ICSE BOOK/World History/Chapter - 36
ICSE BOOK/World History/Chapter - 36
ICSE BOOK/World History/Chapter - 36
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Global Interdependence,
1960–Present
CLASSZONE.COM
1968 1972
This Arab man in Yemen Nuclear Non- U.S. and
is using a radio phone. Proliferation Soviet Union
Treaty signed. agree to joint
space venture.
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SETTING THE STAGE Beginning in the late 1950s, the United States and the Soviet
Union competed in the exploration of space. The Soviets launched Earth’s first artifi-
cial satellite, Sputnik I, and put the first human in orbit around the planet. By the late
1960s, however, the United States had surpassed the Soviets. U.S. astronauts landed
on the moon in 1969. The heavy emphasis on science and technology spilled over into
developing products that improved the ways of life of human beings across the globe.
genes into an organism to give that organism new traits. For exam-
SPOTLIGHT ON ple, with genetic engineering, scientists removed a gene from an
Arctic fish and placed it in a plant. The resulting genetically engi-
neered plant is better able to withstand frost.
Another aspect of genetic engineering is cloning, the creation of
identical copies of DNA, the chemical chains of genes that deter-
mine heredity. Cloning actually allows scientists to reproduce both
plants and animals that are identical to existing plants and animals.
The applications of genetics research have led to many advances,
especially in agriculture.
The Green Revolution In the 1950s, agricultural scientists around
The Human Genome Project the world started a campaign known as the green revolution. It
Human genetic material (DNA) was an attempt to increase available food sources worldwide.
contains approximately 50,000 to
100,000 genes. Researchers estab- Scientists promoted the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield,
lished the Human Genome Project disease-resistant strains of a variety of crops. The green revolution
to map out the thousands of genes helped avert famine in Asia and increased yields of crops in many
contained in DNA—a feat they different parts of the world.
achieved in 2000.
The information has led to the However, the green revolution had its negative side, too. Fertili-
development of a new field of zers and pesticides are dangerous chemicals that cause cancer and
medicine called “molecular pollute the environment. Also, the cost of the chemicals and the
medicine.” This field focuses on equipment to harvest more crops was far too expensive for an aver-
how genetic diseases develop and
progress. It has resulted in early
age peasant farmer. Consequently, owners of small farms received lit-
detection of disease. Eventually, it tle benefit from the advances in agriculture. In some cases farmers
may lead to individualized treatment were forced off the land by larger agricultural businesses.
based on a person’s genetic Advances in genetics research have helped to fulfill some of the
makeup.
Misuse of this information could
goals of the green revolution. In this new “gene revolution,” resis-
drastically alter society. Therefore, tance to pests was bred into plant strains, reducing the need for pes-
a part of the project includes inves- ticides. Plants bred to tolerate poor soil conditions also reduced the THINK THROUGH HISTORY
tigation of the ethical, legal, and need for fertilizers. The gene revolution involved some risks, includ- C. Summarizing
social issues raised by genetic What are some of the
ing the accidental creation of disease-causing organisms. However,
engineering. positive and negative
the revolution also brought great promises for increasing food effects of genetic
production in a world with an expanding population. engineering?
Science and technology has changed the lives of millions of people. In many cases C. Possible
Answers Positive—
quality of life has improved. What people produce and even their jobs have changed. more food available,
These changes have altered the economies of nations. Not only have nations become reduced need for fer-
linked through communications networks but they are also linked in a global eco- tilizer; negative—
accidental creation of
nomic network, as you will see in Section 2. disease- causing
organisms
Section 1 Assessment
1. TERMS & NAMES 2. TAKING NOTES 3. FORMING AND 4. ANALYZING THEMES
Identify Copy the chart below and fill in SUPPORTING OPINIONS Science and Technology
• Hubble Space information on ways science and What is your opinion about Why do you think that space
Telescope technology has changed human cloning? In your judgment, is there exploration became an arena for
• Internet life. a limit to how far cloning should cooperation between the Soviet
• genetic engineering Science and Technology Changes Lives
go? Support your opinion with Union and the United States?
