Unit National Service Training Program

Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency

Module Page |1
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

INFORMATION SHEET FN-3.1.1

Disaster Management, Disaster Continuum, Disaster and Development

Objectives:

To identify and discuss disaster management concepts and continuum.

To discuss the relationship of disaster and development.

Understanding Disaster Related concepts

Hazard:

A threatening event; a danger or source of harm

Extreme natural or man-made events of varying degree of intensity and severity that threaten to adversely affect
human life, property of activity or the extent of causing a disaster.

Types of Disaster

 Natural
 Man-Made or human-induced
 Technological

Examples

1. Earthquakes
2. Landslides
3. Volcanic Eruption
4. Tsunami
5. Tropical Cyclone/Typhoon
6. Fire
7. Drought
8. Chemical Explosions
9. Plane Crash
10. Shipwreck

Vulnerability

The extent to which a community structure, service or human settlement in likely to be damage or disrupted by the
impact of a particular hazard account of their nature, construction and proximity to the hazardous terrain or a disaster
prone are.
Level of susceptibility of community structures or services to damage from hazard

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module Page |2
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

Vulnerable group

Poor people
Dependent children/minors
Dependent women
Unskilled/untrained persons with disabilities

Risk

The probability of an accident or disaster occurring from hazardous events in a vulnerable area.

Expected losses due to hazardous event for a given area and reference period.

The chance or probability of illness or death to humans or damage to the environment by a hazardous event.

Expected – lives lost

Person injured
Property Damage
Economic activity disrupted due to particular hazard

Disaster:

An event natural, man-made or technological in nature, sudden or progressive which impacts with such severe that
exceptional measures are required to deal with it.
Occurs when significant number of vulnerable people experienced s hazard and suffer damage and/or unlikely to
recover without external assistance.

Extra-ordinary events that cause great destruction of property and may result in death, physical injury and human
sufferings.

A serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of affected society to cope using only its own resources.

Classification of Disaster

Natural – (Volcanic eruption, Tsunamis, Typhoon)

Man-made or Human induced (fire, plane crash due to human error)
Technological (Chemical explosion, plane crash due to technical failure)
Natural-technological (natural phenomenon which trigger a technological disaster. Earthquake causing chemical
explosion)

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module Page |3
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

Complex emergencies – chaos, anarchy, conflict which are difficult to define but can be best described in terms of its
attributes such as poverty, population displacement, political insecurity and state disintegration. Example: War, Civil
strife, terrorism.

Disaster Continuum

Emergency

The period characterized by chaos, death, injuries, damage properties, displacement of families and inadequate lack
of basic supplies.

Common misconception about emergency

Panic, looting, fight or fleeing people, disorganization, feuding, superstition/fatalism, conflicts and helplessness.

Some Realities: First line of defense, stay and save/protect families, provide initial assistance first aid, barricade the
area, assist traffic, natural leadership surface, voluntarism and coordination.

Immediate concerns:

1. To save lives
2. To alleviate sufferings
3. To provide basic needs of the victims
4. Foster restoration of the community’s assets towards rehabilitation

Emergency situation usually influenced by the level of preparedness of the individual, family and community.
Being aware of the highly vulnerable group is important children/minors, dependent women, older person, dependent
person with disabilities.

Relief service

Seeks satisfy the immediate and basic needs of the victims such as food, clothing, shelter, medical care and emotion
security.

This covers

Emergency feeding
Temporary shelter
Aid to individual families in crisis situation
Comfort giving through critical incidence stress debriefing

Emergency response

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module Page |4
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

Search and rescue, evacuation to safe and higher grounds, security of affected areas, monitoring assessments team,
activating emergency services in hospitals and other establishments, relief distribution, assistance to
individuals/families in crisis situation. Critical Incidence Stress Debriefing, protection of the life-line facilities (critical
support system to human settlements)
Preparedness:

The period prior to the occurrence of disaster

The time to put in place emergency response mechanisms
To insure that in times of disaster appropriate system, procedures and resources are in place to assist affected cope
with the adverse effects of disasters.

INFORMATION SHEET PR-3.1.2

INVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES
HYPOTHERMIA- Exposure to extreme cold for a short period of time or moderate cold for a
long time can cause hypothermia.
The patient will present with cold skin and shivering and will still alert and oriented.

