CHAPTER -II

Satire in Arms and the Man and its translation:

An Evaluation

2.0. George Bernard Shaw takes the title of his play 'Arms and the Man' from the
opening lines of Virgil's 'The Aeneid', an epic-poem describing the adventures of
Aeneas, the Trojan Prince "of arms and the man I sing". Virgil glorified war and
the heroic feats of Aeneas on the battlefield. One of the characteristic feature of
Satire is as suggested by Gilbert Highet (1962:15), "By quoting the actual words
or a line of a poem of a distinguished satirist, the author gives a hint or makes it
plain, without a direct statement informing the readers that he is writing a
satire". The title itself indicates an ironical treatment, which leads to satiric
expectations. However, Shaw's purpose in this play is to attack the romantic
notion of war by presenting a more realistic depiction of war, devoid of the idea
that such death and destruction speaks of nobility. Still, 'Anns and the Man' is not
an anti-war drama, but rather a satirical assault on those who would glorify the
horrors of war. Shaw has aptly called 'Anns and the Man' an anti-romantic
comedy. In the play he has exposed the hollowness of the romantic notions of
love and war. The term romantic, according to Shaw meant untruth. Romance
refers to a kind of fiction, which does not concern itself with real life; it gives
greater importance to idealization.

Quick Facts about George Bernard Shaw:

Birth: July 26th 1856.
Death: November 2nd 1950.
Irish born British Dramatist & Literary critic. Wrote more than 50 plays.
Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in the year 1925.

2.1. Shaw was a professed social reformer and Satire was the weapon he used to
convert the society to his own point of view. In each successive play, he lashes at
 30

one social evil after another. In 'Amis and the Man' he had satirized the romantic
ideals of life. More specially the romantic view of war and soldiering and
romantic love and social snobbery. In this play his main aim was to bring a
correct understanding of the true nature of love and war.

Shaw is a man of ideology and active member of The Fabian Society, a

middle-class Socialist group committed to transformation of English government
and society, "Which includes the establishment of equal citizenship for men and
women". (Johari, J.C. 1989:674 & 5). He presents a contrast between the pros and
cons of the same idea. He says that when he wants to change a person from
his/her follies, first of all he wants to change the root for an idea, which a society
had in particular. Shaw had ruthlessly exposed the vanities and follies of man.
However, the play is a satire on the romantic notions of young peoples' idea of
war and love. Often the dramatist laughs with mild nature without any
corrective intention, merely for the sake of the laugh. 'Plays Pleasant' includes
Arms and the Man (1894), Candida (1894-95), The Man of Destiny (1896) and You
Never Can Tell (1877).

The preface to Plays Pleasant was written in 1898. Towards the end of the
preface Shaw says "That he can no longer be satisfied with fictitious morals and
fictitious good conduct 'shedding fictitious glory on robbery, starvation, disease,
crime, drink, war, cruelty, cupidity and all other commonplaces of civilization
which drive men to the theatre to make foolish pretences that such things are
progress, science, morals, religion, patriotism, imperial supremacy, national
greatness, and all other names the news papers call them". "Arms and the Man,
subtitled as an 'anti-romantic comedy', is a satire on the conventional idealistic
views on war and marriage". (Riaz Uddin Ahmed. 1995:16).

2.2. For the convenience of the study some background about the play like:
setting, conflict, themes, plot and act wise summary is discussed in detail.
 31

2.2.1. Setting: Prince Alexander I, the regent of Bulgaria, led the Bulgarian army
against the Serbs who had declared war in November 1885. The Russians helped
the Bulgarian Army whereas Austrians led the Serbs. The Swiss supplied a large
number of mercenaries and Captain Bluntschli is one such soldier fighting on the
Serbian side. Such mercenaries had no feelings. At a crucial point Russia called
back her officers and Bulgaria was left to fend for herself. In spite of such
mishaps the Bulgarians were victorious in the Battle of Slivnitza in November
1885.

Characters and their brief introduction:

Raina Petkoff: Raina, the heroine of the play, is the only child of Major Petkoff
and Catherine Petkoff. She is a 'romantic' and had romantic notions of love and
war.

Catherine Petkoff: Catherine Petkoff, Raina's mother, is a middle - aged affected

woman, who wished to pass off as a Viennese lady. She is 'imperiously
energetic' and good-looking.

Major Petkoff: Major Petkoff has acquired his position in the army more because
of his wealth than his ability. In military strategy he takes help from Bluntschli,
but believes that he himself has made all the plans. However, he is a good father
and husband.

Sergius: Sergius is handsome, as a romantic hero ought to be, has a good position
in the army and is supposed to be brave. He supposedly in love with Raina, but
flirts with Louka.

Captain Bluntschli: Bluntschli is a Swiss professional soldier. He believes that it

is better to be armed with chocolates than with ammunitions on the battlefield.
In contrast to Sergius he is of middling stature and undistinguished appearance.
He is energetic and carries himself like a soldier.
 32

Nicola: Nicola is an old servant of the family. He displays a lot of discretion in

dealing with the members of the family as well as their guests. He is fond of
Louka, who disapproves of his servility.

Louka: Louka, a servant girl in the Petkoffs household, is proud and looks down
on servility, she is ambitious and wishes to rise up in life. Nicola wishes to marry
her but she has other plans.

2.2.2. Conflict: The major conflict in "Arms and the Man" is between opposing
beliefs and ideas.

Protagonist: Raina is the Protagonist. She has romantic notions about war and
love.

Antagonist: In a way, Bluntschli could be considered the antagonist. Since, he

presents a realistic picture of war. Louka is the other antagonist who makes
Raina and Sergius aware of the practical side of love.

Climax: Bluntschli's arrival with the coat is the climax. At that point the play
gets most complicated.

Outcome: The outcome is a happy one. Raina marries Bluntschli and Louka
secures Sergius. Overall, the main characters come down to the practical realities
of life.

2.2.3. Themes: The play has two major themes: War and Marriage. Romantic
illusion about war leads to disasters, in the same way romantic notions of love
and marriage lead to un-happy marriages. A minor theme is the relationship
between the upper and lower classes as represented by the Petkoffs and their two
servants Nicola and Louka. Shaw upheld social equality.
 33

Mood: Pleasant. The play was published together with the others in 'Plays
Pleasant'.

2.2.4. Plot: In a war between Bulgaria and Serbia, the Serbian soldiers are fleeing.
A Serbian soldier surprises Raina, the heroine, by entering into the bedroom for
shelter. The Serbian officer is a Swiss mercenary soldier fighting on the Serbian
side. His name is Captain Bluntschli. Raina Petkoff had been dreaming of her
fiance Sergius about how valiantly he had led the Bulgarians to victory.
Bluntschli is a soldier who prefers a supply of chocolates to bullets when he goes
to the front. He gives an account to Raina about the Bulgarian victory, which
according to him was a fluke as someone had forgotten to supply the Serbian
army with ammunition. Her romantic notion about soldiers receives a shock
when he tells her that he is afraid and unwilling to die. However, when the
pursuers enter the house, she manages to hide Bluntschli successfully. Only
Louka, the maidservant notices the pistol and knows that the fugitive is hiding in
the room.