• cloning reasons. THINK ABOUT
• green revolution Communi- Health and Green
cations Medicine Revolution THINK ABOUT • goals of space exploration
• the Human Genome Project • technologies involved
• positive effects of cloning • images of Earth from space
• negative effects of cloning
Which of the three areas do you
think has had the greatest global
effect?
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SETTING THE STAGE At the end of World War II, much of Europe and Asia lay in
ruins, with many of the major cities leveled by bombing. The devastation of the war
was immense. However, within a decade, with U.S. aid, the economies of western
European nations and Japan began expanding rapidly. Their growth continued for half
a century, long after the United States ceased supplying aid.
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
By the end of this century knowledge workers [people whose jobs focus on working
with information] will amount to a third or more of the work force in the United States. THINK THROUGH HISTORY
. . . The majority of knowledge workers will be paid at least as well as blue-collar work- A. Recognizing
ers ever were, or better. And the new jobs offer much greater opportunities. . . . The new Effects Why does
jobs . . . require a habit of continuous learning. Peter Drucker think
PETER DRUCKER, Managing a Time of Great Change
education is the key
to the future?
A. Possible Answer
The Effects of New Economies In the postwar era the expansion of the world’s Jobs in the future will
require continually
economies led to an increase in the production of goods and services so that many learning new
nations benefited. The economic base of some nations shifted. Manufacturing jobs began information.
to move out of developed nations—those nations with the industrialization, transporta-
tion, and business facilities for advanced production of manufactured goods. The jobs
moved to developing nations, that is, those in the process of becoming industrialized.
Developing countries became prime locations for new manufacturing operations. Some
economists believe these areas were chosen because they had many eager workers whose
skills fit manufacturing-type jobs. Also, these workers would work for less money than
those in developed nations. On the other hand, information industries that required bet-
ter-educated workers multiplied in the economies of developed nations. The changes
brought by technology changed the workplace of both developed and developing nations.
30,000 Background
from Asia’s Pacific Rim have placed on education has Pacific Rim refers to
25,000 lands of Southeast
made their work force knowledgeable, creative, and
Asian mainland and
20,000
flexible. This helped the region enjoy amazing econ- islands along the rim
omic growth from the 1950s to the present. Japanese of the Pacific Ocean.
15,000 corporations produce high-quality cars, electronic
goods, and ships. The success of Japanese corporations
10,000 fueled the country’s high economic growth rate of 10
percent per year from 1955 through 1970. In the
5,000
1990s, averaging between 3 and 4 percent annually,
0
Japan’s growth was above that of the United States.
1960 1963 1970 1973 1980 1985 1989 1991 1996 Four places in the Pacific Rim—South Korea,
■ USA ■ Singapore ■ S. Korea Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore—followed Japan’s
■ Japan ■ Hong Kong example. In the 1970s, they set out on programs of
Source: United Nations World Statistics in Brief,
1976, 1986, 1992, 1995. rapid industrialization designed to make their
economies both modern and prosperous. South Korea
S K I L L B U I L D E R : Interpreting Graphs
1. Which country showed the most dramatic
became a major exporter of automobiles and of elec- B. Answer Japan
was a very successful
growth in the period from 1985 to 1991? tronic goods. Hong Kong became a world financial model to copy.
2. Which countries in 1985 were at the level of center. These four newly industrialized countries THINK THROUGH HISTORY
South Korea in 1991? recorded such impressive economic growth that they B. Analyzing
became known as the Four Tigers of Asia. In the 1990s, Causes Why would
rapidly industrializing China and Malaysia began competing with the other nations of the the Four Tigers follow
Japan’s example in
Pacific Rim. With Japan, the Four Tigers, China, and Malaysia, the Pacific Rim became a developing their
key arena of world trade. economies?
