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CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON

(Draft Version) 1. TYPE OF FORMATION
2. FUNCTION OR PURPOSE
3. MATERIALS
4. STRUCTURAL FORM
5. NATURE OF LIFESPAN
JINSHAD U
6. RELATIVE POSITION OF MAIN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS WITH
Assistant Professor
DECKLINE
Department of Civil Engineering
7. MOVEMENT
Dayalbagh Educational Institute
8. SPAN LENGTH
1 2

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON 1. TYPE OF FORMATION

9. SUPPORT OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
10. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY A. NATURAL

11. LOADINGS
12. DEGREE OF REDUNDANCY

Rock Stone Bridges in USA Living Root Bridge, Meghalaya

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1. TYPE OF FORMATION 2. FUNCTION OR PURPOSE

A. MAN MADE A. RAILWAY BRIDGES

Ponte De Realto, Venice, Italy Khaju Bridge, Ishafan, Iran Railway Bridge, Dhudsagar Falls, Goa Nanqiuhe Railway Bridge, Qiubei, China
Both a Bridge and Wier 5 Highest Beam Bridge 6

2. FUNCTION OR PURPOSE 2. FUNCTION OR PURPOSE

B. ROAD BRIDGES C. FOOT BRIDGES

Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge, China Bandra–Worli Sea Link, Mumbai, India Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge, China SkyBridge, Sochi, Russia
Longest Bridge India's Longest sea bridge 7 Longest Hanging Pedestrian Bridges 8

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2. FUNCTION OR PURPOSE 2. FUNCTION OR PURPOSE

D. MULTIPURPOSE BRIDGES E. AQUEDUCT (canal over a river)

Bogibeel Bridge, Rail-cum-road bridge over Brahmaputra river in Assam, Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain Mathoor Aqueduct/Hanging Trough
Longest in India Longest and Tallest trough bridges in 10Asia
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2. FUNCTION OR PURPOSE 3. MATERIALS

F. VIADUCT (road or railway over a valley or river) A. ROPE BRIDGES

Viaduc de Millau (Millau Viadust), France Ouse Valley Viaduct, Britian

Tallest bridge in the world 11 12

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3. MATERIALS 3. MATERIALS
B. TIMBER BRIDGES C. STONE BRIDGES

Suzhou, China Hōrai Bridge, Japan Danhe Bridge, China Rockville Bridge, Pennsylvania, USA
Largest Single Span Timber Bridge Longest wooden pedestrian Bridge
13 Longest Single span Stone Arch Bridge Longest Stone Bridge 14

3. MATERIALS 3. MATERIALS
D. RCC BRIDGES E. STEEL BRIDGES

Qinglong Railway Bridge, Qinglong, China Rockville Bridge, Pennsylvania, USA Ikitsuki Bridge, Nagasaki, Japan Howrah Bridge, Kolkata, India
Longest span concrete arch bridge Longest Stone Bridge 15 Longest Continuous Truss bridge 16

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3. MATERIALS 3. MATERIALS
F. PRESTRESSED BRIDGES G. COMPOSITE BRIDGES
 Revolutionary changes will occur in the areas of fiber-reinforced
plastics (FRPs), high strength and high-performance steel, high-
performance concrete (HPC), fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) , Self
Compacting Concrete (SCC) and the blending of FRP and timber.

Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge, China Howrah Bridge, Kolkata, India

Longest Prestressed concrete box girder Span 17 18

3. MATERIALS 3. MATERIALS
G. COMPOSITE BRIDGES F. GLASS BRIDGES

 Attempts have been made to use industrial by-products called

supplementary cementing materials (SCMs), like fly ash, slag cement
[formerly referred to as ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)],
silica fume, rice husk ash, and natural pozzolans (metakaolin and calcined
shale).

Tianmen Mountain Skywalk - Zhangjiajie, Zhangjiajie glass-bottom bridge

19 China Longest Glass Bridge 20

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

A. SLAB BRIDGES - Forces are resisted through bending of slabs
B. GIRDER BRIDGES - Forces are resisted through bending of girders
C. TRUSS BRIDGES - Forces are resisted through tension and
compression of truss elements
D. CANTILEVER BRIDGES - Forces are resisted through cantilever action
E. ARCH BRIDGES - Forces are resisted through compression
F. CABLE-STAYED & SUSPENSION BRIDGES - Forces are primarily
transmitted through tension in cables and bending of girders
21 22

4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

A. SLAB BRIDGES A. SLAB BRIDGES
 A slab bridge is usually made of concrete and behaves like a flat plate.
 They cab be further divided into
• Solid Slab
• Void Slab
• Corrugated Slab
• Shear Key Slab
Types of Slab : Slab bridge types: (a) solid slab; (b) circular void slab; (c)
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rectangular void slab; (d) corrugated slab; (e) precast beam slab; (f) shear-key 24slab