Four months later after the war. Major Petkoff and Sergius get a warm
welcome from Mrs. Petkoff and Raina. The two men talk about a young Swiss
soldier officer who had impressed them with his practical approach to the
exchange of soldiers. Louka and Nicola discuss Raina's encounter with the Swiss
soldier and Nicola advises her not to talk about it. Sergius is attracted to Louka
and flirts with her when they are alone. The man has also heard stories about the
Swiss soldier's escape and how a young girl had given him shelter. They do not
know that the incident had taken place in Major Petkoff's own house. While the
two men retire to the library, Captain Bluntschli arrives to return the coat that
Catherine and Raina had lent him. The two women want him to go away and
pretend not to know him when Major Petkoff and Sergius greet him warmly.
The men persuade him to stay back for lunch.
 34

After lunch, Bluntschli helps Major Petkoff and Sergius to make

arrangements for the transport of troops. Major Petkoff asks for his coat and
Raina is apprehensive that he may discover the photograph, which she had put
in the pocket for her 'Chocolate Cream Soldier' and challenges Bluntschli to a duel
which Raina interrupts and expresses her real feelings for Bluntschli. Louka
succeeds in securing Sergius for herself and Major Petkoff and his wife give their
consent to Bluntschli to marry Raina.

Shaw develops an ironical contrast between the two central characters.

The play begins with an account of the glorious exploits of Major Sergius
Saranoff, a handsome young Bulgarian officer, in a daring cavalry raid, which
turns the war in favour of the Bulgarians over the Serbs. In contrast, Captain
Bluntschli, a professional soldier from Switzerland, acts like a coward. He climbs
up to the balcony to escape capture, he threatens a woman with a gun, and he
carries chocolates rather than cartridges because he claims that sweets are more
useful on the battlefield.

In Raina Petkoff's eyes, the young romantic idealist who has bought into
the stories of battlefield heroism, Saranoff is her ideal hero. However, as the play
proceeds, we learn more about this raid and that despite its success, it was a
suicidal gesture that should have failed. Eventually Saranoff is going to end up
dead if he continues to engage in such ridiculous heroics. Meanwhile, we realize
that Bluntschli has no misconceptions about the stupidity of war and that his
actions have kept him alive.

"Arms and the Man" was subtitled 'A Romantic Comedy' on its first
program, and "An Anti-Romantic Comedy in subsequent publications, evidently
because original audiences had tended to enjoy the fun and miss the serious
concerns. The play was particularly concerned with love and heroism. It was a
comedy whose point of departure was not Romantic Comedy, but Romantic
Drama, and particularly Military Melodrama". (Martin Meisel.l984:186).
 35

As is the case with many of George Bernard Shaw's plays, "Arms and the
Man', is a delightful comedy. The plot is rather straight forward, but does offer
some unique surprises. The setting is during the Balkan wars of the 1880's. Like
the area that surrounds modern-day Israel, the Balkans has always suffered from
a constant history of unrest and conflict. "Arms and the Man" is a satire that
exposes the romantic ideals that center on war, which are personified in
Bluntschli, a Swiss mercenary, and Sergius, a Bulgarian officer. Raina Petkoff
holds to an unrealistic view of war at first and must eventually decide between
her fianc£, Sergius and Bluntschli, who hides in her bedroom when he flees from
the front lines with the rest of the defeated Serbian army. The play has three acts
and is introduced by Shaw's philosophy of drama.

2.2.5. Act-wise summary of the play

Act-I: The scene is at Bulgaria. It is Raina Petkoff s bedroom; the heroine walks
on the balcony enjoying the beauty of nature. It is in the year 1885. It is a war
between the Bulgarians and Serbs. Major Petkoff, Raina's father and Major
Sergius, her fiance have gone to fight against the Serbs. A Swiss soldier,
Bluntschli, who was fighting with Serbian army escapes from the battlefield and
enters Raina's bedroom to save himself from the Bulgarian soldiers. Raina gives
him chocolates to eat because he was hungry and calls him "Chocolate Cream
Soldier". A Russian officer of the Bulgarian army searches the house for the
fugitive but he couldn't find him because the soldier hides behind the curtain.
Raina lets her mother Catherine know about the fugitive who is sleeping on her
bed. Next day the mother and the daughter send the Swiss soldier off, giving
him Major Petkoff s old coat. Raina secretly puts into the pocket of the coat, her
photograph writing on the back of it "Raina to her Chocolate Cream Soldier: a
Souvenir".

Act-ll: It starts with Major Petkoff, Raina's father and Major Sergius Saranoff,
Raina's betrothed, both of them return from the war. Here in the house we can
see the 'romantic love' between Sergius and Raina. Sergius calls Raina 'My
 36

Queen' and promises higher and eternal love for her; at her back he secretly
makes love with the maidservant, Louka. Later she tells him that Raina is in love
with a Swiss soldier where she has decided to marry if he comes back. Sergius
shows his anger. Bluntschli comes to return the coat. Petkoff welcomes the
guest. Major Sergius and Major Petkoff are glad at his arrival and ask him to stay
and seek help from him to send some regiments from one place to another.

Act- 111: All go into the library. Bluntschli at once understands that fodder is the
problem and draws a plan and solves it in a minute. Now Major Petkoff asks for
his old coat. Catherine tells him it is in the closet, Petkoff says that it is not there.
But suddenly Nicola, their servant brings the coat from the closet. He brings the
coat from Bluntschli's bag and says that he has brought it from the closet. In this
way Raina and Catherine are saved from an extremely embarrassing situation.
When left alone, Captain Bluntschli and Raina talk and she accuses him of
spreading the story of his stay for one night, she thinks she has been defamed.
She then asks him about putting the photograph in the pocket of that coat. He
says he was not aware of that photograph and did not see that till now. Then the
play goes further through telegrams and letters saying that Bluntschli has got
great wealth after the death of his father. Sergius meets Louka and knows that it
is Captain Bluntschli whom Raina is in love with and Sergius promises to Louka
that he would marry her. Raina cleverly removes the photograph from her
father's pocket. As the marriage talk goes on, Raina's parents objects the
marriage, as they don't know his position completely. After proving that he is a
rich man and after reading out the letter he received which says that he owns a
huge property, they are ready for the marriage. Bluntschli marries Raina and
Sergius gets married to Louka. But even though the play ends on a happy note,
Shaw calls the play an-Anti romantic comedy.

To understand the play 'Arms and the Man', its motives and
representation, the following analysis by 'Scholes Robert' is useful in many
ways. "Satire and Romance, rather than dramatizing the dominant patterns of
 37

human experience, embody the essential qualities and potentialities of human

nature. Romance bears witness to what humanity can be at its best, Satire to
what it can be at its worst. Romance offers us an idealized vision of human
potentiality, Satire a spectacle of inferior human conduct. Satire and romance are
intended ultimately to produce clear-cut images of good or evil, virtue or vice,
wisdom or folly; and those images may be embodied most vividly in characters
that are boldly outlined rather than finely detailed. Such qualities may also be
highlighted through contrast. Thus, the plots of satire and romance often bring
together characters from both extremes, using their interactions to create
emphatic contrasts. In defining the emphasis of any play, we can ask ourselves
whether the dramatist has focused on the beautiful or the ugly, on the orderly or
the chaotic, on what is best or on what is worst in the world. A play that
emphasizes the beautiful and the orderly tends toward an idealized vision of the
world, which is the mode we call 'romance'. A play focusing on the ugly and
chaotic tends toward a debased view of the world, and this we call 'satire'. Both
these emphasis depend for their effect upon extreme views of human nature and
existence. In contrast to these extreme conditions of romance and satire, another
pair of dramatic process takes place in a world neither so beautiful as that of
romance nor so ugly as that of Satire-in a world more nearly like our own.
Rather, than focusing on essential qualities in the world. In comedy the principal
characters ordinarily begin in a state of opposition either to one another or to
their world-often both. Satiric drama always expresses a critical attitude toward
a particular aspect of human conduct and affairs. The satire may focus on
morality, society, politics, or some other dimension of human nature and culture.
Our first purpose in reading a satiric play should thus be to identify the focus of
its criticism, as we can do by examining the characters themselves to see what
particular types of behavior predominate among them. Once we have identified
the dominant vices of the characters, we should explore the consequences of their
behaviour, and we can do so by examining the incidents of the plot". (Scholes
Robert.1982: 690-91).
 38