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Glass
World Car China, Brazil, Argentina,
Chile, or Poland Frame
Same design used in cars Instrument panels U.S.A.
sold in North and South Europe
America, Europe, and Asia,
but sold under different
company names
Tires
Engine Transmission Seats Canada, Mexico,
Brazil, Mexico Europe U.S.A. Argentina, or Brazil
40°E
80°E
120°E
160°E
160°W
120°W
0°
80°W
40°W
Arctic Circle
CANADA G8 RUSSIA G8
UNITED G8
KINGDOM GERMANY
G8
FRANCE
MONGOLIA
G8
G8
40°N SPAIN ITALY SYRIA SOUTH KOREA
UNITED STATES G8
AT LA N T I C O C EAN JAPAN
IRAQ IRAN CHINA G8
KUWAIT
ALGERIA LIBYA
EGYPT QATAR TAIWAN
Tropic of Cancer JAMAICA SAUDI INDIA
MEXICO ARABIA UNITED ARAB
MAURITANIA CHAD EMIRATES VIETNAM PAC I F I C
HONDURAS YEMEN THAILAND
PACI F IC GUATEMALA PANAMA VENEZUELA SUDAN OCEAN
EL SALVADOR GUYANA NIGERIA PHILIPPINES
OCE A N NICARAGUA SURINAME
MALAYSIA
COSTA RICA COLOMBIA CAMEROON BRUNEI PAPUA
CONGO SOMALIA
0° Equator NEW GUINEA
ECUADOR GABON
SINGAPORE
IND
TANZANIA ONE
PERU BRAZIL IND IA N O C E A N SIA
ANGOLA MALAWI
Organization of Petroleum ZAMBIA MOZAMBIQUE
BOLIVIA
Exporting Countries (OPEC) MAURITIUS
BOTSWANA ZIMBABWE
Asia-Pacific Economic PARAGUAY
Tropic of Capricorn NAMIBIA SWAZILAND AUSTRALIA
Cooperation (APEC)
CHILE 0 3,000 Miles
G8 G-8 (Group of Eight) SOUTH LESOTHO
URUGUAY AFRICA
Andean Group 0 5,000 Kilometers
ARGENTINA NEW
Association of Southeast 40°S ZEALAND
Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Central American Common
Market (CACM/MCCA)
Council of Arab Economic Unity G E O G R A P H Y S K I L L B U I L D E R : Interpreting Maps
(CAEU)
1. Location Which countries in OPEC are located outside of Southwest Asia?
Caribbean Community and
Common Market (CARICOM) 2. Location To which world trade organizations does the United States belong?
Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS)
European Free Trade Association Agreement (NAFTA), put into effect in 1994, called for the rapid elimination of
(EFTA)
European Union (EU) tariffs and trade restrictions among Canada, the United States, and Mexico. This
Southern Cone Common Market trade-barrier-free zone may eventually extend into other parts of Latin America,
(MERCOSUR)
North American Free Trade
which already has its own free trade association, LAFTA. Organizations in Asia,
Agreement (NAFTA) MDL8 8.36.2.1
Africa, and the South Pacific are also creating regional trade policies.
Southern Africa Development
Community (SADC) Multinational corporations, freer world trade, and regional tradingFirstblocs
proof
Central African Customs and Blackwith
today tie nations together economically. Instead of two nations trading Cyan Magenta Yellow
Economic Union (UDEAC)
each other exclusively, trade links many nations. Resources, work forces,
and financial support for business and trade come together from many areas of the THINK THROUGH HISTORY
D. Forming an
world. Just how closely linked international economies are was demonstrated in late Opinion Which of the
1997. In October of that year, the dramatic fall of the Hong Kong stock market elements of global
caused a ripple effect in markets in Asia, Europe, and North America. The losses trade do you think was
most responsible for
were so severe that it would not be until 1999 that the struggling economies of Asia expanding world
began to recover. trade?
D. Possible Answer
Free trade has helped
Challenges Facing Less-Developed Nations to expand world
trade.
Less-developed nations wanting to expand their economies face many challenges.
Many people in the less-developed nations live in grinding poverty. On average, peo-
ple in these nations receive only one-twentieth the income of people in the developed
nations. They may lack adequate shelter, a source of clean drinking water, or food for
nourishment. Diseases weaken many, and health care is often unavailable. Such
poverty can lead to political instability, which affects not only the nation but also the
rest of the world.
