE
Water Resources • Mismatch between water demand and supply as a result of increasing water demand due to social and
Demand, Supply and economic growth
Infrastructure
• Inadequate forward planning to secure water resources for future demands
• Low access of water supply and sanitation services in urban areas and poor communities
• Low access of water supply and sanitation services in rural areas
• High dependence on rain-fed agriculture and limited utilisation of irrigation
• Population dynamics and settlement patterns
• Inadequate development of the country’s water resources infrastructure to meet needs of various sectors
• Inadequate policy, guidelines and regulations on the construction, operation, maintenance and monitoring of
infrastructure (e.g. Dam operation rules)
• Inadequate awareness or implementation of water demand management techniques
• Inadequate water conservation and rainwater harvesting systems
• Population dynamics and settlement patterns
Economics and • Inadequate and unpredictable sector funding, and relatively lower share in budgetary allocation
Financing
• Lack of policies and strategies on collection and use of collected revenue for water resources management
(ring-fencing/sharing/retention)
• Inadequate mechanisms to mobilise funds for investments and operation and maintenance of water supply
and sanitation systems
Water and • Ineffective land use planning
Environment
• Alteration of natural flow regime of rivers
• Poor environmental health
• Inadequate of systems to monitor and control water pollution, river bank cultivation, deforestation and
destruction of catchment areas/headwaters
• Inadequate protection of wetlands
• Inadequate integrated protection and management of catchment areas
• Increasing threat of invasive species
• Increasing threat to climate change and variability
• Inadequate waste management systems (dump sites, waste water treatment)
International Waters • Inadequate management of international waters
Advocacy, Public • Inadequate human resource and institutional capacity
Involvement and
Awareness • Inadequate awareness of the role of water in economic and social development
• Inadequate gender mainstreaming of water issues into national development
3.2. Priority Issues and Strategic Areas of Focus for the IWRM/WE
Implementation Plan
The prioritisation of issues in the plan was based on the recommendations from the various consultative meetings
including the FNDP formulation process. The prioritisation was also guided by priorities of the FNDP (sustainable
economic growth and wealth creation and IWRM (equity, efficiency and environmental sustainability). In addition
the Strategic Focus Areas used adopted the Programme Areas already established by the government under the
Water Sector Advisory Group.
Thus the priority issues were identified from the priorities set in the FNDP. These were cross checked by the
issues identified by ongoing programmes such as the WRAP, National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Programme (NRWSSP), National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) and Water Sector Programme Support
(WSPS), priorities indicated by stakeholders during the consultations, as well as those that will support
achievement of the MDG’s and the National Vision.
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The identification of IWRM/WE plan priority issues utilised the following criteria:
Issue a barrier to solving other problems;

Issue a major equity issue;
Issue will improve development and reduce poverty;
Issue will significantly improve efficiency;
Issue will positively impact on environment;
3.2.1. Programmes (Strategic focal areas) and Priority Issues
The priority issues identified in Table 12 above were organised into four strategic programmes in line with the
Water Sector Advisory Group inter-sectoral sub-committees. This approach will ease monitoring of
implementation of the projects and coordination. The strategic focal areas include (i) Water Resources
Management, (ii) Water Resources Infrastructure Development, (iii) Water Supply and Sanitation;; and (iv)
Monitoring, Evaluation and Capacity Building. The Programmes (strategic focal areas) and priority issues are
presented in Table 13.
Table 13: Programmes (Strategic focal areas) and Priority Issues
PROGRAMME PRIORITY ISSUES

(STRATEGIC
FOCAL AREA)
1. Water • Mismatch between water demand and supply as a result of increasing water demand due to social and
Resources economic growth
Management
• Inadequate forward planning to secure water resources for future demands
• Data and information on quantity, quality, distribution and variability of both ground and surface water
resources is poor
• Limited Research in Water Resources Management
• Weak or inadequate legal and institutional frameworks for water resources development and management
• Inadequate implementation of integrated water resources management
• Inadequate management of international water
• Inadequate collaborative arrangements among institutions involved in water resources management and with
those in other sectors
• Inadequate data and information systems for water resources management and rural water supply and
sanitation
• Inadequate systems to facilitate water-related disaster preparedness (floods and droughts).
• Inadequate and unpredictable sector funding, and relatively lower share in budgetary allocation.
• Inadequate mechanisms to mobilise funds for water resources management
• Ineffective land use planning
• Alteration of natural flow regime of rivers
• Poor environmental health
• Inadequate protection of wetlands
• Inadequate integrated protection and management of catchment areas
• Increasing threat of invasive species
• Increasing threat to climate change and variability
2. Water • High dependence on rain-fed agriculture and limited utilisation of irrigation.
Resources
Infrastructure • Population dynamics and settlement patterns
Development • Lack of ownership and protection of waylay for water infrastructure
• Inadequate development of the country’s water resources infrastructure to meet needs of various sectors
• Inadequate policy, guidelines and regulations on the construction, operation, maintenance and monitoring of
infrastructure (e.g. Dam operation rules)
• Inadequate water conservation and rainwater harvesting systems
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PROGRAMME PRIORITY ISSUES

(STRATEGIC
FOCAL AREA)
3. Water Supply • Weak or inadequate legal and institutional frameworks for rural water supply and sanitation.
and Sanitation
• Inadequate decentralisation of functions to manage water at local level
• Inadequate data and information systems for water resources management and rural water supply and
sanitation
• Low access of water supply and sanitation services in rural areas
• Low access of water supply and sanitation services in urban areas and urban poor communities.
• Inadequate mechanisms to mobilise funds for investments and operation and maintenance of water supply
and sanitation systems
• Inadequate waste management systems (dump sites, waste water treatment)
4. Monitoring, • Inadequate gender mainstreaming of water issues into national development
Evaluation and
Capacity building • Inadequate human resource and institutional capacity(water resources management and WSS)
• Inadequate water research and development
• Inadequate awareness of the role of water in economic and social development
• Prevalence of HIV/AIDS
• Poor Monitoring and Evaluation of activities in the water sector
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CHAPTER 4: IWRM/WE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN STRATEGIES
4.1. Introduction
Zambia has articulated its long-term development objectives in the National Vision 2030. The National Vision is
“To become a prosperous middle income country by the year 2030”. The Vision 2030 identifies a number of
development goals, which include: (a) reaching middle-income status; (b) significantly reducing hunger and
poverty; and (c) fostering a competitive and outward-oriented economy. In the medium-term, the NDP articulates
the national development objectives. Water, is cross cutting and impacts most sectors. It is critical in supporting
the other sectors as well as meeting the MDG’S and is thus a high priority sector. The strategies and projects
developed/ elaborated herein are therefore aimed at contributing to the attainment of the FNDP, while advancing
the development objectives identified in the Vision 2030 and meeting the targets of the Millennium Development
Goals (MDG’s).
4.2. IWRM/WE Implementation Plan Vision

Within the context of the national development planning framework and in the context of implementing sustainable
water resources management and development, the vision of this plan is:
“To achieve equitable and sustainable use, development and management of water resources for
wealth creation, socio economic development and environmental sustainability by 2030”
4.3. Goal of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan

In order to support the development goals of reaching middle-income status, significantly reducing hunger and
poverty, and fostering a competitive and outward-oriented economy, outlined in the national Vision, the goal of the
IWRM Implementation Plan is:
“Supporting economic growth and improving livelihoods through sustainable water resources
development and management with equitable provision of water in adequate quantity and quality to
all competing groups of users, at reasonable cost, with security of supply under varying
conditions”
This goal is inline with that of the overall water sector stated in the National Water Policy as “improving the quality
of life and productivity of all people by ensuring an equitable provision of an adequate quantity and quality of
water to all competing user groups, and, sanitation services to all, at acceptable cost, on a sustainable basis”. The
achievement of this goal will require undertaking the programmes and priority projects set out in this plan.
To realise the goal, there is a need for strong political support for the ongoing reform process ensuring current
policies are sustained and that there is increased commitment to funding for the proposed programmes and
sustained participation by stakeholders.
4.4. Strategic Objectives and Prioritised Projects

The strategic objectives of the IWRM/WE implementation plan have been developed based on priority water-
related issues and concerns identified at district, provincial, catchment and national levels, by stakeholders
through the IWRM/WE implementation plan consultation process , the water legislation and institutional reform
Page 61 of 169
process under the WRAP programme and the FNDP consultation process. The strategic objectives are grouped
into four programme areas (focal areas) of water resources management, water resources infrastructure
development, water supply and sanitation and capacity building, monitoring and evaluation. The interventions in
the FNDP that are water-related have been considered in the development of the objectives, strategies and
prioritised projects. The strategic objectives for each of the programmes and their respective prioritised projects
are outlined and presented in Table 14.
Table 14: Strategic Objectives and Prioritised Projects
PROGRAMMES STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES PRIORITISED PROJECTS

(STRATEGIC
FOCAL AREA)
1. Water • Integrated management of all the 1.1 Water resources planning
Resources resources in the catchment areas 1.2 Information management system for water resources,
Management water supply and sanitation
• Improve water resources planning and
1.3 Surface water resources assessment
management
1.4 Groundwater resource assessment
• Improve water use and allocation 1.5 Legal and institutional framework capacity enhancement
efficiency 1.6 International waters
1.7 Drought management
1.8 Flood management
1.9 Sustainable environmental management
1.10 Protection of catchment areas and management wetlands
1.11 Environmental institutional capacity Building
2. Water • Develop water infrastructure to harness 2.1 Water resource development and infrastructure
Resources the country’s water resources in a development
Infrastructure sustainable manner and make it 2.2 Monitoring development of water infrastructure
Development available in the required quantity and
quality to enhance its utilisation for
economic growth.
3. Water Supply • Increase access to safe water supply 3.1 Rural water supply and sanitation
and Sanitation and sanitation to the urban, peri-urban 3.2 Institutional capacity building and enhancement;
and rural population 3.3 Urban water supply and sanitation
3.4 Peri-urban water supply and sanitation
• Provide adequate, safe and cost
effective water supply and sanitation
services with due regard to
environmental protection
4. Monitoring, • Improve the quality of decision making, 4.1 Mainstreaming cross cutting issues-gender and HIV/AIDS
Evaluation and sector efficiency and managerial 4.2 Institutional and human resource capacity building and
Capacity building performance in the planning and enhancement
implementation of water sector 4.3 Water research and development
programmes and projects 4.4 Public awareness and advocacy
4.5 Monitoring and evaluation
• Monitor and evaluate performance of the
4.6 Financing and economics
programmes and projects in order to
determine their impacts
4.5. Implementation Plan Project Costs

Although the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan covers the medium-term period 2007- 2010 its aspirations are for
the long-term up to 2030. Annex 1 shows the consolidated matrix of the programme focus areas, issues,
strategies, objectives and programmes. The medium-term implementation plan will be based on the NDP cycle of
five years.
4.5.1. Medium Term Projects (2007 – 2010)
The theme of the FNDP is: “Broad based wealth and job creation through citizenry participation and technological
advancement”, while the strategic focus is “Economic infrastructure and human resources development”. The
intention is to advance the development objectives identified in the Vision 2030 as well as progress towards
Page 62 of 169
meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s). The Water-related interventions in the FNDP considered in
the medium-term projects are shown in Annex 2. Table 15 gives the cost of the projects. The detailed activities
and costs for each of the projects are given in section 4.5.3. Project Concept Notes for selected projects and
Project Fact Sheets for all the projects are presented in Annex 3.
Table 15: Project Costs
PROGRAMMES
COST IN
(STRATEGIC FOCAL PROJECTS
K BILLION (2006-2010)
AREA)
1.1 Water resources planning
1.2 Information system for water resources, water supply and sanitation 31
1.3 Surface water resources assessment

1.4 Groundwater resource assessment 24
1.5 Legal and institutional framework capacity enhancement 42

1. Water Resources
1.6 International waters 9
Management
1.7 Drought management
1.8 Flood management
1.9 Sustainable environmental management 139
1.10 Protection of catchment areas and management of wetlands 23
1.11 Environmental institutional capacity building 24
2. Water Resources 2.1 Water resource development and infrastructure development
Infrastructure
2.2 Monitoring development of water infrastructure 1,035
Development
3.1 Rural water supply and sanitation
293
3. Water Supply and 3.2 Institutional capacity building and enhancement
Sanitation 3.3 Urban water supply and sanitation 291
3.4 Peri-urban water supply and sanitation 644
4.1 Mainstreaming cross cutting issues- gender and HIV/AIDS 2
4.2 Institutional and human resource capacity building and enhancement 42
4. Monitoring, 4.3 Water research and development 8
Evaluation and
Capacity building 4.4 Public awareness and advocacy
4.5 Monitoring and evaluation 6
4.6 Financing and economics
* cost 2007 prices. Exchange rate 1US$ = K 4000
4.5.2. Long -Term Projects (2010 – 2030)
The specific key activities under the identified projects in the long-term are detailed in Table 16. Further details
are contained in the Project Concept Notes in the Annexes. These long-term projects and activities are indicative
and will be further improved during the preparation process of the subsequent NDPs.
Page 63 of 169
Table 16: Long Term Projects
PROGRAMMES PROJECTS KEY ACTIVITIES

(STRATEGIC FOCAL
AREA)
1. Water Resources 1.1 Water Resources Planning Access water demands to meet needs of
Management various users and develop feasible investment
options for implementation
1.2 Information System for water resources, water supply Update national inventory of water points.
and sanitation Support decentralised information systems at
catchment and sub-catchment levels
1.3 Surface Water Resources Assessment Update surface water inventory
1.4 Groundwater Resources Assessment Implement Ground water regulation
1.5 Legal and Institutional Framework Capacity Strengthen established catchment councils
Enhancement
1.6 International Waters Capacity building for international waters Unit
1.7 Drought Management Implement Drought mitigation plans
1.8 Flood Management Strengthen early warning systems
1.9 Sustainable Environmental Management
1.10 Protection of Catchment areas and Management of
Wetlands
1.11 Environmental Institutional Capacity Building
2. Water Resources 2.1 Water Resources Development and Infrastructure Construct 2 large multi-purpose dams
Infrastructure Development
Development
2.2 Monitoring Development of Water Infrastructure Inspect and survey safety of major dams
3. Water Supply and 3.1 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (Construction and Construct and rehabilitate water points and
Sanitation rehabilitation of facilities) sanitation facilities
Employ appropriate technologies
3.2 Institutional Capacity Building and Enhancement Support Local Authorities in terms of
management, planning systems, technical skills
and equipment to under take RWSS
Support CUs in terms of management, planning
systems, technical skills and equipment to
under take UWSS
3.3 Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (rehabilitation of Construct and rehabilitate water and waste
facilities) water treatment plants in District Towns
3.4 Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
3.5 National Solid Waste Management Construct solid waste dumps in all the
Provincial HQ towns
3.6 Operation and Maintenance of Township Water
Schemes
4. Monitoring, 4.1 Mainstreaming Cross Cutting Issues- HIV/AIDS and
Evaluation and Gender
Capacity building
4.2 Institutional and Human Resource Capacity Building
and Enhancement
4.3 Water Research and Development
4.5 Public Awareness and Advocacy
4.6 Monitoring and Evaluation
4.7 Economics and Financing
Page 64 of 169
4.5.3. Activities and Schedule (5 Year Rolling)
STRATEGIC FOCUS AREA: 1. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Strategic Objective: i) Integrated management of all the resources in the catchment area and ii). Improve water resources planning and management
Schedule of Activities Implementing entities
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1. 1 Water Resources Planning
Specific Objective: To improve water resources planning to allow for decision-making so that water resources supply and demand can effectively be met
Activities:
Assess current and future water demands MEWD MOFNP, CSO, cross sectoral
considering population and economic growth stakeholders
Assess sources of water supply and associated MEWD Research institutions

management options and/or investments to meet
demands that take into account equity, efficiency
and sustainability
Develop national water resources accounts CSO MEWD, MOFNP, Research institutions
Map out potential sites that have adequate water MEWD Line Ministries, Research institutions,
resources to support various social economic cross sectoral stakeholders
activities (settlements and municipal supplies,
agriculture, tourism, hydropower, industry and
protected areas)
Promote implementation of water demand MEWD MLGH, MACO,

management techniques
Implement integrated plans for water resources MEWD Line Ministries, cross sectoral
development, infrastructure maintenance and stakeholders
operation
Develop a monitoring and evaluation system (dam MEWD ECZ, Research institutions
operation rules with environmental consideration)
Page 65 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Develop IWRM Plans and integrate into national MEWD MOFNP, Line Ministries, cross sectoral
and local development plans stakeholders
Implement IWRM Plans MEWD MOFNP, Line Ministries, cross sectoral

stakeholders
Cooperate with other riparian countries and MEWD METNR, MOFA, RBOs
international organisation in the operation,
utilisation and management of infrastructure on
international waters
Build capacity in planning for sustainable MEWD Training institutions, Consultants

infrastructure development
Develop appropriate and defined methods for MEWD ECZ, Research institutions
determining environmental flow requirements
1.2 Information management system for water resources, water supply and sanitation
Specific Objective: i). To develop management information systems for planning, development,allocation and management of water resources at all levels and ii). To enhance
planning and management of Water Supply and Sanitation systems
Activities
Set up an information network of water resources MEWD Line Ministries, Multi- sectorial
and related information with databases that link to Stakeholders, LAs
national, provincial, district levels and catchments
Operate and maintain high quality information MEWD Line Ministries, Multi- sectorial
system that should ensure the efficient collection, Stakeholders
processing, storage, retrieval and dissemination
of information on water resources
Provide information on water potential and MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, LAs,
demand as a basis for water allocation in Kafue, Multi-sectorial Stakeholders
Lunsemfwa and Chalimbana catchments
Page 66 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Regularly update and implement information MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, Multi-
exchange protocols sectorial Stakeholders
Create and operate an information dissemination MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, Multi-
system (internet etc.) sectorial Stakeholders
Establish an early warning system for extreme MEWD OVP, MOCT

hydrological events such as floods and droughts
and suggest extenuation measures
Produce weather and water 10-day bulletins;
Create and maintain both surface and ground MEWD MOCT

water resource databases and publish yearbooks
Develop information management system for rural MLGH MEWD, LAs, NGOs
water supply and sanitation
Update urban and peri-urban water supply and MLGH NWASCO, CUs, LAs, NGOs, Private
sanitation information management system providers
1.3 Surface Water Resources Assessment
Specific Objective: To provide adequate quality data and information on the status of water resources for planning, management and development
Activities
Rehabilitate and upgrade of 300 hydrometric MEWD MOTC, LAs
stations, 6 marine meteorological stations and
establishing 10 new stations per year
Collect hydro-meteorological data MEWD MOTC, LAs, multi sectoral stakeholders
Page 67 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Undertake water assessment (including existing MEWD Research institutions
reservoirs)
Design & implement National Water Quality MEWD ECZ, LAs

