Arts presents a high human condition and it has an enabling

quality.
 Highest expression done in an extra-ordinary way
 Anything that has beauty and creativity Amador Daguio
 Has style
 Has life Is the beautiful expression of man’s personal interpretation of
some aspect of human life, or a wording out of unique,
Two Forms: beautiful and personal manner.

Natural Arts Virginia Woolf (feminist)

 Anything that is part of nature It is strewn with the wreckage of men who have minded
 Anything made by God beyond reason the opinion of others.
 Possesses natural beauty
C.S. Lewis
Artificial Arts
It adds to reality. It does not simply describe (realism).
 Anything done by man
Francisco O. Javines
Examples:
Develops a keener sensitiveness to life.
Painting is the combination of brush strokes and hues.
Architecture deals with geometric designs and figures Roger Don S.J
Sculpture is the use of chisel in carving Can escape from reality, liberation from political oppression,
Music is combinations of music, tone, and lyrics social injustice and economic inequality.
Literature
Ester Lombardi
Literature
Creative writing -> technical writing -> scientific writing
 Comes from the word LITERA which means letter
 Mirror of one’s culture Teofilo del Castillo & Buenaventura Medina
 Collection of significant human experience (SHE)
Eternally burning flame
Qualities of a “Good Literature”:
Poetry
 Timeless – appreciate an old work
 Universal – written in other places Aristotle
 Priceless – no equal amount could alter the quality Poetry is finer and more philosophical than history
 Original
 Possesses Positive Values – (case-to-case basis) Edmund Burke

Divisions of Literature It is the art of substantiating shadows, and of lending

existence to nothing
Prose – written in sentences and paragraph forms
T.S. Eliot
Elements:
Not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion
 Character
 Characterization – creation and development Robert Frost
 Setting – where and when it takes place
 Theme – central idea/lesson When an emotion has found its thought and the thought has
 Plot – events that occur in a story found words
 Conflict – struggle of the chara Khalil Gibran
 Climax – point wherein the conflict peaked
 Imagery – author’s attempt to create a pic Is a deal of joy and pain and wonder, with a dash of the
 POV – if told by a chara/outsider dictionary
 Moral Lesson/Values
John F. Kennedy
Poetry – written in verse and stanzas form
When power corrupts, poetry cleanses
Introduction to Literature
James Russell Lowell
Raymond Chadler
Something to make us wiser and better
When a book or a certain kind of book reaches a certain
intensity of artistic performance, it becomes literature. It Plato

Near to the vital truth than history

Edgar Allan Poe Novel – a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically
representing character and action with degree of realism
The rhythmical creation of beauty in words
Novella – normally longer than a short story but shorter than
William Wordsworth a novel
Spontaneous overflow of a powerful feeling recollected in Non-Fiction – based from real life stories/reality
tranquility (history, news, journals, diaries, essay, editorial, character
Anonymous sketch, biography, character sketches, autobiography)

an attempt of an author’s emotional and philosophical Poetry – lines/verses and stanzas (either lyric, narrative,
responses to himself and to his environment. dramatic)

Importance of Literature Elements:

1. Helps us grow both personally and intellectually. Lyric Poetry – intended to/can be sung (Ibong
2. Links us with the world of which we are a part. Adarna, Florante at Laura, Bible(s), songs)
3. Enables us to transcend our immediate time, place, Song - a short poem set to music or meant
and culture. to be sung
4. Encourages us to build mature empathy with all forms
of life—human, animals, plants Sonnet – poem of 14 lines using any of a
5. Sharpens the sense of moral judgement number of formal rhyme schemes
6. Stimulates imagination and ingenuity.
7. Significance of irony, paradox, oxymoron, Elegy – poem of serious reflection, typically
ambivalence a lament for the dead
8. Allows to us to see the world in different vantage Ode – in a form of an address to a particular
points. subject
9. Relives history.
10. Reminds us that we are human beings. Narrative Poetry – intended to be told to people,
like a story
Literary Types and Forms
Ballad – narrating a story in short stanzas,
Forms: Oral/Spoken and Written Types: Prose, Poetry, Drama passed orally
Prose – written in sentences and paragraphs Metrical Romance – another term for
Fiction – based on imagination (short stories, chivalric romance
legends, fairytales, parables, myths) Epic – a long poem, narrating the deeds and
Myths – a traditional story, especially one concerning the adventures of heroic or legendary figures or
early history of a people or explaining some natural or social the history of a nation
phenomenon, typically involving supernatural beings or events. Dramatic Poetry – drama
Legends – a traditional story sometimes popularly regarded Dramatic Monologue - a poem in the form of a speech or
as historical but unauthenticated narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker
Parable – a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while
lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels describing a particular situation or series of events.