Sign and Symptoms

Increase breathing rate

Increase pulse rate and blood pressure
Slow, thick speech
Staggering walk
Apathy, drowsiness, incoherence
Sluggish pupils
Uncontrollable shivering

First Aid
Check responsiveness
Cover the patient with warm blanket
Apply hot compress
Check vital signs
Refer to a physician

FROSTBITE – Patients may become unresponsive. This is true medical emergency that lead to
death.

Signs and Symptoms

Extremely slow breathing rate

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module Page |5
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

Extremely slow pulse rate

Unresponsiveness
Fixed and dilated pupils
Rigid extremities
Absence of shivering

First Aid

Check responsiveness
Check ABC, perform CPR if needed
Care for shock
Refer to a physician

Mechanism of Heat Loss

Condensation – Body heat is lost to surrounding air, which becomes warmer, rises and is
replaced with cooler air.
Convection- This occurs when a person breathes in cold air and breaths out air that was
warmed inside the body.
Radiation- Body heat is lost to nearby objects without physically touching them.
Conduction – Body heat is lost nearby objects through direct physical touch.
Evaporation – Body heat causes perspirations, which is lost from the body surface when
changed from liquid to vapor.

Three general type of heat emergencies

Heat Cramps – a muscular pain and spasm due to largely to loss of salt from the body in
sweating or too inadequate intake of salt.

Signs and Symptoms

Muscle cramps, often in the abdomen or legs

Heavy perspiration
Lightheadness; weakness

First Aid

Have the victim rest with hid/her feet elevated)

Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub
Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip or make salted drink
To relieve muscle cramps, massage the affected muscles gently but firmly until they relaxed

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module Page |6
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

Heat Exhaustion – A response to heat characterized by fatigue, weaknesses, and collapse due
to inadequate intake of water to compensate for loss of fluids through sweating.

Signs and Symptoms

Cool, pale or red moist skin

Dilated pupils
Headache
Extreme thirst
Nausea; vomiting
Irrational behavior
Weakness; dizziness
Unconsciousness

First Aid

Have the victim rest with his/her feet elevated

Cool the victim
Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip or make a salted drink
Monitor the victim for signs of shock
If the victim starts having seizures, protect him/her from injury and give first aid for convulsions.
If the victim loses consciousness, give first aid of unconsciousness

Heat Stroke/Sun Stroke – A response of heat characterized by extremely high body

temperature and disturbance of sweating mechanism.

Signs and Symptoms

Raised body temperature

Dry, hot, red skin
Dark urine
Small pupils
Rapid, shallow breathing
Extreme confusion
Weakness
Seizures
Unconsciousness

First Aid

Cool the victim

Give First Aid for shock
If the victim starts having seizures, give first aid for seizures

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module Page |7
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

Keep the victim cool as you await medical help

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module Page |8
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

INFORMATION SHEET PR-3.1.3

MEDICAL EMERGECIES
Stroke – is a condition that occurs when the blood flow to the brain in interrupted long enough
to cause damage. People over age 50 are the most common victims, but younger people can
have too.

Causes:

Thrombus or embolism
Ruptured artery in the brain
Compression

Sign and Symptoms

Weakness of the face, arm leg. Often on one side only

Dizziness
Confusion
Headache
Ringing in the ears
Change of mood
Difficulty in breathing and swallowing
Lose of bowel and bladder control

First Aid

Check the victim’s ABC

Have the victim rest the comfortable position
Seek immediately medical help
Do not give the victim anything by mouth

Diabetes – is the condition that affects the way the body uses foods. It causes the sugar level in
the blood to be too high or too low.

Types of emergencies Diabetes

Hypoglycemia – occurs when too much insulin in the body, if not prevented it may lead to
insulin shock.

Signs and Symptoms

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module Page |9
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

 Fast breathing
 Fast pulse
 Dizziness
 Weaknesses
 Change in the level of consciousness
 Vision difficulties
 Sweating
 Headache
 Numb hands or feet
 Hunger
 Anxiety

Hyperglycemia – Happens when there is too much sugar and too little insulin in the blood, and
body cell do not get enough nourishment.

Signs and Symptoms

 Drowsiness and confusion

 Deep and fast breathing
 Thirst
 Dehydration
 Fever
 A fruity-smelling
 Change of consciousness

First Aid

Give any fully conscious person in a diabetic emergency sugar-candy. Fruit, juice, or a soft drink
containing sugar.
If the person is unconscious, check for ABCs and call for a physician
Immediately transport to the hospital.

