CSS Essays Outlines
CSS Essays Outlines
CSS Essays Outlines
Table of Contents
Essay Outline: War divides, Economy Unites
o
1. Introduction
2. How war divides nations internally and externally
3. Wars and conflict directs nations to take inefficient decisions like termination of Treaties, constitutions, separation and
creating violence that leads towards disunite of nation.
4. Internal conflicts can lead towards war and division, if not overpowered within time.
5. Minor tensions among states turn towards the division of state.
6. Economy unites nations and leads them towards prosperity
7. War and economy are two different dimensions, as war brings wastage of human lives, artillery and rivalry whereas
economy unites nations and promotes friendship, as great nations win without fighting.
8. Conclusion
9. Recommendations to achieve success and prosperity through economic uplift.
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Essay Outline: War divides, Economy Unites
1. Introduction
i) ‘War’ (-the observe of peace-) can be the symbol of violence, conflict and loss of lives.
ii) Economy can be the epitome of prosperity, growth and interdependence.
iii) How history and current world scenario manifests the idea.
iv) Certain parts of world are in turbulence because of human rights violation, uprising of terrorist organizations (ISIS), arms race,
refuges crisis while they have one factor responsible viz ‘War’ in any of its shades. (i.e. sectarian strife, foreign invasion or political
conflict)
2. How war divides nations internally and externally
a) Aggressive behavior creates differences among internal structure of a nation which results in division of nation.
i) In 1971, East Pakistan, now recognized as Bangladesh was separated from Pakistan, due to political and cultural conflicts.
ii) Disturbed borders in esp the form of disputed Kashmir issue still remains a nuclear flash point between Pakistan and
India.(deteriorating with the recent wave of border conflicts in 2016)
ii) CPEC, on the contrary, is the manifestation of, how economy has united China and Pakistan.
3. Wars and conflict directs nations to take inefficient decisions like termination of Treaties, constitutions, separation and
creating violence that leads towards disunite of nation.
a) Czechoslovakia was separated from Austria-Hungry after World-War 1 in 1917, and was again dissolved in 1993 when Czech
disjointed of Slavakia and became Czech Republic due to arising religious and norms conflicts.
4. Internal conflicts can lead towards war and division, if not overpowered within time.
i) Civil war in Korea led them towards conflicts and contravene, and in 1950 Korea was separated into North and South Korea.
5. Minor tensions among states turn towards the division of state.
i) Water dispute among Northern Ireland and U.K Government led them towards division of state, which is now called Republic of
Ireland
6. Economy unites nations and leads them towards prosperity
a) Nations who used to prefer national interests over personal rivalry and take effective initiatives, are achieving peace and
prosperity.
i) Germany and France were major rivals but their pragmatic decision making to promote trade and economy over rivalry has led
them to be among the most successful nations.
b) Economic uplift helps overcome the barriers between countries
i) China & India were engaged in war in 1962 over Sino-India border area dispute, but due to their efficient decisions they are
looking towards 1 Bn US$ of bilateral trade.
c) War drives nations towards backward but economy pushes them towards success and helps them in achieving their goals.
d) Japan and China were consisting unpleasant relations and fought two wars against each other, but due to their positive
initiatives, their bilateral trade has reached to 334 billion US$.
7. War and economy are two different dimensions, as war brings wastage of human lives, artillery and rivalry whereas economy
unites nations and promotes friendship, as great nations win without fighting.
8. Conclusion
9. Recommendations to achieve success and prosperity through economic uplift.
i) Arising conflicts and problems must be sought and resolved through efficient planning in an effective manner, as it can lead
towards destruction and division of state.
ii) States must promote trade and economic relation to get of rivalry as it can bring positive impact over relationship and prosperity
of state.
a) Pak-India have been in state of war since 1947, and are unable to overcome their conflicts and border disputes are increasing
instead with the recent border skirmishes of higher magnitude in 2016.
iii) Resources must be utilized through balanced approach so that states can get rid of political
opposition, sectarianism, minority rights and favoritism conflict.
