Proposed Design of Wastewater Treatment Facility in Southern Luzon State University Main Campus
Proposed Design of Wastewater Treatment Facility in Southern Luzon State University Main Campus
Proposed Design of Wastewater Treatment Facility in Southern Luzon State University Main Campus
RESEARCH I
Ambrocio, Gerald F.
BSCE-IVGA
CHAPTER I
Introductıon
disposal of effluent and sludge (Crites and Tchobanoglous, 1998). It is essential for several
reasons: (1) protecting public health and the well-being of the communities; (2) protecting the
water resources and the environment; and (3) in water-scarce regions for reuse purposes in order
to reduce the pressure from the potable resources (Bakir, 2001; Friedler, 2001).
decentralized systems. In the Philippines, decentralized sewage systems were more common. In
this case containers were placed beneath the seats of privies to collect human excrement and
once full-containers were emptied at a disposal location near the residence. On the other hand,
centralized wastewater management consists of: (1) centralized collection system (sewers) that
collects wastewater from many wastewater producers and transports it to (2) centralized
wastewater treatment plant, and (3) disposal/reuse of the treated effluent (Wilderer and Schreff,
2000; Crites and Tchobanoglous, 1998). Centralized wastewater management- as the preferred
choice of planners and decision makers, is often applied to smaller communities (Bakir, 2001).
As the world population, urbanization and economic activities rapidly increase – the
pressure on the fresh water resources increases. Steady increase in living standards, economic
development and piped water supply means an increase in water consumptions. These lead to
increasing volumes of wastewater and if left untreated- increasing volumes of pollution. In this
research, a proposed design of a centralized wastewater treatment facility, including its sewerage
system is to be executed through application of various principles in science, mathematics and
hydraulics.
poverty is rampant and population is growing very rapidly over the past few years. Everyone is
affected by this catastrophy. The people, the environment, and even the government-owned
institutions are caught in the middle. Southern Luzon State University, a state university situated
at the foot of Mount Banahaw in Lucban, Quezon is not exempted from this problem. In fact, at
the present where its population is increasing by a considerable amount each year, the amount of
wastewater it produces is considerably high too. The problem lies with its poor wastewater
management. Just like a typical educational institution, it adapts a decentralized sewerage system,
without a wastewater treatment facility. Some areas inside the campus are suffering from the
effects of this poor management. Some sewage pipes are poorly designed, giving bad effects in
sanitary and ruining the overall aesthetics of the institution. And being in the 21st century
Moreover, this institution is also an environment advocate. But the idea of keeping a
decentralized sewerage system voids their advocacies. This system is not environmentally-
friendly because the wastes collected from each building are being stored underneath for a long
period of time instead of being transported and treated for disposal or reuse. These effects are
just some of the many that an institution can acquire if it keeps on using a decentralized system.
Hence, the researcher thought of a concrete solution for this problem by shifting from a
Objectives
This study is of significance to the community inside the SLSU Main Campus. More
1. The Students. Promote the health and overall well-being of the students through
2. The Faculty and other Staffs. Health and convenience are just some of the main
purposes of the centralized system. Teachers would be able to teach conveniently without
3. The Environment. Reduce land, air, and water pollution through proper treatment and
4. The Local Government of Lucban. This research could serve as a basis for the Local
5. Other Researchers. This research could also serve as a basis for undergraduate or
This study is focused on designing a centralized sewerage system and a wastewater treatment
1. Determining the best location of the sewage pipes and the wastewater treatment facility.
Definition of Terms
Sewage- waste material (such as human urine and feces) that is carried away from homes
Sewerage- a system or process used for carrying away water and sewage
This chapter emphasizes the different concepts, topics, and principles gathered from
readings, unpublished materials, and online resources that is in relation to the present study.
Discussions of topics and findings from previously conducted researches also contribute in the
Related Literature
Wastewater
Sewage sludges are residues resulting from the treatment of wastewater released from
various sources including homes, industries, medical facilities, street runoff and businesses.
Sewage sludges contain nutrients and organic matter that can provide soil benefits and are widely
used as soil amendments. They also, however, contain contaminants including metals, pathogens,
and organic pollutants (Harrison, E.Z., et. al., 2006). Land application of sewage sludge is one of
the important disposal alternatives. Characteristics of sewage sludge depend upon the quality of
sewage and type of treatment processes followed. Being rich in organic and inorganic plant
nutrients, sewage sludge may substitute for fertilizer, but availability of potential toxic metals
often restricts its uses. Sludge amendment to the soil modifies its physico-chemical and
biological properties. Crop yield in adequately sludge-amended soil is generally more than that
excessive rates of application for many years. Plants differ in their abilities to absorb sludge-
derived metals from the soil (Singh, R.P., Agrawal, M., 2008).