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Many world leaders believe that the less-developed nations can ease the burden of
poverty for their people only by economic development. Some economists have
THINK THROUGH HISTORY encouraged less-developed nations to assess their resources and to make long-term
E. Summarizing economic plans. Some also argue that developed nations need to assist the developing
What challenges do
nations to climb out of poverty. A report issued by an international commission
developing nations
face in improving their observed, “Peace, stability, and human justice around the globe depend on how well
economies? nations cooperate to help people in all lands share in the earth’s resources and wealth.”
E. Answer
Overcoming poverty
and unstable political Impacts of Economic Development
conditions.
Global development has had a variety of effects, both positive and negative. It brought
manufacturing jobs to developing nations. However, as industries moved out, it reduced
manufacturing jobs and raised unemployment in developed nations. Global develop-
ment had an even larger impact on the use of energy and other resources. Worldwide
demand for these resources has led to both environmental and political problems.
Political Impacts Manufacturing requires the processing of
raw materials; trade requires the transport of finished goods. GlobalImpact
These activities, essential for development, require the use of
much energy. For the past 50 years, one of the main sources of
energy used by developed and developing nations has been oil. IRAQ KUWAIT
For nations with little of this resource available in their own Persian
Gulf
land, disruption of the distribution of oil or a large price
increase causes economic and political problems. Nations pos- SAUDI Strait of
ARABIA Hormuz
sessing oil reserves have the power to affect economic and polit-
Background ical situations in countries all over the world. For example, Allies Protect Oil Supplies
The Middle East OPEC declared an oil embargo—a ban on trade—in the 1970s. A perfect example of how the
contains 62 percent nations of the world depend on
of all known oil This caused significant economic decline in developed nations
each other was the Gulf War. Iraq
resources. during that decade. threatened to cut off supplies of oil
In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and threatened to stop the distri- from Kuwait and other parts of
bution of Kuwaiti oil. Fears began to mount that Iraq would also the Middle East. This threatened the
invade Saudi Arabia, another major source of oil, and cut off U.S. and European nations; Japan,
which imports almost all of its oil;
petroleum supplies to the world. When an international economic and other Asian and African coun-
embargo failed to change Iraq’s behavior, countries of the United tries. Nations worked together
Nations moved to wage war on Iraq. The war was known as the against Iraq to stop that threat.
Persian Gulf War or Gulf War. The war served to point out how The Gulf War, also known as
“Operation Desert Storm,” included
globally linked the economies of nations are. 700,000 troops from 39 Allies and
Water is another important resource required for many manu- around 500,000 Iraqi troops. One
facturing processes. It is also essential for agricultural irrigation. concern of the Allies was to keep
In many parts of the world, nations increasingly came into conflict the narrow Straits of Hormuz open
for oil tankers. Within three
over the use and maintenance of water resources. Poor quality
months, the out-gunned Iraqis
water resources became one of many serious threats to the envi- accepted a cease-fire.
ronment resulting from economic development. While the supplies of oil were
made safe, the war resulted in great
Environmental Impacts Economic development also threatens environmental damage. More than
the environment. The burning of coal and oil as an energy source 465 million gallons of oil were
causes health-damaging air pollution and acid rain. It has led to dumped into the Persian Gulf.
global warming.
Background The release of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used in refrigerators, air
Scientists have dis-
covered a hole in the
conditioners, and manufacturing processes, has destroyed ozone in the earth’s upper
ozone layer in an area atmosphere. The ozone layer is our main protection against the sun’s damaging ultravi-
above the continent of olet rays. With the increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth’s surface, the inci-
Antarctica. Ozone in
dence of skin cancer continues to rise in many parts of the world. Increased ultraviolet
this location has
dropped to 33 percent radiation may damage populations of plants and plankton at the bases of the food
of the 1975 amount. chains, which sustain all life on Earth.