Essay Outline | Flaws in Our Education System Are Causing Some of Our Failures
Table of Contents
Outline: Flaws in Our Education System are Causing Some of Our Failures
o
1. Introduction
2. Historical perspective of our educational system and resulted failures
3. How flaws in our educational system causing failure of our system
4. Comparison of Pakistan and other countries in educational development and managing the rest of the system
5. Recommendations to overcome educational flaws and terminate its negative impacts over system:-
6. Conclusion
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Outline: Flaws in Our Education System Are Causing Some of Our Failures
1. Introduction
2. Historical perspective of our educational system and resulted failures
3. How flaws in our educational system causing failure of our system
3.1) Mismanagement in educational system, causing failure of our administrative system:-
3.1.1) Government is allocating low budget to educational sector (i.e. almost 2 of GDP) which is insufficient to fulfill educational
requirements of aspirants resulting mismanagement of human and natural resources.
3.1.2) Corruption and lack of accountability at administrative level of education system leads to low average intellectual capability
of students for future.
3.1.3) Improper and insufficient infrastructure of public institutions, results in demoralizing aspirant’s interest of getting education
leading towards high dropout rate from schools and increasing child labor.
3.1.4) Lack of technical resources and training centers, resulting in producing inefficient teaching staff, which are demoralizing
uniqueness and creativity of new generation, waying towards absence of quality and skills to handle administrative, social and
economic system of state.
3.2) Flaws in our education system, causing failure of our economic system:-
3.2.1) Multiple mediums of instruction, dissimilar pattern of studies, and unstructured educational system, resulting in increase in
brain drainage which leads towards unavailability of skilled workforce in state.
3.2.2) Business community is devising educational sectors as a source of business and investing in private unauthorized institutions
which results in low quality grooming and generating unskilled managers.
3.2.3) Lack of creativity of engineers due to cramming in education system of Pakistan is hampering economic developments. i.e.:
hiring of Chinese workers in CPEC project.
3.3) Flaws in our educational system, causing failure of our social system:-
3.3.1) Approximately 40% of Pakistan’s population is lying under poverty line, and striving to fulfill their physiological needs,
because education system is neglected by administration and this results in generating inefficient workforce and skilled labor.
3.3.2) Lack of female institutions is creating the issue of gender disparity.
3.3.3) Social constraints due to the different social classes in a society are hindering education for children at primary level. i.e.:
elite, middle and low.
4. Comparison of Pakistan and other countries in educational development and managing the rest of the system
4.1) Education has played an important role in the development of Norway, as their
highest literacy rate also leads them to be amongst the most prosperous nations, whereas Pakistan is being considered as one of
the least prosperous nations on the basis of its inappropriate educational structure.
4.2) China and Japan are considered as highly technologically developed nations, because
of highly skilled workforce and technical abilities, as they contain strong educational structure, whereas Pakistan borrows technical
workforce and expertise from other nations. Pakistan ranks at the bottom in innovation ranking of 2016.
4.3) India acquiring sound healthcare system along with increase in literacy rate (lit rate more than 74%) as according to survey
report of environmental feasibility, the literacy rate of India is about 71.2% whereas, Pakistan has of about 60% literacy rate.
5. Recommendations to overcome educational flaws and terminate its negative impacts over system: -
5.1) Need to ensure educational emergency in all over the state, as in Sweden, and make
it compulsory for a specific age of children to attend school, so that availability of skilled labor can be made sure.
5.2) Have to seek attention from UN and request them to develop on efficient planning for better educational structure.
5.3) Must start educational campaigns in all over the nation, and raise the voice for
importance of education in rural areas, so that society can become civilized and well managed.
5.4) Need to consult highly literate nations and hire consultants and trainers from the states to provide training to available staff,
for sake of technical workforce.
5.5) Required to ensure scholarship programs at every stage of education and provide motivational rewards to aspirants, to
enhance enrollment in educational sectors and to ameliorate literacy rate – Pakistan has launched a scheme to support the
students from less developed areas.