Monitoring Network (including data collection)
Forecast flood and drought (including training) in MEWD MOTC, ECZ, OVP, Training institutions
conjunction with the Meteorological Department
Study water quality for threatened areas such as MEWD ECZ, LAs
Lusaka, Copperbelt, Luapula, Eastern, Western
and Northern provinces
Identify and apply appropriate surface water MEWD Research and training institutions
resources assessment techniques
Build capacity in surface water resources MEWD Research and training institutions
assessment at district, provincial and national
levels
Collect and analyse data on surface water MEWD Research institutions, multi- sectoral
resources potential, demand, use and forecast stakeholders
future demands
Assess the quantity, quality, distribution and MEWD ECZ, Research institutions
variation of the surface water resources
Undertake assessment of the impacts on the MEWD MTENR, Research institutions, NGos
water resources arising from climate change,
water pollution, river bank cultivation,
deforestation and destruction of catchment
areas/headwaters and urban development
Page 68 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1.4 Ground Water Resources Assessment
Specific Objective: To provide adequate quality data and information on the status of groundwater resources for planning, management and development
Activities
Construct 30 assessment and monitoring MEWD Research institutions, multi- sectoral
boreholes per year and rehabilitate existing stakeholders
boreholes in areas where the Government has
directed its economic development for ground
water mapping, water levels and quality
monitoring
Collect data from existing observation boreholes Research institutions, multi- sectoral
(Groundwater Monitoring Network) stakeholders
Develop exploration boreholes to determine MEWD Research institutions, Contractors multi-

potential for use in water supply, agriculture and sectoral stakeholders
industry
Rehabilitate existing observation boreholes MEWD Research institutions, Contractors
Identify and apply appropriate groundwater MEWD Research and training institutions
resources assessment techniques
Build capacity in ground water resources MEWD Research and training institutions
assessment at district, provincial and national
levels
Collect and analyse data on ground water MEWD Research institutions, multi- sectoral
resources potential, demand, use and forecast stakeholders
future demands
Assess the quantity, quality, distribution and MEWD ECZ, Research institutions
variation of the groundwater resources
Page 69 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Undertake assessment of the impacts on the MEWD MTENR, Research institutions, NGOs
ground water resources arising from climate
change, water pollution, river bank cultivation,
deforestation and destruction of catchment
1.5 Legal and Institutional Capacity Enhancement
Specific Objective: To develop the legal and institutional framework for effective and efficient development and management of water resources
Activities:
Finalise revised National Water Policy MEWD Cabinet
Finalise and enact Water Resources Management MEWD Cabinet, MOJ, Parliament
Bill
Set up National Water Authority, IWRM unit at MEWD MOFNP, Multi sectoral stakeholders,
national level Consultants
Pilot and set up catchment councils and water MEWD Line Ministries, Traditional Authorities,
users associations (Kafue, Chalimbana and NGOs, CBOs, LAs, Multi sectoral
Lunsemfwa River basins) stakeholders, Consultants
Develop guidelines and regulations for catchment MEWD Multi sectoral stakeholders, Consultants
councils and water users associations
Support to development and implementation of MEWD Line Ministries, Traditional Authorities,

catchment management plans in selected areas NGOs, CBOs, LAs, Multi-sectoral
(Kafue, Chalimbana and Lunsemfwa River stakeholders, Consultants
basins)
Undertake stakeholder participation and MEWD NGOs, CBOs, Print and electronic
awareness raising on the new Policy, Legal and media
Institutional frameworks
Page 70 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Develop and apply water allocation guidelines that MEWD Research institutions, Consultants,
include criteria and measures for water allocation Multi-sectoral stakeholders
and management in times of extreme hydrological
conditions
1.6 International Waters
Specific Objective: To manage and develop shared water resources
Activities
Establish an international waters unit with a MEWD Cabinet
system to promptly advise government on
international water-related issues and conflict
management and resolution.
Build capacity within the unit to manage MEWD Training Institutions, NGOs,
international waters and in negotiating skills; Consultants
Facilitate the participation and implementation of MEWD MOFA, Line Ministries, Multi sectoral
international programmes and plans (e. g. SADC, stakeholders
ZRA and ZAMCOM);
Domesticate articles of international agreements MEWD MOJ, Cabinet, Parliament

and conventions into local laws.
Oversee policy, legal and institutional framework MEWD Cabinet, MOJ

governing international waters;
1.7 Drought Management

Specific Objective: To mitigate the effects of drought on the society
Activities
Develop and implement an appropriate early MEWD OVP, MOCT
warning systems for drought forecasting
Page 71 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Identify and map all drought prone areas in each MEWD Line Ministries, Research institutions,
catchment Consultants
Prepare drought mitigation plans for all vulnerable MEWD OVP, MLGH, LAs
areas
Develop and implement protocols for monitoring, MEWD MLGH, LAs

forecasting and coordination in the event of
droughts
Develop and implement appropriate adaptive MEWD OVP, MLGH, LAs, Line Ministries
mechanisms in drought prone areas such as
using water saving/ water efficient devices and
promoting drought resistant crops
1.8 Flood Management
Specific Objective: To mitigate the effects of floods on the society
Activities
Develop and implement an appropriate early MEWD OVP, MOCT
warning systems for flood forecasting
Identify and map all flood prone areas in each MEWD Line Ministries, Research institutions,
catchment Consultants
Prepare integrated flood management plans for all MEWD OVP, MLGH, LAs
vulnerable areas
Develop and implement a drainage plan for all MEWD MLGH, LAs
vulnerable areas
Page 72 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Develop and implement protocols for monitoring, MEWD OVP, MLGH, LAs, Line Ministries
forecasting and coordination in the event of
floods.
1.9 Sustainable Environment Management
Specific Objective: (i)To facilitate the development of an effective land use planning system; (ii)To promote the protection and rehabilitation of the degraded environment
Activities:
Integrate land use plans into the existing MOL MLGH, MACO, MEWD, METNR, LAs,
guidelines and strategies on water resources Traditional Authorities, Multi-sectoral
management stakeholders
Strengthen the management plans for watersheds METNR MLGH, MACO, MOL, METNR, LAs,
Traditional Authorities, Multi-sectoral
stakeholders
Encourage tree planting and regeneration in METNR LAs, Traditional Authorities, Multi-
degraded areas sectoral stakeholders
Promote sustainable land use systems on water METNR MLGH, MOL, MACO, Traditional
catchment areas Authorities
Undertake on-farm demonstrations and training MACO Research and Training institutions,
on mitigation measures for land degradation. NGOs
Monitor water quality for pollution control MEWD ECZ

purposes
Implement appropriate environmental flow requirements

MEWD
ECZ
Page 73 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Implement awareness campaigns on METNR Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, Print and
environmental management targeting different electronic media
stakeholders at national, provincial and district
level
1.10 Protection of Catchment areas and Management of Wetlands

Specific Objective: To promote integrated conservation and sustainable utilisation of wetlands resources; To strengthen the management systems of catchment areas
Activities
Promote community participation in wetlands METNR MEWD, NGOs, CBOs, line Ministries,
management and application of indigenous Traditional Authorities
knowledge in management of wetlands
Undertake inventory and classification of wetlands METNR Research institutions, NGOs,

Traditional Authorities, MOL, MEWD
Participate in regional and international METNR MEWD, MOFA, RBOs

collaboration in the management of wetlands
Improve coordination of wetland management; METNR MEWD, Cabinet, multi- sectoral

stakeholders
Undertake public awareness on wetland values METNR Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, Print and
and functions. electronic media
Build Institutional and human capacity for effective METNR MEWD, NGOs, CBOs, line Ministries,
protection of wetlands resources Traditional Authorities
Establish sustainable wetlands resource use METNR MEWD, NGOs, CBOs, line Ministries,
practices Traditional Authorities
Page 74 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Control river bank cultivation METNR MEWD, MACO, LAs, NGOs, CBOs
Traditional Authorities
Promote the control of deforestation and land METNR MEWD, MACO, LAs, NGOs, CBOs
degradation especially at headwaters Traditional Authorities
Incorporate environmental issues in water MEWD METNR, Line Ministries, Multi sectoral
resources management plans and maintain a link stakeholders
between water and the environment
Undertake the removal of invasive alien species in MEWD METNR, Line Ministries, Multi sectoral
affected areas of Kafue and Zambezi stakeholders
Build capacity at entry points into Zambia to METNR MEWD, MOCT, Las, NGOs, CBOs
monitor the possible entry of invasive alien
species
Harmonise of the existing legal frameworks on METNR MEWD, MOJ, Line Ministries
catchment areas protection and water resources
management
1.11 Environmental Institutional Capacity

Specific Objective: To strengthen management systems of for sustainable utilisation of natural resources
Activities
Improve coordination and administration METNR Line Ministries, Cabinet
Institutional development and capacity building METNR Cabinet, Training institutions,

Consultants
Page 75 of 169
STRATEGIC FOCUS AREA: 2. WATER RESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

Strategic Objective: Develop the country’s water resources in a sustainable manner and make it available in the required quantity and quality to enhance its utilisation for economic
growth
2.1 Water Resource Development and Infrastructure Development
Specific objective: To conserve the country’s water resources and make it available for economic and social activities
Activities
Construct small dams for economic production MEWD MACO, LAs, NGOs, CBOs, multi-
across the country (e. g. for agriculture in sectoral stakeholders, Contractors,
Nansanga, Kalumwange and Luena farming Consultants
blocks and the Kafue basin)
Rehabilitate Dams across the country MEWD MACO, LAs, NGOs, CBOs, multi-
sectoral stakeholders, Contractors,
Consultants
Plan for the construction of 2 large multi-purpose MEWD Multi-sectoral stakeholders, Consultants
dams (identification of sites, feasibility studies,
financing arrangements and preparation of design
and construction tender documents/ development
agreements)
Develop water resource by means of boreholes MEWD OVP, Line Ministries, NGOs
for drought prone areas
Undertake water use, irrigation and land use MEWD MACO, MOL, MLGH, LAs, Traditional
evaluation surveys in peri-urban, dambos and Authorities, NGOs, CBOs
settlement schemes in rural areas
Develop large and mini hydro power schemes MEWD Multi-sectoral stakeholders, NGOs,
Contractors, Consultants
Develop canals for irrigation and transport MEWD MACO, MOCT, LAs, NGOs, CBOs,
multi- sectoral stakeholders,
Page 76 of 169
STRATEGIC FOCUS AREA: 2. WATER RESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

Strategic Objective: Develop the country’s water resources in a sustainable manner and make it available in the required quantity and quality to enhance its utilisation for economic
growth
Construct irrigation schemes MACO MEWD, LAs, NGOs, CBOs, multi-
sectoral stakeholders, Contractors,
Consultants
Provide water and sanitation facilities to industrial MLGH MEWD, LAs, multi sectoral
and manufacturing areas stakeholders, Contractors, Consultants
Dredge inland water ways MOCT MEWD, LAs, multi-sectoral

stakeholders, Contractors, Consultants
2.2 Monitoring Development of Water Infrastructure

Purpose: To ensure development and management of water infrastructure in a sustainable manner
Activities
Develop policy, guidelines and regulations on MEWD NGOs, multi-sectoral stakeholders,
water infrastructure development and Consultants
management.
Undertake monitoring of water infrastructure MEWD LAs, multi-sectoral stakeholders,

development, operation and management Consultants
Undertake public awareness on regulations for MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, Print and
water infrastructure development and electronic media
management
Page 77 of 169
STRATEGIC FOCUS AREA: 3. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE: To provide adequate, safe and cost effective water supply and sanitation services with due regard to environmental protection
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
3. 1 Institutional Capacity Building and Enhancement
Specific Objective: To promote legal and institutional framework capacity enhancement
Activities:
Elaborate on water supply and sanitation strategy MLGH MEWD, NWASCO, CUs, LAs,
Undertake capacity building in UWSS planning, MLGH Training institutions, NWASCO, MoH,
implementation, monitoring, information MEWD, CUs, LAs,
management, sanitation and hygiene education
Undertake capacity building in RWSS planning, MLGH Training institutions, MoH, MEWD, LAs,
implementation, monitoring, information NGOs, Consultants
management, sanitation and hygiene education
Conduct Training in community management MLGH Training institutions, NGO'

s, CBOs,
approaches, concepts water demand Consultants
management, IWRM at District, Provincial and
National levels
3. 2 Urban Water supply and Sanitation

Specific Objective: Increase access to safe, adequate waters supply to 80% of the urban and peri-urban population by 2010, and proper sanitation systems to 70% for the urban
and peri-urban population by 2010.
Activities
Provide Investments in Water Supply and MLGH CUs, LAs, Contractors, Consultants
Sanitation infrastructure in CUs and Local
Authorities
Support commercialisation of water and sanitation MLGH NWASCO, LAs

services in Northern, Central, Eastern and Lusaka
provinces
Construct land fill sites in Livingstone, Solwezi, MLGH ECZ, LAs, Contractors, Consultants
Chipata and support to collection of solid waste
Page 78 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Construct and rehabilitate waste water treatment MLGH ECZ, LAs, Contractors, Consultants
facilities in Lusaka, Livingstone, Solwezi and
Kafue
Undertake operation and maintenance of township

water supply and sanitation systems
3.3. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Specific Objective: To increase access to safe water supply from present 37% to 66% of the rural population by 2010 and increase access to proper sanitation from 13% to 50%
of the rural population by 2010
Activities:
Construct new RWSS facilities MLGH LA'
s, MEWD, NGOs, CBOs ,
Rehabilitate RWSS facilities MLGH LA'

s, NGOs, CBOs, Contractors,
Consultants
Conduct Training in community management, MLGH Training institutions NGOs, CBOs,

planning, O&M of water supply and sanitation Consultants
systems
Support to WASHE MLGH LAs, Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs
3. 4 Per-Urban Water & Sanitation

Specific Objective: Increase access to safe, adequate waters supply and sanitation to the peri-urban population
Activities
Construct new water and sanitation facilities MLGH LA'
s, MEWD, NGOs, CBOs,
Page 79 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Rehabilitate existing WSS facilities MLGH LA'
s, NGOs, CBOs, Contractors,
Consultants
Undertake environmental health education and MLGH MOH, MOE, CUs, LAs, NGOs, CBOs,
sensitisation Print and electronic media
Page 80 of 169
STRATEGIC FOCUS AREA: 4. MONITORING, EVALUATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE: (i) To improve the quality of decision making, sector efficiency and managerial performance in the planning
and implementation of water sector programmes and projects, and (ii) To monitor and evaluate the performance of programmes and
projects in order to determine their impacts
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
4. 1 Mainstreaming Cross Cutting Issues- HIV/AIDS and Gender
Specific Objective: To implement measures in the sector which enhance mainstreaming of crosscutting issues
Activities
Monitor and evaluate gender mainstreaming in the Cabinet MEWD, NGOs, Line Ministries
development and implementation of water sector (GIDD)
project activities
Promote the use of appropriate and gender MEWD Cabinet (GIDD), NGOs, Line Ministries,
sensitive technology Research institutions
Develop guidelines that consider gender and MEWD Cabinet (GIDD), NGOs, Line Ministries,
vulnerable in the use and management of water Research institutions
resources
Develop and disseminate of gender Cabinet NGOs, Line Ministries, Research

mainstreaming tools (GIDD) institutions
4. 2 Institutional and Human Resource Capacity Building and Enhancement

Strategic Objective: To promote capacity in order to efficiently and effectively carry out the mandates of various stakeholders
Activities
Undertake recruitment, education and training of MEWD Training Institutions, NGOs, Cabinet,
personnel to align them into IWRM sphere Consultants
Create a research and training centre for IWRM UNZA MEWD, NGOs, Line Ministries, Training
and Research institutions
Conduct needs assessment and develop MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, multi-sectoral
programme for capacity building stakeholders, Training institutions,
Consultants
Page 81 of 169

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Undertake informal training and exchange or MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, multi-sectoral
secondment of staff between public, non- stakeholders, Training Institutions,
governmental and private sector water institutions Consultants
Provide training in conflict management and MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, multi-sectoral
arbitration for water resources related conflicts stakeholders, Training Institutions,
and arbitration Consultants
4.3 Water Research and Development

Strategic Objective: To enhance the understanding of the country’s water-related issues, and develop solutions and technologies that will improve planning, regulation,
development, management, allocation and access of water
Activities
Research on application of appropriate MEWD UNZA- IWRM Centre, NGOs, line
technologies for efficient water use Ministries, Research institutions,
Consultants
Study the cyclic variation of floods and droughts MEWD UNZA- IWRM Centre, NGOs, line
Ministries, Research institutions,
Consultants
Study precipitation enhancement MOCT UNZA- IWRM Centre, Research

institutions, Consultants
Develop appropriate technology in water MEWD UNZA- IWRM Centre, NGOs, line
resources management (i.e. water re-use) Ministries, Research institutions,
Consultants
Carryout research in inter basin water transfer MEWD UNZA- IWRM Centre, NGOs, line
Ministries, Research institutions,
Consultants
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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Study operations of existing and new dams to MEWD UNZA- IWRM Centre, NGOs, line
improve the benefits Ministries, Research institutions,
Consultants
Study the impact on water resources of erosion MEWD UNZA- IWRM Centre, NGOs, line
and land degradation Ministries, Research institutions,
Consultants
Study indigenous practices and knowledge in UNZA- IWRM Centre, NGOs,

management of water resources Traditional Authorities Research
institutions, Consultants
Consider appropriate technologies for water MLGH NGOs, Research Institutions

supply and sanitation systems for persons with
disabilities
Conduct research in international waters to MEWD UNZA- IWRM Centre, Research

address specific issues of equitable and institutions, Consultants
reasonable utilisation, water allocation, benefit
sharing and stakeholder participation
4.4 Public Awareness and Advocacy
Strategic Objective: To provide and disseminate information on Water resources for effective planning, development, management and utilisation
Activities
Develop awareness programmes on water MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, multi-
demand techniques sectoral stakeholders, Print and
electronic media
Pilot the use on water demand techniques in MEWD MACO, MLGH, LAs, Research
some selected areas institutions, NGOs
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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Develop awareness programmes on role of water MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, multi-
in the economy (role of water in energy, irrigation, sectoral stakeholders, Print and
industry, tourism, culture, fisheries sectors etc) electronic media
Strengthen multi stakeholder of Consultative MEWD MOFNP

Forum, the Water SAG ( effective involvement of
all stakeholders including the private sector,
NGOs and civil society organisations)
Incorporate Education programmes on the water MEWD MOE, Training institutions

sector in the education curriculum
Disseminate National Water Policy and the new MEWD Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, multi-
water management legislation sectoral stakeholders
4.5 Monitoring and Evaluation

Strategic Objective: To monitor and evaluate the performance of the programmes and projects in order to determine their impacts
Activities
Design and setup a monitoring and evaluation MEWD WSAG, MOFNP
system
Collect data on input and outputs of various MEWD WSAG, MOFNP, multi-sectoral
programmes and analyse stakeholders
Undertake impact monitoring by collecting data on MEWD WSAG, MOFNP, multi-sectoral

the planned outcomes stakeholders
Undertake external evaluations and studies to MEWD WSAG, MOFNP, Research Institutions,
assess long-term impacts Consultants
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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
4.6 Economics and Financing
Specific Objective: To provide sustainable financing for management of water resources
Activities
Develop appropriate tariff for urban water supply CUs NWASCO, LAs
and sanitation
Develop raw water pricing policy, tariff system and MEWD Multi-sectoral stakeholders, NGOs,
financing mechanisms for water resources Research institutions, MOFNP,
management and development Consultants
Assess viability of issuing Municipal Bonds for MLGH NWSCO, MOFNP, Consultants, CUs
urban water supply and sanitation infrastructure
development
Assess viability of integrating micro- financing MLGH NWASCO, MOFNP, Consultants, CUs
schemes with peri-urban and rural water supply
and sanitation infrastructure development
Establish a irrigation development fund MACO MOFNP
Establish a water development fund
Develop national water resources accounts CSO MEWD, MOFNP, Multi-sectoral

stakeholders, Consultants
Prepare integrated and consolidated budgets and MEWD Multi-sectoral stakeholders, MOFNP,
investment plans for water-related projects Consultants
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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Lead others
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Strengthen revenue collection management (by MEWD MEWD, MOFNP, Multi-sectoral
Water Board) stakeholders, Consultants
Review the effluent discharge charges and the ECZ MEWD, MOFNP, Multi- sectoral
charging mechanism stakeholders, Consultants
Prepare Business Plan for proposed IWRM MEWD Consultants

institution
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CHAPTER 5: FINANCING OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
5.1. Financing the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan

The formulation process of the FNDP plan highlighted the need for stakeholder collaboration in the
implementation of programmes in the FNDP. With regard to the financing of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan,
considerable resources will be needed to implement the IWRM programmes identified. An analysis of the
programmes in the FNDP shows that the lists of programs are sectoral with each sector having outlined its own
implementation mechanism. In order to improve coordination and avoid duplication, the water-related
programmes outlined in the sectoral plans and included in the FNDP, have been rationalised and synthesised into
the four priority clusters as outlined in section 3.2.1. Programmes (Strategic focal areas) and Priority Issues
In order to ensure that the programmes prioritised for implementation achieve maximum benefits, stakeholder
collaboration is important and the various water-related sectors need to ensure that funds are budgeted for
prioritised programmes during annual budgeting in line with the proposed implementation schedule of the
IWRM/WE Implementation Plan.
5.2. Medium Term Expenditure Framework and IWRM/WE Financing

The government projects its financial resource allocation through a three-year financial framework, namely the
Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF). MTEF is a framework within which available resources (both
government and cooperating partners) are divided between sectors on the basis of achieving government
objectives. The MTEF approach involves a top-down and bottom-up process of estimating total resource
availability for a three year period and dividing these resources between ministries, provinces and other spending
agencies (MPSA’s) based on government priorities. From the bottom up, MPSA’s move away from an incremental
approach to budget preparation and prepare a Strategic Plan as the basis of the budget. That Plan sets out the
MPSA’s objectives, outputs and activities, from which an activity-based budget is prepared, forming the basis for
the main budget.
Table 17 below shows the indicative expenditure allocation to the sectors with water management and
development related activities. However, it is important to note that the budgets are only for water specific
programmes. The MTEF is an essential complement to the National Development Agenda and the FNDP. It is
designed to help implement the latter by giving priority in resource allocation and implementation of activities in
the FNDP. In addition, it is a tool or mechanism used to operationalise the plans and strategies stipulated in the
FNDP.
Table 17: MTEF Indicative Expenditure Allocation
Institution Sector 2007 2008 2009 2010
MEWD Water 10,000,000,000 10,700,000,000 25,900,000,000 29,500,000,000
MLGH 24,907,244,966 20,800,000,000 21,100,000,000 23,500,000,000
MACO Agriculture 48,700,000,000 34,400,000,000 53,450,000,000 87,950,000,000
MTENR Environment 50,756,370,647 44,955,067,842 63,188,733,715 82,598,187,535
Source: Ministry of Finance and National Planning-modified from MTEF 2007-2010 (units Kwacha)
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The factors that would guide the allocation of resources within an MPSA are the same as those at the national
level, i.e. those programmes that achieve government objectives with the least cost and within the resources
(both financial and human) available to the organisation. Based on the role of government for the particular
programme, that is, if government is the main provider of a service then the expenditure requirements would be
higher than if the government is mainly facilitating private sector growth.
With regard to allocation of public funds in the water sector in the national budget, the IWRM/WE Implementation
Plan will be a basis for setting priority expenditure areas through the Water SAG. The Water SAG will allocate
expenditure levels for institutions in the water sector for the budget year, according to FNDP priorities. These
priorities have been the basis for prioritisation of the IWRM/WE programmes. The Water SAG will send proposed
budget allocations to MOFNP for consideration in constructing the macro-economic framework and the fiscal
framework for the MTEF Green Paper. Water sector institutions, through the Water SAG will allocate funds to
water programmes from ceilings given in the MTEF Green Paper and in accordance with FNDP priority
expenditure outlays identified by the SAG, including complying with PAF targets. Expenditure estimates for a
budget year are then approved by Parliament. .
According to the FNDP, total projected financing requirements in water-related programmes will be K2,069.0
billion over the 5-year period. This is against the available resource of K1,950.1 billion. The financing gap of about
6.1% or K118.9 billion over and above the estimates is required. This gap is mainly from the water supply and
sanitation related programmes.
The plan will be financed by a number of sources namely domestic resources, external grants, limited borrowing
(both internally and externally), public private partnerships, regional and international financing initiatives, e.g.
NEPAD, Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund and Infrastructure Consortium. An increase in the resource envelope
based on an anticipated scaling-up of cooperating partners aid over baseline projections, such as the Gleneagles
G8 Summit in 2005 and Millennium Challenge Account, is expected.
It is important to note that the Water Resources Action Programme has already sourced some finances to
commence the water management interventions stipulated in the proposed Water Law from the European Union
Water Facility.
The country has already established an enabling environment by establishing various funds that could finance the
sector. There is need though to streamline the disbursement of these funds and evaluate their performance for
effective capacity to be developed.
Capital investment finance for public infrastructure will remain the responsibility of the government in collaboration
with development and private partners. It is also envisaged that with government’s commitment to cost recovery,
under domestic resources, the commercial utilities could be allowed to charge economic tariffs.
5.3. Financing Strategy