Section 2 Assessment
1. TERMS & NAMES 2. TAKING NOTES 3. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS 4. THEME ACTIVITY
Identify Using a diagram like the one In what ways has technology Economics Make a survey of
• developed nation below, list examples of forces that changed the workplace of people the labels on class members’
• developing nation have shaped a global economy. across the world? clothing and shoes. Look for the
• global economy THINK ABOUT countries in which clothing or
• multinational • the kinds of industries people shoes were produced. List all the
corporation work in countries represented. On a world
• free trade Forces that shape • the location of the workplaces map, shade in each of the coun-
• Gulf War a global economy • the speed at which work is done tries you listed. What does the
• ozone layer information suggest to you about
• sustainable the global economy?
development
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different PERSPECTIVES
LETTER
José A. Lutzenberger
In the following letter written in 1991, the Environ-
mental Secretary of Brazil, José A. Lutzenberger, asks
the President of the United States, George Bush, to
stop the clear-cutting (removal of all trees in one tract
of land at a time) of America’s ancient forest, saying
it sets a bad example for the world.
SETTING THE STAGE World War II was one of history’s most devastating conflicts.
More than 55 million people died as a direct result of bombings, the Holocaust, com-
bat, starvation, and disease. Near the end of the war, one of humankind’s most
destructive weapons, the atomic bomb, killed more than 100,000 people in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki in a matter of minutes. Perhaps because of those horrors, since 1945,
powerful nations have repeatedly stepped back from the brink of destruction that
could result from another all-out world conflict.
Controlling Weapons of Mass Destruction Nations have not only worked to pre-
vent and contain conflicts, they also have forged treaties to limit the manufacturing,
testing, and trade of weapons. The weapons of most concern are those that cause
mass destruction. These include nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can
kill thousands, even millions of people.
In 1968, many nations signed a Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to help pre-
vent the proliferation, or spread, of nuclear weapons to other nations. In the 1970s,
the United States and Russia signed the Strategic Arms Limitation treaties. In the
1980s, both countries talked about deactivating some of their nuclear weapons.
However, in the early 1990s, ten nations still possessed nuclear weapons. Many nations
also signed treaties promising not to produce biological or chemical weapons.
Terrorism Threatens Security On September 11, 2001, the United
States faced its most direct threat from terrorist attack when 19 terror-
ists hijacked four commercial airplanes. Two planes struck the twin
towers in the World Trade Center in New York City. The attack
destroyed the towers and several other buildings, blanketed the lower
section of Manhattan in ashes, and killed approximately 3,000 people. A
third plane damaged the Pentagon and left about 200 dead. The fourth
plane, presumed to be headed for another target in the nation’s capital,
crashed into an empty Pennsylvania field.
This attack was the dealiest in a series of terrorist attacks that have
claimed the lives of many innocent civilians over the past decade. In
April 1995, an American opposed to the power of the U.S. govern-
ment planted a bomb near the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma, killing more than 160 people. A month earlier, a
Japanese cult member released nerve gas in a Tokyo subway, killing 12
people and injuring thousands.
These tragedies are examples of terrorism, the use of force or
threats to frighten people or governments into changing their policies.
Terrorism is a tactic used by ideological or political groups to call
attention to their goals and to gain major media coverage. The global
THINK THROUGH HISTORY uses of modern technology and air travel make every nation vulnera-
A. Analyzing ble to attacks. Because terrorists cross national borders to escape to
Motives Of what
countries friendly to their cause, terrorism is an international prob- Smoke billows
value would media from the World
coverage be to a ter- lem. After the September 2001 attacks in New York City, the United States called for
Trade Center
rorist group? an international effort to combat terrorist groups. buildings after the
A. Possible Answer terrorist attack of
It allows them to tell September 11, 2001.
thousands what their Ethnic and Religious Conflicts Disrupt Peace
positions are on
issues that concern
Conflicts among people of different racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural
them. groups are not new. Some struggles have roots that reach back for decades and, in
some cases, for centuries. Such conflicts include the clash between Protestants and
Catholics in Ireland and between Palestinians and Jews in the Middle East.
Some ethnic conflicts have deep historical causes, such as the Serb-Bosnian-Croat
disputes in former Yugoslavia. Once an authoritarian rule or colonial government is
gone, these old problems flare into violent battles. Such conflicts often create thou-
sands of refugees who seek shelter in nearby lands.