6. Conclusion
Essay Outline: The Implications of Sectarian Militancy and Ethnic Violence in Muslim World
Table of Contents
CSS Essay Outlines : The Implications of Sectarian Militancy and Ethnic Violence in Muslim World
o
1. Introduction
2. Identifying the causes of sectarian ethnic violence in Muslim world
3. Global and regional implications of sectarian and ethnic violence in Muslim world
4. Rising militancy due to international actors in Muslim world
5. Growing sectarian/ethnic in Pakistan and its impacts
6. Suggested remedies to cope with growing sectarian and ethnic violence in Muslim world.
7. Conclusion
Essay Outline: Culture of Corruption in Pakistan Its Impacts on Economy And Human Capital
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CSS Essay Outlines: The Implications of Sectarian Militancy and Ethnic Violence in Muslim World
1. Introduction
1.1) In modern age of global integrating politics, Muslim world is fast disintegrating on sectarian lines.
1.2) Sectarian decision has now exacerbated by taking ethnic and intra-sect forms posing direct threat to the stability of the Muslim
and the wider world.
2. Identifying the causes of sectarian ethnic violence in Muslim world
2.1) Historical reasons
2.1.1) The 1400 years old conflict of Muslim Caliphates succession and continuous
subjugation of majority sects.
2.1.2) Continuous subjugation of minority sects at hands of majority sect/ethnic groups. 2.1.3) Breakup of Ottoman Empire after
WWI paving way for minority sects and
suppressed ethnic groups to backlash against former rulers. 2.2) Modern day causes
2.2.1) Continuous tussle between KSA and Iran after Iranian revolution to claim Islamic
world leadership.
2.2.2) Growing number of sectarian/ethnic differences driven proxy wars.
2.2.3) West’s misinterpretation of Islam and with hidden players facilitating hate
mongering against opposing sects. 2.3) Foreign factors causes
2.3.1) Banned organization are recruiting young people to their folds to encourage violence worldwide. i.e.: IS recruits youth of
Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tunisia.
2.3.2) Youth get aspirations of sectarian violence due to blasphemy by minorities living in their country.
3. Global and regional implications of sectarian and ethnic violence in Muslim world
3.1) Browning militancy and spilling over of violence to wider world
3.1.1) Ever intensifying tussle between Iran and KSA resulting in increased number of proxy wars across the Muslim world (e.g. Iraq,
Syria, Pakistan, Lebanon)
3.1.2) Increased funding of proxy war groups making these sectarian outfits stronger and eventually getting out of control.
3.1.3) Based on these funding and training, appearance of hard line local and transnational terrorist organizations (e.g. ISIS)
3.1.4) With increasing recruits of sectarian/ethnic outfits from western world, these battle- hardened fighters may return to their
countries causing severe security complication
globally.
3.2) Destabilization of Muslim countries culminating in existential crisis
3.2.1) Muslim states unable to eradicate terrorist groups have substantial part of their territory owned by militant outfits (e.g. ISIS
in Iraq)
3.2.2) Appearance of De facto states under militant leaderships confining Muslim countries writ to their capitals
3.2.3) Terrorist organizations taking control of strategically important and resourcefully rich areas of Muslim countries .
3.3) Humanitarian crisis and socio-economic plight in Muslim world.
3.3.1) Soaring numbers of refugees and IDPS across Muslim nations due to ongoing conflicts.
3.3.2) Humanitarian crisis as help and aid cannot reach affecters due to severe fighting in conflict zones.
3.3.3) Due to ethnic/sectarian conflicts major Muslim countries are unable to progress socio-economically and losing out fast to
non-Muslim competitors
3.4) Failure of Muslim leadership to protect and promulgate the true peaceful ideology of Islam and oppression against Muslim
community.
3.4.1) Sectarian and ethnic violence within Muslim world self-validates western accusations of Islam being an aggressive/violent
religion.
3.4.2) Spreading of violence from sectarian/ethnic forms to intra-sect shades and violence against other religious minorities
severely afflicting Islamic concept of peaceful co- existence
3.4.3) Sidelining of Important disputes of Muslim world such as Palestine and Indian
occupied Kashmir and failure to protect apprised Muslim communities globally such as in Myanmar.
3.4.4) Growing concept of intolerance and extremism in Muslim community.
4. Rising militancy due to international actors in Muslim world
4.1) Blacklisting of banned organizations of militancy by UN has sown the seeds of hatred which made militants more aggressive.
i.e.; UNSC resolution 1267 adopted unanimously to
blacklist Al-Qaeda.
4.2) Intervention of powerful states i.e.: US and Russia in war torn countries have deteriorated the situation of poor Muslim
countries by bringing R2P (responsibility to protect) agendas. i.e.: Syrian refugee crisis as the second most crisis of the world after
the WWII.