ROMANCE SATIRE
(Beauty) (Ugliness)
'The social pretensions of the characters are shown to make them
incapable of loving one another or feeling genuine affection for one another.
Thus in each case the plot is designed to dramatize not only the vice but also its
moral or social implications. Satiric plots incorporate discovery scenes as well,
and the discoveries of satire inevitably bring about the public exposure of the
principal characters. These characters, by representing the virtuous potentiality
of human nature, not only highlight the ugliness of surrounding them in the
satiric world but also remind us in the end that humanity is not-and need not be
depraved. In other words, satire offers us an intensified but not completely
negative view of human imperfection" (ibid. 1982:685).

2.3. According to the convenience of the study some of the satirical sentences and
phrases are identified and classified under various headings like War, Love,
Society and General. Again these things have been sub-categorized with
examples like heroism, soldiering, battle, romance, kissing, passionate,
admiration, desire, scolding, prejudice, marriage, status, prestige, pride and
manners. All these things are discussed in detail in this chapter.

2.3.1. War: "The play has two major themes: one is war, the other is marriage.
These themes are inter woven, for Shaw believed that while war is evil and
stupid, marriage desirable and good, both had become wrapped in romantic
illusions which led to disastrous wars and also to unhappy marriages. The
romantic view of war (Shaw held) is based on the idealistic notion that men fight
because they are heroes and that the soldier who takes the biggest risks wins the
greatest glory and is the greatest hero" (Ward, A.C.1954: 85). In general people
think about heroism in terms of doing great deeds like, fighting battles, bravery
and winning in wars. This idea has been exposed by Shaw in the following
examples and satirizes their notions about war.
 39

War is to be fought when absolutely necessary, but there should be no

glorification of war. War is a brutal affair and one should not sing songs and
praise the war. Shaw is against the horrors of war and its cruelty. This can be
seen in ''Arms and the Man", where he highlights the horrible death of some
soldiers burnt alive in a Woodhouse.

In 'The Art and Mind of Shaw: Essays in criticism' Gibbs states that "The
two principal and related subjects of satire in the play are: the glorification of
war, and the so-called Higher love which is supposed both to stimulated by it.
One dramatic form to which the work is related is the military adventure play, a
form, which has a long history in England, going back to the love and Honor
drama of the 17th century". (Gibbs, A.M.1983:8).

Heroism: In medieval tales there are accounts of tournaments; the competitions

between knights for military glory. People compete with their opponents with
great vigor and valor to show their skill. Killing, winning, bravery are the only
things to be there in military code and warfare.

Eg.l: -The Man: Yes; but when the sergeant ran up as white as sheet...And there
was Don Quixote flourishing like a drum major, thinking had done the cleverest
thing ever known, where as he ought to be court martialled for it. Of all the fools
ever let loose on a field of battle, the man must be the very maddest. He and his
regiment simply committed suicide; only the pistol missed fire that's all. P.14-15.
 40

Explanations: Raina asks Bluntschli about the leader of the cavalry charge in the
battle. Raina knew that the leader was Sergius, she was under the impression that
he is the bravest man. But Bluntschli calls him a coward and a fool and he
describes his behavior in the battlefield. His action in attacking the Serbian army
was a foolish act and more or less looked like the action of Don Quixote while
attacking the windmills. In The Spanish novelist, Cervantes's Von Quixote', the
hero, Don Quixote goes out in search of adventure. He thought that he had done
something very brave and fine, but it was a criminal act, and a military court
should try him out for the crime. This man is the greatest fool of all those who
had gone for war. He acted like a man out of senses. It was as if he and his
regiment wanted to commit suicide. This is a fine example of dramatic irony.
The audience and the readers know that the leader was Sergius, the betrothed of
Raina. But Bluntschli doesn't know it and speaks disparagingly about him. We
are told of the heroic cavalry charge of Sergius and Raina is in raptures. But very
soon Bluntschli focuses the searchlight of reason on war and soldiering. He
makes Raina realize that Sergius, cavalry charge was in reality a rash and foolish
act.

Some expressions like 'cleverest thing ever known', 'court martial led for it'
were missing in the translation. Where as 'Don- Quixote' has been translated as
Irony of situation has been missing here, the possible translation

could be: which is very

important element of satire. Where the readers won't be able to understand the
foolish thing ever done in words 'Cleverest thing ever known,' which was done by
Sergius. 'Court martial led for it' (not translated): gives the

impression of his deed in the battlefield that how stupid he had behaved there.
Here the translator had done free translation, the translator might have thought
that these expressions are not so important.
 41

Soldiering: Soldiers, mean people who are involved in the military of any
particular nation. Soldiers are brave and strong. They will have patriotic feelings
and they should fight for their own country's reputation. This is the notion we
all have on soldiers; here we can see how Shaw had treated them.

Eg.l: - The Man: Nine soldiers out of ten are born fools. P.9.

Belief of the people at that time was that all soldiers are and should be
brave and great. It comes out by Raina saying a cavalry charge, etc,. Here the
translator made it very effectively. We can see how Raina is shocked when the
man insults the soldiers, where as she is fascinated about war. One more
possibility of translation is even though it serves the purpose of

translation.

Eg.2:- The Man: Well, I don't intend to get killed if I can help it. Do you
understand that?. P.7.

Here 'if I can help it' has not translated, it can be as: even
though it serves the purpose. Here, her idea of Soldiering, which was heroic, has
been vanished when the man says that escape is the best policy in war. Raina is
under the impression that soldiers should be brave and they should not even
think of escaping from the war. Of course the translation was effective and apt
with up to the mark sentences, but on the whole the chain of events where Shaw
intentionally laughs at, was missed by the translator. Here we can see Raina's
imagination about soldiers have been brought into normal level by Bluntschli's
reasoning about life. It can be done as
 42

Eg.3:- Sergius: I am no longer a soldier. Soldiering, my dear madam is the

coward's art of attacking mercilessly when you are strong, and keeping out of
harms way when you are weak. That is the whole secret of successful fighting.
P.30.

Tr.

He is disgusted and resigns for the job, because he has won a splendid
victory, but he is not promoted because he has not followed the principles of war.
He explains to Catherine why he resigned from the job; he tells that the
profession of a soldier is a profession for a coward and not for a man like him.
According to the rules of the warfare, a soldier should not risk the lives of his
regiment in fighting with the enemy. He should attack the enemy when they
were weak. Here in this way Shaw satirizes the romantic notions of glory of war,
and the heroism of soldiers. War may become a necessity sometimes, even
though it should not be glorified. Soldiers are not heroes but ordinary people.
The way in which victory can be gained, over the enemy into a position, which is
most advantageous and disadvantageous to the soldiers.

Heroic: At that time people had a high opinion about soldiers and they had
some specific ideas about hero's and their deeds when they went to war.