Fable – a short story, typically with animals as characters, Soliloquy – an act of speaking one’s thought aloud
conveying a moral Drama – presentation acted on stage (tragedy, tragicomedy,
Fairy Tale – a children’s story about magical and imaginary melodrama)
beings and lands Elements:
Short Story – a story with a fully developed theme but  Dialogue
significantly shorter and less elaborate than a novel  Plot
Elements:  Character

 Plot Comedy (satirical, the comedy of manners, romantic,

 Character black, farce)
 Setting
 Theme
 Point of View
 Critical Approaches in Studying Literature 5. Assonance – identity of similarity in sound between
internal vowels in neighboring sounds.
Reader-response Approach – establishes the interaction
between the reader and the piece of literature Example: How now, brown cow?

Marxism – focuses on class conflicts as well as class 6. Euphemism – the substitution of an inoffensive term for
distinctions by emphasizing social, economic, and political one considered offensively explicit.
inequalities as exemplified by the characters in a literary work
Example: You’re an idiot. = You have an interesting
Feminism – examines the subjugation of women in the point of view.
society and how they were personified in literature whether
independent or dependent, superior or inferior, strong or 7. Hyperbole – an extravagant statement; use of
weak, liberated or conservative, assertive or submissive, exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis.
uncompromising or accommodating, expressive or timid Example: You’re talking me to death.
Queer Theory – scrutinizes, problematizes, and criticizes the 8. Irony – use of words to convey the opposite of their
role of gender in literature literal meaning.
Formalism – focuses on the inherent features of a text Example: A pilot has fear of heights.
Historical-Biographical Approach – embraces the idea that 9. Metaphor – implied comparison between dissimilar things
text and author are inseparable, thus, in order to make sense that have something in common.
of the text, the reader must dig the author’s life history to
know what compelled him from writing the text Example: The girl was her light.

Deconstruction – strives to exhibit that any text is not a 10. Onomatopoeia – words that imitate sounds.
disconnected whole but contains numerous conflicting
meanings Example: The pitter patter of the drizzling rain calmed
my nerves.
Moral/Intellectual Approach – concerns itself with the
content and values of the text, that is, to determine if the text 11. Oxymoron – incongruous and/or contradictory terms
is significant in the reader’s well-being—making them become appear side by side.
better persons and helping them understand the world
Example: She let out a silent scream when her friend
Seven Literary Standards surprised her inside the theater.

1. Artistry 12, Paradox – statement that appears to contradict itself.

2. Intellectual Value
Example: This is the beginning of the end.
3. Suggestiveness
4. Spiritual Value 13. Personification – an inanimate object or abstraction is
5. Universality endowed with human qualities or abilities.
6. Style
7. Nobelty Example: He closed his eyes as the gentle morning
breeze brushes his face.
Figures of Speech
14. Pun – a play on words.
1. Alliteration – the repetition of an initial consonant sound.
Example: The horse was very “stable”.
Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.
15. Simile – stated comparison (formed with like or as) with
2. Anaphora – the repetition of the same word or phrase at fundamentally dissimilar things.
the beginning of successive clauses or verses
Example: Ponkan was white as sheet when she left
Example: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place at the haunted house.
the wrong time on the wrong day.
16. Understatement – writer/speaker deliberately makes a
3. Antithesis – juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in situation seem less important or serious than it is.
balanced phrases.
Example: As she saw the flood was until her waist,
Example: Many are called, but few are chosen. she deadpanned. “Looks like it rained a bit last night.”

4. Apostrophe – directly addressing a non-existent person 17. Allusion – is a brief and indirect reference to a person,
or an inanimate object as though it were a living being. place, thing or idea

Example: “Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I Example: “Don’t act like a Romeo in front of me.”
need you to…”
18. Ellipses – is the omission of a word/words (prevents There was a young woman named Ines Kannoyan whom Lam-
redundancy). ang wanted to woo. She lived in Calanutian and he brought
along his white rooster and gray dog to visit her. On the way,
Example: John can speak seven languages, but Ron Lam-ang met his enemy Sumarang, another suitor of Ines
can only speak two (languages). whom he fought and readily defeated.