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

A. SLAB BRIDGES B. GIRDER BRIDGES
 They consists of a number of longitudinal beams connected either
compositely or non-compositely across the tops by a continuous slab
 It is the most popular type for the small- to medium-span bridges.
 Most of the girder bridges constructed today are precast(in case of RC and
PC bridges). Some are made continuous on site
 Most of them are simply supported. Some are made continuous at site

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

B. GIRDER BRIDGES - SUPPORT B. GIRDER BRIDGES - SUPPORT

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

B. GIRDER BRIDGES - TYPES B. GIRDER BRIDGES - TYPES

Types of Box Girders

Types of T Girders 29 30

4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

B. GIRDER BRIDGES - TYPES B. GIRDER BRIDGES

Types of Plate Girders Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, USA Bridge No 164, Jiribam-Tupul-Imphal
31 Longest Girder bridge Route, Tallest girder railway bridge
32

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

C. TRUSS BRIDGES C. TRUSS BRIDGES
 Consists of members joined together through connections made by
riveting, bolting, or welding
 Trusses are designed assuming that the members carry direct axial
stresses only, which are termed primary stresses.
 However, bending stresses, referred to as secondary stresses, are also
produced by truss distortion and joint rigidity

Ikitsuki Bridge, Nagasaki, Japan Hartland Bridge, Canada

Longest Continuous Truss bridge World's Longest Covered Bridge33 34

4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

C. TRUSS BRIDGES C. TRUSS BRIDGES
 The compression and tension forces on this bridge are spread across
the bars of the trusses. This reduces the stress on the beam and piers,
and enables truss bridges to span farther than plain beam bridges.

35 Truss Bridge Nomenclature 36

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

C. TRUSS BRIDGES D. CANTILEVER BRIDGES

Types of Arch Bridges 37 38

4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

C. CANTILEVER BRIDGES D. CANTILEVER BRIDGES
 In a cantilever bridge, the roadway is constructed out from the pier in
two directions at the same time so that the weight on both sides
counterbalance each other
 Trusses are designed assuming that the members carry direct axial
stresses only, which are termed primary stresses.
 However, bending stresses, referred to as secondary stresses, are also
produced by truss distortion and joint rigidity
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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

D. CANTILEVER BRIDGES E. ARCH BRIDGES
 Consists of members shaped and supported in such a manner that
intermediate vertical loads are transmitted to the support primarily
through axial compressive force
 Bending stresses are also introduced in the arch rib due to multiple
loadings
 Oldest types of bridges used since ancient times due to its great

Quebec Bridge Howrah Bridge, Kolkata, India natural strength.

Longest cantilever road bridge 41 42

4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

E. ARCH BRIDGES - FORCES E. ARCH BRIDGES

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

E. ARCH BRIDGES E. ARCH BRIDGES
Types of arch bridges.
(A) Fixed
(B) Two-hinged
(C) Three-hinged
(D) Solid spandrel
(E) Open braced spandrel
(F) Braced spandrel
(G) Tied arch
(H) Langer arch
(I) Lohse arch
(J) Nielsen arch. Chaotianmen Changjiang Bridge, China Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney, Australia
45 Longest arch bridge in the world Longest single-span steel arch bridge
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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

E. ARCH BRIDGES F. SUSPENSION BRIDGES

Bixby Creek Bridge, USA Pons Fabricius or Ponte dei Quattro Capi Layout of Typical Suspension
Oldest existing Roman bridge in original
47 state 48

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

F. SUSPENSION BRIDGES F. SUSPENSION BRIDGES
 In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive steel
cables, which are draped over two towers and secured into solid
concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge.
 The cars push down on the roadway (compression), but because the
roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load (weight) into
compression in the two towers.
 The two towers support most of the bridge's weight.
49 50

4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

F. SUSPENSION BRIDGES F. SUSPENSION BRIDGES

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

F. SUSPENSION BRIDGES G. CABLE STAYED BRIDGES

Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, USA

Longest suspension bridge in the world 53 54

4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

G. CABLE STAYED BRIDGES F. CABLE STAYED BRIDGES - FORCES
 Cable-stayed like a suspension bridge, supports the roadway with
massive steel cables, but in a different way. The cables run directly
from the roadway and is anchored to the tower/pylon.
 Has a much greater stiffness than a suspension bridge with lesser
deformations.
 Roadway Deck can either be box deck or steel truss deck