Eg.l: - The Man: (with grim good humour) All of them, dear lady, all of them,
believe me. It is our duty to live as long as we can. Now if you raise an alarm—
P.7.
 43

Raina has romantic ideas of war and thinks that a soldier should die in the
battlefield fighting bravely. She ironically states that he is one of the cowardly
soldiers who is afraid to die. Bluntschli replies that all soldiers are afraid to die,
nobody wants to get killed, he further says that it is the duty of a soldier to live as
long as he can. Here "with grim good humour' has not been translated, where it is
useful as an expression, which has some other meaning where we can see the
sarcastic laughter of 'the man' when he generalizes the nature of soldiers when
they are in the battle field. Like that of an impression, which is intentional.
Here we can see the over translation.

Unnecessary explanations are made here, such as:

Battle: Here even he went to the extent of ridiculing her idea about soldiers by
his escape from the battle field as a soldier in particular and generalises with all
the soldiers.

Eg.l: - Catherine: - Such news! There has been a battle.

Raina: - Ah (her eyes dilating).

Catherine: - A Cavalry charge! Think of that! He defied our Russian

Commanders-acted without orders-lead a charge on his own responsibility-
headed it himself-was the first man to sweep through their guns. Can't you see
it, Raina: our gallant splendid Bulgarians, with their swords and eyes flashing,
thundering down like an avalanche and scattering the wretched Serbs and their
dandified Austrian officers like Chaff. And you! You kept Sergius waiting a year
before you would be betrothed to him. Oh, if you have a drop of Bulgarian blood
in your veins, you will worship him when he comes back. P.2-3.
 44

Here in the above speech Catherine comes to inform Raina that her
betrothed Sergius has won the battle of Slivnitza, fought between the Serbs and
the Bulgarians in 1885. Sergius is a hero of his regiment and won the battle with
his performance. Enthusiastically she tells about the cavalry attack on the Serbs.
He was the first man to attack the army without caring about the danger. In
order to convey the message to Raina, she compares the Bulgarian horsemen to a
mass of snow and ice rushing down a mountainside and carrying all before it.
The Serbs have Austrian officers who are proud and conceited but they too,
could do nothing to stop him. Sergius's cavalry charge is regarded both by
Catherine and Raina as a heroic act. This is dramatic irony, this notion of battle is
scattered when Bluntschli talks about that act of Sergius as a foolish act in the
later part.

Eg.2: - The Man: - ..I never felt so.sick in my life; though I've been in one or two
very tight places. And I hadnt even a revolver cartridge: only chocolates. Wed no
bayonets: nothing... P.14.

Raina's ideals of the heroism of soldiers had crumbled down when she asks
Bluntschli about not having bullets in the battlefield. Here, Raina gets a shock
when he says that he doesn't have cartridges when he goes to the battle field by
saying that he had chocolates, from here onwards the entire Romantic notions of
War and Soldiering of Raina starts to crumble down. Here the irony of speech
'sick' and 'very tight places' are very much contradictory, when he was in tight
 45

places (middle of the battle) he was not supposed to be sick. The translator has
mentioned about chocolates and bayonets. In the above sentences only we can
understand ridiculing the war place. He can do that as:

Prejudice: On several occasions in this play Sergius's individuality and his

nature can be seen in the words he speaks, his arrogant behaviour and poses he
gives, as a soldier he was proud of his position in the military.

Eg.l: - Sergius: I never apologise. P. 63.

This is over translation, possible translation could be:

Eg.2; - Sergius: nothing binds me. P. 71.

This is wrong translation. It can be translated as , The

expression 'nothing binds me' is not translated properly. The translated version
gives the meaning that he has changed his mind, which is useful in the later part
of the play.

Eg.3: - Sergius: 1 never with draw. P.29.

Here one last expression was not translated, where as it can be translated it as:

Sergius says he was a man of hard determination, but he withdraws in the

last part of the play, when he challenges Bluntschli for a fight and Louka says
that 'he had beaten you in love and lie will defeat you in the battle too'. Sergius's poses
 46

are ridiculed here. In this way Shaw has emphasized the truth about soldiers
and the wars they fight.

Summary: The action evolves out of the background of war and deals with men
in arms. The play opens with a tale of heroism and military alarms. Shaw shows
that the glory of war and the heroism of soldiers are mere illusions. War is a
ridiculous and horrible act. Life is more important than soldiering to death
under the title of patriotism. It is for this reason Bluntschli runs away from the
battlefield. The hero of Slivnitza appears in a comic light; the absurdity of his
heroics is exposed and ridiculed. At last Bluntschli helps Raina to understand the
reality about romantic illusions of war and her love towards Sergius. And
through him her romantic ideals of war are demolished.

2.3.2. Love: As mentioned earlier, that this play is a Satire about the wrong
notions of war and love. Raina is a romantic girl who, at the opening of the play
stands at the balcony admiring the beauty of the night looking at the stars.
Sergius is her lover and is supposed to marry her soon. On Sergius' return from
the war after four months we get a scene of higher love in-between them, In the
course of the play, we can see the heroic ideals of Raina gradually crumbling
down and falling to pieces.

Romance: Bernard Shaw gives instructions to producer of the drama Arms and
the Man as: " If the audience thinks it is being asked to laugh at human nature, it
will not laugh. If it thinks it is being made to laugh at insincere romantic
conventions, which are an insult to human nature, it will laugh very heartily.
The fate of the play depends wholly on the clearness of this distinction". (Quoted
from Gibbs, A. M.1983: 69).

Eg.l: - Catherine: - (indignantly) Our ideas real! What do you mean?

 47

Raina: - Our ideas of what Sergius would do, our patriotism. Our heroic ideals. I
some times used to doubt whether they were anything but dreams. Oh, what
faithless little Creatures girls are! When 1 buckled on Sergius's sword he looked
so noble: it was treason to think of disillusion or humiliation or failure. And yet-
and yet-(s/w? sits down again suddenly) promise me youll never tell him. P.3.

Sometimes she thought that in reality Sergius would not be able to live up
to her idea of his heroism in the battlefield. She thinks that all her ideas about
his bravery are unreal and they were like a dream. Now she realized that it is the
nature of the girls to doubt others. When Sergius was going to the war, she had
tied his sword to his belt, and her part to think that all her ideas about his
heroism would prove false. But now she realizes that she was wrong; Sergius has
proved his bravery and heroism by his cavalry charge. This is very much an
instance of dramatic irony. Raina realizes about her idea of Sergius's heroism is
baseless. Bluntschli makes her understand that Sergius is not a hero but a fool.
He doesn't know that Raina is betrothed with Sergius.

Eg.2: - Raina: {placing her hands on the shoulders as she looks up at him with
admirations and worship). My hero! My King!. P.33.
This not translated, it can be translated as:

Tr.

Eg.3: - Sergius: My queen! (he kisses her on the/ore head) P.33.

This is not translated, it can be translated as:
 48

There is nothing of realism in it. It is all acting and posing. They search
for the divine in each other. As a matter of fact, their love is not real love. It is
based on unreality. Just we can see the way he praises her lover by kissing on
her forehead, later he kisses the maidservant and marries her. We can see the
wrong notion of love over here. Without love in the heart, he poses as her
(Raina) lover, and flirts with the other girl (Louka).

Passionate: In the name of love, lovers praise each other after a long gap
between them. They exchange their feeling on one another. This can be seen in
the following example.

Eg.l: - Raina: And you have never been absent from my thoughts for a moment.
P.33.