4.3) Hate speeches of anti-Islam promotes ill-will in militants. i.e.: President-elect of US Donald Trump hatred speech against
Muslims and Islamophobia.
5. Growing sectarian/ethnic in Pakistan and its impacts
5.1) Brief history of sectarian/ethnic violence in Pakistan
5.1.1) Strict sectarian legislations during Zia’s regime and the Iranian volition recordation initiated sectarian conflicts in Pakistan
5.1.2) Fast changing demographics in major cities, such as Karachi, formed the basis of ethnic violence that focused on power
struggle.
5.2) Impacts of sectarian/ethnically motivated violence in Pakistan
5.2.1) Severe law and order situation as target violence against opposing camps increased. 5.2.2) Rise of hate speech/publications
and growing sense of intolerance within Pakistani
society.
5.2.3) Political confrontation of ethnicity based groups hampering major national developments and fueling rising calls of new
provinces.
5.2.4) Eventual targeting of non-Muslim minorities leaving them highly and marginalized. 5.2.5) Fast disintegrating sense of national
unity among masses
5.3) Growing of sectarian/ethnic violence in Pakistan due to foreign factors
5.3.1) Exiled members of political parties to be involved in sectarian killings. i.e.; Former PPP senator Faisal Raza Abidi arrested over
Patel Para killings, Zardari ties with Karachi- based businessman Anwar Majeed who is booked under Anti-terrorism Act.
5.3.2) Indian Raw agent Kulbhushan Yadhav confessed to destabilize Pakistan and to promote sectarian killings (caught in 2016 in
Pakistan)
6. Suggested remedies to cope with growing sectarian and ethnic violence in Muslim world.
6.1) Withdrawal of KSA and Iran from their overambitious quest to solely lead the Muslim world. 6.2) Immediate haling of financing
of sectarian militant organizations.
6.3) Role of International community in mediating these conflicts to be ensured.
6.4) Socio-economic uplift of Muslim world through energy and economic cooperation.
6.5) Role of media and Muslim clerics in bringing together opposing sects to points of commonality.
6.6) Widespread preaching of tolerance, co-existence and plurality of approach specially with regards to the vulnerable minorities.
6.7) Providing equal opportunities to all without any discrimination on sectarian/ethnic basis. 6.8) Making OIC operational,
influential and effective
7. Conclusion
7.1) The only way to truly protect and promulgate Islamic Ideology while competing with west is to unite under the umbrella of
Islam
7.2) Allowing sectarian/Ethnic violence to proceed unbridled would soon turn into a challenge for the entire global community.
Essay Outline: Impacts of Climate Change on Pakistan as One of the Worst Hit Regions
Table of Contents
Essay Outline: Impacts of Climate Change on Pakistan as One of the Worst Hit Regions
o 1. Introduction
o 2. How vulnerable is the world due to climate change
o 3. The most worst hit regions due to climate change
o 4. Impacts of climate change on worst hit regions
o 5. How international community has helped to lessen the impacts of climate change
o 6. Conclusion
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Essay Outline: Impacts of Climate Change on Pakistan as One of the Worst Hit Regions
1. Introduction
1.1 Climate change has affected all regions of the world due to the man-made activities which contribute to greenhouse gases.
1.2 Climate change has affected the most vulnerable regions by posing threat to the lives of living beings, polluting the environment
and damaging the agriculture.
2. How vulnerable is the world due to climate change
2.1 Melting of glaciers has resulted in the rising of sea levels.
2.2 Less rainfall has resulted in droughts, famines and epidemics. i.e. Thar in Pakistan.
3. The worst hit regions due to climate change
3.1 Tropical regions of the world are facing extreme weather conditions that have resulted in floods, high intensity storms and over
pollution. i.e.; Smog engulfed whole Punjab of India and Pakistan.
3.2 Pakistan ranks as 8th most vulnerable country in the world due to climate change.
3.3 Rise in temperature of African countries resulted in drought and famine.
4. Impacts of climate change on worst hit regions
4.1 Impacts on environment
4.1.1 Intense temperature has resulted in sea level rise and more intense heat waves. i.e.; Karachi the most populous city of
Pakistan suffers from heat waves.