Sewage is a relatively dilute mixture of the numerous kinds of wastes from household
and industry. In combined sewers the washings from streets, roofs, and yard areas are added.
Some of the waste matters are carried in suspension; others go into solution; still others are, or
become, so finely divided that they are found in the colloidal (dispersedultramieroscopic) state.
A large proportion of the waste matters is organic in nature and is attacked by saprophytic
microorganisms, i.e., organisms that feed upon dead organic matter. By their foraging activities
responsible for decomposition originate in part in the water supply of the community in part in
the wastes discharged into the carrying water. Sewage treatment plants become populated with
additional organisms, and receiving waters contribute the seed of their indigenous flora and
fauna.
Wastewater Treatment
Burian S.J., et. al. (2010) stated that the management strategies can be categorized as
either centralized, where all the wastewater is collected and conveyed to a central location for
on-site or near the source. Historically, municipalities, consulting engineers, and individuals
have had the option of centralized or decentralized wastewater management and could have
chosen from a variety of collection and disposal technologies to implement the management
strategy. Although these options were available, the majority of engineers, public health officials,
policy makers, and members of the public typically preferred one management strategy and one
technology to the others. The reasons for a particular preference were based on a combination of
cost, urban development patterns, accepted scientific theories, tradition, religious attitudes,
prevailing public opinion on sanitation, the contemporary political environment, and many other
factors.
Wastewater treatment plants should be designed so that the effluent standards and reuse
objectives, and biosolids regulations can be met with reasonable ease and cost. The design
should incorporate flexibility for dealing with seasonal changes, as well as long-term changes in
wastewater quality and future regulations (Qasim S.R., 1998). Good planning and design,
therefore, must be based on five major steps: a.) characterization of the raw wastewater quality
and effluent, b.) pre-design studies to develop alternative processes and selection of final process
train, c.) detailed design of the selected alternative, d.) contraction and e.) operation and
Moreover, Muga, H.E. and Mihelcic, J.R. (2007) reiterated the sustainability of
environmental, societal, and economic sustainability were developed and used to investigate the
gallons per day (MGD) or 18.9×103 cubic meters (m3/day). The technologies evaluated were
mechanical (i.e., activated sludge with secondary treatment), lagoon (facultative, anaerobic, and
aerobic), and land treatment systems (e.g., slow rate irrigation, rapid infiltration, and overland
flow). The economic indicators selected were capital, operation and management, and user
and pathogens. These indicators also determine the reuse potential of the treated wastewater.
Societal indicators capture cultural acceptance of the technology through public participation and
also measure whether there is improvement in the community from the specific technology
Sewerage System
The water-carriage system of sewerage provides a simple and economical means for
removing offensive and potentially dangerous wastes from household and industry. The solution
and suspension of waste matters in the transporting water produce sewage. The sewage of cities
and towns and the water-carried wastes of industries must eventually find their way into those
water courses, or bodies of water, that constitute either the natural drainage channels of a region
or the natural receivers of drainage waters. If sewage matters and industrial wastes are to be
kept-in whole or in part-out of rivers and other receiving waters, they must be unloaded from the
transporting water at the end of the sewerage system. This is done in sewage-treatment plants
that act as "unloading stations" for the water-carriage system. Unfortunately, the unloading
operation is complicated by the fact that some of the waste matters go into solution in water and
that others are, or become, colloidal or otherwise finely divided in the course of their flow
through the sewerage system. Ordinarily, less than half of the waste matters remain in suspension
in such size or condition that they can be separated by being strained out, skimmed off, or settled
out. The remainder must either be precipitated out by chemical means, filtered out mechanically,
or subjected to biological treatment whereby they are either removed from the water or so
changed in character as to be rendered innocuous (Imhoff, K. & Fair, G.M., 1940). Sewage
treatment and disposal have as their primary objective the prevention of damage to receiving
waters, whether these are rivers and canals, ponds and lakes, or tidal estuaries and coastal waters.
The damage that may be done includes: contamination or pollution of water supplies, bathing
places, shellfish layings, and ice supplies; creation of conditions offensive to sight or smell;
destruction of food fish and other valuable aquatic life; and other impairment of the usefulness of
A small amount of kitchen refuse, or garbage, has always found its way into municipal
sewerage systems. Employment of sewers for the full water-carriage of garbage and offal from
kitchens and markets appears to be a logical forward step in municipal cleansing, provided that
simple and cheap means can be devised for so comminuting this refuse that it will not cause
stoppage in the sewers; also provided that the receiving waters for the sewage can tolerate the
added pollution load. Garbage grinders, however, are as yet not within the reach of all users.