The sustainable development and management of water resources requires holistic planning and financing, stable
financial mechanisms and availability of adequate funds for capital investments for both infrastructure expansion
and rehabilitation. This also requires appropriate channelling of these resources to the prioritised needs. The plan
will be financed from a number of sources namely:
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5.3.1. Domestic Resources
5.3.1.1. Capital:
The strategy for capital investments will be to:
Increase the government allocation for capital investment to the water sector;
Implement a streamlined financial planning mechanism that facilitates equitable distribution of resources
and has accepted expenditure principles for smooth execution of Water Sector programmed activities;
Develop appropriate financing mechanisms (e. g. basket funds-SWAP, budget support, Local Government
Capital Grant System,) that will provide for efficient and prioritised channelling of funds according to national
plans;
Establish a Water Development Trust Fund under the proposed water legislation as one of the sources for
financing infrastructure; and
Strengthen the financial mechanisms to ensure full recovery of operational and maintenance costs and an
increasing contribution to covering replacement costs under water supply and sanitation
5.3.1.2. Recurrent:
Currently, the recurrent expenditure is supplemented by government. However these funds are not adequate to
meet all recurrent requirements. The source of funds for recurrent costs in urban areas will have to be from
consumers, based on cost recovery tariff principles. Therefore, in order to realise the recurrent funds necessary to
support water resources management activities, the abstraction and use charges of water resources for economic
purposes as well as for effluent discharge will be enhanced. The level of abstraction and discharge charges and
the criteria to be used in setting such charges will be subject to regular review and approval by the water
resources management regulator.
This could be achieved through:
Setting appropriate water user charges to ensure that they reflect real value of water by using economic
parameters such as inflation rate, market values and opportunity costs of water, while considering the
social, political and environmental issues;
Setting abstraction and discharge charges based on the costs of providing effective water resources
management as determined by the approved annual operating budgets, taking into account any subsidies
from government;
Increasing the water user charges collection capacity at catchment levels; and
Allocating revenue from water charges to the organisations responsible for water resources management at
different levels in a transparent manner.
5.3.2. External Financing
5.3.2.1. Loans:
There is limited borrowing both internally and externally.
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5.3.2.2. Grants:
Government has been reorganising its Aid Policy and the support mechanisms to streamline aid. The Cooperating
Partners are being regrouped according to their sector interests areas and them identifying a lead-donor to
represent their views to government to cut down on transaction costs.
Direct budget support through the Joint Assistance Strategy for Zambia is being developed- funds from
Cooperating Partners are to be deposited into the national treasury for basket funding.
5.3.2.3. Private Finance:
Involvement of the private sector in the financing of water resources will be encouraged where this would result in
a more efficient and cost-effective development and management of the resources. The government in creating
an enabling environment and has developed a Private Public Partnership Policy that will be a national guide in
engaging the private sector into developmental investments.
5.3.2.4. Regional and international financing initiatives
The government, within its FNDP acknowledges the need for more financial resources and it plans to scale-up the
mobilisation of foreign resources e.g. NEPAD, African Development Bank, Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund and
Infrastructure Consortium. An increase in the resource envelope based on an anticipated scaling-up of donor aid
over baseline projections e.g. Gleneagles G8 Summit in 2005 and Millennium Challenge Account, is expected.
5.3.2.5. Community Financing
The government has been sensitising and encouraging rural communities to establish village water committees
and subsequently create village water funds for the management of finances for operational and maintenance of
rural water supply schemes by the communities.
In rural areas, communities will be required to pay full operation and maintenance costs and costs of higher
service levels, and contribute to capital investment costs, as well as to manage their schemes. The communities,
especially in peri-urban areas, set the price per unit measure of the quantity of water, normally equivalent to a 20-
litre container. This is commonly done democratically with the main goal being to meet operation and
maintenance costs. In addition, communities will be expected to contribute to capital costs in cash or kind
amounting to about 20 percentage of the total cost. In river catchment areas, the tariffs will be set in accordance
with the provision under the proposed Water Resources Management Bill.
5.3.2.6. Other financing mechanisms- Innovative financing
Environmental Charges:
To protect the environment as well as maintain the natural quality levels, the current environmental charges (e.g.
effluent fees), will have to be enhanced taking into account economic and social considerations. The government
intends to introduce a carbon tax as a charge for vehicles based on engine capacity.
Bonds:
The capital market has developed extensively in the country, and the water sector could utilise it to tap the
required private as well as public resources for infrastructural construction. There is currently a proposal for lease
bonds in water supply and sanitation. There are efforts to explore the possibilities of introducing these through
municipal bonds, which are currently only in the form of housing bonds.
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Virtual Water:
Zambia has a water resource advantage over other Southern African countries which she could use to lure more
financial or infrastructural resources. There is a proposal to enter into a virtual project with Namibia. The project
will be hosted in the Western Province of Zambia once the feasibility results are completed. There is a need for
more efforts to tap “Virtual Water” gains in managing and developing the county’s water resources.
Transboundary water charges and benefits:
Zambia will explore the possibilities of charging for managing the international waters, as well as benefit and cost
sharing of the trans-boundary catchments under the existing water management institutions. One such example is
the benefit sharing between Zambia and Zimbabwe under the Zambezi River Authority.
These financing sources will be channelled in terms of the financial management reform processes, being:
Fiscal decentralisation
In line with its Decentralisation Policy, government has planned to disburse funds directly to the districts as
the decentralisation of finances has been identified as one of the major strategies, for the successful
implementation of the FNDP. It is hoped that ultimately this will bring about wealth creation and poverty
reduction. Thus, in line with the Decentralisation Policy, the aspirations are that, power and resources will
be devolved to the local governments to improve the implementation of programmes.
However, any channelling of funds from the central government directly to districts will require capacity
building if the districts are to absorb the resources, use them effectively and to ensure accountability,
transparency and improved monitoring. In addition, the districts will need to have capacity for collecting
revenues from revenue generating ventures and to account for it.
In the medium-term therefore, resources will continue to be disbursed through the de-concentrated
structures at the local level whilst capacitating local authorities in readiness for the devolution. One of the
FNDP implementation strategies under fiscal decentralisation is to initiate an exercise of de-concentrating
ministerial allocations by programme and location to ensure that resources get to the level of the projects in
each district.
Sector Wide Approach
A holistic and sector-wide approach to planning (SWAP) has been advocated for as one of the methods to
ensure efficient allocation of public financial resources, for the purpose of reducing sector, regional and
district inequalities. The government is discussing these issues with its cooperating partners under the Joint
Assistance Strategy.
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CHAPTER 6: IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS
6.1. Introduction
The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan is proposed to coincide with the National Long Term Vision 2030. At a
national level, the Vision will be realised through development and implementation of National Development
Plans, starting with the current Fifth National Development Plan. The IWRM/WE Implementation Plan is intended
to support the implementation of the water-related programmes in the National Development Plans, using an
IWRM approach. While the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan is proposed up to 2030, it will be operationalised
through 5 year rolling National Strategic IWRM/WE Implementation Plans. The long-term goal of the water sector
is to have a robust and well functioning legal and institutional framework that promotes and supports the
coordinated development, management and use of water resources.
The new legal and institutional framework, currently proposed in the draft Water Resources Management Bill, is
designed to be the governance framework for integrated water resources management. Until a new legal and
institutional framework has been established in Zambia, the focus will be on strengthening water resources
management at all levels using the present legal and institutional framework. This will entail working with the
present institutions engaged in water resources management. The implementation of the IWRM/WE Plan will thus
be preceded by a transition phase under which several functions related to its implementation will be carried out
by existing institutions under the existing legal and institutional framework.
It may take many years to fully establish a new institutional framework, depending on how the experience gained
from the transitional phase is applied and on the financial and human resources available for implementation and
follow-up. The importance of both institutional and human capacity building at all levels and in all programmes
during implementation, is stressed.
6.2. Existing Institutional Roles and Responsibilities

Table 18 shows the existing institutions under the present legal framework and their responsibilities based on
various pieces of legislation.
Table 18: Players in the Water Sector and their Roles
ACTOR ROLES
• Sets National water policy
MEWD, Water Board

• IWRM policy and international water
• Management and development of water resources
• Regulating water resources
• WSS sub-sector policy and strategy elaboration and overseeing service provision to urban and
MLGH, DISS rural areas by local authorities and the commercial water utilities
• Resource mobilisation
MACO, MTENR, MoH • Strategy elaboration (i. e. irrigation policy), sanitation, and hygiene promotion,
Statutory Bodies: NWASCO,
Water Development Board,
• Advisory and regulatory roles
ECZ • Pollution Control (ECZ)
CUs • Service provision
Local Authorities • Service provision in rural and urban areas; in urban areas service provision is delegated in most
urban areas to CUs
Training and research • Human resource training

Institutions • Research
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ACTOR ROLES
Cooperating Partners and • Provision of capital funds

NGOs • Execution of WSS programmes and projects by NGOs
• Participation in financing and management of WSS

Private Sector • Consulting services
• Construction of WSS facilities
Community and CBOs

• Beneficiary of WSS services
• Maintenance of sources
Source: Government of the Republic of Zambia, 2006. Fifth National Development Plan
The above institutional framework is faced with challenges of effective coordination and overlapping
responsibilities. The proposed institutional setup is expected to promote and adopt a dynamic, gender-sensitive,
integrated, interactive, participatory and multi-sectoral approach to water resources management and
development that includes human, land, environmental and socio-economic considerations (Water Resources
Management Bill, 2006). The establishment of the new institutional framework is expected once the proposed
Water Resources Bill has been enacted.
6.3. Transitional Arrangements

Implementation of the IWRM Implementation Plan, particularly the 1st 5-year rolling plan (2007-2010) will focus
on implementation of actions to facilitate the establishment of the proposed institutional framework, capacity
building and also implementation of the other projects identified as part of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan.
During the transition period to the new institutional framework, implementation of the IWRM programmes in the 5-
year rolling plan will be guided by the institutional mandates of the above institutions. The approach proposed is
to distinguish the activities of WRAP and the implementation of other programmes as detailed below.
6.3.1. Establishment of the new institutional framework
Lessons should be drawn from the then Reform Support Unit that facilitated the establishment of NWASCO and
continued to operate for some time providing support. To facilitate ease of transition from the old to the new, the
Water Resources Action Programme (WRAP), currently facilitating adoption of the proposed Water Resources
Management Bill and development of key management tools and systems, will play a major role in facilitating the
operationalisation of the proposed institutional framework.
During the transition phase, the WRAP should continue facilitating and coordinating activities towards the
establishment of the proposed Water Resources Management Authority. These activities will be carried out within
the framework of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan and as a project under the Water Resources Management
Programme under the Legal and Institutional Framework Capacity Enhancement Project. Some of these include
development of the national pricing strategy and development of water allocation guidelines.
When the Water Resources Management Bill is passed, the WRAP will continue to facilitate commissioned
activities (those already being implemented) within the framework of transitional activities. Un-commissioned
activities will be passed on to the WRMA which will progressively take responsibility of facilitating the execution of
activities.
6.3.2. Implementation of other projects in the five year rolling plans
Implementation arrangements for the other non-transitional activities that are not directly related to the
establishment of the WRMA will be based on the arrangements for implementing projects under the 5- year rolling
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plans. Implementation arrangements will be detailed in the implementation schedule and project concept notes
that are developed along side each 5-year rolling plan will be included. The lead and participating agencies will be
indicated for the programmes and projects. This will be based on the respective roles and responsibilities of the
various stakeholders involved in the implementation of the plan.
6.4. Coordination Mechanisms

Coordination of the implementation will be a key determining factor for the success of the IWRM/WE
Implementation Plan, particularly for the transition phase when the various water resources functions are split in
different departments across the water sector.
6.4.1. Water Sector Advisory Group
Coordination between sectors should exist on all levels, central, provincial and local, for the planning of water
resources, infrastructure, adoption of non-structural measures, institutional strengthening, decentralisation and
operation of water resources systems.
To avoid duplication of efforts, and to ensure optimal utilisation of available resources, it is crucial to institute
strong legal and institutional frameworks for coordination and collaboration among all institutions that are dealing
with water resources management and development. The Water SAG framework described in section 2.9.5.
Policy Coordination, will be the coordination mechanism during the implementation of the IWRM/WE
Implementation Plan. With respect to monitoring and evaluation, regular and continuous checking and
documentation of progress will be undertaken to ascertain whether objectives and planned programmes/activities
have been implemented and have achieved the planned outputs and impacts. A decentralised approach to
collecting data for monitoring will be used. The implementing structure and the beneficiaries will be invited to
participate. Transparency of information and reporting will be emphasised in order to enhance effective utilisation
of budgets and inputs and equity of distribution of resources, which will be communicated in the operational and
strategic feedback loop. With the decentralisation policy and the Decentralisation Implementation Plan (DIP) in
place, districts will be able to participate in monitoring results and making changes as and when required.
6.4.2. Technical Secretariat –IWRM Unit
The WSAG is currently coordinated through the Department of Planning and Information (DPI) in the Ministry of
Energy and Water Development. The setting up of the proposed Water Sector Monitoring Unit should be finalised.
It is proposed that this Unit be strengthened into a technical secretariat that will coordinate the implementation of
the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan.
The Technical Secretariat (IWRM Unit) will be the main driver of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan
implementation and should be supported with adequate staff competences to enable it to execute its function. A
full time IWRM/WE Implementation Coordinator is required to lead the Technical Secretariat. The roles of the
Technical Secretariat will be:
Coordinate the implementation of the IWRM programmes;

Serve as WSAG Secretariat;
Facilitate coordination of projects in the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan;
Facilitate mobilisation of funds for the IWRM programs;
Ensure that the WSAG is functional and fully serviced;
Prepare progress reports for the IWRM programmes;
Coordinate and lead the preparation of 5 year rolling plans for the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan; and
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Ensure linkages of the IWRM programmes with the National Development Plans.
The responsibilities for the activities under the prioritised projects are shown in section 4.5.3. Activities and
Schedule (5 Year Rolling).
6.5. Risks and Assumptions

The implementation of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan will encounter a number of risks but will also be based
on a number of assumptions:. These include the following:
Assumptions are that:
It is possible to mobilise adequate technical and human resources for large-scale implementation.
The IWRM approach and framework, the National Water Policy as well as the legal and institutional
framework can be sufficiently anchored at all levels to avoid a situation where stakeholders are operating in
an institutional “vacuum” or where institutional sector responsibilities are not clarified and sufficiently met.
Responsibilities of MFNP and other water related institutions and ministries regarding regulation,
supervision and monitoring of district planning and budgeting procedures will be clarified.
There will be improved coordination of government and donor interventions in IWRM
Government policies, programmes and political interventions will not contradict or cause confusion among
the implementers and the beneficiaries.
Water users would appreciate the need to contribute towards water use.
Government will fully implement the Fifth National Development Plan and subsequent national development
plans.
Key stakeholders will understand the decentralisation of responsibility and overcome the resistance for
change.
Government will be able to raise the funds necessary to implement the programmes, especially for
infrastructure development.
Identified risks and mitigation are:
Cooperating Partners may not identify with the IWRM Implementation Plan. This risk could be assessed as
low to medium. It could be mitigated through formalising the cooperating partners coordination mechanism,
the learning processes and the reviews included in the implementation plan.
The implementing agencies will not adhere to the implementation plan. This risk is assessed to be low to
medium and the capacity building activities and monitoring and evaluation mechanism included in the plan
would be a mitigating factor.
Government may not enact the Water Resources Management Bill. This would make it difficult for
catchment councils to operate. This risk could be mitigated by the implementation of the decentralisation
policy.
Political interference in the implementation of programmes. This could occur through diverting of funds
meant for water resource management projects. This risk would be mitigated through the ring-fencing of
water related expenditures in the national budget.
Corruption at all levels is a risk. This risk is assessed medium to high and it will be mitigated by rigid use of
the government procedures for anti-corruption.
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CHAPTER 7: MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) will be important input to achieving the targets of the IWRM/ WE Implementation
Plan and eventually the FNDP. The monitoring and evaluation framework will thus be linked to the national
planning monitoring and evaluation framework. Monitoring of the IWRM/WE Plan will involve the observation and
verification of whether the IWRM/WE activities are happening as planned. Monitoring will supply both the planned
projects and the plan implementation process with a continuous flow of information to make it possible to make
the right decisions. Evaluation on the other hand will determine the relevance, impact, effectiveness, efficiency
and sustainability of the plan interventions of the various institutions that will implement the IWRM/WE Plan.
Information from the systematic monitoring will provide critical input to plan evaluation processes.
7.1. Monitoring Levels:

Monitoring will take place on three levels:
Project level – mainly of IRWM/WE Plan implementation processes and activities, the delivery of outputs
and progress towards outcomes
Portfolio level – mainly of trends within the strategic focal areas or programmes and overall results as well
as monitoring of institutional issues
National level – mainly of national impact based on data and information gathered and analysis of national
statistics from the Central Statistical Office and other national institutions
The purpose of monitoring will be to provide early information on progress or lack thereof toward achieving the
intended objectives, outcomes, and impacts of the IWRM/WE Plan. By tracking progress, monitoring will help in
the identification of implementation issues that warrant decisions at different levels of management.
It is expected that monitoring will be holistic, participatory and unified in approach
7.2. Evaluation Approaches:

Within the context of the IWRM/WE Plan, the main types of evaluations used will include:
Project evaluations—of projects under implementation, at the end of the intervention (terminal evaluation),
and after the project end (ex-post evaluation) or before project start (ex ante—quality at entry).
Impact evaluations—of the long-term effects produced by an intervention, intended or unintended, direct or
indirect.
Cross-cutting or thematic evaluations under the focal areas/programmes
Overall performance studies- of policy, strategies and priorities of the IWRM/WE plan.
The purposes of evaluation include understanding why and the extent to which intended and unintended results of
the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan were achieved, and their impact on stakeholders.
Evaluation is an important source of evidence of the achievement of results and institutional performance, and
contributes to knowledge and to organisational learning. Evaluation will serve as an agent of change and play a
critical role in supporting accountability during the IWRM/WE Plan implementation. Evaluation will be used to
improve the design and performance of the IWRM/WE Plan as the tool for implementing water targets in future
NDPs as well as to make an overall judgment about the effectiveness of the IWRM/WE Plan after the first five
years to better address issues of integrated water resources management.
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Given the above, monitoring and evaluation will be done at all levels of the implementation of programmes and
projects outlined in the Plan. At input level, it will be important to monitor the flow of resources being made
available to implement planned activities under the various programmes. This will improve efficiency,
accountability and confidence of government, cooperating partners and other stakeholders supporting the
programmes. At output level, implementing agencies will be held accountable for deliverables outlined in the
implementation plan and according to available resources from government, cooperating partners or any other
stakeholder. With regards to outcome and impact levels, this will involve the assessment of the sector
performance and the contribution of the sector to the performance of other sectors and the attainment of the
socio-economic goals outlined in the national development framework. It would also involve measuring the
progress of the processes involved in achieving the programme objectives, i.e., whether the planned programmes
or activities have been implemented and have achieved the planned results.
7.3. Institutional Framework for Monitoring and Evaluation

The institutional mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation are described in the National Development Plan. The
roles and responsibilities are detailed in Table 19.
Table 19: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities for the IWRM Monitoring and Evaluation
IMPLEMENTING ADVISORY ROLES/RESPONSIBILITIES

INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS
National Level
• Cabinet • National • Cabinet will provide supervisory functions in policy development and
Development Co- implementation
• Ministry of
ordinating
Finance and
Committee
• MFNP will develop the overall implementation targets and indicators and
National Planning monitor the implementation process
(NDCC) – To be
• Sector Ministries established • The sector ministries will formulate sectoral policies, programmes and
and other projects
spending
• Umbrella
Agencies
Organisations and • The National Development Coordinating Committee (NDCC) will be chaired
Research by the Secretary to the Cabinet and will be responsible for making policy
• Committees Institutions recommendations to Cabinet. The NDCC will also oversee overall monitoring
and evaluation of programmes in the FNDP
• NGOs • SAGs
• Special interest
• SAGs will provide professional and technical advice
groups • Special interest groups will participate in the relevant SAGs
• Thematic • The research institutions will add value to the process through the research
Committees findings, training and recommendations for policy development
• The private sector will be a key partner in SAGs, PDCCs, and DDCCs
• Thematic committees will be created to deal with specific issues
Provincial Level
• Provincial • Special interest • Special interest groups will provide advice to government and private sector.
Administration groups They will be represented on PDCCs
• Provincial Sector • PDCC • The provincial administration will co-ordinate implementation and monitoring
Departments and evaluating of programmes through the Provincial Development Co-
(water Agriculture,
• P-WASHE
ordinating Committee (PDCC) chaired by the Provincial Permanent
Local • catchment Secretary
Government, councils
forestry)
• PDCC will scrutinise and harmonise development plans from districts and
monitor their implementation through sub-committees such as the Provincial
• Private M&E sub-committee
sector(CUs)
• PDCC and P-WASHE will advise on the consistency of plan implementation
with national priorities
• Note: These roles and responsibilities will be further refined as
implementation of the decentralisation policy progresses
Page 97 of 169
IMPLEMENTING ADVISORY ROLES/RESPONSIBILITIES

INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS
District Level
• District • Special interest • Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programmes will be co-
Commissioner’s groups coordinated by the District Development Co-ordinating Committee (DDCC)
office chaired by the District Commissioner
• Catchment
• District Councils council • DDCC will scrutinise development plans from departmental submissions and
monitor their implementation through sub-committees representing each
• D-WASHE
sector
• DDCC
• DDCC will advise on the consistency of plan implementation with Provincial
and National priorities and present the plans to the relevant Local Authority
(District Council)
• The District Council will approve all the district plans and guide their
implementation
• Note: These roles and responsibilities will be further refined as
implementation of the decentralisation policy progresses
Community Level
• Ward • V-WASHE • Local participation should be co-coordinated at ward level by the Ward
Development Development Committee (WDC), Resident Development Committees
Committees:
• NGOs
(RDCs) and Area Development Committees (ADCs). These committees will
• Resident
• Traditional participate in the implementation and monitoring of district plans by ensuring
Authorities or that the implementation is consistent with their local needs and priorities.
development
Establishments Their participation will be through the District Development Co-ordinating
Committees
Committees (DDCC) and District Councils
Indicators:
A limited number of key performance indicators have been defined (see Annex 4) to enable regular and quality
reporting on the programme implementation progress. These indicators will help to focus efforts and resources for
evaluating sector performance. The report on the indicators will form a major input into the annual, mid-term, and
end-of-plan progress reports and any other reports that may be required. The underlining factor in selecting the
indicators was the logical linkages to the overall plan goal and objectives.
Data Requirements:
Determining performance assumes that there exists readily available quality data on the indicators and that the
data source for the indicator can be clearly identified in the sector; the data is collected regularly, is reliable and
can be accessed. However, the fact is that there are many data gaps that will need to be addressed before the
indicators become reliable. Currently there are gaps in the national water data base related to urban and rural
water supply coverage and data bases for surface and ground water quantity and quality at catchment level.
The key performance indicators for the programmes in the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan are shown in Annex 3.
Page 98 of 169
CHAPTER 8: COMMUNICATION PLAN
8.1. Introduction
The Communication plan for the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan has been developed as a guide to the
dissemination of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan. As indicated earlier, the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan is
an implementation plan for the water and sanitation and related sectors in the FNDP. There are many sectors and
actors at all levels (from government to community to individuals) involved in water management and thus the
need for a multi-sectoral IWRM approach to undertake the activities in an effective and efficient manner. The
MEWD will take the lead in developing the Communication Plan. However, it is possible that this responsibility
could be delegated to a specific stakeholder.
8.2. Communication Plan Objectives

The Objectives of the Communication Plan are:
To provide information and raise awareness of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan; and
To build support for implementing the activities with coordination and cooperation.
8.3. Target Stakeholders

The communication target will be stakeholders who have a role to play in IWRM specifically in the implementation
of the interventions identified in this IWRM/WE Implementation Plan as outlined in the four programme areas
(focus area) including:
Government ministries and departments

Provincial Administration
Local authorities
Legislators
Regulatory authorities
NGOs
Traditional authorities
Multi-stakeholder user groups
Print and electronic media
Cooperating partners
8.4. Activities and Budget

Table 20 outlines the activities and budget for implementing the communication plan.
Page 99 of 169
Table 20: Communication Plan activities and budget
ACTIVITY TARGET STAKEHOLDERS BUDGET K RESPONSIBLE

MILLION
Produce 2000 hard copies and 500 CDs of All 15 MEWD, MOFNP. ZWP
the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan
Hold 3 regional seminars to disseminate the Provincial administration, Local 50 MEWD, MOFNP. ZWP
plan authorities, Traditional authorities,
Multi-stakeholder user groups
Upload the plan on the websites of MEWD, All - MEWD, MOFNP. ZWP
MOFNP, ZWP
Distribute by mail hardcopies and CDs of the All 4 MEWD, MOFNP. ZWP
plan to various stakeholders
E-mail the plan to stakeholders and provide All - MEWD

regular updates
Hold regular press briefings on IWRM/WE Print and electronic media 2 MEWD, MOFNP
Implementation Plan and its implementation
progress
Issue Press releases on the IWRM/WE All - MEWD, MOFNP

Implementation Plan and its implementation
progress
Hold official Launch of the IWRM/WE All 4 MEWD, MOFNP. ZWP

Implementation Plan
Provide regular updates on the status of Water SAG 10 MEWD

implementation of IWRM/WE Implementation
Plan
Facilitate and assist in implementing the MEWD, MOFNP ZWP, Cooperating partners
communication plan
Total 87
Page 100 of 169

ANNEXES
8.5. Annex 1: Consolidated Matrix of Programmes, Issues, Strategies, Objectives and Projects
STRATEGIC PRIORITY ISSUES OBJECTIVES STRATEGIES ACTIVITIES

FOCAL AREA
1. Water Mismatch between water demand To improve water resources planning Develop tools and WATER RESOURCES PLANNING:
Resources and supply due to increasing to allow for decision-making so that mechanisms for water
Management water demand due to social and water resources supply and demand resources planning
• Assess current and future water demands considering
population and economic growth
economic growth can effectively be met
• Assess sources of water supply and associated management
options and/or investments to meet demands that take into
Inadequate forward planning to
account equity, efficiency and sustainability
secure water resources for future
demands • Develop national water resources accounts
• Map out potential sites that have adequate water resources to
Water resources management support various social economic activities (settlements and
municipal supplies, agriculture, tourism, hydropower, industry
and protected areas)
• Promote implementation of water demand management
techniques
Data and information on quantity, To provide adequate quality data and Assess surface and a) Surface water resources assessment:
quality, distribution and variability information on the status of water groundwater resources
of both ground and surface water resources for planning, management country-wide • Rehabilitate and upgrade of 300 hydrometric stations, 6 marine
resources is poor and development meteorological stations and establishing 10 new stations per
year
• Collect hydro-meteorological data
• Undertake water assessment (including existing reservoirs)
• Design & implement National water quality Monitoring Network
(including data collection)
• Forecast flood and drought (including training) in conjunction
with the Meteorological Department
• Study water quality for threatened areas such as Lusaka,
Copperbelt, Luapula, Eastern and Northern provinces
• Identify and apply appropriate surface water resources
assessment techniques
• Build capacity in surface water resources assessment at
district, provincial and National levels
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FOCAL AREA
• Collect and analyse data on surface water resources potential,

demand, use and forecast future demands
• Assess the quantity, quality, distribution, and variation of the
surface water resources
• Undertake assessment of the impacts on the water resources
arising from climate change, water pollution, river bank
cultivation, deforestation and destruction of catchment
b) Groundwater resource assessment:

• Construct 30 assessment and monitoring boreholes per year
and rehabilitate existing boreholes in areas where the
Government has directed its economic development for ground
water mapping, water levels and quality monitoring
• Collect data from existing observation boreholes (Groundwater
monitoring network)
• Develop exploration boreholes to determine potential for use in
water supply, agriculture and industry
• Rehabilitate existing observation boreholes
• Identify and apply appropriate groundwater resources
assessment techniques
• Build capacity in ground water resources assessment at district,
provincial and National levels
• Collect and analyse data on ground water resources potential,
• Assess the quantity, quality, distribution, and variation of the
ground water resources
• Undertake assessment of the impacts on the ground water
resources arising from climate change, water pollution, river
bank cultivation, deforestation and destruction of catchment
Limited Research in Water To enhance the understanding of the Establish a research unit WATER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT:
Resources Management country’s water resources, climate and build capacity in
change and come up with research within the
• Study the cyclic variation of floods and droughts
technologies that will improve access sector • Study precipitation enhancement
• Develop appropriate technology in water resources
management (i.e. water re-use)
Page 102 of 169


FOCAL AREA
• Carryout research in inter basin water transfer

• Study operations of existing and new dams to improve the
benefits
• Study the impact on water resources of erosion and land
degradation
• Study and promote water use efficiency technologies
• Study indigenous practices and knowledge in management of
water resources
• Consider appropriate technologies for water supply and
sanitation systems for persons with disabilities
• Conduct research in international waters to address specific
issues of equitable and reasonable utilisation, water allocation,
benefit sharing and stakeholder participation
Weak or inadequate legal and To develop the legal and institutional Legal and institutional Legal and institutional framework capacity enhancement:
institutional frameworks for water framework for effective and efficient framework capacity
resources development and development and management of enhancement
• Finalise revised National Water Policy
management water resources • Finalise and enact Water Resources Management Bill
• Set up National Water Authority, IWRM unit at national level
• Pilot and set up catchment councils and water users
associations (Kafue, Chalimbana, Lunsemfwa River Basins)
• Develop guidelines and regulations for catchment councils and
water users associations
• Support to development and implementation of catchment
management plans in selected areas (Kafue, Chalimbana,
Lunsemfwa River Basins)
• Undertake Stakeholder participation and awareness raising on
the new Policy, legal and Institutional framework
• Develop and apply water allocation guidelines that include
criteria and measures for water allocation and management in
times for extreme hydrological conditions
Inadequate implementation of To implement measures in the sector Incorporate activities in Legal and institutional framework capacity enhancement:
integrated water resources which enhance mainstreaming of other sectors in the
management crosscutting issues planning and
• Develop IWRM Plans and integrate into national and local
development plans
management of water
resources • Implement IWRM Plans
Page 103 of 169


FOCAL AREA
Inadequate management of To manage and develop shared Build capacity in International Waters:
international water water resources international water
resources management
• Establish an international waters unit with a system to promptly
advise government on international water related issues and
conflict management and resolution
• Build capacity within the unit to manage international waters
and in negotiating skills
• Facilitate the participation and implementation of international
programmes and plans (e.g. SADC, ZRA and ZAMCOM)
• Domesticate articles of international agreements and
conventions into local laws
• Oversee policy, legal and institutional framework governing
Inadequate collaborative To improve planning and promote Promote dialogue and Legal and institutional framework capacity enhancement:
arrangements among institutions efficient use of resources in consultation with water
involved in water resources implementation of programmes related sectors
• Finalise development of clear roles and responsibilities for the
various institutions and stakeholders and disseminate them
management and with those in
other sectors • Support and strengthen the Water Sector Advisory Group
• Undertake harmonisation of sectoral policies (e.g. energy,
irrigation, environment, etc)
• Promote involvement of traditional authorities in water
resources management (customary law and indigenous
knowledge)
Inadequate data and information To develop management information a) Establish water Information Management System for water resources, water
systems for water resources systems for planning, development, resource information supply and sanitation:
management and rural water allocation and management of water systems for effective
supply and sanitation and efficient planning,
• Set up an information network of water resources and related
resources at all levels information with databases that link to national province, district
development and
levels and catchments
management
(To have an information system that • Operate and maintain high quality information system that
will effectively support decision- should ensure the efficient collection, processing, storage,
making) Establish an information
retrieval and dissemination of information on water resources.
system to effectively
support decision-making • Provide information on water potential and demand as a basis
for water allocation in Kafue, Lunsemfwa and Chalimbana
Catchments
• Regularly update and implement information exchange
protocols
• Create and operate an information dissemination system
Page 104 of 169


FOCAL AREA
(internet etc.)
• Establish an early warning system for extreme hydrological
events such as floods and droughts and suggest extenuation
measures
• Produce weather and water 10-day bulletins
• Create and maintain both surface and ground water resource
database and the publish yearbooks
Inadequate systems to facilitate To mitigate the effects of floods and Set up a flood and FLOOD MANAGEMENT
water related disaster droughts on the society drought warning system
preparedness (floods and
• Develop and implement an appropriate early warning systems
for flood forecasting
droughts)
• Identify and map all flood prone areas in each catchment
• Prepare integrated flood management plans for all vulnerable
areas
• Develop and implement a drainage plan for all vulnerable areas
• Develop and implement protocols for monitoring, forecasting
and coordination in the event of floods
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT
• Develop and implement an appropriate early warning systems
for drought forecasting
• Identify and map all drought prone areas in each catchment
• Prepare drought mitigation plans for all vulnerable areas
• Develop and implement protocols for monitoring, forecasting
and coordination in the event of droughts
• Develop and implement appropriate adaptive mechanisms in
drought prone areas such as using water saving/ water efficient
devices and promoting drought resistant crops
Inadequate and unpredictable To raise the financial resources Align to the JASZ ECONOMICS AND FINANCING
sector funding, and relatively available for IWRM system to enable Develop national water resources accounts
lower share in budgetary tracking of commitments Prepare integrated and consolidated budgets and investment plans for
allocation and disbursements water related projects
Inadequate mechanisms to To raise the financial resources Development of ECONOMICS AND FINANCING
mobilise funds for water available for IWRM appropriate financing
resources management instruments
• Strengthen revenue collection management (by Water Board)
Page 105 of 169


FOCAL AREA
• Develop raw water pricing policy , tariff system and financing

mechanisms for water resources management and
development
• Review the effluent discharge charges and the charging
mechanism
• Prepare a Business Plan for proposed IWRM institution
• Develop national water resource accounts
Ineffective land use planning To facilitate the development of an Development of an SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
effective land use planning system integrated land use
planning system for
• Strengthen the management plans for watersheds
watersheds • Integrate land use plans into the existing guidelines and
strategies on water resources management
Alteration of natural flow regime To reduce the impact of flow Set guidelines and WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
of rivers regulation on the downstream. regulate the operation of
hydraulic structures
• Implement integrated plans for water resources development,
infrastructure maintenance and operation
• Develop a monitoring and evaluation system (dam operation
rules with environmental consideration)
• Cooperate with other riparian countries and international
organisation in the operation, utilisation and management of
infrastructure on international waters
• Build capacity in planning for sustainable infrastructure
development
• Develop appropriate and defined methods for determining
environmental flow requirements
Poor environmental health To promote the protection and Promote Environmental PROGRAMME: SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
rehabilitation of the degraded rehabilitation
environmental
• Encourage tree planting in degraded areas
• Promote sustainable land use systems on water catchment
areas
• Undertake on-farm demonstrations and training on mitigation
measures for land degradation.
• Monitor water quality for pollution control purposes
• Implement appropriate environmental flow requirements
• Implement awareness campaigns targeting different
stakeholders at national level
Page 106 of 169


FOCAL AREA
Inadequate protection of To promote integrated conservation Promote coordination of PROTECTION OF CATCHMENT AREAS AND MANAGEMENT
wetlands and sustainable utilisation of wetlands management WETLANDS:
wetlands resources
• Promote community participation in wetlands management and
Mainstreaming of the application of indigenous knowledge in management of
issues of wetland wetlands
protection into existing
policies, plans and
• Undertake inventory and classification of wetlands
strategies on water • Participate in regional and international collaboration in the
resource management of wetlands
• Improve coordination of wetland management
• Undertake public awareness on wetland values and functions.
• Build Institutional and human capacity for effective protection of
wetlands resources
• Establish sustainable wetlands resource use practices
Inadequate integrated protection To maintain and protect all water Promote the PROTECTION OF CATCHMENT AREAS AND MANAGEMENT
and management of catchment sources and the surrounding maintenance and WETLANDS:
areas environment through sustainable improvement of the
development water resources by
• Control of river bank cultivation
improving the state of • Promote the control of deforestation and land degradation
the environment especially at /headwaters
• Monitor the environment and water quality from all sources
• Incorporate environmental issues in water resources
management plans and maintain a link between water and the
environment
• Control all invasive alien aquatic and terrestrial plants
• Encourage environmental conservation and protection
Inadequate integrated protection To strengthen the management Promotion of integrated • Undertake institutional and human capacity building for the
and management of catchment systems of catchment areas. institutional and human water sector
areas capacity building
• Develop and implement catchment management plans
• Harmonise the existing legal frameworks on catchment areas
protection and water resources management
Increasing threat of invasive To minimise the impact of invasive Mitigate and manage ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING:
species species on the environment and the prevalence of
water resources. Invasive Alien Species
• Monitor the prevalence of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in
watersheds
(IAS) in watersheds
• Build capacity at entry points into Zambia to monitor the
Page 107 of 169


FOCAL AREA
possible entry of Invasive Alien Species

• Undertake the removal of Invasive Alien Species in affected
areas of Kafue and Zambezi Rivers
Increasing threat to climate To minimise peoples vulnerability to Adapt and mitigate the ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING:
change and variability the climate and the ability of the impacts of climate
various sectors to provide goods and change and variability
• Develop infrastructure for early warning and advanced planning
purposes
services
• Assess and monitor the potential impact of climate change on
ecosystems, vegetation and net carbon sinks and key sectors
of water supply, agriculture and hydropower.
• Develop capacity to identify the human and natural drivers of
climate change in the country
• Establish an effective climate data management system for
issuing weather forecasts
• Enhance management of natural resources at local level
• Participate in applicable and relevant international conventions
and their protocols to combat global warming and climate
change
Page 108 of 169


FOCAL AREA
2. Water High dependence on rain-fed To improve on food security Public awareness on WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Resources agriculture and limited utilisation irrigation DEVELOPMENT:
Infrastructure of irrigation
Development
To promote a well regulated and • Improve hydro-meteorological early warning system
profitable irrigation sub-sector that is Develop socially
attractive to both the public and desirable and
• Develop irrigation schemes (Dams, weirs, canals
private sectors economically viable • Research and application of appropriate technologies for
irrigation schemes efficient water use
• sustainable utilisation of wetlands
Facilitate irrigation
infrastructure • Construct communal bulk water supply systems
development for • Establish an irrigation development fund
improved agricultural
productivity • Develop appropriate water allocation system
Population dynamics and To improve on the planning of the Development of • Monitor demographics, water demands and use
settlement patterns provision of water and sanitation Catchment plans which
services and the development of the incorporate land use
water resource plans
Lack of ownership and protection To protect the infrastructure and Development of land • Issue rights to manage the land upon which the water
of waylay for water infrastructure enable ease of access in use plans infrastructure is located on
maintenance
• Undertake Public awareness on the importance of waylays
Page 109 of 169


FOCAL AREA
Inadequate development of the To assess , develop and allocate To develop water WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE
country’s water resources water resources in the four priority of resources to improve DEVELOPMENT:
infrastructure to meet needs of economic development of access for use for
various sectors agriculture, tourism, environment, wealth creation and
• Construct 4 small dams per year for economic production
mining, manufacturing and energy economic growth/ • Plan for construction of 2 large multi-purpose dams
productive purposes
• Construct 2 large multi-purpose dams
Promote public private

• Rehabilitate and expand dams
partnership in the • Undertake water use, irrigation and land use evaluation surveys
development if water in peri-urban areas, dambos and settlement schemes in rural
infrastructure areas
• Develop Large and mini hydro power schemes
Promote development of
multi-purpose projects • Develop irrigation schemes
• Develop of canals for irrigation and transport
Increase funding for • Provide of water and sanitation facilities to industrial and
water infrastructure manufacturing areas
• Dredge inland water ways
Inadequate policy, guidelines and To ensure development and Enhancing compliance MONITORING DEVELOPMENT OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE:
regulations on the construction, management of water infrastructure of the legal framework
operation, maintenance and in a sustainable manner (EIA regulations and
• Develop policy, guidelines and regulations on water
infrastructure management and development
monitoring of infrastructure (e.g. Water Act)
Dam operation rules) • Undertake monitoring of water infrastructure development,
operation and management
• Undertake Public awareness on regulations for water
infrastructure management and development
Inadequate water conservation Enhance security of supply and Encourage water WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE
and rainwater harvesting systems conservation of water at local level conservation and DEVELOPMENT:
rainwater harvesting
systems particularly at
• Construct rainwater harvesting facilities
local level • Undertake impact assessment, social benefits and evaluation of
the water conservation and rain water harvesting facilities
• Undertake public awareness on rainwater harvesting
Page 110 of 169