4.1.2 Increasing of chemical particles have polluted the atmosphere. i.e.; heavy smog in the whole Punjab of India and Pakistan.
4.2 Impacts on agriculture
4.2.1 Intense droughts and famine have reduced land’s fertility. i.e. severe droughts in Thar and Baluchistan.
4.2.2 Less rainfall and intense heat waves resulted in fire of wild forests. i.e.; forest fires in Israel due to continuous drought.
4.3 Impacts on living beings
4.3.1 Increase in viral diseases and epidemics resulted in casualties. i.e.; skin infection in animals and human beings, e.g.:
Chikungunya – mosquito born disease in Pakistan.
4.3.2 Increase in physical abnormalities of individuals. i.e.; Polio virus.
5. How international community has helped to lessen the impacts of climate change
5.1 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference in Dec, 2009 forged an agreement as maximum increase in global temperature as 2⁰ C.
5.2 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the UNFCCC, held in Paris.
5.3 Kigali deal in Rwanda to phase out greenhouse gases.
6. Conclusion
Essay Outline: Disturbed Borders Suggest Unending Wars and Threats to Human Lives
Essay Outline: Disturbed Borders Suggest Unending Wars and Threats to Human Lives
1. Introduction
1.1 Border skirmishes lead to antagonism
1.2 Bloodshed over the borders poisons the relationship among countries.
2. Why do borders remain disturbed?
2.1 Unspecified demarcation of borders lead to antagonism among countries.
2.2 Cross-border terrorism and proxy wars result in retaliation.
2.3 Economic inequalities among countries. i.e.; India-Pak over water.
2.4 Historical rivalries among countries. i.e.; Pak-Afghan Durand line.
2.5 Civil wars i.e. Yemen, Syria
3. How disturbed borders lead to unending wars
3.1 Disputed regions lead to unending wars among countries. i.e.; Kashmir issue, Cyprus conflict, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
3.2 Historical rivalries due to unsatisfied demarcation among countries. i.e.; Pak-Afghan Durand line, Palestine-Israel conflict.
3.3 Economic disparities among countries. i.e.; India use water as weapon against Pakistan and discourages IWT agreement, Israeli
settlements in West Bank.
4. Disturbed borders – case study of ongoing civil wars in war-torn countries
4.1 Banned militants (ISIL, Al-Qaeda, Taliban) wage war by taking the benefits of war-torn situation of countries. i.e.; Afghanistan,
Iraq, Syria
4.2 Powerful countries to flex their military muscles use poor countries. i.e.; US and Russia backed forces in Syria, Russian invasion
in Ukraine
4.3 Military interventions by using the agenda of Responsibility to Protect (R2P). i.e.; Libya war, US troops in Afghanistan and Iraq.
5. How disturbed borders lead to threat of human lives
5.1 Border skirmishes and cross-border terrorism lead to mass casualties. i.e.; Pak-India, Pak-Afghan, Armenia-Azerbaijan
5.2 Ongoing civil wars as powerful countries flex their military muscles lead to refugee and humanitarian crises. i.e.; Syrian refugee
crisis as the largest one after the WWII, Yemen casualties due to war, droughts and famine.
Check Also: CSS Essay: The United Nation has Failed to Measure Up to the Demands of its Charter
6. International community efforts to ease border tensions
6.1 UNSC resolutions to provide peaceful settlements of disputes. i.e.; Resolutions adopted by UNSC since 1946.i.e; Resolutions on
Kashmir, Israel-Palestine
6.2 World Bank provides arbitration courts to solve disputes peacefully due to economic disparities among countries. i.e.; Indus
water treaty (IWT)
6.3 Bilateral and trilateral true deals among countries. i.e.; Turkey and Russia to agree on truce deal on Syrian war.
7. Conclusion
8. Way Forward
8.1 Powerful countries need to put aside their interests and provide solutions to disputes without any biasness.
8.2 International community to deal with banned militant organizations to cease them to wage war in war-torn countries.
8.3 International community to provide solutions on refugee crisis. i.e.; millions of Syrian refugees died in Mediterranean Sea as
neighboring countries closed their borders for them.