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

F. CABLE STAYED BRIDGES - FORCES F. CABLE STAYED BRIDGES – STAY TYPES

57 58

4. STRUCTURAL FORM 4. STRUCTURAL FORM

F. CABLE STAYED BRIDGES – PYLON CONFIGURATIONS F. CABLE STAYED BRIDGES

Viaduc de Millau (Millau Viadust), France Duge Bridge, China

59 Tallest bridge in the world Highest bridge in the world 60

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4. STRUCTURAL FORM 5. NATURE OF LIFESPAN

F. CABLE STAYED BRIDGES A. TEMPORARY

Russky Bridge, France

Longest cable-stayed bridge in the world 61 62

5. NATURE OF LIFESPAN 6. DECKLINE

B. PERMANENT BRIDGES

Brooklyn Bridge, New York, USA The Chapel Bridge, Switzerland

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7. MOTION 7. MOTION
A. FIXED BRIDGES A. FIXED BRIDGES

B. MOVEABLE BRIDGES

 A moveable bridge is a bridge that permits passage of boats and

barges

Brooklyn Bridge, New York, USA The Chapel Bridge, Switzerland

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7. MOTION 7. MOTION
B. MOVABLE BRIDGES B. MOVABLE BRIDGES
 Bridge that permits passage of boats and barges.  Some of the major types are
 Generally, the length of the moveable portion is restricted by • Draw Bridge • Submersible Bridge
engineering and cost consideration • Bascule Bridge • Swing Bridge
 The principle disadvantage is that traffic on the bridge must be • Vertical Lift Bridge • Transporter Bridge
stopped when it is opened to traffic. • Table Bridge • Tilt Bridges
• Folding Bridge • Pontoon Bridge
• Curling Bridge • Jet Bridge
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7. MOTION 7. MOTION
B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – DRAW BRIDGE B. MOVABLE BRIDGES –BASCULE BRIDGE

 Single Leaf

 Double Leaf

Types of Mechanism

 Fixed Trunnion

 Rolling Lift
Ponta da Bandeira; Lagos, Portugal
69 70

7. MOTION 7. MOTION
B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – BASCULE BRIDGE SINGLE LEAF – Rolling Lift B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – BASCULE DOUBLE LEAF BRIDGE – Fixed Trunnion

Pegasus Bridge; Normandy, Farance

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Tower Bridge, London, UK 72

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7. MOTION 7. MOTION
B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – VERTICAL LIFT BRIDGE B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – TABLE BRIDGE

Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge, New York, Tournai_Pont_levant_Notre_Dame, Paris

Longest Vertical Lift Bridge 73 74

7. MOTION 7. MOTION
B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – TABLE BRIDGE B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – FOLDING BRIDGE

Copenhagen Inner Harbour, Denmark Hoernbridge, Kiel, Germany

75 76

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7. MOTION 7. MOTION
B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – CURLING BRIDGE B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – SUBMERSIBLE BRIDGE

Heatherwick's Rolling Bridge, London Submersible Bridge, Corinth Canal, Greece

Name of a bridge rather than type 77 78

7. MOTION 7. MOTION
B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – SWING BRIDGE B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – TRANSPORTER BRIDGE

Newcastle Swing Bridge, England Tee Transporter Bridge, England

79 80

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7. MOTION 7. MOTION
B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – TILT BRIDGE B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – PONTOON/FLOATING BRIDGES

Gateshead Millennium Bridge, England

81 82

7. MOTION 8. SPAN LENGTH

B. MOVABLE BRIDGES – JET BRIDGES As per IRC 5-2015

A. CULVERT (span<6 m)

B. MINOR BRIDGE (span 10-60 m)

C. MAJOR BRIDGE (span 60-150 m)

D. LONG SPAN BRIDGE (span >150 m)

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9. SUPPORT OF SUPERSTRUCTURE 10. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

As per IRC 5-2015 As per IRC 5-2015

A. SIMPLE SUPPORTED A. IN SITU

B. CONTINOUS B. PRECAST or PREFABRICATED

C. INTEGRAL • SPAN BY SPAN

D. BALANCED CANTILEVER • BALANCED CANTILEVER

E. CABLE SUPPORTED • INCREMENTAL LAUNCHING

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10. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 10. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

SPAN BY SPAN (on falsework) SPAN BY SPAN (on launching gantry)

87 88

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10. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 10. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

BALANCED CANTILEVER (with lifting frames) BALANCED CANTILEVER (with cranes)

89 90

10. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 10. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

BALANCED CANTILEVER (with gantry) INCREMENTAL LAUNCHING

91 92

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REFERENCES
1. Computational Analysis and Design of Bridge Structures, Chung
C. Fu, Shuqing Wang
2. Bridge Engineering, S. Ponnuswamy

THANKS
3. Essentials of Bridge Engineering, D. Johnson Victor
4. http://fgg-web.fgg.uni-lj.si/~/pmoze/ESDEP/master/wg15b/

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