19. Metonymy – use of a linked term to stand in for an object

or concept. Lam-ang found the house of Ines surrounded by many suitors
all of whom were trying to catch her attention. He had his
Example: Pen is mightier than the sword. rooster crow, which caused a nearby house to fall. This made
Ines look out. He had his dog bark and in an instant, the fallen
.
house rose up again. The girl’s parents witnessed this and
Epic – is a narrative poetry that was spread through mouth called for him. The rooster expressed the love of Lam-ang. The
parents agreed to a marriage with their daughter if Lam-ang
Biag ni Lam-ang would give them a dowry valued at double their wealth. Lam-
ang had no problem fulfilling this condition and he and Ines
A long narrative poetry written by Pedro Bucaneg were married.

Manuel Arsemo attributed the epic to Father Herardo Blanco.

Publicist – Isabelo de los Reyes, friend of Father. It was a tradition to have a newly married man swim in the
river for the rarang fish. Unfortunately, Lam-ang dove straight
More or less 2,000 verse. into the mouth of the water monster Berkakan. Ines had
Marcos get his bones, which she covered with a piece of cloth.
Crisologo Houses (the huge space on the first floor) – Palayok His rooster crowed and his dog barked and slowly the bones
<- their main product once, they make it there and receive started to move. Back alive, Lam-ang and his wife lived happily
guests too. ever after with his white rooster and gray dog.
Traditions in this story:

 When the father was decapitated and showed his

head (it’s said that this was a sign of respect).
 The search for his father and bring back the remains
when his father was found dead (a sign of bravery).
 The giving of dowry (the payment of the husband to
their wife’s parents).

Summary:

Don Juan and his wife Namongan lived in Nalbuan, now part of
La Union in the northern part of the Philippines. They had a
son named Lam-ang. Before Lam-ang was born, Don Juan
went to the mountains in order to punish a group of their
Igorot enemies. While he was away, his son Lam-ang was
born. It took four people to help Namongan give birth. As soon
as the baby boy popped out, he spoke and asked that he be
given the name Lam-ang. He also chose his godparents and
asked where his father was.

After nine months of waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang

decided he would go look for him. Namongan thought Lam-
ang was up to the challenge but she was sad to let him go.

During his exhausting journey, he decided to rest for a while.

He fell asleep and had a dream about his father’s head being
stuck on a pole by the Igorot. Lam-ang was furious when he
learned what had happened to his father. He rushed to their
village and killed them all, except for one whom he let go so
that he could tell other people about Lam-ang’s greatness.

Upon returning to Nalbuan in triumph, he was bathed by

women in the Amburayan river. All the fish died because of the
dirt and odor from Lam-ang’s body.
 The Return
(Edith Tiempo)

(Youthful)

If the dead years could shake their skinny legs and run;
As once he had circled this house in thirty counts;
He would go through this door among these old friends and
they would not shun;
Him and the tales he would tell, tales that would bear more
than the spare;
Testimony of willed wit and his grey hairs;
He would enter among them, the fatted meat about his mouth,
As he told of how he had lived on strange boats on strange
waters;
Of stratagems with lean sly winds,
Of the times death went coughing like a sick man on the
motors,
Their breaths would rise hot and pungent as the lemon rinds,
In their cups and sniff at the odors,
Of his past like dogs at dried bones behind a hedge,
And he would live in the whispers and locked heads.

(childhood)

Wheeling around and around and turning back was where he

started;
The turn to the pasture, a swift streak under a boy’s running;
The swing, up a few times and he had all the earth he wanted;
The tower trees, and not so tall as he had imagined;

(Old Age)

The rocking chair on the porch, you pushed it and it started

rocking;
Rocking, and abruptly stopped. He, too, stopped in the
doorway, chagrined
He would go among them but he would not tell, he could be
smart.
He, an old man cracking bones of his embarrassment apart.

What is Emotion
(Tita Lacambra-Ayala)

Swoop – to descend quickly and suddenly with a sweeping

movement

Fiercely – aggressively

Carrion – something that is decaying or disgusting

Impassive – expressionless; showing no outward sign or

emotion, especially on the face

Grudge – to allow, to do something reluctantly

Wily – skilled at using clever tricks