Essay Outline: Nuclear Weapons Are Not Only a Great Peril but Also a Great Hope
Table of Contents
Essay Outline: Nuclear Weapons are Not Only a Great Peril but Also a Great Hope
o
1. Introduction
2. Nuclear weapon – a threat to international tranquility
3. How international community has jeopardized international tranquility
4. Nuclear weapons – can be a silver lining too
5. Conclusion
6. Way Forward
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Essay Outline: Nuclear Weapons Are Not Only a Great Peril but Also a Great Hope
1. Introduction
1.1 Nuclear weapons are the weapons of mass destruction that engulf the whole region into fumes.
1.2 Nuclear weapons besides endangering human lives and infrastructures also give a hope for a country to survive through
deterrence.
1.3 Historical overview of nuclear weapons as great peril
a) Mass destructions of cities in Japan, WWII. i.e.; Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
b) Spreading of cancer diseases that continued for generations due to the radiations of nuclear weapons.
c) Explosion of nuclear reactors. i.e.; Chernobyl incident, Fukushima incident – led thousands of people to evacuate from their
places.
2. Nuclear weapon – a threat to international tranquility
2.1 Threat to peace and security
2.1.1 Piling up of nuclear weapons by powerful countries to achieve their interests. i.e.; THAAD system of US deployed in S. Korea
angered China and N. Korea.
2.1.2 Piling up of nuclear weapons by countries due to insecurities. i.e.; Israel, India, Pakistan, N. Korea.
2.1.3 Jeopardizing nuclear weapons due to the presence of banned militant organizations. i.e.; IS, Taliban.
2.2 Threat to trade and economy
2.2.1 Deploying of nuclear weapons on sea and oceans jeopardizes trade. i.e.; Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) – K4
deployed by India in 2016 to jeopardize CPEC.
2.2.2 Competition of trade and economy among powerful countries led them to jeopardize poor countries. i.e.; string of pearls by
China leads to antagonism in poor littoral countries (Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam) backed by the US.
3. How international community has jeopardized international tranquility
3.1 Double standards of legitimate nuclear power countries. i.e.; US gave free waiver to India by signing civil-nuclear deal in 2008.
3.2 Providing of civil-nuclear technology to deter their counterparts. i.e.; Trade rivalries between Japan and China led Japan to
provide civil-nuclear technology to India to deter China in 2016.
3.3 Backing of nuclear elite groups has posed threats to poor countries. i.e. US promised to provide NSG membership to India
leaving behind Pakistan.
4. Nuclear weapons – can be a silver lining too
4.1 for boosting economy
4.1.1 Dual-use technology of nuclear arms provide civil-nuclear technologies to generate electricity by building nuclear reactors.
i.e.; KANUPP and CHASNUPP generate nuclear energy in Pakistan.
4.1.2 Safeguarding trade projects by deploying nuclear capable submarines on sea and oceans. i.e.; String of pearls by China,
nuclear capable Pakistan navy submarines to safeguard CPEC.
4.2 for ensuring healthy environment
4.2.1 Replacing of non-renewable energy sources with nuclear reactors as keeping the environment clean. i.e.; Climatic impacts on
earth (smog, hazel, pollution) would be lessened.
4.3 for creating deterrence
4.3.1 Enhancing nuclear capabilities to safeguard one’s sovereignty. i.e.; Pakistan deters India, N. Korea deters S. Korea, Israel
deters Arab countries.
4.3.2 Nuclear weapons to lessen foreign military interventions.
5. Conclusion
6. Way Forward
6.1 International communities need to cease their double standards to provide nuclear capable technologies to their allies.
6.2 Nuclear free world is a mirage as countries feel insecure of their neighboring counterparts.
6.3 Building of effective nuclear check institutions to keep an eye on both legitimate nuclear power countries (P5+1) and
illegitimate nuclear power countries (India, Pakistan, Israel, N. Korea).
India started almost every project without informing Pakistan which is in violation of IWT
1. Manipulation of the treaty terms
There is a restriction of aggregate storage allowed to India over western rives via Annexure E of the treaty. India, however, is
manipulating this provision by building a series of storages on western rivers, increasing storage and water regulation capabilities
manifold.