House-to-house collection of garbage followed by its discharge into sewers after grinding at
central stations has, therefore, been instituted in certain communities and grinding at the sewage-
treatment works at others. Digestion of garbage with sewage sludge appears to offer the safest
Related Studies
Wastewater
A study conducted by Feng L., et. al. (2015) discussed about the characteristics of
wastewater and how vast its effects to a community in China is. According to them, sewage
important source of secondary pollution in aquatic environments, linked to health problems and
even deaths in humans. In 2012, China generated more than 68.5 billion metric tonnes of
wastewater, and this is expected to rise to 78.4 billion metric tonnes in 2015.(1) The amount of
sewage sludge would increase accordingly, from 30 million metric tonnes (at a moisture content
of 80%) in 2012 to 34 million metric tonnes in 2015.(2) Historically, over 80% of the sludge has
not been treated and disposed of effectively and safely, and this poses a great threat to the
environment, particularly because of the ubiquitous use of combined systems for municipal
wastewater, industrial wastewater, and rainwater treatment. Thus, it is extremely important to set
up separate drainage systems to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of sludge treatment and
disposal.
Wastewater Treatment
A study conducted by Wu, H., et. al., (2015) entitled Bioresource Technology reiterated
the importance of Constructed Wetlands. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used as a green
technology to treat various wastewaters for several decades. CWs offer a land-intensive, low-
especially for small communities and remote locations. However, the sustainable operation and
Ping Wang, Y. & Smith R. (1994) and says that problem with centralized effluent treatment is
that combining two waste streams that require different treatment technologies leads to a cost of
treating the combined streams which is virtually always more expensive than individual
treatment of the separate streams. On the other hand, if two waste streams require exactly the
same treatment it is sensible to combine them for treatment to obtain economies of scale. The
design of effluent treatment systems should in the first instance segregates the streams for
treatment and only combines them if it is appropriate. If this policy is followed then the effluent
treatment system becomes distributed rather than centralized. Distributed effluent treatment can,
in the appropriate circumstances, lead to significantly lower capital and operating costs when
Conceptual Framework
INPUT OUTPUT
Methodology
This chapter represents and discusses the procedures that the researcher followed in
conducting the study. İt includes the research design, research locale, procedures for data
Research Locale
The proposed study is to be conducted in Southern Luzon State University Main Campus
where the researcher would select an area that best fits the said facility. İt is focused on the
design of the centralized wastewater treatment facility including the sewage pipes and other
hydraulic structures.
Topography
Southern Luzon State University Main Campus is located in Lucban, a second class
municipality in the province of Quezon. SLSU Main Campus has a total land area of 51,442
Demography
2.77% of the total population of Quezon province, or 0.36% of the overall population of
CALABARZON region. Based on these figures, the population density is computed at 395
Structural analysis is used in designing the the sewage pipes that connect all the
structures to a centralized water treatment facility. All the necessary data-gathering procedures
like survey, soil-bearing analysis, discharge analysis and the likes are taken for the researcher to
Research Design
The study is focused with the design of a centralized wastewater facility wherein the
method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon that is being studied.
This methodology focuses more on the “what” of the research subject rather than the “why” of
the research subject. İt is concerned with the measures of the data trends conducts comparison,
Research Instrument
1. Gathered quantitative and qualitative information from the SLSU Administrative office
2. Books like NSCP and the likes that deal with hydraulic structures, Manuals and Online
Sources.
Project Development Flow Chart
RECONNAISSANCE
DESIGN PHASE
IS IT
SAFE?
COST ANALYSIS
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
1. The researcher will identify first the information and data needed from the locality in
2. The researcher gathered mapping and survey of the location where the proposed
3. The researcher would go to the library to gather some references, related books,
technical papers and reading materials to collec important facts and formulas in
the National Structural Code of the Philippines for the computations of the required
structure.
5. After determining the required data, the researcher would estimated the materials to
Crites, R., Tchobanoglous, G., (1998), Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management
Bakir, H.A., (undated), Sanitation and Wastewater Management for Small Communities in EMR
Friedler, E., (1999), Water Reuse- an Integral Part of Water Resources Management: Israel as a
Burian S. J., et. al. (2010), Urban Wastewater Management in the United States: Past, Present,
Qasim S.R. (1998), Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning, Designing, and Operation
Feng, L., et. al. (2015), Dilemma of Sewage Sludge Treatment and Disposal in China
Muga, H.E. and Mihelcic, J.R. (2007), Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Singh, R.P., Agrawal, M., (2008), Potential Benefits and Risks of Land Application of Sewage
Sludge
Wu, H., et. al., (2015), A Review on the sustainability of constructed wetlands for wastewater
treatment: Design and operation
Ping Wang, Y. & Smith R. (1994), Design of Distributed Effluent Treatment Systems