Chapter 11 Moyes ANSWERS
Chapter 11 Moyes ANSWERS
Chapter 11 Moyes ANSWERS
1)
The American surgeon William Beaumont began his studies of the digestive process by examining
A)
the effect of gastric juices on retrieved tethered sponges and metal tubes.
B)
C
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2)
Which scientist is credited with proposing the existence of pepsin in stomach juices?
A)
Spallanzani
B)
Beaumont
C)
Bernard
D)
Schwann
Answer:
1
D
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3)
D
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4)
Which of the following is the standard unit of measurement that describes the energy of dietary items?
A)
joules
B)
moles
C)
B.T.U.
D)
°C
Answer:
2
A
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5)
2 kcal.
B)
4 kcal.
C)
9 kcal.
D)
12 kcal.
Answer:
B
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3
6)
vitamin C deficiency.
B)
thiamine deficiency.
C)
niacin deficiency.
D)
vitamin D deficiency.
Answer:
B
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7)
Which one of the following vitamins is fat soluble, can be stored, and has the potential to be toxic?
A)
vitamin A
B)
niacin (B3)
C)
riboflavin (B2)
D)
vitamin C
Answer:
A
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4
8)
Which vitamin plays a major role in the absorption of dietary calcium (Ca 2+)?
A)
vitamin A
B)
vitamin C
C)
vitamin D
D)
vitamin E
Answer:
C
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9)
Of the 20 amino acids that animals use to construct proteins, how many are essential?
A)
8
B)
10
C)
12
D)
all 20
Answer:
A
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5
10)
Which one of the following enzymes is incorrectly paired with its substrate?
A)
lipase : triglycerides
B)
trypsin : proteins
C)
amylase : polysaccharides
D)
nuclease : oligosaccharides
Answer:
D
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6
11)
In which portion of the generalized digestive system are symbiotic bacterial populations usually housed?
A)
esophagus
B)
crop
C)
ceca
D)
stomach
Answer:
C
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12)
The pogonophorans of deep sea vents are unusual in that they lack which of the following?
A)
a gastrointestinal tract
B)
hemoglobin
C)
cytochrome oxidase
D)
A
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7
13)
Which of the following generally passes through the GI tracts of animals undigested?
A)
glycogen
B)
disaccharides
C)
cellulose
D)
proteins
Answer:
C
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14)
Animals have been shown to increase the total number of SGLT-1 transporters in the gut by
A)
D
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8
15)
trypsin
B)
chymotrypsin
C)
carboxypeptidase
D)
D
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16)
By which process do the fatty acids and monoglycerides of micelles cross the enterocyte cell membranes?
A)
active transport
B)
diffusion
C)
pinocytosis
D)
phagocytosis
Answer:
B
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9
17)
cholesterol
B)
phospholipids
C)
D
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18)
chylomicron
B)
VLDL
C)
LDL
D)
HDL
Answer:
A
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10
19)
Sugars.
B)
amino acids.
C)
fatty acids.
D)
both A and B
Answer:
D
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20)
What do bovine spongiform encephalitis, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, kuru, and scrapie have in common?
A)
They are all inherited disorders of genes coding for transporters of the intestinal tract.
B)
B
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11
21)
Lacking a mouth and digestive system, in many ways the anatomy of this invertebrate resembles that of a
gut turned inside out.
A)
sponge
B)
Hydra
C)
cestode
D)
sea urchin
Answer:
C
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22)
Which animal is incorrectly matched with the anatomical feature associated with feeding?
A)
sponge : choanocytes
B)
Hydra : tentacles
C)
snail : radula
D)
spider : proboscis
Answer:
D
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12
23)
The beak of birds is covered by a sheath of overlapping keratin scales called the
A)
rhamphotheca.
B)
rostrum.
C)
osculum.
D)
manubrium.
Answer:
A
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24)
C
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13
25)
calcium carbonate.
B)
calcium fluoride.
C)
calcium phosphate.
D)
calcium chloride.
Answer:
C
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26)
platyhelminths.
B)
annelids.
C)
arthropods.
D)
molluscs.
Answer:
A
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14
27)
The space between the body wall and the GI tract of vertebrates is known as the
A)
gastric vestibule.
B)
peritoneal cavity.
C)
visceral mass.
D)
abdominal lumen.
Answer:
B
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28)
Although derived from three germ layers, the __________ lack coeloms.
A)
cnidarians
B)
platyhelminths
C)
rotifers
D)
nematodes
Answer:
A
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15
16
29)
During development in __________, the blastopore develops into the anus and the mouth is secondarily
derived.
A)
molluscs
B)
annelids
C)
arthropods
D)
echinoderms
Answer:
D
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30)
esophagus.
B)
stomach.
C)
D
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17
31)
The upper GI tract of __________ is more complex than that of other vertebrates due to the presence of a
crop.