Religious Conflicts The growth of fundamentalism—a strict belief in the basic
truths and practice of a particular faith—also has contributed to conflicts, including
acts of terrorism, among different peoples. In some cases, fundamentalist groups have
gained control of a government and imposed their ideas on an entire nation. For
example, in 1997, the Taliban movement in Afghanistan took control of that country
after a long civil war. The leaders imposed their own strict Muslim law on the land.
The American Civil Rights Movement The people of the United States made
greater commitments to ensuring basic human rights, especially political rights, to its
citizens through the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was a grass-
roots effort by African Americans to fight discrimination and to make sure all citizens
received their rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. During the 1960s, the
movement focused on eliminating legal segregation between African Americans and
whites. Another goal was to fully empower African Americans with the right to vote
and with equal public education.
During the 1950s and 1960s, thousands of Americans, both African Americans and
others, organized groups and worked to change the conditions in the United States.
One of the best-known leaders of the civil rights movement was Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr. Dr. King patterned his movement after Gandhi’s in India, using nonviolent
demonstrations to bring attention to serious injustices suffered by African Americans.
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
After King’s assassination in ■ ■ ■ ■ MAKERS
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ HISTORY ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
1968, people of all races and
creeds continued to work to
eliminate discrimination in
employment, housing, and other
key areas of life. The civil rights
movement fueled the develop-
ment of other equal rights
movements by Native Ameri-
cans, Hispanics, women, and
people with disabilities.
Women’s Status Improves
The women’s rights movement
grew along with the civil rights
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Mother Teresa
movement in the late 1950s and 1929–1968 1910–1997
early 1960s. When women in Nobel Peace Prize 1964 Nobel Peace Prize 1979
Western nations entered the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s A tiny woman of boundless energy,
work force, they often met with moving speeches and his Mother Teresa dedicated her life to
discrimination in employment commitment to active, nonviolent helping the poor, the elderly, the
protest inspired people around disabled, and the dying. Born Agnes
and salary. In non-Western coun- the world. He urged them to work Gonxha Bojaxhiu, Mother Teresa
tries, many women not only to end racial discrimination and joined a convent in Ireland at the
faced discrimination in jobs, they toward obtaining full and equal age of 18. A few months later, she
were denied access to education. rights for all. In his famous “I headed to Calcutta, India, to teach
Have a Dream“ speech, King at a girls’ school. Upon her arrival,
In regions torn by war or ethnic urged his followers, “Now is the she noticed many sick and
conflict, they were often victims time to lift our nation from the homeless people in the streets. She
of violence and abuse. As women quicksands of racial injustice to soon vowed to devote her life to
suffered, so also did their family the solid rock of brotherhood.” helping India’s poor.
King achieved many successes In 1948, she established the
members, especially children.
as he led a nationwide movement, Order of the Missionaries of Charity,
However, in the 1970s, with a organizing marches and sit-ins to which committed itself to serving
heightened awareness of human demand equal justice before the the sick, needy, and unfortunate.
rights, women in various parts of law. In 1964 and 1965, the U.S. Dressed often in her trademark
the world worked to improve federal government passed laws outfit of a plain white sari with a
protecting civil and voting rights. blue border and a cross pinned to
their lives through changes in laws During the civil rights her left sleeve, Mother Teresa soon
and government policies. In 1975, struggles, Dr. King’s home was became known throughout the
the United Nations held the first dynamited and he and his family world for her commitment to the
of several international confer- faced death threats. He was downtrodden.
assassinated on April 4, 1968, in
ences on women’s status in the Memphis, Tennessee.
world. The fourth conference was
held in Beijing, China, in 1995. It addressed such issues as preventing violence against
women and empowering women to take leadership roles in politics and in business.
THINK THROUGH HISTORY One of the most highly respected activists who attended the Beijing conference
C. Recognizing was the Albanian missionary Mother Teresa. She devoted her life to caring for the
Effects How did
Mother Teresa influ- poor and sick. In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her
ence social conditions efforts on behalf of the homeless on the streets of Calcutta, India. Although she died
in the world? in 1997, her mission continues to reach more than 25 countries worldwide.