This is not translated, it can be translated as:

When they call each other 'King' and 'Queen'. Raina says that he has
never been absent from her thoughts. Their love is pure love, that love is
contrasted with the ordinary physical attraction. When she thinks of him, she
fells that she can never think of a wicked thought. This is an exaggerated
statement about love and affection. We can understand the irony of it, where as
we are aware that the girl is in love with Bluntschli. The statement looks
ridiculous from the reader's point of view.

Admiration:
Eg.l: - Sergius: I think we two have found the higher love. P.33.
This is not translated it can be translated as:

Tr.
 49

By this time the readers will know that she is in love with the Swiss
soldier, we can see the de bunking of the ideas of love and higher love in terms of
the contrasting idea of a normal love. This is an exaggerated statement about
love, whereas in the later part of the play Shaw ridicules their idea of love and
romance through their actions, which change their positions.

Eg.2: - Sergius: My lady and my Saint! (He clasps her reverently) P.33.
This is not translated, it can be as:

Here we can see Sergius is bluffing that she is the only person whom he
loves forever. Whereas in reality that's not his real intention. It is important to
translate it as satire because the idea of exchange of love will vanish between
Raina and Sergius in the later parts of the play.

Eg3: - Raina: (returning his embrace) My lord and my - P.33.

This is not translated. But it can be translated as:

We can see the extremes of sharing love and affection; this has been
shifted to some other person in the later part of the play. It is very important to
translate it when we talk about satire, because the idea of exchange of love will
vanish between them in the later parts of the play, when Sergius holds Louka and
is making love with her behind the bushes.

Eg.4:- Raina: I trust you. 1 love you. You will never disappoint me, Sergius.
(Louka is heard singing within the house. They quickly release each other). P.33.
This is not translated. But can be as:
 50

Desire:
Eg.l: - Sergius: Be quick. If you are away five minutes. It will seem five hours.
(Raina thus ). P.33.

The translation is not so effective; here he can translate it as:

We can see the exaggeration in this statement, which is not true from both
the sides. One of the satiric qualities is exaggeration; as soon as she turns her
back Sergius starts romancing with the maidservant, Louka.

Eg.2: - Sergius:- Louka: do you know what the higher love is?. P.34.

This is exact translation and it is effective. Here the sense has been
translated well. In the earlier speeches Sergius talks about love and higher love
with Raina, here in this speech we can see his false pretension about love when
he questions about love to Louka, here the folly of a man has been brought out.
Here in the above sentences the translation is acceptable, but the appraisal of
each other about love has not been translated. Without talking about that it is
impossible to draw the attention about ridiculing the characters and their
intentions.

Romance:
Eg.l: - Sergius: (letting go her hand and slipping his arm dexterously round her waist)
do you consider my figure handsome, louka? P.34.
 51

This is not translated; the possible translation could be as:

Tr.

We can see the complexity of the character, many-sided faces of Sergius is

revealed through his deeds. His complex personality has been shaped out of
opposites, and hence the apparent contradiction in his conduct. This sentence
was not translated; the translator might have thought that this information is
unnecessary; G.B. Shaw wants to project the idea of ridiculing the romantic
notions of love in these words. When we talk about satirizing the character
through the intentions where another wants to ridicule; that sense has to be taken
care in the translation. In the last expression 'handsome', he says to Louka,
whereas in the earlier example (speeches) between Raina and Sergius, his
behaviour looks ridiculous.

Scolding: Though they pretend to be in love, in real life there is some

misunderstanding. Shaw satirically pointed out this type of marriage life.

Eg.l: - Louka: then stand back where we cant be seen. Have you no common
sense? P.34.

Here, her mentality of betrayal and hiding intelligently can be seen. She too likes
to flirt with him. Regarding translation 'Common Sense' means It

has been wrongly translated as: it reveals her acceptance for

whatever he wants to do to her and her intelligence by saying that lets hide, at
this point of time also she knows that Raina and Sergius is going to get married,
here both of their follies can be seen.
Eg.2: -Sergius: (Again putting his arm round her). You are provoking little witch,
louka. If you were in love with me, would you spy out of windows on me?. P.35.
 Here, through his usage of language we can understand his behaviour
with women. The expression 'little witch' has not been translated. It can be
translated as:

The character's nature has been highlighted here, whereas Louka is a

servant and Sergius is engaged with Raina, at that time society will not accept the
flirting with servants and marrying them

Eg.3: - Sergnis: Devil! Devil!. P.35.

Louka: Ha ! ha! I expect one of the six of you is very like me, sir, though 1 am
only Miss Raina's maid. (She goes back to her work at the table, taking no further notice
of him). P.35.

This is not translated. The translator might have thought it is unnecessary

information or he might not have seen the play as a satire on the romantic
notions of love and war. It can be translated as:

Here when he calls her as Devil, she sarcastically says that one among the
six of you is also like me (Devil). She mentions that he has some other forms of
behavior; we can see her insulting him indirectly. We can see his inconsistency by
calling Louka like that. This expression in tone is harsh and the usage is an
insult, he calls her that because she rejects to tell him whom Raina is in love with
other than him (Sergius).
 53

Eg.4: - Sergius: (Speaking to him self) which of the six is the real man? That's the
question that torments me. One of them is a hero, another of buffoon, another a
humbug, another perhaps a bit of a black guard. (He pauses, and looks furtively at
louka as he adds, with deep bitterness) and one, at least, is a coward: Jealous, like all
cowards. (He goes to the table). Louka. P.35.

This is not translated, possible translation could be:

The words are spoken by Sergius himself, he tries to understand his own
self. He has six faces, opposite and self-contradictory, that is why he behaves
differently at different occasions. Some times he behaves like a hero, some times
like a buffoon, a hypocrite and a scoundrel. Sergius flirts with Louka who
provokes him. When she insults Raina and comments about their higher love, he
tries to understand his self. Here we can see the mockery of his character by
himself, whereas he degrades his other shades of man inside him, he insults
himself and left with a dilemma as to which one is the real Sergius. Here, Louka's
speech is witty and Sergius's is little bit humorous. Even though she talks about
six Sergius' he gives explanation for the remaining five impressions, which were
comical, any of the shade of Sergius is not manly and gentle. This complete
soliloquy is not translated.

Eg5: - Sergius: Damnation! how dare you?. P.36.

Here we can see Sergius getting angry from the tone of his speech with
Louka, the translation is not apt. In the translation it means 'you have done a great
 54

thing'. Source language version does not mean that. We can see the scorn words
of Sergius where he intentionally insults Louka by scolding her. It can be
translated as:

Relationship and Marriage: Relationships should be pure and marriage is

bondage between two persons. The idea of valuable relationships are vanished
here, we can see that in the characters speeches. Even though after betrothal they
are ready to break that bondage and act according to their instincts. As A. C.
Ward, states " The realities of love and marriage became one of the most
frequent themes in Shaw's plays throughout the remainder of his long life. Shaw
thought of marriage as a means of satisfying the personal desires of individual
men and women, nor as a means of strengthening family ties, but as the means of
bringing to birth a new and better generation. Though no one can predict with
certainty the consequences of any marriage, Shaw never swerved from the
conviction that marriage is a solemn contract, not a frivolous domestic excursion.
In "Arms and the Man" he often, elsewhere he laughed at this and other
solemnities". (1954:88).