Seizure - is a sudden involuntary muscle contraction, usually due to uncontrolled electrical

activity in the brain.

Signs and Symptoms

Local tingling or switching in part of the body

Brief blackout or period of confused behavior
Sudden falling, loss of consciousness
Drooling, frothing of the mouth
Vigorous muscle spasm, twitching, jerking limbs, stiffening
Grunting, snorting
Loss of bladder and bowel control

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module P a g e | 10
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

Temporary cessation of breathing

Seizure are often associated with epilepsy, high blood pressure, heart disease, brain tumor,
stroke or other brain illness or injury, shaking young children violently, fever in children, head
injury, electric shock, heat illness, poisoning, venomous bites and stings, choking, and drug or
alcohol overdose or withdrawal.

First Aid

If you know a person has epilepsy, it is usually not necessary to call physician unless:

The seizure lasts longer than a few minutes

Another seizure begins soon after the first
He or she does not regain consciousness after the jerking movement has stopped

However, you should call physician when someone having seizure also:

IS pregnant
Caries identification as a diabetic
Is in the water and has swallowed large amount of water

Convulsion – A high temperature does not necessarily mean the victim is seriously ill. Some
children have seizure when a high fever is rising or falling.

When to help for fever

Fever is not always cause for alarm, but sometimes it is a sign of a serious problem.

Seek immediately medical attention if ;

Fever is over 39.4 degree Celsius (103) degree Celsius
Fever is accompanied by;
-Difficulty in breathing.
-unusual skin colors (blue, gray, purple).
-A rash of tiny or purple dots under the skin.
-Shock.
-Stiff neck.
-Bulging fontanel (soft spot of the baby skull)
-Sign of dehydration
-If the victim appears to be very ill, take steps to reduce the fever while you seek medical
assistance.

OTHER COMMON EMERGENCY

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module P a g e | 11
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

FEVER - is a sustained body temperature above the normal level of 37degre Celsius (98.6
degrees Celsius) is known as fever.

Sign and symptoms

In the early stages:

 -Pallor
 -A chilled feeling-goose pimples shivering, and chattering teeth.
 -as the fever advances:
 hot flushed skin and sweating.
 Headache
 Generalized aches and pains
 Higher temperature.

First Aid
Make the patient comfortable in cool surroundings, preferably in bed with a light cover. Allow her
to rest
Give the casualty plenty of cool bland drinks to replace first fluids.
An adult may take two paracetamol tablets. Give a child the recommended dose of parcetamol
syrup (not aspirin).
If you are worried about the casually condition call a doctor.

Headache may accompany any illness, particularly feverish ailment such as flu, but if\t may be
the most prominent symptom of a serious condition such as meningitis or stroke.

First aid

Help the patient to sit of lie down comfortably in a quite place

An adult may take two paracetamol tablets or her own painkillers. Give a child recommended
dose of paracetamol syrup
if the doubt or if the pain does not ease within two hours call a doctor.

Abdominal Pain/Stomach Pain – is a pain in the abdomen often has a relatively trivial cause,
but can indicate serious disease, such as perforation or obstruction of the intestines.

First Aid

Make the patient comfortable, and prop her up if breathing is difficult. Give him/her a container
to use if vomiting.
Do not give the patient any medicines or anything to eat or drink
Give patient a covered hot-water bottle place against the abdomen.
IF the pain is severe, or does not ease with in 30 minutes, call a doctor.

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator
 Unit National Service Training Program
Disaster Management: Preparedness, First Aid and Emergency
Module P a g e | 12
Safety Measures.
NSTP 1 CWTS - Civic Welfare Training Service Units: 3.0

Diarrhea – are most likely to be cause by food poisoning, contaminated water, allergy, or
unusual or exotic foods.

First Aid

Reassure the patient while he or she is being sick. Afterwards, give the patient a warm damp
cloth with which to wash him or herself.
Give the patient lots of bland fluids to sip slowly and often. If the appetite returns, give him only
bland, starchy or sugary food for the first 24 hours.
If you are worried about the patient’s condition, particularly if it is persistent, call a doctor.

PREPARED BY: CHEKED BY:

1 st
1 st MR. KEEN ELIAS G. VIRTUDAZO TOM DEREK T. SEGARRA
Instructor Department Coordinator
FINAL
NOTED BY: APPROVED BY:
Week Meeting EMERITA S. MERCADAL MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
SHS Coordinator/Academic Head School Administrator