Thesis Proposal
Thesis Proposal
Thesis Proposal
A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering
St. Paul University Surigao
Surigao City
ED PAOLO L. ORLINO
MARLIE O. DESCARTIN
JAMES ANGELO L. DAHUYLA
EDMAR G. ENSINADA
Rehabilitation of mined-out area is a long and laborious process with unforeseen costs
and expenses. However, a successful mine site rehabilitation leaves a lasting impression and
Basically, land areas disturbed via mining operations ought to be again returned to its
pre-mining condition or higher than these present before the mine was developed. [2] Though the
mining company has a price range allocated for their last mine rehabilitation and
decommissioning diagram every time it stops it’s operation, numerous nickel mining businesses
The process is described as progressive because it starts even before mining activities
start and continue all throughout and after the mining operation. [3] This study outlines the
principle and practices of mine rehabilitation with emphasis on land form design and
revegetation in selected mined-out area of Cagdianao Mining Corporation (CMC). The long term
objective of mine rehabilitation plan vary from simply converting an area to a safe and stable
condition and establishing a land use capability that is functional and proximate to the land use
Corporation (NAC) and primarily engaged in the exploration and mining of nickel ore. [4] The
company is committed to implement the best practices in enhancing and managing the
environment during and after their operations. The company goes beyond compliance in
Mining Corporation (CMC) and to become aware of key problems affecting sustainable
improvement in the mining enterprise and supply information that illustrate a extra sustainable
basis for rehabilitation of mined-out areas. The objective of this rehabilitation plan is changing
the mined-out area of Cagdianao Mining Corporation (CMC) to a secure and stable condition, to
restoration the pre-mining conditions as carefully as viable to assist the future sustainability of
the site.The condition of the mined-out area subject for this rehabilitation plan is a barren area,
no vegetation can be found and the benches were relatively unstable due to its previous active
mining operations.
Because of the conditions mentioned above, the researchers were prompted to conduct
the study.
Conceptual Framework
This study was anchored in the implementing rules and regulations of R.A. 7942 also
known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 which requires all the mining companies should not
only promote responsible mining, but also make it a point to conduct rehabilitation after the area
produce the mine rehabilitation sketch timetable of activities to be performed in selected mined-
out location of Cagdianao Mining Corporation (CMC). The process block graph represents the
approach and approaches to analyse and for documentation. The output block layout refers to the
The input diagram presents the components that needed to make the design project which
includes:
Survey Points – This is the data or coordinates gathered during the actual survey
R.A. 7942 and DAO 2010-21 – Serves as references, these are used as a guide and basis
comprehensive and strategic environmental management plan of the company for the life of the
mining project.
The process diagram presents the flow guide of the design project which includes:
Data Transmission – The process of generating the survey points to the software for
Computing Manpower – This would be needed by the researchers for them to be able to
determine the quantity of plants to be planted and labors required for the rehabilitation plan.
The output box shows the final desired outcome of the design project. The proposed mine
rehabilitation plan in the mined-out area of Cagdianao Mining Corporation (CMC). The
miniature model will be made to visualize the project. Then after the plan was made, it would be
evaluated in terms of its acceptability. The field experts would evaluate the proposed plan in
terms of:
Land Mapping – This would evaluate the technicality of mapping the area and the
making of the topographic map using the coordinates obtained in the topographic survey
conducted.
Landscaping – This would evaluate the new landform design if it is stable of not.
This study aimed to design a plan to rehabilitate the mined-out area of Cagdianao Mining
Corporation (CMC). Specifically, this study sought to achieve the following objectives:
1.1 Input;
1.2 Process;
1.3 Output.
2. To evaluate the acceptability level of the mine rehabilitation plan in terms of:
2.3 Landscaping
Hypothesis
The researchers will able to create a mine rehabilitation plan in the mined-out area of
Cagdianao Mining Corporation (CMC). The researchers produced the following hypothesis:
2. The line-up of activities is not time consuming and should be achievable in earliest
possible time.
3. Community resources and participation will be needed in the implementation of this mine
rehabilitation plan.
4. The proposed plan would be adapted by the company in the implementation of their mine
rehabilitation programs.
This study plays a vital role in the improvements of rehabilitation process in Cagdianao
CMC’s Management – This study will help the CMC Management to start their mine
rehabilitation operation right away hence the proposed plan will be given to them.