Egl: - Louka: (Retreating) oh, 1 mean no harm: youve no right to take up my

words like that. The mistress knows all about it. And I tell you that if that
gentleman even comes here again, Miss Raina will marry him, whether he likes it
or not. I know the difference between the sort of manner you and she put on
before one another and the real manner. P.36.
 55

Here, Louka says sarcastically about the behaviour of Raina and Sergius
when she mentions the manner of their behaviour with each other and what they
really are, it's a satire on their behavior and manners. The ironic expression in
this sentence is translated well. In this paragraph we can see that the translator
has translated sentence by sentence. Louka knows about the flattering of their
love and mentions here in an ironical way about their real nature and what they
exactly doing, even though it is transcreation into the TL, the sense and purpose
has well been transformed. Whereas, irony means that the literal expression is
quite opposite to the figurative expression. We can see the oppositeness in their
behavior and in their words they expressed about love and higher love.

Eg2: - Raina: (with cool impertinence), oh, I know sergius is your pet. I sometimes
wish you could marry him instead of me. You would just suit him you would pet
him, and spoil him, and mother him to perfection. P.39.

When Catherine warns Raina about the cancellation of the engagement

with Sergius, if at all he comes to know about the stay of the Swiss soldier in her
bedroom. Raina replies to her mother indifferently and in an insulting manner.
She even says that it is her mother who likes him, not herself. She wishes that
Catherine should marry Sergius instead of her. She is more suited to a man like
Sergius, so she would treat him affectionately and take care of him like a pet
animal. Raina's words reveal her character as well as her state of mind. In the
above speech Raina's state of mind and heart are revealed through her words to
her mother. We can see the author ridicule the hollowness of romantic love, her
mentality and her approach towards marriage; her mother has also been insulted
and defamed. Regarding the translation, so many expressions in the SL were
missing. It serves as humorous in the source language (SL) but that effect is not
 56

carried out in target language (TL). This is over translation; the translator has
inserted so many unnecessary expressions. Where as it can be translated as:

Summary: As we know that Raina is betrothed to Sergius in a way of a 'Byronic

hero', who has gone to war like knights of the Middle Ages. On his return home,
we get the above scenes of higher romantic love with Raina calling him 'hero',
'king', and his (Sergius) addressing her as 'Queen 'and 'Saint'. Through Bluntschli
she realized the facts about Sergius' real heroism in the battlefield and the false
pretensions of love towards each other when Louka mentions about their wrong
assumptions on each other regarding respect of love and marriage towards the
end.

2.3.3. Society
In any society people feel proud and rich because of money, gold etc,. In
this play the idea of richness has been depicted in a humorous way. Whereas
nowadays nobody cares for riches by having small, simple and lesser valuable
things, prestige and social status has been ridiculed by cutting them down from
their normal level. Social snobbery too comes within the lash of Shaw. The
Petkoffs are proud of their social status, where we may not be proud of such
things. Shaw has satirized such false notions of superiority, and tried to curb
them by laughing at them. Here we can see the situations farcical and humorous.
Humour grows 'satiric' when there is moral indignation and a desire to reform
and correct. We can group them under various headings like Status, Prestige,
Pride and Manners.

"On the doctoral front, he (G.B. Shaw) was perhaps of all the leading
Fabians, the most determined to carry British Socialism beyond its reliance on
 57

liberal principles, especially those relating to the cause of national self-

determination. His importance with that cause was evident in several contexts,
for example in the ridicule he heaped on the cultural pretensions of the backward
Bulgarians" in "Arms and the Man". (Gareth. Griffith.l993:65).

Status:
Egl: - Catherine: you are barbarian at heart still, paul, 1 hope you behaved
yourself before all those Russian officers. P. 26.

This is not translated it can be translated as:

Here we can see Catherine deflating Pctkoff about his behaviour, where as
he has been treated below the normal level by his own wife.

Eg2:- Petkoff: I did my best. 1 took care to tell them know that we have a
library. P.26.

This is not translated; the possible translation could be as:

Here we can see the indirect mentioning of richness or class. Catherine is

under the impression that such things would bring some reputation in the
society. Shaw laughs at the Bulgarian people's nature of richness. Laughing with
others is humour and laughing at them grows satirical. Here Petkoff also
behaves like a hypocrite, hypocrisy can be seen in the mentioning indirectly
about having a library, which means prestige for them.
 58

Prestige:
Egl: - Catherine: Ah, but you did not tell them that we have an electric bell in it?
1 have had one put up. P.26.

Not translated, possible translation could be:

This is humorous because Catherine feels having an electric bell is one of

the status symbol for her, where as the readers would understand her intention
about false prestige.

Eg2: - Petkoff: What's an electric bell?. P.26.

Not translated. But it can be translated as:

Eg3: - Catherine: you touch a button something tinkles in the kitchen? And them
Nicola comes in. P.26.

Not translated. It can be translated as:

Here, her description of electric bell is humorous, indirectly her prestige of

richness is exposed here, later her idea has been ridiculed about civilized people's
behavior.

Pride:
Eg.l: - Petkoff: why not shout for him?. P.26.

Not translated. It can be translated as:

 59

Eg.2: - Catherine: Civilized people never shout for their servants. Ive learnt that
while you were away. P.26.

Not translated. It can be translated as:

Tr.

Cultured people and their habits are being laughed at here, she says that
at this age, she has learned that when her husband is away just for four months
in a war, the readers are aware of her age, which is ridicule about their hypocrisy.

Manners:
Eg.l: - Petkoff: well, I'll tell you something Ive learnt too civilized people don't
hang out their washing to dry where visitors can see it; so you better have at that
{indicating the clothes on the bushes) put somewhere else.
Catherine: Oh, that's absurd, Paul; I don't believe really refined people notice such
things. P. 27.

This is not translated; the possible translation could be as:

These dialogues are satirical on the backwardness of Bulgaria and such

other countries. Catherine tells the major that in his absence she has installed an
electric bell in the house. Catherine explains to him that the device is for calling
servants. Such passages gave an offence to the Bulgarians at that time. Here,
Petkoff pretends to be civilized when he says about drying the clothes, where as
he doesn't know what an electric bell is, here simple things don't mean
 60

civilization. Shaw deflates their narrow mentality about manners. All this
conversation has not been translated into the TL. Despite all their social pride
nowadays nobody feels proud of having electric bells and manners of hiding the
washed clothes etc., at that time of the composition GBS ridicules at the Bulgarian
peoples mentality. The translator might have thought that these simple things
are unnecessary to translate.

Eg: - Bluntschli: ...(To Louka) Gracious young lady, the best wished of a good
Republican! (He kisses her Jiand, to Rnina's great disgust, and retimes to Jiis seat). P.71.

This is not translated; the possible translation could be as:

Tr.

Here the sudden expression of Bluntschli, which was created by Shaw can
be seen where women are not liberated. Here we can see the maidservant
coming out of the conservative society and finds freedom in her thought. The
depiction of classless society is seen over here, if at all we know that Shaw is a
socialist, where as Shaw saw the society where women are not liberated. As
much a creature of day as Louka, and Louka does actually move up and becomes
a lady. Here we can understand George Bernard Shaw's Fabian ideology.

Eg:- Louka: I have done Raina no harm. P.71.

Not translated. The possible translation could be as:

Here we can see the folly of Louka as a person, she knows that Raina is
going to marry Sergius, still she flirts with Sergius and neglects Nicola. Whom,
she promises to marry but rejects just because he is a servant.
 61

Eg:- Louka: I have right to call her Raina; she calls me Louka... P.71.

