SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

We conclude that, Packaging is part and parcel of human life. Modern packaging, the
technology used to contain, protect, and preserve products throughout their distribution, storage
and handling, and at the same time to identify them, provided instructions for their use, and
promote them. Such packaging became an important part of our daily life. Almost everything in
the market is coming in colorful, hygienic and suitable packaging, which not only attracted the
eyes of the customer but also made its (product) shelf-life longer, safe and secure. Packaging also
keeps the item safe from climatic changes, including light and temperature. Packaging industry is
growing very fast as it became a marketing necessity with the changing.

The present study discusses the Origin, growth of packaging, significance of packaging
concept, packaging cost, methods of cost reduction, environmental impact of packaging, different
strategies used by packaging industries, legal, social, economic, technical factors of packaging,
role of packaging in the competitive globalised world, packaging trends, marketing, the scope
and future of packaging with reference to the problems faced by the packaging industries and
awareness of consumers and attempt to place in the right perspective the future prospects and the
development of the packaging sector life-styles.
 REFERENCES
1. Internet source by Google. (www.google.co.in)
2. Book- Business Studies And Management by R. K .Sharma, Shashi Kumar Gupta,
Rahul Sharma.
3. BOOK – Business studies and management xii by (GLOBAL PUBLICATIONS)
4. www.Wikipedia.com
5. Internet sources by Google (WWW.slidesshare.net) Article by Shreya Munjal.
 INDEX

S.NO TOPICS PAGE NO.

(1) INTRODUCTION 1

(2) MEANING 2

(3) LEVELS OF PACKAGING 2

(4) IMPORTANCE 3

(5) FUNCTIONS 3-4

(6) HISTORY OF PACAKGING 5

MEANING
Packaging refers to the process of designing the package such as containers, wrappers etc. It
plays a very significant role in the marketing success or failure of many products especially
for non durable consumer products.
It not only provides protection to the product but also acts as a promotional tool.
Sometimes, customers assess the quality of the product from its packaging. Packaging has
played an important role in the success of many products like Colgate Toothpaste, Taj
Mahal Tea, Lays Wafers etc. It has been described as silent salesman.

Levels of Packaging:
Following are the three levels of Packaging:
1. Primary Package:
Primary package refers to the product’s immediate package. In certain cases, such package
is retained till the consumer is ready to use the product. For example, plastic packet for
socks while in some other cases such package is used throughout the life of the product such
as the bottle carrying jam or tomato sauce etc.

2. Secondary Packaging:
Secondary packaging is the additional packing given to a product to protect it. Such packing
is retained till the consumer wants to start using the product. For example Pears Soap
usually comes in a card board box. Consumer first throws the box when he desires to use it
& than discards plastic wrapper too to get hold of the soap.

3. Transportation Packaging:
It refers to packages essential for storing, identifying or transporting. For example, use of
corrugated boxes, wooden crates etc.

Functions of Packaging:
Following are the main functions performed by packaging:
1. Product Identification:
Packaging ensures easy identification of a product. For example, Taj Mahal Tea can be easily
identified from a distance due to its blue color box.

2. Product Protection:
The most important function of packaging is to ensure protection of a product from
spoilage, leakage, breakage etc. It also ensures effective protection during storage and
transportation of a product.

3. Facilitating Use of the Product:

Packaging helps the customers to easily handle and use the product. For example, tubes of
tooth pastes, bottles of cold drinks etc.

4. Product Promotion:
Packaging acts as an important promotional tool. The attractive color scheme or photograph
used in packing helps in attracting the attention of the people and inducing them to
purchase the product. Therefore, it plays the role of silent salesman.

Importance of Packaging:
The importance of packaging is as follows:
1. Rising Standards of Health and Sanitation:
Rising standards of living in the country have resulted in more use of packed goods and this
also reduces the chances of adulteration.

2. Self Service Outlets:

At present, packaging has occupied a place of silent salesmanship especially at self service
outlets.

3. Innovational Opportunity:
Various innovative packing ideas especially in the field of medicines, soft drinks, milk etc.
has increased the scope of marketing of these products. Now, pasteurized milk come in
packs which can be stored for few days even.

4. Product Differentiation:
Packaging helps in product differentiation. The colour, size, material etc. of package help
the customer to assess the quality of the product. For example, potato wafers of local brand
& branded companies give different impact on the minds of the customers, all because of
difference in their packing.

INTRODUCTION

In the summer of 1888, visitors to the Kolkata harbour noticed crates full of Sunlight soap bars,
embossed with the words "Made in England by Lever Brothers". With it, began an era of
marketing branded Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG).

Soon after followed Lifebuoy in 1895 and other famous brands like Pears, Lux and Vim.
Vanaspati was launched in 1918 and the famous Dalda brand came to the market in 1937.

In 1931, Unilever set up its first Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing
Company, followed by Lever Brothers India Limited (1933) and United Traders Limited
(1935). These three companies merged to form HUL in November 1956; HUL offered 10%
of its equity to the Indian public, being the first among the foreign subsidiaries to do so.
Unilever now holds 67.25% equity in the company. The rest of the shareholding is
distributed among about three lakh individual shareholders and financial institutions.