A)
sharks
B)
amphibians
C)
reptiles
D)
birds
Answer:
D
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32)
D
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18
33)
squamous
B)
cuboidal
C)
columnar
D)
transitional
Answer:
C
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19
34)
Of the cells lining the gastric pits of the stomach, which does NOT secrete a substance into the lumen?
A)
parietal cells
C)
chief cells
D)
enteroendocrine cells
Answer:
D
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35)
Moving from the lumen outward, which of the following describes the correct order of the layers
comprising the intestinal wall?
A)
A
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20
36)
The __________ layer of the intestinal wall is primarily composed of connective tissue.
A)
mucosa
B)
submucosa
C)
B
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37)
Gastrin
B)
Ghrelin
C)
Leptin
D)
Secretin
Answer:
B
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21
38)
Gastrin
B)
Ghrelin
C)
Leptin
D)
Secretin
Answer:
C
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22
39)
The mechanism of acid secretion by the parietal cells of the stomach involves the actions of the
A)
Cl-/H+ exchanger.
D)
B
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40)
both A and B
Answer:
D
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23
41)
A
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42)
Which of the following events is most likely to occur when blood glucose levels are high and the pancreas
responds by secreting insulin?
A)
B
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24
43)
Glucocorticoids
B)
A
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25
44)
induction of gluconeogenesis
B)
D
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45)
A
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26
46)
fatty acids and amino acids are converted into ketone bodies.
D)
D
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47)
body size
B)
activity level
C)
temperature
D)
D
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27
48)
During dormancy, black bears are able to regenerate amino acids from ammonia, presumably by
A)
converting urea directly into glycine via the action of the enzyme urease.
C)
A
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49)
inflammation.
B)
dietary status.
D)
D
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28
50)
The main metabolic effects of obesity include all but which one of the following?
A)
insulin resistance
C)
low HDL
Answer:
C
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51)
Claude Bernard and many of his contemporaries believed that each tissue produced the same digestive
agent, but that its behavior differed as a result of variation in acidity.
Answer:
TRUE
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52)
Arthur Kornberg has described the 1920s to 1930s of metabolic biochemistry and nutrition research as
being dominated by the "vitamin hunters."
Answer:
TRUE
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53)
Assimilation is a sequential process involving both the acquisition and absorption of nutrients.
Answer:
29
TRUE
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54)
Nonessential nutrients are the sundry chemicals that the body has consumed in excess.
Answer:
FALSE
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55)
In general, plant tissues provide a better source of dietary amino acids than do animal tissues.
Answer:
FALSE
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56)
Several animals possess genes for cellulase, thereby having the ability to digest cellulose.
Answer:
FALSE
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57)
Despite differences in the juvenile stages among mammals, upon reaching maturity, the jaws of all adults
possess four types of teeth.
Answer:
FALSE
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58)
TRUE
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30
59)
A pseudocoelom may be described as a persistent gap that originated between the embryonic endoderm
and mesoderm.
Answer:
TRUE
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60)
Carnivores tend to have longer guts than herbivores because the food is more difficult to digest.
Answer:
FALSE
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61)
FALSE
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62)
The Paneth cells located within the crypt of Lieberk hn secrete antimicrobial molecules into the lumen of
the intestine.
Answer:
TRUE
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63)
Bicarbonate secretions from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder neutralize the acidity of stomach
contents upon entry into the small intestine.
Answer:
TRUE
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31
64)
Nectar-feeding birds tend to have fast gut-passage rates to promote the rapid clearance of the GI tract in
preparation for the next meal.
Answer:
FALSE
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65)
The interstitial cells of Cajal spontaneously depolarize to initiate peristalsis of the GI tract.
Answer:
TRUE
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66)
Epinephrine stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the small intestine by increasing Ca2+ levels.
Answer:
FALSE
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67)
Once a python feeds, its atrophied GI tract is rebuilt just ahead of the bolus.
Answer:
TRUE
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68)
During dormancy, black bears are able to use ammonia to resynthesize amino acids required for
biosynthesis.
Answer:
TRUE
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69)
32
In obese individuals, the adipocytes become hypotrophied.
Answer:
FALSE
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70)
One of the major consequences of obesity is the disruption of normal insulin signaling.
Answer:
TRUE
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71)
The gross energy of food materials can be quantified experimentally using the technique known as
__________.
Answer:
calorimetry
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72)
The heat generated in the body of an endotherm from its ingested food is known as the __________.
Answer:
73)
74)
In the small intestine, the __________ and __________ found in bile act in concert to organize lipids into
small droplets called micelles.
Answer:
33
phospholipids; salts
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75)
__________ are lipid complexes synthesized by the cells of the small intestine and released into circulation
by way of the lymph.
Answer:
Chylomicrons
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76)
The middle layer of the mammalian tooth is a living tissue known as the __________.