Host Community – This project benefits them because the main objective of the project
Mining Engineering Students – This project can benefit them because in their studies,
they would have a reference and guidelines on how to make a progressive rehabilitation plan.
Researchers – The study will serve as a preliminary and an advance mine practice of the
researchers to be familiar in the mining field prior to their actual job on training.
MGB-13 – The bureau can benefit because the plan can be used as their guidelines in
setting standards in the assessment of the mine rehabilitation programs of mining companies.
Scope and Limitation
The researchers learn about covers and are restricted in any of the following parameters:
The researchers will make a rehabilitation layout in the mined-out vicinity of Cagdianao Mining
Corporation. The sketch will be evaluated in terms of acceptability level. The evaluators will be
the CMC management, CMC employees, Mining Engineers, Geodetic Engineers, Civil
Engineers, Environmental Officers, Officials from the Local Government Unit (LGU) Barangay
The mine rehabilitation diagram as well as the specification of the following parameters:
The researchers will make a rehabilitation plan in the mined-out region in Cagdianao Mining
Corporation however the principles described can be utilized to any mine rehabilitation programs
The scope of the graph is to create a new landform format applicable to the location via
land mapping, landscaping and outlining the work breakdown structure. There will be no
constructing shape to be build, as a substitute the place will be utilized for reshaping, backfilling
and reforestation purposes only. The predicament of the study is that the researchers would
solely be making a rehabilitation planfor the mined-out vicinity however the implementation of
the graph would still relies upon on the choice of the organization if they will implement the
graph or not.
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER II
This section of the study reviews books, electronic source, and other literature which
direct bearing to the present study. They are classified as to foreign, Asian and local sources.
Rehabilitation of the mined-out area has become a necessary part of the mine life cycle
The concept of the mine rehabilitation in enshrined in the Philippine Mining Act of 1995
which mandates that all mineral development plans need to encompass in its design, the mine
rehabilitation plan. [5] Section 69 of this mining regulation high lights that each and every
contractor shall undertake an environmental protection and enhancement program masking the
length of the mineral agreement or permit. Such environmental application shall be included in
the work application which the permittee shall put up as an accompany document to the utility
for mineral agreement. The work application shall consist of no longer solely plans to relative to
Stated also in the section 71 of Philippine Mining Act of 1995 the mine rehabilitation
fund shall be created primarily based on the contractors authorized work application and shall be
deposited as a have faith fund in a authorities depository financial institution and be used for
bodily and social rehabilitation of areas and communities affected via mining things to do and
for lookup on the social, technical and preventive thing of rehabilitation. Failure the
responsibility shall stay instantaneous suspension of closure of the mining activities of the
contractor concerned.
DENR Administrative Order Chapter XVI section 166 specifies the general provision
consistent with the basic policy of the state to assure the availability. Sustainability and equitable
distribution of the country’s natural resources, the department adopts the policy that mining
activities attendant to permit, agreements and leases shall be manage in technically , financially,
socially, culturally and environmentally responsible manner to promote the general welfare for
the country and the sustainable development objectives and responsibilities as provide for in
The environmental safety objectives in the revised imposing policies and policies of R.A
7942 Includes the renovation of sustainable environmental prerequisites at each stage of the
mining operations during every stage of the mining operations, as properly as after the
termination stage thereof which includes those disturb all through exploration shall be
Functional post-disturbance land use capability, mine website online rehabilitation shall purpose
to set up a land use functionality that is purposeful and proximate to the land use prior to the
disturbance of the mine are unless different greater recommended land uses are predetermined
It places now the accountability on the shoulders of mining engineers to think about the
mining and environmental legal guidelines in the components of mine rehabilitation applications
and to oversee the general implementation of this rehabilitation plan, making him the most seen
professional in the mine rehabilitation process. In the previous quite a few a long time of mineral
development, environmental science has advanced to turn out to be the associate of the industry.
There are newer technologies introduced to improve the mining methods so that these will not
Locally, Carrascal Nickel Corporation (CNC) has pioneered modern mine rehabilitation
application for a variety of mined-out areas. The format do now not only center of attention on
regreening however additionally on soil stabilization and utilization. For example, the mined-out
quarry their pit has been grew to become into a multilevel camp facility for contractors whilst
advertising revegetation and appropriate slope and drainage design. [6] The supposed procedure
on the slope stabilization advert revegetation fot mine-out areas of Carrascal Nickel Corporation
is being broadly implemented during the mine site. Progressive rehabilitation has been
aggressively conducted to enhance the ecology and biodiversity at the mine while advancing it’s
Unknown to many Special these who are now not acquainted with mining operations
some of previously lively mining areas are now utilized for the different purposed such as eco-
tourism sites, real estate improvement and forested areas via effectives ultimate mine
rehabilitation.