PROGRAMMES PRIORITY ISSUES OBJECTIVES STRATEGIES PROJECTS:

(STRATEGIC ACTIVITIES
FOCAL AREAS)
3. Water Supply Weak or inadequate legal and To enhance the legal framework and Develop Institutional INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING AND ENHANCEMENT:
and Sanitation institutional frameworks for the institutional framework and support for effective
rural water supply and capacity planning implementation
• Elaborate strategy on WSS
sanitation and monitoring of
RWSS
Inadequate decentralisation of To enhance the legal framework and Develop Institutional INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING AND ENHANCEMENT:
functions to manage water at the institutional framework and support for effective
local level capacity planning
• Build institutional capacities for RWSS and UWSS in planning,
implementation, monitoring, information management,
Sanitation and Hygiene Education, Operation and
implementation and maintenance and advocacy and publicity
monitoring of RWSS
and UWSS
• Training at community, district, provincial and national levels in
community management approaches and concepts of water
demand management and mainstreaming cross cutting issues
(Gender / HIV and AIDS / Environment/ IWRM)
Inadequate data and To enhance planning and Development of INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR WATER
information systems for water management of Water Supply and information RESOURCES, WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION:
resources management and Sanitation systems management system for
rural water supply and planning and
• Develop information management system for rural water
supply and sanitation
sanitation development at national,
provincial and district • Update Urban and peri-urban water supply and sanitation
information management system
Low access of water supply To increase access to safe water Provide adequate, safe RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION:
and sanitation services in rural supply to from present 37% to 66% and cost-effective water
areas of the rural population by 2010 and supply and sanitation
• Undertake capacity building at community and district levels in
planning, operation and maintenance of water supply and
increase access to proper sanitation services with due regard
sanitation systems
from 13% to 50% of the rural to environmental issues
Page 111 of 169

PROGRAMMES PRIORITY ISSUES OBJECTIVES STRATEGIES PROJECTS:

(STRATEGIC ACTIVITIES
FOCAL AREAS)
population by 2010 • Undertake integrated rural water supply and sanitation

Institutional support investment projects in all provinces, with construction of new
activities to facilitate facilities with priority given to extension of water and sanitation
more effective planning, facilities, and related hygiene education awareness
implementation and campaigns and rehabilitation of existing facilities
monitoring of RWSS
Low access of water supply To provide adequate, safe, and Development and URBAN AND PERI-URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION:
and sanitation services in urban cost-effective water supply and provision of sustainable
areas and urban poor sanitation Services water and sanitation
• Support to the national UWSS development that focuses on
enhancing institutional capacities
communities service to more people
To increase access to safe, in urban and peri-urban • Promote Commercialisation, private sector participation and
areas independent regulation
adequate water supply to 80 percent
of the urban and peri-urban • Undertake investment in construction and rehabilitation of
population by 2010, and proper WSS facilities
sanitation systems to 70 percent for
the urban and peri-urban population
• Undertake operation and maintenance of township water
supply and sanitation systems
by 2010
Inadequate mechanisms to To provide adequate, safe, and To develop legal, ECONOMICS AND FINANCING:
mobilise funds for investments cost-effective water supply and financing and economic
and operation and maintenance sanitation services instruments
• Develop appropriate tariff for urban water supply and
sanitation
of water supply and sanitation
systems • Assess viability of issuing Municipal Bonds for urban water
supply and sanitation infrastructure development
• Assess viability of integrating micro- financing schemes with
peri-urban and rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure
development
Inadequate waste management To promote environmental health Improve environmental URBAN AND PERI-URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION:
systems (dump sites, waste protection
water treatment)
• Construct land fill sites in local authorities
• Construct and rehabilitate waste water treatment plants
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STRATEGIC PRIORITY ISSUES OBJECTIVES STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES: ACTIVITIES

FOCAL AREA
4. Monitoring, Inadequate gender To implement measures in the Develop community and MAINSTREAMING CROSS CUTTING ISSUES- -GENDER AND
Evaluation and mainstreaming of water issues sector which enhance district level multi- HIV/AIDS
Capacity building into national development plans mainstreaming of crosscutting sectoral structures for
issues the implementation of
• Accelerate the representation of women at all levels and in all
spheres of water management activities
cross-cutting issues
• Ensure gender balance by defining the key roles played by
women, men and children
• Monitor and evaluate gender mainstreaming in the
development and implementation of water sector project
activities;
• Promote the use of appropriate and gender sensitive
technology
• Develop guidelines that consider gender and vulnerable in the
use and management of water resources
Development of gender mainstreaming tools
Inadequate human resource To promote capacity in order to Legal and institutional INSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY
and institutional capacity(water efficiently and effectively carry out framework capacity BUILDING AND ENHANCEMENT
resources management and the mandates of various enhancement
WSS) stakeholders
• Set up the NWA, IWRM unit at National level, catchment
councils and Water users association
Development of Human
resources
• Undertake recruitment, education and training of personnel to
align them into IWRM sphere
• Create a research and training centre for IWRM
• Conduct needs assessment and develop programme for
capacity building
• Undertake informal training and exchange or secondment
opportunities between public, non-governmental and private
sector water institutions
• Provide training in conflict management and arbitration for
water resources related conflicts and arbitration
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FOCAL AREA
Inadequate water research and To carry out research and Conduct research in WATER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
development development in selected areas in development of simple
the country for improved planning, technologies
• Develop a research and training centre for IWRM
regulation and allocation of • Research in technologies for rain water harvesting,
Zambia’s water resources reclamation, recycling etc.
Promote community
participation in water • Monitor and evaluate water resources programs and projects,
and environmental
management for
• Promote effective and efficient demand-driven water sector
research and technology development
economic growth
• Improve communication and collaboration between academic,
research and scientific institutions
Inadequate awareness or To promote efficient and sustainable Undertake advocacy PUBLIC AWARENESS AND ADVOCACY
implementation of water utilisation of water resources and publicity
demand management
• Develop awareness programmes on water demand
techniques
techniques
• Pilot the use on water demand techniques in some selected
areas
• Strengthen Consultative Forum, the Water SAG for
information sharing
Inadequate awareness of the To provide and disseminate Undertake advocacy PUBLIC AWARENESS AND ADVOCACY
role of water in economic and information on Water resources for and Publicity
social development effective planning, development,
• Develop awareness programmes on role of water in the
economy (role of water in energy, irrigation, industry, tourism,
management and utilisation
Promotion of IWRM in culture, fisheries sectors etc)
the education sector
with special emphasis
• Strengthening of Consultative Forum, the Water SAG (
effective involvement of all stakeholders including the private
on youth
sector, NGOs and civil society organisations)
• Incorporate Education programmes on the water sector in the
education curriculum
• Disseminate National Water Policy and the new water
management legislation
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FOCAL AREA
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS To implement measures in the Develop capacity in MAINSTREAMING CROSS CUTTING ISSUES- HIV/AIDS AND
sector which enhance advocacy management, GENDER
mainstreaming of crosscutting issue coordination and
monitoring of HIV/AIDS
• Implement the national HIV/AIDS policy
and Environment • Develop HIV/AIDS advocacy materials and disseminate the
information with a focus on the role of water
Develop community and • Collaborate and cooperate with the health sector and other
district level multi- sectors in supporting measures to combat HIV/AIDS
sectoral structures for
the implementation of
cross-cutting issues
Poor Monitoring and Evaluation To monitor and evaluate the Develop a coherent, MONITORING AND EVALUATION
proposed programmes in order to transparent and
determine the impacts independent monitoring
• Design and setup a monitoring and evaluation system
and evaluation system • Collect data on input and outputs of various programmes and
analyse
• Undertake impact monitoring by collecting data on the
planned outcomes
• Undertake external evaluations and studies to access long
term impacts
Page 115 of 169

8.6. Annex 2: Water Related Programmes in the FNDP Considered In the IWRM Implementation Plan
FOCAL AREA FNDP INTERVENTION OBJECTIVE SECTOR
1. Water Policy, Legal and Institutional To develop and monitor the implementation of appropriate policies, legal and institutional frameworks to Communication and Met
Resources reforms foster the development of sustainable meteorology and information and communications sub-sectors
Management
Management of Protected Areas To maintain a representation of eco-systems for the benefit of current and future generations Natural Resources
Legislation and Policy Review To develop a conducive policy and legislative framework for enhanced contribution of the sector to the Natural Resources
national economy
Sustainable Indigenous Forest To manage and conserve indigenous forests in a sustainable way Natural Resources
Resource Management
Management of Wetlands To promote conservation and sustainable utilisation of wetland resources Natural Resources
Sustainable Management of To conserve and manage national heritage Natural Resources

Heritage Resources
Export promotion Increase volume of Zambian exports, particularly in non-traditional sectors Commerce and Trade
Water Resource Management and To develop management information systems for planning, development, allocation and management of Water Resources Mgt
Information Systems water resources at catchment, national and regional level and to provide safe water and improve coverage
in Zambia
Water Resource Assessment To assess surface and groundwater resources country-wide in order to determine the quantity and quality of Water Resources Mgt
Programme available water
International Waters To manage and develop shared water resources Water Resources Mgt
Strengthening of Bilateral and To facilitate and promote regional and international cooperation Foreign Relations
Multilateral Relations
Promotion of Regional and To safeguard Zambia’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, freedom, and national security Foreign Relations
International Peace and Security
Sustainable Environmental a) To protect essential environmental processes and functions Environment

Management b) To promote sustainable development by minimising irreversible environmental damage, biodiversity loss,
waste production and pollution
Management of Environmental To establish and support an effective institutional framework able to effectively manage environmental Environment
Information information
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Local Development Programme To contribute to sustainable service delivery for communities and districts Decentralisation Local Government and
Planning and Budgeting To support local social and economic development at the district level Administration
To develop and implement a new integrated planning and budgeting system that is supportive of the
National Decentralisation Policy
Implementation of the To empower councils through the implementation of the decentralisation policy and the enhancement of Local Government and
Decentralisation Policy good governance, community participation in decision-making for effective and efficient generation, and Administration
delivery of services to local communities
Upgrading of unplanned To improve the living environment of unplanned urban settlements. Housing
settlements
Structure Plan Development To prepare Integrated Development (Structure) Plans (IDPs) for 68 districts
Environmental Health To reduce the incidence of water borne and vector borne diseases Health
2. Water Irrigation Development and To promote a well-regulated and profitable Agriculture

Resources Support irrigation sub-sector that is attractive to both the public and private sectors
Infrastructure
Development Infrastructure Development To promote public and private sector participation in the construction, installation and maintenance of Communications and
infrastructure and provision of services in the meteorological, information and communications sub-sectors Meteorology
in order to stimulate economic growth in rural and urban areas
Development and Implementation To develop and implement an appropriate policy framework in order to facilitate effective private sector Infrastructure/ Public
of Public Private Partnership participation in the construction and maintenance of public infrastructure Works
Policy
Infrastructure/ Public
Works
Public Infrastructure Management To effectively manage public infrastructure in order to ensure accountability, serviceability and prolonged Infrastructure/ Public
life span Works
Energy
Water Transport Infrastructure To facilitate the construction of water infrastructure, set standards and contribute to national development
Development
Electricity Generation and To increase generation capacity, accessibility (through transmission lines) and trade of electricity
Transmission Line Development
Rural Electrification To increase electrification levels in order to increase access for social economic development in rural Energy
communities
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Infrastructure Development and To develop, rehabilitate and maintain science and technology infrastructure Science and Technology
Rehabilitation
Development of Large scale Mines To ensure environmental sustainability by the sector Mining
3. Water Supply Urban Water Supply and To provide adequate, safe, and cost-effective water supply and sanitation services Water and Sanitation
and Sanitation Sanitation
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation To provide adequate, safe and cost-effective water supply and sanitation services with due regard to Water and Sanitation
environmental issues
Environmental Health To reduce the incidence of water borne and vector borne diseases Health
4. Capacity Mainstreaming Cross-Cutting To implement measures in the sector which enhance mainstreaming of crosscutting issues All
Building, Issues: HIV/AIDS, Gender and
Monitoring, & Environment
Evaluation
Monitoring and Evaluation To monitor and evaluate the proposed programmes in order to achieve the desired impacts All
Page 118 of 169

8.7. Annex 3: Project Concept Notes and Fact Sheets

Project Fact sheets for all prioritised projects have been developed. Concepts notes have also been developed
for selected projects. This section outlines the project fact sheets for the water resources management
component.
8.7.1. Water Resources Management
8.7.1.1. Water Resources Planning
8.7.1.2. Surface Water Resources Assessment
8.7.1.3. Groundwater Resource Assessment
8.7.1.4. Legal and Institutional Framework Capacity Enhancement
8.7.1.5. International Waters
8.7.1.6. Information Management System for water resources, water supply and sanitation
8.7.1.7. Drought Management
8.7.1.8. Flood Management
8.7.1.9. Sustainable Environmental Management
8.7.1.10. Protection of Catchment areas and management wetlands
8.7.1.11. Environmental Institutional Capacity Building
Page 119 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Water Resources Planning
Project Number 1.1
Thematic / Focus Area Water Resources Management
Duration Five (5) Years
Planned Start Date 2007
Justification/Rationale There is a mismatch between water demand and water supply caused by
increasing water demand due to social and economic growth. Within the
sector there is inadequate forward planning to secure water resources for
future demands. Data and information on socio-economics, population,
water resources, and supply and demand is rather inadequate and not
easily available. This makes long term planning in water resources difficult.
This project will support the decision making processes for water
resources and contribute to sustainable water resources management
Specific Objectives To improve water resources planning to allow for decision-making so that
water resources, supply and demand can effectively be met
Activities • Assess current and future water demands considering population and
economic growth
• Assess sources of water supply and associated management options
and/or investments to meet demands that take into account equity,
efficiency and sustainability
• Develop national water resources accounts
• Map out potential sites that have adequate water resources to
support various social economic activities (settlements and municipal
supplies, agriculture, tourism, hydropower, industry and protected
areas)
• Promote implementation of water demand management techniques
• Implement integrated plans for water resources development,
infrastructure maintenance and operation
• Develop a monitoring and evaluation system (dam operation rules
with environmental consideration)
• Develop IWRM Plans and integrate into national and local
development plans
• Implement IWRM Plans
• Cooperate with other riparian countries and international organisation
in the operation, utilisation and management of infrastructure on
international waters.
• Build capacity in planning for sustainable infrastructure development.
• Develop appropriate and defined methods for determining
environmental flow requirements
Key Outputs • Current and projected water demands
• Improved knowledge of water sources
• Management options for water supply
• Water resources accounts
• Monitoring and evaluation systems
Implementing agents MEWD, MOFNP, MLGH, MACO, ECZ, research institutions, CSO
Cost
Page 120 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Information System for Water Resources, Water Supply and
Sanitation
Project Number 1.2
Justification/Rationale There are inadequate data and information systems for water resources
management and for rural water supply. The information is key to
effectively support decision-making for water resources and for long term
planning
Specific Objectives (i) To develop management information systems for planning,
development, allocation and management of resources at all levels
(ii) To enhance planning and management of water supply and sanitation
systems
Activities • Set up an information network of water resources and related
information with databases that link to national province, district levels
and catchments
• Operate and maintain high quality information system that should
ensure the efficient collection, processing, storage, retrieval and
dissemination of information on water resources
• Provide information on water potential and demand as a basis for
water allocation in Kafue, Lunsemfwa and Chalimbana Catchments
• Regularly update and implement information exchange protocols
• Create and operate an information dissemination system (internet
etc.)
• Establish an early warning system for extreme hydrological events
such as floods and droughts and suggest extenuation measures
• Produce weather and water 10-day bulletins
• Create and maintain both surface and ground water resource
database and publish yearbooks
Key Outputs • Information network and databases
• Information system
• Water potential and water demands
• Information exchange protocols
• Information dissemination system
• Early warning system for floods and droughts
• Weather and water 10-day bulletins
• Surface and groundwater databases and yearbooks
Implementing agents MEWD, MLGH, Line Ministries, Multi-sectoral stakeholders, LAs
Cost
Page 121 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Surface Water Resources Assessment
Project Number 1.3
Justification/Rationale Data and information on quantity, quality, distribution and variability of both
ground and surface water resources is poor
Specific Objectives To support adequate quality data and information on the status of water
resources for planning, management and development
Activities • Rehabilitate and upgrade of 300 hydrometric stations, 6 marine
meteorological stations and establishing 10 new stations per year
• Collect hydro-meteorological data
• Undertake water assessment (including existing reservoirs)
• Design & implement National water quality Monitoring Network
(including data collection)
• Forecast flood and drought (including training) in conjunction with the
Meteorological Department
• Study water quality for threatened areas such as Lusaka, Copperbelt,
Luapula, Eastern and Northern provinces
• Identify and apply appropriate surface water resources assessment
techniques
• Build capacity in surface water resources assessment at district,
provincial and National levels
• Collect and analyse data on surface water resources potential,
• Assess the quantity, quality, distribution, and variation of the surface
water resources
• Undertake assessment of the impacts on the water resources arising
from climate change, water pollution, river bank cultivation,
deforestation and destruction of catchment areas/headwaters and
urban development
Key Outputs • 300 upgraded hydrometric stations
• 6 marine meteorological stations
• Hydrometeorological database
• Water quality monitoring network
• Flood and drought forecasts
• Climate change impact reports
• Surface water resources potential, demand, use information and
reports
• Climate change, water pollution impact, catchment management
information
Implementing agents MEWD, ECZ, MOTC, Line Ministries, NGOs, CBOs, and LAs, Multi-
sectoral stakeholders, Research institutions
Cost
Page 122 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Ground Water Resources Assessment
Project Number 1.4
Justification/Rationale Data and information on quantity, quality, distribution and variability of both
ground and surface water resources is poor
Specific Objectives To provide adequate quality data and information on the status of
groundwater resources for planning, management and development
Activities • Construct 30 assessment and monitoring boreholes per year and
rehabilitate existing boreholes in areas where the Government has
directed its economic development for ground water mapping, water
levels and quality monitoring
• Collect data from existing observation boreholes (Groundwater
monitoring network)
• Develop exploration boreholes to determine potential for use in water
supply, agriculture and industry
• Rehabilitate existing observation boreholes
• Identify and apply appropriate groundwater resources assessment
techniques
• Build capacity in ground water resources assessment at district,
provincial and national levels
• Collect and analyse data on ground water resources potential,
• Assess the quantity, quality, distribution, and variation of the ground
water resources
• Undertake assessment of the impacts on the ground water resources
arising from climate change, water pollution, river bank cultivation,
deforestation and destruction of catchment areas/headwaters and
urban development
Key Outputs • Assessment and monitoring boreholes
• Groundwater levels
• Exploration boreholes
• Rehabilitated observation boreholes
• Groundwater resources assessment capacity (district, provincial and
national levels)
• Groundwater resources potential, demand, and use information and
reports
• Climate change, water pollution impact, catchment management
information
Implementing agents MEWD, ECZ, Multi-sectoral stakeholders, Research institutions
Cost
Page 123 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Legal and Institutional Framework Capacity Enhancement
Project Number 1.5
Justification/Rationale For rather too long the legal and institutional frameworks for water
resources development and management have been rather weak or
inadequate. This resulted in inadequate implementation of integrated water
resources management programmes. The current legal and institutional
framework therefore needs to be strengthened in order to allow for broad
stakeholder participation and decentralised management of water
resources
Objectives To develop the legal and institutional framework for effective and efficient
development and management of water resources
Activities • Finalise revised national water policy
• Set up National Water Authority, IWRM unit at national level
• Pilot and set up catchment councils and water users associations
(Kafue, Chalimbana and Lunsemfwa River basins)
• Develop guidelines and regulations for catchment councils and water
users associations
• Support to development and implementation of catchment
management plans in selected areas (Kafue, Chalimbana and
Lunsemfwa River basins)
• Undertake stakeholder participation and awareness raising on the
new policy, legal and Institutional frameworks
• Develop and apply water allocation guidelines that include criteria and
measures for water allocation and management in times of extreme
hydrological conditions
Key Outputs • Revised national water policy and a new institutional framework
• Pilot catchment councils and water user associations established
• Water allocation criteria and guidelines developed
• Guidelines and regulations for catchment councils
• Catchment management plans
• Increased stakeholder awareness on new water policy, legal and
institutional frameworks
Implementing agents MEWD, MOJ, Cabinet, Parliament, CBOs, Line ministries, multi-sectoral
stakeholders
Cost
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PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title International Waters
Project Number 1.6
Justification/Rationale Inadequate management of international waters issues. Yet most of the
country’s rivers are shared water courses
Objectives To manage and develop shared water courses
Activities • Establish an international waters unit with a system to promptly
advise government on international water related issues and conflict
management and resolution
• Build capacity within the unit to manage international waters and in
negotiating skills
• Facilitate the participation and implementation of international
programmes and plans (e.g. SADC, ZRA and ZAMCOM)
• Domesticate articles of international agreements and conventions into
local laws
• Oversee policy, legal and institutional framework governing
Key Outputs • International water unit
• Capacity within unit to manage international waters
• Increased participation and implementation of international
programmes and plans
Implementing agents Cabinet, Training institutions, Consultants, MOFA, MOJ, Parliament, multi-
sectoral stakeholders
Cost
Page 125 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Drought Management
Project Number 1.7
Justification/Rationale • Many parts of Zambia particularly the Southern, Western and Eastern
parts of the country are affected by drought periodically. The rural
communities and particularly women and children are usually the
worst hit. Systems to facilitate drought preparedness are rather
inadequate
• Specific plans and measures need to be developed to reduce the
vulnerability of communities from droughts
Objectives To mitigate the effects of drought on the society
Activities • Develop and implement an appropriate early warning systems for
drought forecasting
• Identify and map all drought prone areas in each catchment
• Prepare drought mitigation plans for all vulnerable areas
• Develop and implement protocols for monitoring, forecasting and
coordination in the event of droughts
• Develop and implement appropriate adaptive mechanisms in drought
prone areas such as using water saving/ water efficient devices and
promoting drought resistant crops
Key Outputs • Early warning systems to forecast drought developed
• Drought prone areas mapped in each catchment
• Drought mitigations plans prepared
• Adaptive measures developed
Implementing agents MEWD, OVP, MLGH, LAs, Line Ministries
Cost
Page 126 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Flood Management
Project Number 1.8
Justification/Rationale Zambia is vulnerable to climate change and climate variability. Many parts
of the country have experienced floods and these have led to loss of lives
and livelihoods and left thousands of people homeless. Systems and
measures need to be developed to reduce the vulnerability of communities
from floods
Objectives To mitigate the effects of floods on the society
Activities • Develop and implement an appropriate early warning systems for
flood forecasting
• Identify and map all flood prone areas in each catchment
• Prepare integrated flood management plans for all vulnerable areas
• Develop and implement a drainage plan for all vulnerable areas
• Develop and implement protocols for monitoring, forecasting and
coordination in the event of floods
Key Outputs • Early warning systems for flood forecasting developed
• Maps of flood prone areas in each catchment
• Flood management plans prepared
• Drainage plans prepared for vulnerable areas
Implementing agents MEWD, OVP, MOCT, LAs, Line Ministries
Cost
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PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Sustainable Environmental Management
Project Number 1.9
Justification/Rationale Poor land-use practices have led to the destruction of protected forests
and headwaters, and land degradation. This project will promote effective
land-use practices and protection of degraded land
Objectives (i) To facilitate the development of an effective land use planning system
(ii) To promote the protection and rehabilitation of the degraded
environment
Activities • Integrate land use plans into the existing guidelines and strategies on
water resources management
• Strengthen the management plans for watersheds
• Encourage tree planting and regeneration in degraded areas
• Promote sustainable land use systems on water catchment areas
• Undertake on-farm demonstrations and training on mitigation
measures for land degradation
• Monitor water quality for pollution control purposes
• Implement appropriate environmental flow requirements
• Implement awareness campaigns on environmental management
targeting different stakeholders at national, provincial and district level
Key Outputs • Water management guidelines with integrated land use plans
• Strengthened watershed management plans
• Sustainable land use systems
• Water quality and pollution control data systems
• environmental management materials developed
Implementing agents METNR, MLGH, MACO, NGOs, Research institutions, MEWD, LAs
Cost
Page 128 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Protection of Catchment areas and Management of Wetlands
Project Number 1.10
Justification/Rationale Many wetlands and catchment areas are being over utilised and exploited.
Measures that point to the protection of wetlands and catchment areas are
inadequate. This project will build on strengthening sustainable
management and utilisation of wetlands and catchment areas
Objectives • To promote integrated conservation and sustainable utilisation of
wetlands resources
• To strengthen the management systems of catchment areas
Activities • Promote community participation in wetlands management and
application of indigenous knowledge in management of wetlands
• Undertake inventory and classification of wetlands
• Participate in regional and international collaboration in the
management of wetlands
• Improve coordination of wetland management
• Undertake public awareness on wetland values and functions.
• Build Institutional and human capacity for effective protection of
wetlands resources
• Establish sustainable wetlands resource use practices
• Control river bank cultivation
• Promote the control of deforestation and land degradation especially
at headwaters
• Incorporate environmental issues in water resources management
plans and maintain a link between water and the environment
• Undertake the removal of invasive alien species in affected areas of
Kafue and Zambezi
• Build capacity at entry points into Zambia to monitor the possible
entry of invasive alien species
• Harmonise of the existing legal frameworks on catchment areas
protection and water resources management
Key Outputs • Improved indigenous knowledge
• Wetlands inventory
• Coordination mechanisms on wetlands management
• Human and institutional capacity for wetlands protection
• Protected headwaters
• Alien species monitoring capacity
• Harmonised legal frameworks for wetlands management
Implementing agents METNR, MEWD, MACO, NGOs, RBOs, MOJ, Research institutions, line
ministries, traditional authorities, MOL, LAs
Cost
Page 129 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Environmental Institutional Capacity Building
Project Number 1.11
Justification/Rationale There is an increasing threat to climate change and variability on one hand
and the need to build institutional capacity for improved natural resources
management. This project will endeavour to strengthen the management
systems for sustainable utilisation of natural resources
Objectives To strengthen management systems of for sustainable utilisation of natural
resources; To minimise peoples vulnerability to the climate and the ability
of the various sectors to provide goods and services
Activities • Improve coordination and administration
• Institutional development and capacity building
• Develop infrastructure for early warning and advanced planning
purposes
• Assess and monitor the potential impact of climate change on
ecosystems, vegetation and net carbon sinks and key sectors of
water supply, agriculture and hydropower
• Develop capacity to identify the human and natural drivers of climate
change in the country
• Establish an effective climate data management system for issuing
weather forecasts
• Enhance management of natural resources at local level
• Participate in applicable and relevant international conventions and
their protocols to combat global warming and climate change
Key Outputs • Early warning systems
• Monitoring reports
• Climate data management system
• Enhanced local level natural resources management
Implementing agents METNR, Line ministries, Cabinet, training institutions
Cost
Page 130 of 169