2. Construction of Kshanganga dam
India has recently awarded a tender for construction of 330 MW Kshanganga hydro-electric project (HEP), which will be built on
Indian tributary (Kishanganga) of Jhelum River. Pakistan has announced a similar project on Pakistani side of River Jhelum.
According to IWT, the country that completes the project first will win the rights to the river. Hence, despite costing 68% more than
estimated, India is endeavoring to finish the project first.
3. Construction other dams on Western rivers
India has plans to construct 62 dams and hydro-electric units on Rivers Chenab and Jhelum thus enabling it to render these rivers
dry by 2014.19
U. Worrying level of deforestation
V. Scientific implementation of water policy
V. Far-reaching reparations
A. Effects on agriculture in general and on economy in particular
The adverse effects of water shortage on agriculture would have a spiraling effect on the prevailing level of poverty.
1. Less water means less agricultural yields and to fulfill the food requirements of the nation, we will be dependent on other
countries.
2. Raising livestock is the main source of livelihood of rural areas. it is also an important economic activity, which contributes 9.7%
of gdp, will be affected due to shortage of water.
3. Orchards of Pakistan bring home a healthy amount of foreign exchange, which can be affected due water shortage.
4. Due to less production of main crops, which are wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice, the Industries related to them will suffer
adversely.
5. Then due to drought and more dependency on ground water for irrigation, the water table will go down, and this will cause
water constrains to the population.
6. Less agricultural outputs will compel people to head towards urban areas for jobs, which will increase the unemployment
further.
7. The distribution of water is controlled from the center by IRSA (Indus river system authority) as per 1991 agreement between the
provinces. Now the shortage of water will cause disputes between the provinces, which may cause harm to the national integrity.
B. Implications resulting from India’s terrorism
1. Risk of breaching ITW
India’s future energy and water demands, which are enormous, can compel her to undertake projects in violation of IWT. Certain
quarters in India are already saying that IWT is more of a binding for India and should therefore be abrogated.
2. Possibility to divert water
Though India does not have the capability to divert water from the western rivers at present, however, possibility of a project
similar to China’s Great South-North Water Transfer Project cannot be ruled out.
3. Internal and external political and armed conflicts
Any reduction in water inflow to Pakistan at this stage will cause shortage of water for irrigation and if supplemented by adverse
climatic conditions and other internal water mismanagement issues, can trigger inter-provincial water conflicts of serious
magnitude. If India is found violating IWT at that point in time, then it will spark serious differences between India and Pakistan and
might become prelude to a major conflict.
4. Negatively Impacting agriculture and damaging social life
Most recently, water flows in Chenab has declined by 40 per cent to about 6,000 cusecs from a 10 year average of about 10,000
cusecs, mainly because of construction by India of over a dozen hydropower projects upstream, reduction in rainfall and diversion
of river waters. Incase India resorts to stoppage of water as per her capability, 406 Canals and 1125 Dis tributaries will become dry
rendering 0.35 million acres of cultivated land barren and eventually ruining a total of 7.0 million acres of fertile land. India’s
decision to go ahead with Kishanganga HEP and four other dams in India administered Kashmir is geared not so much towards
meeting its own needs as impoverishing Pakistan. Agriculture is Pakistan’s backbone and water flowing in the channels is its blood
line. It contributes 21% to the GDP and employs 45% of labor force.24 Adverse effects of water shortage on agriculture would have
a spiraling effect on the prevailing level of poverty leading to economic and social problems.
5. Lose of water annually
To fill Baglihar Dam, India had consistently obstructed Chenab’s flow; resultantly Pakistan received only 19,351 cusecs on 9 October
2009 and 10,739 cusecs on 11 October 2009, when it should be receiving a minimum of 55,000 cusecs per day. Total loss was
approximately 321,000 MAF of water. India has gained a water holding capacity on western rivers which can seriously affect water
inflow at Marala HWs / Mangla Dam causing acute shortage of water for winter crop. Though, presently India is not capable of
diverting water, possibility of a project similar to China’s Great North-South Water Transfer Project cannot be ruled out.
6. Effecting economic growth
The growth rate of Pakistan’s agriculture is already decreasing due to water shortages. In order to achieve the required growth
targets in agriculture, Pakistan needs an estimated 149 MAF of water in 2000, 215 MAF in 2013 The shortage of surface water will
result in drought and more dependency on ground water for irrigation, hence water table will go down causing water constraints to
the population.