Very few knew that Baguio is one of the ancient mining districts in the Philippines in
particular these who were not from that place. One of the most sought-after tourist spots in the
city is the Mines View Park. By the title of the park itself, it implies that you are in an location
overlooking the mines. Of course, the mine is No longer there due to the fact the areas has
another purpose such as eco-tourism sites. A good example is the former tailings pond on North
Davao Mining Corporation (NDMC) which is already converted in an eco- tourism park which
has become the social pride of the town of Maco in Compostela Valley Province. The facility
now serves as a weekend destination for those who want to commune with nature. [8]
Similarly, a former mine facility of the old Sabera mines in Compostela Valley was also
turned into rice paddies for commercial production. The mine-out areas underwent recontouring
In 2010 Rio tuba Nickel Mining corporation (RTN) was started 14 hectares of mine-out
area with re-contouring and planting of over 16000 seedlings. This brings the total mine-out area
rehabilitation to date to 238 hectares with over 500,00 seedlings planted. RTN also maintains a 6
hectares mangrove plantation and over 4000 propagules planted. Numerous livelihood,
infrastructure projects and scholarship are also sponsored by RTN in respond to their corporate
The success stories of rehabilitation programs of different mining companies were only
proof that mined-out areas can be nurture back to natured. The case mentioned above are the
guarantee that these mine-out areas can be put into another use after the minerals and metals
People in mining industry are really give immeasurable efforts not only in restoration and
rehabilitation of its mine-out areas but also transforming them into a more productive and more
sustainable landscape. The new philosophy in the mining industry is sustainability that is the
meeting of economic and environmental needs of the present while enhancing the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs. [11] The bottom line is making a development today
partite monitoring ground activities are involved in the process. As part of transparency, the
mining proponents which include local and national government agencies church groups and
mine communities will see to it that progressive mine rehabilitation is in place. [12]
stakeholders which impacts in the monitoring and evaluation of the company’s mine
rehabilitation programs and to make sure that the company is true to its commitment of
It’s all about opening one’s eyes and looking at the bigger picture of the benefits of
mining because if responsible mining is practiced at all times and mine rehabilitation is done as
progressively and efficiently as possible, then the mining would not get such a negative image in
The successful completion of the mining industry and keep the rehabilitation of a mine
will enhance public opinion of the mining industry and keep the mining company in the good
graces of the regulatory agencies. Mine rehabilitation is thus of paramount importance and
should be planned at the earliest possible time in the life of mine. [14]
Synthesis of the review. Base on the literature, the available mined-out area can be
reshaped into more acceptable landscape in advance of mine closure called progressive mine
rehabilitation.
Progressive rehabilitation can be extra running price in the mine but planning to compete
this work limits liabilities of mining operations. Furthermore, if mine rehabilitation is achieved a
progressively and correctly as possible, it would in reality decorate public opinion about the
mining industry. Thus, mining engineers will make certain that mine rehabilitation will be given
prior concerned and should be part of an integrated program throughout all phase of the mining
operation.
This plan has similarities on the existing rehabilitation plans of Cagdianao Mining
Corporation (CMC) in terms of its purpose and objectives, the methodology is implanting the
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the methodology applied for the development of the proposed plan.
It includes the research design, participants of the study, the research instrument used, the
Research Design
C.J. Barrow pointed out in his book Environmental Management for Sustainable
Development that mine rehabilitation planning is a technical job which involves detailed
descriptions of its design processes. Also, Barrow emphasized that rehabilitation projects is not
independent activity, this is more on holistic approach focusing on social responsibility and
community development. [11] That’s why the research design applicable in this study based on the
idea of C.J. Barrow is descriptive developmental research design. Descriptive design would be
suitable because it involves observing and describing the design of the proposed plan. While the
applied developmental research design were also used to analyse the specification of each parts
Participants
The participants of the study serve as consultants and evaluators of the acceptability level
of the mine rehabilitation plan. They were chosen using purposive convenient sampling to make
sure that the evaluators understand and well oriented about the plan.