WATER RESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

CONCEPT NOTES
Water Resource Development and Infrastructure Development
THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT
Integrated Water Resources Management/WE Implementation Plan
Project Concept Note
Last update of this PCN
PART A: PROJECT SUMMARY
18 August 2007
State Province City/Town Reference Number
Zambia Whole country Lusaka PCN 2.1
Project Title
Water Resource Development and Infrastructure Development
Sector Sub-sector Type of project
Water Water Resources Management Water Resources Infrastructure
Implementing Agency Type of Institution (Government, Contact Details
Department of Water Affairs Government P.O. Box 50288, Lusaka
Partner Agencies Type of Institution and role in Contact Details
Ministry of Agriculture and Government-technical support, The Director
Cooperatives financing, implementation Department of Water Affairs
Ministry of Works and Supply, Local P.O. Box 50288
Authorities Private- financing, implementation LUSAKA
Tel. 260-1-248304
Private sector E-mail: AHussen@mewd.gov.zm
Anticipated start date Estimated time to implement Estimated Cost in K Billion
1st July 2008 Five Years 1,034.95
PART B: PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES
Project description: (A list or short narration that describes the project and its rationale)
The project will involve the construction and rehabilitation of water infrastructure which include dams, canals, irrigation schemes and hydro
power generation projects. THIS will facilitate the control of water and make it available in the required quantity and quality to enhance its
utilisation for economic growth.
Project fit with national and regional planning frameworks: (Describe how the project fits into existing)
In the fifth National Development plan that Zambia is implementing, one of the emphasises is on improving availability, access to water for
irrigation, industry and domestic use and for services such as water transport and electricity.. At SADC regional level Regional Indicative
Strategic Development Plan (RISDP) emphasises co-operation in infrastructure in order to ensure the availability of a sufficient, integrated,
efficient and cost-effective infrastructure that will support and sustain regional economic development, trade, investment, agriculture and
contribute towards poverty eradication. The strategies for achieving this goal include establishing and strengthening shared watercourse
systems; and promoting the development of water infrastructure. Development of water infrastructure is necessary to achieve these
national and regional goals and has been identified as one of the priority areas of intervention
Project objectives: (A list of up to say 6 of the key objectives)
To construct and rehabilitate water infrastructure
To conserve the country’s water resources and make them available for economic and social activities
Project outputs and / or deliverables: (A list of the tangible items that will be produced by the project)
Construct and rehabilitate dams
Construct and rehabilitate irrigation systems
Develop ground water
Construct and rehabilitate canals
Construct hydraulic structures for hydro power stations
Intended beneficiaries: (A brief exposition of who will benefit from the project)
The people of Zambia among them the farmers, hydropower and water supply utility companies
Project contribution to IWRM: (Describe how the project contributes to IWRM)
Unless the water resources are developed it will be difficult to control the variability in resource availability and demand thus compromise
on achieving equity and sustainable utilisation
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Project contribution to meeting the MDG’s: (Describe how the project contributes to the MDG’s)
Water contributes and is a key driver of almost all the MDGs, but more directly, it contributes to the eradication of extreme poverty and
hunger through food production, improved water supply. Also it play’s an important role in ensuring environmental sustainability
PART C: SUPPORTING INFORMATION (In each of the sections below provide notes about the project’s design relative to the issue and
what has already been done or what will be done. include both costs and benefits)
1. Social and Environmental Sustainability: (Including impacts and mitigation strategies, EIA status)
A good understanding of impacts of water infrastructure development will help in the decision making of mitigation measures. EIA
procedures are in place to ensure environmental concerns are addressed
2. Participation: (Who are the stakeholders and how are they participating?)
Developers and financers of water infrastructure who comprise government (local and central), private sector, local communities and
cooperating partners. Government will mainly finance public works while Public- Private Partnerships are being promoted for large projects
such as the hydro power schemes and community management approach for local community based projects
3. Gender and Health Issues:
Consideration of gender issues will be undertaken to ensure substantive equality between women and men through mainstreaming gender
into project activities to promote participation, decision making and management of the infrastructure. The involvement of all will ensure
acceptable designs and sustainability in the operations of the infrastructure. Health considerations would mainly involve water borne
diseases and their risk and mitigation measures would be identified in the EIA of the project
4. Legal framework: (Status of the project partners, compliance with national law and international treaty etc)
The current legal framework regulates the development of surface water resources. The Water Act and the Environmental Protection and
Pollution Control Act are the main laws to abide by. It is also not restrictive on who should participate in water infrastructure development.
The SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses and other international treaties to which Zambia is a party provide the framework for the
country to comply to international obligations
5. Risks and uncertainties: (Are there any issues that may prevent or inhibit implementation?)
Securing adequate funding and lengthy procedures to meet planning regulations such as EIAs may delay the implementation
6. Any other relevant issues: (E.g. technology, skills, capacity building, institutional development etc)
The IWRM reforms under implementation will provide both the legal and institutional framework in which IWRM will be implemented. These
will contribute to improved framework for water resources infrastructure development
7. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework: (Provide a preliminary indication of how M&E will be implemented)
Government has provided a monitoring framework for the Fifth National Development Plan through the newly created division of planning in
the Ministry of Finance and National Planning. The Division with the Water SAG will develop indicators for all the programmes including this
one upon which monitoring activities will be based
PART D: FINANCIAL
1. Provisional Project budget:
DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY ESTIMATE K Billion
Development of water for productive purposes (Dams, springs etc)
Development of irrigation schemes
Development of hydro-meteorological infrastructure
Development of water ways for water transport
Development of hydro-power generation facilities
TOTAL 1,034.95
2. Provisional Financial programme: (Expected cash flows for the next five years)
Current YEAR Year +1 Year + 2 Year + 3 year +4 TOTAL
K Billion
1,034.95
3. Contributions: (Set out the anticipated sources of financing for the project and type e.g. grant, loan)
EXPECTED SOURCE NATURE ESTIMATE K Billion
1. Cooperating partners Grant
2. Government of the Republic of Zambia Counterpart funding
TOTAL 1,034.95
4. Security: (Provide details of how any financing can be secured)
Government has a well established transparent system on programme/project expenditure which can reasonably secure all project funds
Page 132 of 169

Monitoring Development of Water Infrastructure

18 August 2007
Project Title
Monitoring Development of Water Infrastructure
Water Water Resources Management Water Resources Infrastructure
Department of Water Affairs Government P.O. Box 50288, Lusaka
Partner Agencies Type of Institution and role in Contact Details
Ministry of Agriculture and Government-technical support, The Director
Cooperatives, financing, regulating and monitoring Department of Water Affairs
Water Board developments P.O. Box 50288
Local Authorities LUSAKA
Tel. 260-1-248304
Private sector Private- self monitoring E-mail: AHussen@mewd.gov.zm
Anticipated start date Estimated time to implement Estimated Cost in K Billion
1st July 2008 Five Years 0.85
The project will provide for the development of a monitoring system consisting of key indicators, the institutional design to enhance and the
field collection of data and regular inspections and the establishment of an information and decision-making IT system. This will enable
effective regulation and monitoring of water infrastructure development to ensure they are implemented in a holistic and sustainable
manner
Project fit with national and regional planning frameworks: (Describe how the project fits into existing programmes and how it aligns
with policy)
In the Fifth National Development Plan that Zambia is implementing as well as in the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development
Plan as well as the SADC Water Regional Strategic Action Plan, one of the priority areas of intervention is development of water
infrastructure which is necessary to achieve improving availability, access to water and services such as water transport and electricity.
Monitoring water infrastructure is important to ensure compliance to regulations and sustainability of the developments
i). To ensure water infrastructure development is undertaken according to regulations
ii). To ensure management of water infrastructure is undertaken in a sustainable manner
iii) To improve decision making on the planning, development and management of water infrastructure
Policy, guidelines and regulations on water infrastructure development and management developed.
Monitoring of water infrastructure development, operation and management enhanced.
Data base of the management of water infrastructure
Public aware of regulations for water infrastructure development and management.
The people of Zambia among them the farmers, hydropower and water supply utility companies, including the environment as good
practice in infrastructure development and operation will be enhanced
Equity, efficiency and environmental sustainability will be ensured through the monitoring of the infrastructure development and operation
such that this is done within the set regulations
Water contributes and is a key driver of almost all the MDGs, but more directly, it contributes to the eradication of extreme poverty and
hunger through food production, improved water supply. Also it play’s an important role in ensuring environmental sustainability
what has already been done or what will be done. Include both costs and benefits)
Page 133 of 169

An effective monitoring of water infrastructure development will help in the decision making of mitigation measures of impacts and ensure
equity in access to water and compliance to set regulations
Developers and financers of water infrastructure who comprise government, private sector and cooperating partners have the interest to
ensure their projects are planned, executed and operated in compliance to set regulations. Government will monitor compliance and grant
permits/ licences. The private sector and community stakeholders will undertake self- monitoring
Gender has gained a prominent role in the water sector because women and children are the most affected if water is not properly
managed to improve access. Mitigation measures against water borne diseases will be part of project design
The current legal framework regulates the development of surface water resources. The protocol on shared watercourses and other
international treaties to which Zambia is a party provide the framework for the country to comply with international obligations
Securing adequate funding and effective coordination and capacity at local level to undertake the monitoring
The IWRM reforms under implementation will provide both the legal and institutional framework in which IWRM will be implemented. These
will contribute to improved framework for monitoring water resources infrastructure development
Government has provided a monitoring framework for the Fifth National Development plan through the newly created division of planning in
the Ministry of Finance and National Planning. The Division with the Water SAG will develop indicators for all the programmes including this
one upon which monitoring activities will be based
PART D: FINANCIAL
1. Provisional Project Budget:
1. Develop policy, guidelines and regulations on water
infrastructure development and management
2. Undertake monitoring of water infrastructure development,
operation and management
3. Undertake public awareness on regulations for water
infrastructure development and management
TOTAL 0.85
2. Provisional Financial Programme: (Expected cash flows for the next five years)
K Billion
0.3 0.25 0.20 0.100 0.85
1. Cooperating partners Grant 0.25
2. Government of the Republic of Zambia Counterpart funding 0.60
TOTAL
4. Security: (Provide details of how any financing can be secured)
Page 134 of 169

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION CONCEPT NOTES

Institutional Capacity Building and Enhancement
25 October 2007
Project Title
Institutional Capacity Building and Enhancement
Water Water Supply and Sanitation Capacity Building
Department of Infrastructure and
Government P.O. Box , Lusaka
Support Services
Partner Agencies Type of Institution and role in project Contact Details
Ministry of Energy and Water Water resources assessment, technical The Director
Development advice Department of Infrastructure and Support Services,
Ministry of Local Government and Housing.
Local Authorities Planning, resource and community P.O. Box
mobilisation LUSAKA
Tel. 260-1-253643
NGOs Planning, resource and community
E-mail:
mobilisation
Anticipated start date Estimated time to implement Estimated Cost in K (Billion)
2007 Five Years (2007-2011)
The project will undertake elaboration of the domestic water supply and sanitation (WSS) strategies and enhance institutional capacity
building in implementing WSS initiatives. This will ultimately increase access to safe water and sanitation and improve sustainability of the
facilities in Zambia
with policy)
Provision of water supply and sanitation in rural and urban Zambia is currently low. In rural there is 35% coverage for water supply and
13% for sanitation, while in urban areas there is 86% coverage for water supply and 41% for sanitation. This project will contribute to
improved health and reduce poverty through the increase in coverage for rural and urban water supply and sanitation. This is in line with
the following:
• National Water Policy aim of increasing accessibility to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities to achieve the overall national goal
of “universal access to safe, adequate and reliable water supply and sanitation services”
• Fifth National Development Plan theme of broad based wealth and job creation through citizenry participation and technological
advancement and has the improvement of water supply and sanitation as one of the priority areas of intervention
• Meeting the MDGs target on WSS
To enhance planning of WSS programmes
To build capacity the of WSS implementers in execution of WSS programmes
To enhance sustainability of WSS programmes
The following will be the deliverables:
• A strategy for water supply and sanitation
• Capacity built in institutions in UWSS and RWSS planning, implementation, monitoring, information management, sanitation and
hygiene education
• Training of local communities in managing WSS systems
Page 135 of 169

The people in the rural and urban areas of Zambia
Water supply and sanitation is one of the sub-sectors that utilises 16% of the water resource. Its integration into the overall IWRM
framework will lead sustainable and equitable access to safe water supply and proper sanitation to meet basic needs for improved health
and alleviating poverty
If Zambia has to meet the MDGs by 2015, the proposed project will build capacity that will enable the country better plan, manage,
implement and sustain faculties thus increase on the WSS coverage to meet the MDGs by directly halving the number of people in Zambia
without access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and thereby contributing to reducing poverty
The wellbeing of the people as well as the environment will be enhanced by having adequate capacity to plan for and manage WSS
facilities
Provincial Administration, Local Authorities, NGOs, traditional leadership, local communities, and water utility companies will participate in
consultations and training activities
Gender equity with special focus of enhancing women’s participation and promoting capacity in hygiene education will be considered
The Ministry of Local Government and Housing has the overall mandate over WSS and will coordinate all the partners
Securing adequate funding and effective collaboration and coordination between the various stakeholders
Clear institutional roles have been spelled out under the water sector reforms. Capacity building through the WASHE approach is being
built at community level, while commercialisation is being pursued for UWSS
Government has provided a monitoring framework for the Fifth National Development plan through the creation of a division of planning in
the Ministry of Finance and National Planning. The M and E will also be overseen by the Water SAG which has a working group on water
PART D: FINANCIAL
Elaborate on water supply and sanitation strategy
Undertake capacity building in UWSS planning, implementation,
monitoring, information management, sanitation and hygiene
education
Undertake capacity building in RWSS planning, implementation,
education
Conduct Training in community management approaches, concepts
water demand management, IWRM at District, Provincial and
National levels
TOTAL
K (Billion)
TOTAL
4. Security:(Provide details of how any financing can be secured)
Page 136 of 169