C. Threats to federalism
D. Effects on health sector
E. Floods and drought
F. Impending war with India
G. Energy shortage/crisis
VI. Recommendations
A. Building dams and reservoirs
1. Water development
The construction of following dams should start immediately:-
a. Chasha dam
It would be located 200 miles upstream of terbela on river Indus. its gross storage capacity would be 7.3 maf and live storage 5.7
maf. Its power generation capacity would be 3360 mw.
b. Kalabagh dam
Kalabagh dam site is located 132 miles downstream of Terbela. Its gross storage would be 6.1 maf. It would have a power
generation of 3600 mw. Here I shall further suggest that the construction of Kalabagh be under taken only, once all the provinces
are convinced and willing to cooperate.
c. Thal reservoir
It would be located on the right bank of Chashma – Jhelum link canal, along the western bank of river Jhelum. Its reservoir would
have gross capacity of 2.3 maf.
d. Raised Mangla dam
in this the present Mangla dam would be further raised by 40 ft. and thus increasing its gross capacity to 9.5 maf. In addition, its
power generation capacity would be increased by 15%.
e. Mirani dam
The dam is located on Dasht River about 48 km of Turbat town in Mekran division. Its main objective is to provide water for
irrigation. Its gross storage is 0.30 maf.
f. Gomalzam dam
It is located at Khajori Kach on Gomal River in South Waziristan, about 75 miles from Dera Ismail Khan. Its main objective will be to
irrigate 132000 acres of land, power generation of 17.4 mw and flood control.
From these projects we shall be able to store additional 20maf of water.
B. The National Water Strategy
1. Water developments
2. Water management
C. Solutions to counter Indian water terrorism
1. Pakistan should highlight the importance of the issue on various international forums. Merely passing the political statements
will not resolve the problem.
2. Indian intentions and needs should be distinguished on quantitative terms to highlight the real face of India among international
community.
3. The treaty does not provide so many important issues like availability of water, effects of climate change and proportional
increase or decrease of water in quantitative terms. Pakistan should look for proper strategic forum for deliberative discussion and
policy options for these issues.
4. At present, renegotiating the treaty seems impossible and Pakistan has to relook its water policy in the given limits of treaty.
Therefore, effective role of Indus Water Commissioners is the need of hour.
5. Interstate conflict can be managed through internal strength and same is the case with water conflicts.
6. Pakistani policy makers should understand the concept of conflict resolution and initiatives must be taken on capacity building as
no one can compel any sovereign state (India or Pakistan) to act on morality.
7. There is serious need to work on water management as the available water is being wasted and the groundwater table is going
below and below.
D. Need of robust diplomacy at regional and international level
E. Introducing proper water usage fee
F. Need for more forests
G. Seeking assistance from international aid agencies
H. Lining of canals and the optimal use of water for agriculture
1. Define the groundwater ownership
2. Legislation for licensing of groundwater
3. Increase the groundwater recharge for urban and rural areas under legal framework
I. Control Water pollution
1. Including both the surface water pollution
2. Groundwater pollution is a tough task to handle
3. Implementation of national environmental quality standards
4. Incentives should be given to industrial sector in form of subsidies and tax relaxation against the installation of waste water
treatment plants
5. Impose fine on the polluter pay plenty rule
J. Adopting more crop per drop technologies for agriculture
1. Laser levelling
2. Drip irrigation
3. Sprinklers can help to minimize water wastage at farm level
K. Positive awareness
L. Agro-climating zoning should be preferred instead of provincial boundaries for water resources
M. Mainstreaming environmental change concerns
1. Eco-framework conservation
2. Proper administration and use of water
N. Construction of Reservoirs on emergency basis: Diamer-Basha, Kalabagh Dam
O. Revamping the system of water rights
P. Strengthening the role of IRSA
Q. Disseminate awareness regarding the rising stress on water resources
R. Raising height of existing dams to increase capacity
S. using advanced technology e.g. drip framing for water conservation
T. Building national consensus on water sustainability via constitutional amendment
U. using wireless sensor network/ telemetry system as a central database to monitor water consumption/ flow yearly
VII. Conclusion