Table 1 shows the distributions of the participants. The project development consultants
are two (2) mining engineers, two (2) geodetic engineers and one (1) planning expert who are
experts in the field of mining. The plan is to be evaluated through acceptability evaluation. The
evaluators will be the CMC management most probably two (2) personnel’s in top level position,
eleven (11) CMC employees working on the field, five (5) mining engineers, two (2) geodetic
engineers, one (1) civil engineer, two (2) environmental officers, five (5) officials from the Local
Government Unit (LGU) Barangay Level, one (1) Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) and
one (1) personnel MGB-CARAGA Chapter. The total number of participants is 35.
Project Evaluation Instruments
The mine rehabilitation project would be evaluated in terms of its acceptability level.
Thus, the researchers used and evaluation form as the instrument for statistical analysis. The
acceptability level of the mine rehabilitation plan would be determined in terms of cost
estimates, mine rehabilitation methodology, project management, land mapping and landscaping.
to do regarding the project and upon approval of the proposed title, the researchers started the
research manuscript writing, the researchers divided the task in order to finish all the tasks on
time. After the approval and acceptance of the panel of examiners of the said proposal, the
researchers sent a request to conduct the study and to gather data through records and documents
in Cagdianao Mining Corporation (CMC). The researchers utilized mine rehabilitation guidelines
from the internet, gathered references, handbooks and ideas from the project development
consultants to attain an output which is the rehabilitation plan in the mined-out area of
Cagdianao Mining Corporation (CMC). The evaluation of the acceptability level of the project
would be processed through the evaluation of selected participants. Upon retrieval of the
instruments, statistical analysis would be applies using the mean and standard deviation which
would help to obtain the corresponding qualitative description of the design. It also shows the
First is conducting of mine site assessment which includes reviewing of the company’s
EPEP and considering the annual mining plan and regulatory requirements. Followed by the
conducting a topographic survey in order to determine the topography and terrain of the mined-
out area subject for rehabilitation. Next is to generate initial mine rehabilitation plan with
components of the outline of the work breakdown structures, technical speculation of the plan
and its cost estimates. The plan will be evaluated by experts and when it is acceptable,
researchers would make recommendation for implementation of the rehabilitation plan but if the
plan is not acceptable it will be subjected for revision and further study which means that
From the start of the planning procedures, monitoring and maintenance should be
employed to access and evaluate the progress of the rehabilitation project. The environmental
officers of the company will do in charge of close and direct supervision to ensure that all
Quantitative information in this research are analysed contently. These are the data that
needs to be processed. The following are also used to help in the analysis.
drafting. The software supports with 2D & 3D format. [15] They would be used for making the
Cost Estimates. An approximation of the probable cost of a project, computed by estimating the
cost every activity in work breakdown structure summing these estimates and adding appropriate
overheads. [16] These would be applied to provide the estimated cost for the design.
Site Vicinity Map - Blueprint and detailed plan for the development and intended used
of a particular area of land. [17] This would be used as basis for the site area assessment.
Philippine Mining Act of 1995- An act instituting a new system of mineral resources
DENR Administrative Order 2010-21- Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A.
numerical values involved in project evaluation divided by the total number of quantities use. [20]
This would be used to presents the interpretation of results of the participants evaluation in terms
statistics and probability theory. A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be
very close to the mean, whereas high standard deviation indicates that the data are spread out
over a large range value. [21] This is used to present the result of the participants evaluation.
References
[1] H. Hager, “Mine Rehabilitation and Closure Planning Summit,” [Online]. Available:
http://www.Minerehabsummit.com/online/citex.html. [Accessed 1 October 2019].
[3] J. Baroquillo, Progressive Mine Rehabilitation at the Leyte magnetite project, 2012.
[5] L. Castillo, Stage Four: Decomissioning and mine rehabilitation, Portal vol.2, no.2, pp.53-56, 2013.
[10] E. Samson, Riotuba Mining Corporation Environmental Review of Operation, 2010 Annual Report
Nickel Asia Corporation, vol.1, no.2, pp. 17-18, 2010.
[11] C. Barrow, Environmental Management for Sustainable Development, Second Edition, New York:
Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
[12] A. marasigan"MGB-V, Pursuing pro people amd pro environment programs in bicol ' portal Volume
2, no. 2, pp.16-20..
[13] M. Lleimbrod, Correcting misconceptions by employing effective mining strategies, Portal, vol.1,
no.1, pp.40-43.
[14] National Mininng Association "The future begins with mining" A vision of the mining of the future",
Washington DC, 1998.