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Integrated Water Resources Management/We Implementation Plan
25 October 2007
Project Title
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Water Water Supply and Sanitation
Support Services
Ministry of Energy and Water Water resources assessment, technical The Director
Development advice Department of Infrastructure and Support Services,
Ministry of Local Government and Housing.
Local Authorities Planning, resource and community P.O. Box
mobilisation LUSAKA
Tel. 260-1-253643
NGOs Planning, resource and community
E-mail:
mobilisation
2007 Five Years (2007-2011) 292.6
The project will undertake new investments as well as rehabilitation of water supply and sanitation facilities in the Country. New hand dug
wells, boreholes and pit latrines will be constructed during the project period. Facilities that are not functioning will be rehabilitated. In
addition capacity in O&M will be built and hygiene education undertaken This will ultimately increase access to safe water and sanitation
which is currently low in the rural areas of Zambia
with policy)
Provision of water supply and sanitation in rural Zambia is currently low with 35% coverage for water supply and 13% for sanitation. This
project will contribute to improved health and reduce poverty through the increase in coverage for rural water supply and sanitation. This is
in line with the following:
• National Water Policy aim of “increasing accessibility to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities for the rural population of Zambia”
so as to achieve the overall national goal of “universal access to safe, adequate and reliable water supply and sanitation services”
• MDGs target on WSS
To increase access to functional rural water supply water points
To increase number of people in rural areas using safe sanitation facilities
To improve health
To contribute to poverty reduction
• Hand dug wells, boreholes, protected springs and pit latrines as part of the new investments
• Hand dug wells and boreholes rehabilitated
The people in the rural areas of Zambia
Page 137 of 169

framework will lead to the rural population have sustainable and equitable access to safe water supply and proper sanitation to meet basic
needs for improved health and alleviating poverty
If Zambia has to meet the MDGs by 2015, the proposed project will enable the country increase on the WSS facilities to meet the MDGs by
directly halving the number of people in Zambia without access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and thereby contributing to reducing
poverty
The wellbeing of the people as well as the environment will be enhanced by having adequate WSS facilities. Rural WSS facilities are small
scale and thus do not pose an environmental concern. EIA procedures will be followed if a project falls under the EIA regulations
Provincial Administration, Local Authorities, NGOs, traditional leadership, local communities
Site selection, technology choices, management and use of facilities will have gender and health considerations
The project partners are not limited by any legal issue. The Ministry of Local Government and Housing has the overall mandate over WSS
and will coordinate all the partners
Though not serious, counterpart funding and government bureaucracy may delay the implementation of some activities
Clear institutional roles have been spelled out under the water sector reforms. Capacity building through the WASHE Concept is being built
at community level
PART D: FINANCIAL
New investments
1. Hand dug wells
2. boreholes, and development of other sources (e.g. springs)
3. Pit latrines
Rehabilitations
4. Hand dug wells
5. Boreholes and other sources
Capacity building
6. Establishment and training of water committees
7. Undertaking hygiene and health education
TOTAL 292.6
K (Billion)
TOTAL
Page 138 of 169

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation

25 October 2007
Project Title
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
Support Services
Commercial Utilities Planning and Implementation The Director
Department of Infrastructure and Support Services,
Local Authorities Planning, resource and community Ministry of Local Government and Housing.
mobilisation P.O. Box
LUSAKA
Tel. 260-1-253643
E-mail:
2007 Five Years (2007-2011) 290.8
The project will undertake new investments as well as rehabilitation of water supply and sanitation facilities in the urban areas of the
country. In addition support to establishing commercial utilities and capacity in operating commercial utilities will be built. This will ultimately
increase access to safe water and sanitation in the urban areas of Zambia
with policy)
Coverage of water supply and sanitation in urban Zambia is currently 86% and 41% respectively. This project will contribute to improved
health and reduce poverty through the increase in coverage for urban water supply and sanitation. This is in line with the following:
• National Water Policy aim of “increasing accessibility to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities for the population of Zambia” so
as to achieve the overall national goal of “universal access to safe, adequate and reliable water supply and sanitation services”
To increase access to urban water supply
To increase number of people in urban areas using safe sanitation facilities
To improve on the delivery and sustainability of the WSS services
• Water and waste water treatment plants improved
• Water distribution systems (pipe networks, reservoirs) improved
• Capability of commercial utilities to effectively and efficiently deliver WSS services enhanced
• Solid waste dump sites in place
The people in the urban areas of Zambia
Page 139 of 169

framework will lead to the urban population having sustainable and equitable access to safe water supply and proper sanitation to meet
basic needs for improved health and alleviating poverty
increasing access of water supply to 95% and sanitation to 80% in urban areas of Zambia
The wellbeing of the people as well as the environment will be enhanced by having adequate WSS facilities. EIA procedures under the EIA
regulations will be followed for the projects
Commercial utilities will be the implementers. Local Authorities will plan for the services as they have the overall responsibilities to ensure
WSS services are provided
Management and use of facilities will have gender and health considerations
Clear institutional roles have been spelled out under the water sector reforms. Capacity building of the commercial utilities in terms of
investments and skills will be key to success
PART D: FINANCIAL
New investments 123.9
1. Construction of water treatment plants
2. Construction of waste water treatment plants
3. Construction and operation of solid waste dump sites (solid waste (23.9)
management
Rehabilitations 97.4
4. Water treatment plants, water pipelines, pumps
5. Waste water treatment
Operation and maintenance of water schemes 19.4
Capacity building
6. Commercialisation of utilities (metering systems, billing, 50.0
management processes, customer care etc)
7. human resources
TOTAL 290.8
K (Billion)
52.8 70.7 61.7 58.0 47.6
TOTAL 290.8
Page 140 of 169

Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation

25 October 2007
Project Title
Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
Support Services
Commercial Utilities Planning and Implementation The Director
Local Authorities Planning, resource and community Department of Infrastructure and Support Services,
NGOs mobilisation Ministry of Local Government and Housing.
Planning, resource and community P.O. Box, LUSAKA
mobilisation Tel. 260-1-253643:
2007 Five Years (2007-2011) 644.3
The project will undertake new investments as well as rehabilitation of water supply and sanitation facilities in the peri-urban areas of the
country. Support will be provided to commercial utilities and Local Authorities. This will ultimately increase access to safe water and
sanitation in the urban areas of Zambia
with policy)
Between 40-80% of the people in Urban areas reside in peri-urban areas and informal settlements. Government plans to have 100%
coverage of water supply and sanitation in peri-urban areas by 2015. This project will contribute to improved health and reduce poverty
through the increase in coverage for peri-urban water supply and sanitation. This is in line with the following:
• National Water Policy aim of “increasing accessibility to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities for the population of Zambia” so
as to achieve the overall national goal of “universal access to safe, adequate and reliable water supply and sanitation services”
To increase access to peri-urban water supply
To increase number of people in peri urban areas using safe sanitation facilities.
To improve on the delivery and sustainability of the WSS services in peri-urban areas
• Water points (public standpipes, kiosks and individual yard or house connections)
• Toilets
• Solid waste collection system
The people in the peri-urban areas of Zambia
framework will lead to the peri-urban population having sustainable and equitable access to safe water supply and proper sanitation to
meet basic needs for improved health and alleviating poverty
Page 141 of 169

increasing access of water supply to 95% and sanitation to 80% in urban areas of Zambia by 2015
The wellbeing of the people as well as the environment will be enhanced by having adequate WSS facilities. EIA procedures under the EIA
regulations will be followed for the projects
Commercial utilities will be the implementers. Local Authorities will plan for the services as they have the overall responsibilities to ensure
WSS services are provided. NGOs will facilitate community mobilisation, advocacy and mobilisation of financial resources
Management and use of facilities will have gender and health considerations
Clear institutional roles have been spelled out under the water sector reforms. Capacity building of the commercial utilities in terms of
investments and skills will be the key to success
PART D: FINANCIAL
New investments
1. Construction of water points
2. Construction of toilets
3. Solid waste management
Rehabilitations
4. Water points
5. Waste water treatment
Operation and maintenance of water schemes
Capacity building
6. Community management and participation, metering systems,
billing, management processes, customer care etc)
7. human resources
TOTAL 644.3
K (Billion)
157.3 146.2 124.4 103.1 113.2
TOTAL 644.3
Page 142 of 169

8.8. Annex 3: Project Fact Sheets

This section presents project fact sheets for projects identified under the infrastructure development, water supply
and sanitation, and Monitoring, evaluation and capacity building components.
PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Water Resources Development and Infrastructure Development
Project Number 2.1
Thematic / Focus Area Water Resources Infrastructure Development
Justification/Rationale The project will involve the construction and rehabilitation of water
infrastructure which include dams, canals, irrigation schemes and hydro
power generation projects. This will facilitate the control of water and make
it available in the required quantity and quality to enhance its utilisation for
economic growth
Objectives • To construct and rehabilitate water infrastructure
• To conserve the country’s water resources and make them available
for economic and social activities
Activities • Development of water for productive purposes (Dams, springs etc)
• Development of irrigation schemes
• Development of hydro-meteorological infrastructure
• Development of water ways for water transport
• Development of hydro-power generation facilities
Key Outputs • Construct and rehabilitate dams
• Construct and rehabilitate irrigation systems
• Develop ground water
• Construct and rehabilitate canals
• Construct hydraulic structures for hydro power stations
Implementing agents • Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
• Ministry of Energy and Water Development
• Ministry of Works and Supply, Local Authorities
• Private sector
Cost
Page 143 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Monitoring Development of Water Infrastructure
Project Number 2.2
Thematic / Focus Area Water Resources Infrastructure Development
Justification/Rationale The project will provide for the development of a monitoring system
consisting of key indicators, the institutional design to enhance and the
field collection of data and regular inspections and the establishment of an
information and decision-making IT system. This will enable effective
regulation and monitoring of water infrastructure development to ensure
they are implemented in a holistic and sustainable manner
Objectives • To ensure water infrastructure development is undertaken according
to regulations
• To ensure management of water infrastructure is undertaken in a
sustainable manner
• To improve decision making on the planning, development and
management of water infrastructure
Activities • Develop policy, guidelines and regulations on water infrastructure
• Undertake monitoring of water infrastructure development, operation
and management
• Undertake public awareness on regulations for water infrastructure
Key Outputs • Policy, guidelines and regulations on water infrastructure
development and management developed
• Monitoring of water infrastructure development, operation and
management enhanced
• Data base of the management of water infrastructure
• Public aware of regulations for water infrastructure development and
management
Implementing agents • Ministry of Energy and Water Development
• Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
• Water Board
• Local Authorities
• Private sector
Cost
Page 144 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (Construction and rehabilitation of
facilities)
Project Number 3.1
Thematic / Focus Area Water Supply and Sanitation
Justification/Rationale The project will undertake new investments as well as rehabilitation of
water supply and sanitation facilities in the Country. New hand dug wells,
boreholes and pit latrines will be constructed during the project period.
Facilities that are not functioning will be rehabilitated. In addition capacity
in O&M will be built and hygiene education undertaken This will ultimately
increase access to safe water and sanitation which is currently low in the
rural areas of Zambia
Objectives • To increase access to functional rural water supply water points
• To increase number of people in rural areas using safe sanitation
facilities
• To improve health
• To contribute to poverty reduction
Activities • New investments
• Hand dug wells
• boreholes, and development of other sources (e.g. springs)
• Pit latrines
• Rehabilitations
• Hand dug wells
• Boreholes and other sources
• Capacity building
• Establishment and training of water committees
• Undertaking hygiene and health education
Key Outputs • Hand dug wells, boreholes, protected springs and pit latrines as part
of the new investments
• Hand dug wells and boreholes rehabilitated
Implementing agents • Department of Infrastructure and Support Services
• NGOs
Cost
Page 145 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Institutional Capacity Building and Enhancement
Project Number 3.2
Justification/Rationale The project will undertake elaboration of the domestic water supply and
sanitation (WSS) strategies and enhance institutional capacity building in
implementing WSS initiatives. This will ultimately increase access to safe
water and sanitation and improve sustainability of the facilities in Zambia
Objectives • To enhance planning of WSS programmes
• To build capacity the of WSS implementers in execution of WSS
programmes
• To enhance sustainability of WSS programmes
Activities • Elaborate on water supply and sanitation strategy
• Undertake capacity building in UWSS planning, implementation,
education
• Undertake capacity building in RWSS planning, implementation,
education
• Conduct Training in community management approaches, concepts
water demand management, IWRM at District, Provincial and
National levels
Key Outputs • A strategy for water supply and sanitation
• Capacity built in institutions in UWSS and RWSS planning,
implementation, monitoring, information management, sanitation and
hygiene education
• Training of local communities in managing WSS systems
• NGOs
Cost
Page 146 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Rehabilitation of facilities)
Project Number 3.3
water supply and sanitation facilities in the urban areas of the country. In
addition support to establishing commercial utilities and capacity in
operating commercial utilities will be built. This will ultimately increase
access to safe water and sanitation in the urban areas of Zambia
Objectives • To increase access to urban water supply
• To increase number of people in urban areas using safe sanitation
facilities
• To improve on the delivery and sustainability of the WSS services
• Construction of water treatment plants
• Construction of waste water treatment plants
• Construction and operation of solid waste dump sites (solid waste
management
• Rehabilitations
• Water treatment plants, water pipelines, pumps
• Waste water treatment
• Operation and maintenance of water schemes

• Commercialisation of utilities (metering systems, billing, management
processes, customer care etc)
• human resources
Key Outputs • Water and waste water treatment plants improved
• Water distribution systems (pipe networks, reservoirs) improved
• Capability of commercial utilities to effectively and efficiently deliver
WSS services enhanced
• Solid waste dump sites in place
• Commercial Utilities
Cost
Page 147 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
Project Number 3.4
water supply and sanitation facilities in the peri-urban areas of the country.
Support will be provided to commercial utilities and Local Authorities. This
will ultimately increase access to safe water and sanitation in the urban
areas of Zambia
Objectives • To increase access to peri-urban water supply
• To increase number of people in peri urban areas using safe
sanitation facilities
• To improve on the delivery and sustainability of the WSS services in
peri-urban areas
• Construction of water points
• Construction of toilets
• Solid waste management
• Rehabilitations
• Water points
• Waste water treatment
• Operation and maintenance of water schemes

• Community management and participation, metering systems, billing,
management processes, customer care etc)
• human resources
Key Outputs • Water points (public standpipes, kiosks and individual yard or house
connections)
• Toilets
• Solid waste collection system
• Commercial Utilities
Cost
Page 148 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Mainstreaming Cross-Cutting Issues – Gender and HIV/AIDS
Project Number
Thematic / Focus Area Monitoring, Evaluation and Capacity Building
Justification/Rationale Inadequate gender mainstreaming of water issues into national
development plans; and the prevalence of HIVAIDS pandemic
Objectives To implement measures in the sector which enhance mainstreaming of
crosscutting issues
Activities • Monitor and evaluate gender mainstreaming in the development and
implementation of water sector project activities
• Promote the use of appropriate and gender sensitive technology
• Develop guidelines that consider gender and vulnerable in the use
and management of water resources
• Develop and disseminate of gender mainstreaming tools
• Implement the national HIV/AIDS policy
• Develop HIV/AIDS advocacy materials and disseminate the
information with a focus on the role of water
• Collaborate and cooperate with the health sector and other sectors in
supporting measures to combat HIV/AIDS
Key Outputs • Monitoring and evaluation reports
• Programmes, Information, pamphlets, posters promoting appropriate
and gender sensitive technology
• Gender sensitive/ vulnerable user guidelines on the use and
management of water resources
• Gender mainstreaming tools, and record of institutions, organisations,
communities in possession of the tools
• HIV/AIDS advocacy materials, record of communities and
organisations in receipt of materials
• Minutes of collaboration and coordination meetings
Implementing agents
Cost
Page 149 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Institutional and Human Resource Capacity Building and
Enhancement
Project Number
Justification/Rationale Sector programmes and progress is hampered by inadequate human
resource and institutional capacity. This project will support strengthening
of institutional and human resources capacity
Objectives To promote capacity in order to efficiently and effectively carry out the
mandates of various stakeholders
Activities • Undertake recruitment, education and training of personnel to align
them into IWRM sphere
• Create a research and training centre for IWRM
• Conduct needs assessment and develop programme for capacity
building
• Undertake informal training and exchange or secondment of staff
between public, non-governmental and private sector water
institutions
• Provide training in conflict management and arbitration for water
resources related conflicts and arbitration.
Key Outputs • Personnel trained in IWRM sphere
• IWRM research centre
• Needs assessment report and capacity building programme in place
• Number of trained human resources in conflict resolution and
arbitration
Implementing agents MEWD, UNZA, Cabinet, Training and research institutions, NGOs,
Consultants, Line ministries, multi-sectoral stakeholders
Cost
Page 150 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Water Research and Development
Project Number
Justification/Rationale Knowledge on key water related issues such as technology development,
water allocation and quality and quantity of water resources needs better
understanding than is currently known. There is therefore need to carry out
water research and development
Objectives To enhance the understanding of the country’s water related issues, and
develop solutions and technologies that will improve planning, regulation,
development, management, allocation and access of water
Activities • Research on application of appropriate technologies for efficient
water use
• Study the cyclic variation of floods and droughts
• Study precipitation enhancement
• Develop appropriate technology in water resources management (i.e.
water re-use)
• Carryout research in inter basin water transfer
• Study operations of existing and new dams to improve the benefits
• Study the impact on water resources of erosion and land degradation
• Study indigenous practices and knowledge in management of water
resources
• Consider appropriate technologies for water supply and sanitation
systems for persons with disabilities
• Conduct research in international waters to address specific issues of
equitable and reasonable utilisation, water allocation, benefit sharing
and stakeholder participation
Key Outputs • Research results on appropriate technologies and efficient use, inter-
basin transfer
• Study reports on variation of floods and droughts, precipitation
enhancement
• Dam operations and benefits reports
Implementing agents MEWD, UNZA IWRM centre, research institutions, NGOs, Line ministries,
Consultants, traditional authorities
Cost
Page 151 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Public Awareness and Advocacy
Project Number
Justification/Rationale While water plays a key role in national development, its role in national
development is not well known. Awareness of the role of water in
economic and social development is inadequate; awareness and
implantation of water demand management techniques is equally
inadequate
Objectives To provide and disseminate information on water resources for effective
planning, development, management and utilisation
Activities • Develop awareness programmes on water demand techniques
• Pilot the use on water demand techniques in some selected areas
• Develop awareness programmes on role of water in the economy
(role of water in energy, irrigation, industry, tourism, culture, fisheries
sectors etc)
• Strengthen multi-stakeholder Consultative Forum, the Water SAG
(effective involvement of all stakeholders including the private sector,
NGOs and civil society organisations.)
• Incorporate education programmes on the water sector in the
education curriculum
• Disseminate national water policy and the new water management
legislation
Key Outputs • Water resources information on water demand techniques and role of
water in the economy
• Report on water demand pilots
• Number of multi-stakeholder forums
• Education curriculum inclusive of water sector programmes
• Record of organisations, institutions and groups which have access to
water policy and new water management legislation
Implementing agents MEWD, MOE, MOFNP, MLGH, Print and electronic media, Line ministries,
Training institutions, multi-sectoral stakeholders
Cost
Page 152 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Monitoring and Evaluation
Project Number
Justification/Rationale The progress and performance of programmes and projects are very
difficult track and assess as a result of poor and insufficient monitoring and
evaluation systems. The project is aimed at improving programme and
project performance
Objectives To monitor and evaluate the performance of the programmes and projects
in order to determine their impacts
Activities • Design and setup a monitoring and evaluation system
• Collect data on input and outputs of various programmes and analyse
• Undertake impact monitoring by collecting data on the planned
outcomes
• Undertake external evaluations and studies to assess long term
impacts
Key Outputs • Monitoring and evaluation system set up
• Impacts and outcomes assessed
• Data
• Reports
Implementing agents MEWD, CSO, WSAG, MOFNP, Research institutions, consultants, NGOs
Cost
Page 153 of 169

PROJECT FACT SHEET

Project Title Financing and Economics
Project Number
Justification/Rationale The mechanisms to mobilise funds for investments and operation and
maintenance of water supply systems are inadequate. This project will
support options for sustainable financing and management of water
resources
Objectives To provide sustainable financing for management of water resources
Activities • Develop appropriate tariff for urban water supply and sanitation
• Develop raw water pricing policy, tariff system and financing
mechanisms for water resources management and development
• Assess viability of issuing municipal bonds for urban water supply and
sanitation infrastructure development
• Establish a irrigation development fund
• Develop national water resources accounts
• Prepare integrated and consolidated budgets and investment plans
for water related projects
• Strengthen revenue collection management (by Water Board)
• Review the effluent discharge charges and the charging mechanism
• Prepare Business Plan for proposed IWRM institution
Key Outputs • Urban water supply and sanitation tariff system
• Raw water pricing policy and tariff system
• Irrigation Development Fund
• Water accounts
• Consolidated budgets and Investment plans
• Reports
Implementing agents CUs, NWASCO, MLGH, MEWD, MOFNP, ECZ, CSO, Consultants, multi-
sectoral stakeholders, MACO
Cost
Page 154 of 169