All the examples are not translated. Here G.B. Shaw looks like a socialist.
He expects change in the society slowly. He didn't see any class difference
between people. He wants to show that Louka rises from the level of
maidservant to the aristocratic class by marrying Sergius and behaves like a
liberator by saying 7 have a right to call her by name'. The translator might have
missed this understanding of Shaw's expectations or he might have felt that these
things are unnecessary to translate.

Summary: Raina takes the plain Bluntschli as her husband, whose common sense
and six hotels in Switzerland will give her stability and comfort. The last part of
the play is mostly light hearted fun, though amidst all the fun there are several
shrewd hits at some sorts of social snobbery: the snobbery of the Petkoff's who
think themselves better than their neighbours because they have a library and an
electric bell. Shaw also believed that it is mean and foolish to act as though the
possession of wealth, or any other material advantage, is a sign of personal
superiority. People might not any longer think it is impressive to have an electric
bell in the house.

2.3.4. General
Eg.l: - Catherine: Oh, my usual sore throats; that's all. P.26.

Not translated. It can be translated as:

 62

Eg.2: - Petkoff: (with conviction) That comes from washing your neck every day.
Ive often told you so. P.26.

No translation. It can be translated as:

Eg.3: - Catherine: Nonsense, Paul, P.26.

No translation. It can be translated as:

Eg.4: - Petkoff: (over his coffee and cigarete) I don't believe in going too far with
these modern customs. All this washing cant be good for the health: its not
natural. There was an Englishman at Philippopolis who used to wet himself all
over with cold water every morning when he got up. Disgusting! It all comes
from the English: their climate makes them so dirty that they have to be
perpetually washing themselves. Look at my father. He never had a bath in his
life; and he lived to be ninety-eight. The healthiest man in Bulgaria. 1 dont mind a
good wash once a week to keep up my position but once a day is carrying the
thing to a ridiculous extreme. P. 26.

This is not translated; the possible translation could be as:

When he enquires about the health of Catherine, she says that she is
suffering from a throat problem. Major Petkoff reminds her habit of taking bath
every day is not good for health. He says that it all came from the English
 63

mannerisms of taking bath every day (daily), which became a bad habit of
Bulgarians. He gives an example of his father not taking bath for years, and he's
the healthiest man at Bulgaria, this looks ridiculous about the nature of
Bulgarians backwardness. Here Shaw has represented the Bulgarians as
uncivilized and dirty. Such type of passages gave great offence to the Bulgarians.
Here we can see Shaw laughing and ridiculing at the customs and nature of the
Bulgarian people. If we accept the fact that ridiculing is a form of Satire the above
passage is to be considered as Satire, we don't have the translation of it in TL.
He might have had the problem with translating Philippopolis and Englishman and
washing will be ridiculous for discussion. Possible translation could be as
suggested above.

Eg.5:- Sergius: - (releasing her in despair) Damnation! Oh, damnation! mockery!

mockery everywhere! everything I think is mocked by everything I do. (He
strikes himself frantically on the breast). Coward! Liar! Fool! Shall 1 kill myself
like a man, or live and pretend to laugh at myself?. P.61.

This passage is no doubt a Satire, where Sergius' deeds are being laughed
at by Louka's speech and he insults himself. We get the impression of Sergius's
heroic deeds in the first act of speeches given by Raina. Here he behaves in a
different way. This has not been translated into the TL. It could be translated as:

Eg.6: - Sergius: (cynically) Raina: Our romance is shattered. Life's a farce. P.64.

Not translated. It can be translated as:

 64

Here, farce means laughter arising in a situation. But farce is one among so
many forms of Satire. Sometimes satirist behaves like a cynic. A cynic is a person
who is not satisfied with the people whom he lives with. He says Romance is
shattered, he is responsible for the collapse of their romance also and further he
says life becomes laughter.

Eg.7: - Catherine: (loftily Polite) I doubt, Sir, Whether you quite realize either my
daughter's position or that of major Sergius Saranoff, whose place you propose to
take. The Petkoffs and the Saranoffs are known as the richest and most important
families in the country. Our position is almost historical: we can go back for
twenty years. P.73.

This is not translated. The possible translation can be as:

Already the reader or spectator, if it is a staged, is aware of their

impression about status by mentioning the library and electric bell and she says
about the family history where we are aware of Petkoffs father not taking bath
for 98 years and Catherine mentioning about status, which is a false prestige, the
idea of prestige has been ridiculed here by comparing them with the petty things.

Summary: At the end of the play when Captain Bluntschli is ready to marry
Raina, her parents objects for the marriage as he doesn't have any higher position
and riches to provide a comfortable life to her daughter. In order to prove that he
is a rich man he reads out his letters, which shows that he is a rich man with
good property. In this process Bluntschli's interaction about riches by comparing
with tablespoons, forks, and tablecloths and horses and their carriages is comic,
where as Shaw ridicules the idea of richness where the Bulgarians, especially in
the characters of Shaw's composition is revealed. Thus the last part is funny and
 65

ends up in a note of Sergius's comments, which is satiric: 'What a man. Is he a

man/ Thinking that he is like a machine for his work.

It is not only the characters and sentiments in "Arms and the Man" that
have puzzled people. "Shaw's choice of setting has, if anything, been even more
completely misunderstood. Shaw had no real knowledge of and no real interest
in, and modern critics have generally followed him in looking on Shaw's
Bulgaria as a kind of light-operatic prevision of Granstark and Ruritania". (Louis
Compton & George Allen, 1971:16).

But those Bulgarian students who rioted in Vienna during the

performance of the play, though no more sophisticated than the Irish audiences
who regarded Synge's 'Play boy of the Western World' as a slur on the national
honour, were nevertheless nearer the mark. Shaw admitted that he had worked
out the basic idea of the play before he picked his war and country, but he has
testified to his later concern for authentic detail. Indeed, Shaw's picture of
Bulgarian realities does not differ markedly from 'Edward Dicey's' analysis in
'The Peasant State', a study published in 1894. Which likens the level of
Bulgarian culture, quite un-romantically, to that of western Illinois in the same
period, (ibid. 1971:16).

But we will not understand Shaw's play unless we grasp the fact that his
programme heading, "Bulgaria, 1885", was charged with very strong and definite
emotional overtones for English audiences. Nor were these the connotations of a
romantic fairyland. First, the English mind had been inflamed by Gladstone's
evangelical, anti-Mohammedan account of Turkish atrocities in his 'Bulgarian
Horrors' of 1879. Gladstone's preoccupation of the electorate with 'the eastern
question7 in the early eighties, Shaw deprecated strongly as distracting attention
from pressing social problems at home. Secondly, the Serbo- Bulgarian war of
1885 had been highly gratifying to English popular sentiment. King Milan of
Serbia, jealous of Bulgaria's recent acquisition of Turkish territory, had
 66

peremptorily invaded the country, and been roundly beaten by Prince Alexander
at Slivnitza just two weeks later. On this account it served morally a whole
satisfactory war, with the aggressor punished and the underdog nation
triumphant. Audiences in 1894 must have been as much surprised by Shaw's
Satire as audiences of today, if the Ethiopians had beaten Mussolini in 1935 and
some one had then written a play making fun of the Ethiopians.

2.4. Translation Procedures followed by the translator:

The translator neglects so many, satirical phrases and sentences. We are
discussing the procedures followed by the translator for the parts where he has
translated.
1. Over Translation.
2. Under Translation.
3. Wrong Translation.
4. Addition.
5. Deletion.

