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    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

    net/publication/316781702

    A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels

    Article  in  Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · October 2017


    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.138

    CITATIONS READS
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    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 78 (2017) 414–430

    Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews


    journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

    A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels


    ⁎
    Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwaria,b, , Apostolos Pesiridisa, Srithar Rajooc, Ricardo Martinez-
    Botasd, Vahid Esfahanianb
    a
    Centre for Advanced Powertrain and Fuels Research (CAPF), Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Brunel University London, UB8
    3PH, UK
    b
    Vehicle, Fuel and Environment Research Institute (VFERI), School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
    c
    UTM Centre for Low Carbon Transport in Cooperation with Imperial College London (LOCARTIC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
    d
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK

    A R T I C L E I N F O A BS T R A C T

    Keywords: As concerns of oil depletion and security of supply remain as severe as ever, and faced with the consequences of
    Battery Electric Vehicles climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions, Europe is increasingly looking at alternatives to traditional
    Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle road transport technologies. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are seen as a promising technology, which could
    Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle lead to the decarbonisation of the Light Duty Vehicle fleet and to independence from oil. However it still has to
    Policy options
    overcome some significant barriers to gain social acceptance and obtain appreciable market penetration. This
    Greenhouse gas
    Life Cycle Assessment
    review evaluates the technological readiness of the different elements of BEV technology and highlights those
    technological areas where important progress is expected. Techno-economic issues linked with the development
    of BEVs are investigated. Current BEVs in the market need to be more competitive than other low carbon
    vehicles, a requirement which stimulates the necessity for new business models. Finally, the all-important role
    of politics in this development is, also, discussed. As the benefit of BEVs can help countries meet their
    environmental targets, governments have included them in their roadmaps and have developed incentives to
    help them penetrate the market.

    1. Introduction number of passengers has been forecasted [12–14], total independence


    on oil and zero tailpipe emissions technologies will probably be needed
    Road based transportation accounts for a large share of Europe CO2 in the long term [15–18].
    emissions, 22% in the UK [1,2]. A growing concern about climate Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) satisfy these two conditions. Their
    change triggered agreements between EU countries to cut their principle is simple: an electric motor powered by a battery replaces the
    emissions by 80% by 2050 to stabilise atmospheric CO2 at 450 ppm Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) and the tank, and the
    in order to keep global warming under 2 °C. The effort is shared vehicle is plugged to a charging spot when it is not in use [19–21]. They
    between different sectors, and the road transport sector is expected to have many advantages: they are highly efficient, do not produce
    reduce its emissions by 95% [3–6]. Moreover, it is highly dependent on tailpipe emissions which is beneficial for local air quality, they have
    oil, which raises resource depletion and security of supply concerns. good acceleration, can be charged overnight on low cost electricity
    Lastly, urban pollution due to vehicle use causes health problems. This produced by any type of power station, including renewables [21–23].
    is why it is considered as crucial to develop low carbon and oil However despite these advantages, BEVs, also, face significant chal-
    independent transport solutions [7–11]. Improvements in efficiency lenges. Electricity storage is still expensive and the charging of the
    of current vehicles, biofuels and electric powertrains are three solutions battery is time consuming; this is why the range of these vehicles is
    being considered to tackle this issue. However as an increase in the limited. A charging spot infrastructure must be in place before any

    Abbreviations and acronyms: AC, Alternating Current; BEV, Battery Electric Vehicle; BMS, Battery Management System; CO2, Carbon Dioxide; DC, Direct Current; DECC,
    Department of Energy and Climate Change; EPA, Environmental Protection Agency; EU, European Union; EV, Electric Vehicle; FCEV, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle; FCHEV, Fuel Cell
    Hybrid Electric Vehicle; FCV, Fuel Cell Vehicle; GHG, Greenhouse Gas; ICE, Internal Combustion Engine; ICEV, Internal Combustion Electric Vehicle; IEA, International Energy
    Agency; kWh, kilowatt hour; LCA, Life Cycle Assessment; LDV, Light Duty Vehicle; Li-Ion, Lithium-ion; LPG, Liquefied Petroleum Gas; Na/NiCl2, Sodium Nickel Chloride; Ni-MH,
    Nickel Metal Hydride; NOx, Nitric Oxide; PHEV, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle; PM, Permanent Magnet; ppm, part per million; SOx, Sulphur Oxide; USABC, United States Advanced
    Battery Consortium; USD, United States Dollar; VAT, Value-Added Tax; V2G, Vehicle to Grid
    ⁎
    Corresponding author.
    E-mail address: Amin.Mahmoudzadehandwari@brunel.ac.uk (A. Mahmoudzadeh Andwari).

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.138
    Received 29 October 2015; Received in revised form 17 February 2017; Accepted 21 March 2017
    1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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