8.9. Annex 4: Key Performance Indicators
Water Resources Management Programme

STRATEGIC PROGRAMMES INPUT OUTPUT INDICATOR OUTCOME INDICATOR IMPACT INDICATOR KEY PERFORMANCE
FOCAL INDICATOR INDICATOR
AREA
1. Water WATER Finances Institutions with IWRM Maintenance of minimum flows Effective and efficient Prudent decision making in
Resources RESOURCES mandate and capacity in place management of the water the management of the water
Management PLANNING established or improved at resources resources thereby increase
regional, national or access for productive use
Efficient allocation of the water
transboundary levels resource
Water Resources
Management and
development plans at
catchment level.
SURFACE WATER Surface and ground water Number of hydrological Improved decision making in Water resources managed in
RESOURCES monitoring network for water stations rehabilitated and the management of surface an integrated manner
ASSESSMENT quantity in place established for surface water and ground water resource at
assessment national; catchment and sub
GROUNDWATER Design water quality network catchment level
RESOURCE Number of Exploratory
ASSESSMENT boreholes constructed to
Number of Rehabilitated and
asses ground water in selected
upgraded laboratory at
national and provincial levels areas
Number of water quality

stations established
Quality of the water resources

for both ground and surface
water established
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AREA
WATER Finances A water resources research Improved understanding of the Enhanced understanding of Improved management of the
RESOURCES centre established water resources the water resources and water resources
RESEARCH planning and decision making
Number of IWRM research New Water use efficient
projects undertaken technologies developed
availability of validated
information
Different Regimes of our water

resources established
LEGAL AND Finances, legal Legislative framework for Institutions with IWRM Enhanced capacity for the Legal and institutional
INSTITUTIONAL instruments IWRM in place (laws, mandate and capacity effective and efficient framework for management of
FRAMEWORK executive regulations, established or improved at management of the water the water resources in an
CAPACITY enforcement mechanisms) regional, national. resource integrated manner in place
ENHANCEMENT
Development of regulatory River basin organisations
instruments and guidelines established
Identification of roles and Key IWRM issues and

responsibilities for different concerns mainstreamed in
actors in the sector other sector policies, strategies
established and laws
INTERNATIONAL Finances and Water Resources Develop programmes and Sound decision in the Adherence to all international
WATERS human Management Act (legislative plans for the management of management of international agreements and treaties for
resources frame work for international international waters water transboundary waters
water management in place)
Operationalisation of the Adherence to all international
Build capacity to deal with international agreements and agreements and treaties for
cross boundary water protocols transboundary waters
Participation and
implementation of international
programs and project
Page 156 of 169

AREA
WATER Finances/ Network for data collection in An operational water Availability of water resources Water Resources Information
RESOURCES budget allocation place resources management data and information for system in place and
INFORMATION information system in place planning and decision making operational
SYSTEM
Information exchange
protocol developed Standardised and regulated Information available for
information exchange efficient allocation of water
resources
DROUGHT Finances/ Early warning system for Map areas which vulnerable to Rapid response to droughts Number of areas where
MANAGEMENT budget allocation drought conditions developed droughts Negative impact of drought mitigation measures have
and operational reduced or mitigated been undertaken
Number of areas where Number of people in need of
Mitigation measures for mitigation measures have assistance
droughts established (supply been undertaken
of water, warn people to be
prepared, types of crops to Number of vulnerable persons
be grown) given service
Develop protocols for

monitoring and information
exchange during emergences
FLOOD Finances/ Early warning system for Map areas vulnerable to Rapid response to floods Number of areas where
MANAGEMENT budget allocation flood conditions developed flooding mitigation measures have
and operational Negative impact of floods been undertaken
Number of areas where reduced or mitigated
Mitigation measures for mitigation measures have Number of people in need of
floods established (supply of been undertaken assistance
water, warn people to vacate
areas to be flooded, Number of vulnerable persons
coordination in operation of given service
dams)
Develop protocols for

monitoring and information
exchange during emergences
Page 157 of 169

AREA
FINANCING AND Finances/ Financial and management Tariff system for water Increased efficiency and Mechanisms for increased
ECONOMICS budget allocation autonomy of Water allocation in place effective delivery of service to private sector financing in
consumers place and working
Resources management Financing and incentive
Authority structures in place (incl.
economic instruments
Formulation of business
plans
Efficient and effective system

for collection of water fees.
SUSTAINABLE Finances/ Number of awareness Number of Stakeholders Reduction in the pollution of Number of programs and
ENVIRONMENTAL budget campaigns carried on sensitised on sustainable surface and groundwater projects carried out
MANAGEMENT allocation, sustainable utilisation of the environmental mgt of the water incorporating land use and
Remote sensing resources resource suitable utilisation of the water
Sustainable utilisation of the
images water resource resources
Number of water resources Number of catchments /rivers
management plans where minimum flow are
Incorporating land use plans maintained
Implementation of minimum Improve Land use practices

flow requirements and conservation of forests
Up dated mapping of land

use practices and
deforestation
MANAGEMENT OF Finances/ Institutional and human Number of institutional and Wetlands managed and
WETLANDS budget allocation capacity developed on the human capacity built on maintained in a sustainable
management and utilisation sustainable utilisation of environmental manner
of wetlands wetlands
Set up team to monitor and Reports on the sustainable

coordinate the sustainable utilisation of the wetlands
use of wetlands
Number of programs designed
Advocacy plans on value of and materials disseminated on
wetlands developed the utilisation of wetlands
Page 158 of 169

AREA
WATER Finances/ Water Resources Act Number of watershed and Improved Protection of
CATCHMENT AREA budget allocation catchment areas established watershed
PROTECTION and maintained
Water Resources catchment
protection plan Critical low flows increased
buffer zones for protection of
production of guidelines and catchment areas defined and
mapped
regulation on catchment
protection
PROGRAMME: Finances/ Develop tailor made Institutions set up. Incorporate, Enhanced capacity for the
ENVIRONMENTAL budget allocation environmental programs for monitor and coordinate plans effective and efficient
INSTITUTIONAL the IWRM training centre and strategies with aspects of management of the water
CAPACITY IAS and Environmental issues resource
BUILDING Develop framework for the
invasion of IAS Incorporation of Climate
change on environment and
Incorporation of Climate water resources
Change into Water resources
programmes
Water Resources Infrastructure Development Programme

STRATEGIC PROGRAMME INPUT OUTPUT INDICATOR OUTCOME INDICATOR IMPACT INDICATOR KEY PERFORMANCE
FOCAL INDICATOR INDICATORS
AREA
2. Water WATER RESOURCE Finances/ Number of earth dams Increased access to water for Water provision for agriculture Increased water use by
Resources DEVELOPMENT budget allocation rehabilitated and constructed domestic, irrigation and improved (increased from various sectors
Infrastructure AND Number of irrigation schemes industry usage water efficiency; new irrigation
Development INFRASTRUCTURE constructed schemes etc)
Improved security of water
DEVELOPMENT
supply
Number of Hydropower Water provision for economic
plants constructed development improved (ex. Amount of water held in
Number of water harvesting industry, hydropower, tourism, reservoirs
schemes constructed navigation etc)
MONITORING Finances/ Monitoring and evaluation Improved programme Enhanced planning and Timely execution of water
DEVELOPMENT OF budget allocation reports implementation decision making infrastructure projects
WATER
INFRASTRUCTURE
Page 159 of 169

Water Supply and Sanitation Programme

AREA
3. Water INSTITUTIONAL Finances, National Water Policy revised Institutional capacity building Institutional and Human Roles and functions for WSS
Supply and CAPACITY Human and adopted by Cabinet and training programmes resource capacity available to defined and adopted for all
Sanitation BUILDING AND resource, legal identified and a plan for human manage and operate the institutional levels (national,
ENHANCEMENT frame work in resources development sector decentralised levels and river
Water Resources
place Management Act basin organisations for IWRM)
- and between the public and
Number of institutions
receiving funds to carry out private sector
Water Supply and Sanitation
Act capacity building
Subsidiary Legislation Separation of WRM and

service delivery
Decentralised management
framework
WATER Finances/ Network for data collection in An operational water Availability of water supply Information system on Water
RESOURCES budget allocation place resources management and sanitation data and Supply and Sanitation in place
MANAGEMENT information system in place information for planning and and operational
INFORMATION decision making
Databases for WSS in place
SYSTEM
Page 160 of 169

AREA
RURAL WATER Finances Number of boreholes Increased access to safe Percentage of rural population
SUPPLY AND rehabilitated and constructed drinking water and other with access to safe and
SANITATION in districts domestic uses and appropriate reliable water within 500 meter
Human resource
sanitation facilities (FNDP 2010 and MDG 2015
Number of water supply achievements)
schemes, springs protected
and rainwater harvester Percentage of rural population
constructed with access to adequate
latrines and disposal
Number of household with facilities(FNDP 2010 and
adequate sanitary and waste MDG 2015 achievements)
disposal facilities
Water quality and hygiene
improved
Incidence of water and

sanitation related diseases
reduced
Page 161 of 169

AREA
URBAN WATER Finances/ Number of boreholes Increased access to safe Percentage of urban
SUPPLY AND budget allocation rehabilitated and constructed drinking water and other population served with
SANITATION in districts domestic uses and appropriate drinking water (connections
sanitation facilities in place and public distributions) FNDP
Number of water supply 2010 and MDG 2015
schemes in place achievements
Percentage of urban
Number of household with
adequate sanitary and waste population with adequate
disposal facilities sanitation facilities (connected
to sewer and individual
installations) FNDP 2010 and
MDG 2015 achievements
Water quality and hygiene

improved
Incidence of water and

sanitation related diseases
reduced
Percentage of peri-urban
population served with
drinking water (connections
and public distributions)
Percentage of peri-urban
population with adequate
sanitation facilities (connected
to sewer and individual
installations)
Page 162 of 169

AREA
FINANCING AND Finances/ Number of commercial water Financial and management Increased efficiency and Financing and incentive
ECONOMICS budget utilities in place autonomy of urban W&S effective delivery of service to structures in place (incl.
allocation. Legal consumers economic instruments)
instrument
Water sector financing Mechanisms for increased cost
mechanisms in place (DTF, contributions and cost
water development fund) recovery from users in place
and working
Mechanisms for increased

private sector financing in
place and working
4. Monitoring, Evaluation and Capacity Building Strategies and Programmes

AREA
4. MAINSTREAMING Finances/ Number or proportion of Capacity built in gender Incorporation of gender role in Percentage of Women in
Monitoring, CROSS CUTTING budget allocation women in the management of mainstreaming in IWRM the programs and activities for decision making competent
Evaluation ISSUES- (A)- water resources management IWRM personnel in place to hand
and Capacity GENDER and deal with gender issue in
building view of IWRM
MAINSTREAMING Finances/ Develop HIV/AIDS policy for Implementation of HIV/AIDS incorporation of HIV/AIDS Workplace policies and
CROSS CUTTING budget allocation the water sector policy in the water sector impact in all the programs for programmes for HIV /AIDS in
ISSUES-(B) the sector place
HIV/AIDS
Number of officers trained in
counselling of HIV/AIDS Minimisation of the impact of
HIV/AIDS on the human
resource in the water sector
Page 163 of 169

AREA
INSTITUTIONAL Finances/ Legislative framework for Legal and institutional Enhanced capacity for the Institutional capacity building
AND HUMAN budget allocation IWRM in place (laws, framework for management effective and efficient and training programmes in
RESOURCE executive regulations, of the water resources in an management of the water place with regard to
CAPACITY enforcement mechanisms) integrated manner in place resource communities, national and
BUILDING AND decentralised government
ENHANCEMENT institutions
Development of Regulatory
instruments and guidelines
Legal and institutional
framework for management
Identification of roles and
responsibilities for different of the water resources in an
actors in the sector integrated manner in place
established
IWRM centre established
RESEARCH AND Finances/ A water resources research Improved understanding of Enhanced understanding of the Improved management of the
DEVELOPMENT budget allocation centre established the water resources water resources and planning water resources
and decision making
New technologies developed
which are used in the
management of water
resources
Availability of validated
information
Different Regimes of our

water resources established
PUBLIC Finances/ Incorporation of IWRM in Popular awareness and Effective and efficient Popular awareness and
AWARENESS AND budget allocation educational programmes political will for IWRM reforms management of the resource political will for IWRM reforms
ADVOCACY present present
Production of information on
IWRM in the print and
electronic media
Page 164 of 169

REFERENCES
CSO, 2000. Zambia 2000 Census of Population and Housing. Housing and Household
Characteristics Analytical Report
Global Water Partnership, The IWRM Toolbox, GWP Forum, 67 pp.
Global Water Partnership - TEC, 2004, Catalysing Change: A handbook for developing integrated water
resources management (IWRM) and water efficiency strategies, GWP Secretariat, Sweden, 49 pp.
Government of Zambia, Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act of 1990, Cap 204.
HR Wallingford, 2003. Handbook for the Assessment of Catchment Water Demand and Use. pp 248
Integrated Water Resources Management Plans, Training Manual and Operational Guide, 2005, CAP-NET,
GWP, UNDP, 100 pp.
M de Wit, 2006. The economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Zambia. Climate Change and African
Agriculture Policy Note No. 27, August 2006, CEEPA
Ministry of Energy and Water Development, undated. Application Form. European Commission. ACP-EU Water
Facility Actions in ACP Countries.
Ministry of Energy and Water Development, 2007. Draft National Water Policy 2007
Ministry of Energy and Water Development, 1994, National Water Policy
Ministry of Energy and Water Development/ Water Resources Action Programme, 2005. Draft Water Action Plan
Ministry of Energy and Water Development/ Water Resources Action Programme, 2005. Zambia Water
Resources Management Sector Report 2004
Ministry of Energy and Water Development/ Zambia Water Partnership, 2006. Integrated Water Resources
Management and Efficiency (IWRM/WE) Plan (2006-2015). Discussion Document
Ministry of Local Government and Housing, 2006. National rural water supply and sanitation Programme
Ministry of Energy and Water Development, 2006. Draft Inception Report. Integrated Water Resources
Management, Zambia
Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources, 2002. Zambia National Action Programme for
Combating Desertification and Mitigating Serious Effects of Drought. In the context of the United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification
Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources, 2005. National Policy on Environment- Final Draft
Republic of Zambia, 2006. VISION 2030
Republic of Zambia, 2006. Fifth National Development Plan. 2006-2010
SADC, Regional Strategic Action Plan for IWRM
Page 165 of 169

Water Resources Action Programme, 2003. An Overview of the Emerging Framework for the Use, Development
and Management of Water Resources in Zambia. WRAP National Consultative Forum
Water Resources Action Programme, 2004. Proposal for the Legal and Institutional Framework for the Use,
Development and Management of Water Resources in Zambia
NWASCO, 2006, Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Report 2005/2006, 40 pp
Water Resources Management Bill, 2005, fourth revision for discussion, Government of Zambia.
Water Resources Action Plan, 2004, Consultative Workshop to Review the First Draft of the Water Resources
Management Bill, Workshop Report, WRAP, 27 pp.
Water Resources Action Programme, 2004. Proposal for the Legal and Institutional Framework for the Use,
Development and Management of Water Resources in Zambia
Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 28 Of 1997, Government of Zambia.
Workshop on the GWP/SADC FFA Process in Zambia, 2005, Zambia Water Partnership, 16 pp.
WRC Consultants, 2005, Developing a Dynamic and Change-Oriented Framework for IWRM in Zambia -
Inception Report, ZWP.
Zambezi River Authority Act Chapter 467, Government of Zambia
Page 166 of 169

Special Contributors to the Planning Process

Mr. Peter Mumba Permanent Secretary-Ministry of Energy and Water Development
Dr. James Mulungushi Permanent Secretary-Ministry of Finance and National Planning
Dr. Buleti Nsemukila Permanent Secretary-Ministry of Science, Technology & Vocational

Training
Mr. Geoffrey Mukala (late) Permanent Secretary-Ministry of Energy and Water Development
PAWD Core Team and Zambia Water Partnership Executive Committee
Mr. Adam Hussen Ministry of Energy and Water Development

Mr. Albert Chipeleme (late) Zambia Water Partnership/ University of Zambia
Mr. Andrew Mondoka Water Resources Action Programme
Mr. Ben Chundu Ministry of Energy and Water Development
Dr. Francis Tembo University of Zambia
Mr. Hastings Chibuye Water Board
Mr. Kunda Chimambo Chalimbana River Catchment
Mr. Lytone Kanowa Ministry of Local Government and Housing
Mr. Osward Chanda Zambia Water Partnership-NWASCO
Mr. Maurice Muchinda Meteorology Department
Ms. Monica Chundama Zambia Water Partnership
Mr. Morgan Muleya Zambia Sugar Company
Mr. Muhabi Lungu Ministry of Finance and National Planning
Prof. Imasiku Nyambe Zambia Water Partnership/ University of Zambia
Mr. Peter Chola Ministry of Energy and Water Development
Dr. Richard Mugala (late) Meteorology Department
Mr. Wilson Sakala Zambezi River Authority
Mr. Pelekelo Liswaniso Zambia Daily Mail
Mr. Rees Mwasambili Ministry of Local Government and Housing
Dr. Stevens Kambani University of Zambia
Mrs. Chiseche Mutale Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources
Page 167 of 169

Ms. Malama Munkonge Mfula Ministry of Local Government and Housing
Drafting and Task Management Team
Mr. Ben Chundu Ministry of Energy and Water Development
Mr. Christopher Chileshe Ministry of Energy and Water Development
Mr. George Phiri Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
Mr. Hundson Mulumbi Ministry of Finance and National planning
Mr. Jonathan Kampata Water Resources Expert-University of Botswana
Mr. Richard Lungu Ministry of Tourism, Environment & Natural Resources
Ms. Florence S. Simumba Ministry of Energy and Water Development
Ms. Joyce Musiwa Natural Resources Development College (NRDC)
Ms. Priscilla Chitundu Ministry of Finance and National planning
Project Management Team
Mr. Chimwanga Maseka PAWD Project Manager
Ms. Juliet Mwale PAWD Task Manager

Ms. Mildah Kayawe Administrative Assistant-Zambia Water Partnership
Dr. Daniel C.W. Nkhuwa Zambia Water Partnership/ University of Zambia
Mr. Chozi Lungu Zambia Water Partnership/ University of Zambia
Mr. Jack Mweetwa Finance Officer- Zambia Water Partnership
Regional Project Management Team

Ms. Ruth Beukman Executive Secretary-Global Water Partnership Southern Africa
Mr. Alex Simalabwi Regional Project Manager: IWRM Planning-GWPSA

Mr. Andrew Takawira Regional Project Manager: Knowledge Management-GWPSA
Mr. Tendai Gandanzara Regional Finance Manager-GWPSA
Ms. Rhoda Mafemba Partnership Development Administrator-GWPSA
GWP Reference Group

Prof. Torkil Jønch Clausen Senior Advisor-GWP
Prof. Albert Wright GWP TEC
Page 168 of 169

Prof. Michael Arnold Muller GWP-TEC
Other Contributors
Mr. Albert Chipeleme (Late) Water Resources Consultants (WRC)
Mr. Eusebius Chola Katai Deputy Permanent Secretary (MEWD)

Mr. Flanner Linn (Late) Water Resources Consultants (WRC)
Mr. Michael Mutale GWPSA-RTEC
Mr. Chanda Chimba III Phi-Ba-Jo Productions (Media)
Ms. Namukale Chintu University of Zambia

Heads of Planning Departments Ministry of Finance and National Planning
Provincial Engineers Ministry of Energy and Water Development
GWPO Support Team

Mr. Aly Kerdany GWPO
Mr. Daniel Lopez GWPO
Ms. Kirsten Nyman GWPO
Mr. Peter Nyman GWPO
Editorial and Review Team

Mr. Brian Hollingworth GWP-RTEC
Ms. Cathy Orion Graphics Design
Page 169 of 169

Zambia Iwrm Action Plan

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ZAMBIA INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND WATER EFFICIENCY IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

May God prosper our country, Zambia.

Hon. Kenneth Konga, MP

1 For full list of contributors, refer to back page of document.

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ADCs Area Development Committees

CUs Commercial utilities

DISS Department of Infrastructure and Support Services

DWA Department of Water Affairs

FNDP Fifth National Development Plan

GWP Global Water Partnership

GWPO Global Water Partnership Organisation

IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management

MDG Millennium Development Goals

MEWD Ministry of Energy and Water Development

MLGH Ministry of Local Government and Housing

NDCC National Development Coordinating Committee

NDP National Development Plan

NWASCO National Water Supply and Sanitation Council

PAWD Partnership for Africa’s Water Development

PDCC Provincial Development Coordinating Committee

RDCs Resident Development Committees

RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

SAG Sector Advisory Group

UWSS Urban Water Supply and Sanitation

WASHE Water Sanitation and Health Education

WDC Ward Development Committee

WRAP Water Resources Action Programme

WSS Water Supply and Sanitation

WSSD World Summit for Sustainable Development

ZWP Zambia Water Partnership

2.9.4. Water Policy Framework................................................................................................... 38

6.4.1. Water Sector Advisory Group ........................................................................................... 94

Plan development process

Scope of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan

Enabling environment: policies; legislation; financing and incentive structures;

Priority issues and programmes and projects

policy, institutional and legal framework,

water resources management,

IWRM Implementation Plan Strategies

The vision of this plan is:

The goal of the IWRM Implementation Plan is:

Monitoring and Evaluation

Status of water resources country-wide;

1.1. Overview: Integrated Water Resources Management /Water Efficiency

1.2. National Development Planning Framework

Figure 1: National Development Planning Framework

1.3. Plan Development Process

The Fifth National Development Plan;

The SADC Regional Strategic Action Plan.

1.4. Scope of the IWRM/WE Implementation Plan

Enabling environment – policies, legislation, financing and incentive structures;

Weak legal & regulatory frameworks;

CHAPTER 2: SITUATION ANALYSIS

2.1. Brief on Zambia

The country has a relatively large land surface,

Figure 2: Map of Zambia

Figure 3: Population by Province