Answer:
dentin
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77)
endoderm
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78)
The functional length of the straight gut of a shark is increased by an internal membranous network
known as the __________.
Answer:
spiral valve
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79)
The surface area of enterocytes is increased by the presence of microscopic protrusions called __________.
Answer:
microvilli
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34
80)
In one-way digestive tracts, muscular valves called __________ control the passage of food from one
compartment to the next.
Answer:
sphincters
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81)
liver; gallbladder
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82)
proenzymes
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83)
Peptide YY, leptin, and ghrelin, the appetite-controlling hormones, exert their effects on the region of the
brain called the __________.
Answer:
hypothalamus
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84)
The secretion of pepsinogen by the chief cells of the gastric pits is induced by the hormone __________.
Answer:
gastrin
Page Ref: 559
85)
__________ is the slow wave of contraction that progresses down the GI tract to push food along its
35
length.
Answer:
Peristalsis
Page Ref: 560
86)
Glucagon
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87)
When blood glucose levels are high, the __________ cells of the pancreas respond by secreting insulin.
Answer:
beta
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88)
In the insects, the product of the corpora cardiacum called __________ triggers the mobilization of
triglycerides stored in the fat body.
Answer:
89)
glucose
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90)
Insulin insensitivity causes the liver to __________ (increase or decrease) lipid storage.
Answer:
36
increase
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91)
Describe the various forms of energy that are NOT available from the food an animal ingests.
Answer:
The total or gross energy of ingested food consists of two components: digestible energy and indigestible
energy, the latter of which takes the form of feces. Of the digestible energy, some is unmetabolizable,
leaving the body as urine. The remaining metabolizable energy is usable net energy and specific dynamic
action (or body heat).
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37
92)
Describe the processes by which animals can produce de novo a variety of fatty acids that differ in chain
length and desaturation.
Answer:
Using the enzyme fatty acid synthase, acetyl CoA can be converted in palmitate and subsequently
lengthened into other fatty acids via elongases. Double bonds are introduced via desaturases.
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93)
Starch and glycogen are converted into oligosaccharides and disaccharides by the actions of salivary and
pancreatic amylases. Specific disaccharidases in the duodenum convert disaccharides into
monosaccharides that are then absorbed by the intestinal epithelium.
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94)
What is the mechanism by which the glucose transporter SGLT-1 increases the ability of the small
intestine to absorb glucose?
Answer:
The SGLT-1 transporter serves as a glucose sensor that triggers a signaling pathway leading to the rapid
synthesis of another glucose transporter, GLUT-2, and its intracellular transport to the microvilli.
Page Ref: 535
95)
Answer:
Vegetation enters the first pair of compartments, the rumen and reticulum, where fermentative bacteria
digest the cellulose. The partially processed food is regurgitated, chewed, and then passed through the
esophagus to the second set of stomachs, the omasum and abomasum. The abomasum secretes digestive
enzymes to serve as the glandular stomach.
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96)
Explain how the molecular structure of bile salts permits them to function as emulsifiers.
38
Answer:
Bile salts are amphipathic molecules with a polar region that interacts with water and a nonpolar region
that binds to fats. By coating the surface, the fat droplets are stabilized in the aqueous solution of the
intestine.
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97)
The three pancreatic proteases are secreted as inactive proenzymes to protect the secreting cells from
proteolytic degradation. Upon entering the lumen of the duodenum, trypsinogen is cleaved into active
trypsin by a membrane-bound enterokinase. Trypsin then converts chymotrypsinogen and
procarboxypeptidase into chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase, respectively, via enzymatic cleavage.
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39
98)
Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating hormone that is released by gastric cells when the stomach is empty. In
contrast, peptide YY is released by enteroendocrine cells to inhibit hunger when the colon is full. Both
have short-term effects, whereas leptin, secreted by white adipose tissue, serves as a long-term
suppressor of appetite based on the body's fat stores.
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99)
Describe the series of events triggered by the entry of acidic stomach contents into the duodenum.
Answer:
The sudden change in acidity triggers the duodenal release of secretin and vasoactive peptide (VIP) into
the bloodstream to induce the pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate. Cholecystokinin (CCK), released into
the bloodstream by other intestinal cells in response to lumenal amino acid and fatty acid levels, acts on
the pancreas to stimulate digestive enzyme secretion and on the gallbladder to trigger the release of bile
via smooth muscle contractions.
Page Ref: 559
100)
What is the role played by adipokinetic hormone in the regulation of insect flight?
Answer:
During energy-demanding activities such as flight, adipokinetic hormone (AdK) is released by the
corpora cardiacum and stimulates the mobilization of insect fat body lipid and glycogen stores. The
resultant mobilized products (i.e., DAG, fatty acids, and trehalose) provide energy to the flight muscles.
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40