C. Possible Answer
She helped the poor
in India and other Global Movement of People
countries; she
founded a religious Migration is a worldwide phenomenon that has increased in size and scope. Each year
order to carry on her poverty, war, drought, famine, and political violence affect millions of people. To escape
work; she brought these life-threatening problems, many people leave their homes and migrate to other
world attention to the
plight of the poor. countries. Wealthy people sometimes migrate as well. In the late 1980s, some business-
people left Hong Kong, fearing that after the Chinese regained control of the island
from the British in 1997, their rights and opportunities would be limited.
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Push-Pull Factors Migration sometimes takes place because people feel pushed out
of their homelands. Lack of food due to drought, natural disasters, and political
oppression are examples of push factors. Between 1976 and 1996, the number of
refugees—people who leave their country to move to another to find safety—grew
from under 3 million to almost 20 million yearly.
Not only negative events push people to migrate. Most people have strong connec-
tions to their home countries and don’t leave unless strong positive attractions pull them THINK THROUGH HISTORY
away. They hope for a better life for themselves and for their children, and thus migrate D. Analyzing
Causes List the push
to developed nations. For example, hundreds of thousands of people migrate from
and pull factors that
Africa to Europe and from Latin America to the United States every year. Sometimes cause people to
the poorest people migrate, but often educated middle-class people migrate. migrate.
Cuban boat people
D. Possible
plead for help from a Effects of Immigration Immigration has both negative and positive effects on the Answers Push—
helicopter about
countries receiving new people. Countries generally receive two types of immi- natural disasters,
50 miles from Key
political problems,
West, Florida. Some grants—political refugees and migrants who come for economic reasons. Although a lack of food. Pull—
left Cuba because of person has the right to leave a country, the country receiving the migrant does not economic reasons,
political differences,
while others were
have to accept that person. The receiving country may have one policy about accept- hope for a better life,
political freedom.
looking for a better ing refugees from political situations, and another about migrants coming for eco-
economic future. nomic reasons. Because of the huge volume of people migrating from war-torn,
famine-stricken, and politically
unstable regions, millions of immi-
grants have no place to go.
Crowded into refugee camps
under squalid conditions, immi-
grants face a very uncertain future.
The cost of supporting these camps
may cause political problems and
may raise issues of prejudice and
discrimination.
On the positive side, immi-
grants are often a valuable addi-
tion to the country where they
move. They help offset labor
shortages in a variety of industries.
They bring experiences and knowl-
edge that can spur the economy.
In addition, they contribute to the
sharing, shaping, and blending of a
newly enriched culture.
Section 3 Assessment
1. TERMS & NAMES 2. TAKING NOTES 3. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS 4. ANALYZING THEMES
Identify Using a chart like the one below, How are ethnic and religious Science and Technology In
• Nuclear Non- list collective methods employed conflicts related to problems of what ways have advances in
Proliferation Treaty by the nations of the world to global security? science and technology increased
• proliferation increase world security. Give THINK ABOUT threats to global security?
• terrorism examples. • current conflicts THINK ABOUT
• fundamentalism • political/ideological tactics of • the destructive capability of one
• Universal Declaration Method Examples
groups nuclear weapon
of Human Rights 1. Form military NATO, SEATO,
• immigration • the ability of less-powerful
• civil rights movement alliances Warsaw Pact nations to produce biological or
2. chemical weapons
3. • the ability to move easily across
international borders
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Chapter 36 Assessment
TERMS & NAMES REVIEW QUESTIONS
Briefly explain the importance of each of the following SECTION 1 (pages 941–944)
to global interdependence from 1960 to the present. Science and Technology Shape Human Outlook
1. genetic engineering 6. sustainable 11. In what ways have science and technology changed the lives of people
development today?
2. green revolution
7. terrorism 12. What was the goal of the green revolution?
3. global economy
4. free trade 8. fundamentalism SECTION 2 (pages 945–950)
Visual Summary
Global
Interdependence Economics
• Service industries grow
Culture
• Mass media spreads
in developed nations. many cultures.
• Free trade expands • Pop culture becomes
world markets. more international.
• Environmental • Global interdependence
challenges continue. awareness develops.