The erstwhile Brooke Bond's presence in India dates back to 1900. By 1903, the company
had launched Red Label tea in the country. In 1912, Brooke Bond & Co. India Limited was
formed. Brooke Bond joined the Unilever fold in 1984 through an international acquisition.
The erstwhile Lipton's links with India were forged in 1898. Unilever acquired Lipton in
1972, and in 1977 Lipton Tea (India) Limited was incorporated.

The liberalisation of the Indian economy, started in 1991, clearly marked an inflexion in
HUL's and the Group's growth curve. Removal of the regulatory framework allowed the
company to explore every single product and opportunity segment, without any
constraints on production capacity.

In 2007, the Company name was formally changed to Hindustan Unilever Limited after
receiving the approval of share holders during the 74th AGM on 18 May 2007. Brooke Bond
and Surf Excel breached the theRs 1,000 crore sales mark the same year followed by Wheel
which crossed the Rs.2,000 crore sales milestone in 2008.
HISTORY OF PACKAGING
The first packages used the natural materials available at the time: baskets of reeds,
wineskins (bota bags), wooden boxes, pottery vases, ceramic amphorae, wooden barrels,
woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed:
for example, early glass and bronze vessels. The study of old packages is an important
aspect of archaeology.
The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035, when
a Persian traveler visiting markets in Caironoted that vegetables, spices and hardware
were wrapped in paper for the customers after they were sold.

The use of tinplate for packaging dates back to the 18th century. The manufacture of
tinplate was long a monopoly of Bohemia; in 1667 Andrew Yarranton, an English engineer,
and Ambrose Crowley brought the method to England where it was improved by
ironmasters including Philip Foley.By 1697, John Hanbury had a rolling mill
at Pontypool for making "Pontypoole Plates".The method pioneered there of rolling iron
plates by means of cylinders enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than was
possible with the former practice of hammering.

Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the Bristol Channel in 1725. The tinplate
was shipped from Newport, Monmouthshire. By 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and
50,000 exported. Tobacconists in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters
from the 1760s onwards.

With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for food preservation by French
inventor Nicholas Appert, the tin canning process was patented by British merchant Peter
Durand in 1810. After receiving the patent, Durand did not himself follow up with canning
food. He sold his patent in 1812 to two other Englishmen, Bryan Donkin and John Hall, who
refined the process and product and set up the world's first commercial canning factory on
Southwark Park Road, London. By 1813, they were producing the first canned goods for
the Royal Navy.
The progressive improvement in canning stimulated the 1855 invention of the can
opener. Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West,
Hackney Road, Middlesex, UK, devised a claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated
tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans. [11] In 1858, another lever-type
opener of a more complex shape was patented in the United States by Ezra
Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut.E-commerce sales have increased dramatically
by around 15% per year in the EU over the recent years (E-commerce Europe)

The Impacts of Packaging

Packaging has an impact on the majority of these factors. Excluding the direct impact of
the packaging factor, which refers to the costs and the environmental impact of
packaging manufacturing, indirect impacts of packaging are also important.

The weight and volume efficiency of packaging and its stackability determine the
number of products that can be:

• Loaded into a vehicle (freight transport factor)

• Handed simultaneously and efficiently stored in warehouses (buildings factor)

Packaging also has an impact on the efficiency of product returns. Usually, returned
products must be repacked. The extent to which the packaging solution supports time
and cost-efficient repacking with minimal waste, affect the total economic and
environmental performances of e-commerce.

Another indirect impact of packaging is its capability to protect. The aggregated

economic and environmental impacts of damaged products include those from product
manufacturing, packaging, transport etc. In addition, the cost and environmental
impacts of a product are usually by far higher than that of packaging. Thus, sufficient
packaging protection is essential. According to E-commerce Europe, one of the most
common complaints in e-commerce are damaged goods. Statistics from Eurostat
showed that 9% of the consumers had received mistaken or damaged goods during the
last year.
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT AYESHA PARWEEN AT +2 2 nd COMMERCE HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE B.S.M PROJECT AS PER GUIDELINES AT +2 2 nd YEAR AT
HIGHER SECONDARY EXAMINATION, RAMA DEVI WOMENS UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR
FOR CONSIDERATION IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT CHSE, ODISHA
FOR AWARD OF +2 CERTIFICATES IN COMMERCE.

THE ORIGINAL RESEARCH WORK WAS CARRIED BY

HIM UNDER MY SUPERVISION IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-19.ON THE BASIS OF
DECLARATION MADE BY HIM. RECOMMENDED THIS PROJECT REPORT FOR THE
EVVALUATION

PLACE: BHUBANESWAR

DATE: PROJECT GUIDE

SIGNATURE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO MY TEACHER

WHO GAVE ME THE AMAZING OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS WONDERFUL B.S.M
PROJECT ON THE TOPIC OF MODES OF PACKAGING& HISTORY OF PACKAGING, I
WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANKS MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS WHO HELPED ME
ALLOT IN FINISHING THIS PROJECT FOR EARNING GOOD MARKS BUT ALSO
INCREASE MY KNOWLEDGE.

THANK YOU AGAIN TO ALL WHO

HELPED ME.