Related to mention above what translation procedures followed by the

translator in translating the satirical dialogues related to the above topics. The
translations of such satirical dialogues are evaluated and the procedures are
viewed under the following topics. Over Translation, Under Translation, Wrong
Translation, Addition and Deletion. Though the translator uses such procedures
for effective translation, there are quite few lapses in their translation. The major
lapses are:

2.4.1. Over Translation: Some times the translator gives extra explanation or
details in the translation than required. Sometimes it may lead to divert the
attention or do injustice to the author. He doesn't add any points, he elaborates
some points unnecessarily.
 67

The main reasons for the over translation are:

• Translator's failure to understand the real intention of the original
text/author.
• He thinks that unless the extra information is not given, T.L readers can't
understand. So he emphasizes the idea.
• Translator's under estimation of the T.L reader's knowledge.

Eg.l: - The Man: Nine soldiers out of ten are born fools. P.9.

As we have discussed under the heading over translation; the translator

thought that extra information is necessary to get the effect in the Translation,
so that the target language readers can understand or to emphasize the idea in
the S. L.

Ee.2: - Sereins: I never apologise. P.63.

Here in this case also we can observe the extra information given in the
target language. Actually he can do it as c3£o a)£ryx&i° JS&r'&ea <*9(3rtc5(3o. In one

way it is interpreted either way round.

2.4.2. Under Translation: This is not deletion, for the translator is not giving the
complete sense. Sometimes the translator fails to bring the same effect of the
original text in their translations. By such act some important point or the stress
is lost. The translator sometimes dilutes the main point and fails to convey the
intention of the original author in his translation.
The main reasons for such under translations are:
• The translator's failure to understand the real intention of the original
author.
 68

• Translator's incapability or inability to reproduce the same effect in the

translation.
• Ambiguity in the original text.
• Translators over estimation about the T.L readers etc,.

Eg.l: - Sergius: - If you are away five minutes, it will seem five hours, p.33.

As we have discussed under the heading under translation, the translator

is unable to reproduce the same effect in the translation. This can be translated
as:

Eg.2: - The Man:.. Don Quixote.. .p. 14.

It has some other sense in Literature. Which needs an explanation

discussed earlier. It clearly shows the ambiguity in the source text.

2.4.3. Wrong Translation: Unable to grasp the intention of the original author,
some times translator translates without understanding the text or meaning.
Some times translator translates them wrongly with a different sense, such
procedure here used as wrong translation.
The main reasons for such wrong translations are:
• Ignorance.
• Absence of notions in the T.L.
• Confusion of the original text.
• Out of negligence.
 69

Eg.l: - The Man: ..born fools . P.9.

This can be translated as: ^ApSS6 36£<^. The translated version gives the

meaning 'block head'. This clearly states the translator might have failed to
understand the real intention of the original author.

Eg.2: - Louka: - .. .no common sense?, p 34.

The exact translation could be: siofteS sr>&&x>. The S.T doesn't mean 'world

knowledge'. This can be differentiated with 'commonsense'. Here we can see the
ignorance of the translator.

Eg.3:- Sergius: Nothing binds me. P.71.

This is not what exactly the source language means. One of the possible
translation could be:

Eg.4: - Sergius: Damnation! How dare you?_. p.36

This is wrong translation, the possible translation could be:

2.4.4. Addition: In general, addition means adding something extra to the

already existing matter. Some times in the translations, additions are made to the
original matter for the following reasons.
The main reasons for the addition in translations are:
• To make the reader understand the subject matter or the concept very
clearly.
• To remove the ambiguity that prevailed in the original text.
 70

• To give more emphasis to the statement or to a point.

• To make clear the concept or a new idea, etc,
• One of the reasons may be lack of talent to say in brief.

Eg.l:-Ratua: (with cool impertinence), oh, I know Sergius is your pet. I

sometimes wish you could marry him instead of me. You would just suit him,
you would pet him, and spoil him, and mother him to perfection. P.39.

The translator has added extra information, even though the S.T message
is not conveyed in the translation. As we have mentioned about the procedure
under the heading, addition it is to be assumed that the translator is not talented
to say it in brief.

Eg.2: - The Man: (until grim good humour) All of them, believe me. It is our duty to
live as long as we can. Now if you raise an alarm —. P.7.

In the original 'believe me' has translated as:

He wants to give more emphasis to the statement, so that the

target language readers can understand it.

2.4.5. Deletion or Omission: Deletion means leaving out or removing one or a

few words or points or sentences from the original text.
The main reasons for this deletion are:
• To avoid the unnecessary and irrelevant matter to T.L readers.
• To avoid the well-known facts.
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• The translator's ignorance, negligence or inability.

• To avoid repetition.

The deletion observed in the 'Arms and the Man'. In this play, deletions are
observed in 31 places.

Eg.l: - The Man: well, 1 don't intended to get killed if I can help it. Do you
understand that?, p.7.
The possible translation could be as: We can see the
translators' negligence in not translating this.

Eg.l: - The Man: (with grim good humour) all of them.. .an alarm. P.7.
This can be translated as:

Eg.3: - The Man: ..Cleverest thing ever known.. .court martiallcd for it.. .p.14 .
All these expressions are deleted in the translation. The possible translation
could be as:

Eg.4: - The Man: I never felt so sick in my life; though Ive been in one or two very
tight places nothing, p.14.
This is also deleted in the translation. This can be translated as:

This is nothing but translator's ignorance about translating satire.

%.5: - Sergius: I never with draw. P.29

This is also neglected. The possible translation could be:
 72

Eg.6: - Raina: (placing her hands on the shoulders as she looks up at him with
admirations and worship). My hero! My king!, .p. 33
This is not translated. It could be translated as:

Eg.7:- Serxius: My queen! (He kisses her on the fore head), .p. 33
This is also deleted. The possible translation could be:

Eg.8: - Raina: And you have never been absent from my thoughts for a moment.
p.33.
This is also deleted it can be translated as:

^.9: - Sergius: I think we two have found the higher love, p. 33.
This is also deleted. The possible translation could be:

Eg.10: Sergius: My lady and my saint ( he clasps her reverently).p. 33.

This is deleted, the possible translation could be:

Eg.ll:-Raina: (returning to his embrace) My lord and my p.33.

This is also deleted. This could be translated as:

Eg.ll: -Raina: I trust you. I love you. You will never disappoint me, Sergius
(louka is heard singing within the house. They quickly release each other). p.33.
This is also deleted it can be translated as:
 73

Eg.13: Sergius: (letting go her hand and slipping his arm dexterously round her waist)
do you consider my figure handsome, louka?.p. 34.
This is also deleted. It could be translated as:

Eg.14: -Louka: ..then stand back where we cant be seen... p. 34.

This can be translated as:

%.15; -Sergius: (Again putting his arm around her). You are provoking little witch,
Louka. If you were in love with me, would you spy out of windows on me?.
P.35.

In the above expression some parts are deleted. Those parts can be translated as:

Eg.16: -Sergius: Devil! Devil!. P.35.

This can be translated as:

Eg.17: -Louka: Ha! Ha! I expect one of the six of you is very like me sir, though I
am only Miss Rainas maid, (she goes back to her work at the table, taking no further
notice of him). P.35.
This is deleted in the translation. Possible translation could be:
 74

%.18: -Sergius: (speaking to himself) which of the six is the real man? That's the
question that torments me. One of them is a hero, another of buffoon, another a
humbug, another perhaps a bit of a black guard, (He pauses, and looks furtively
at louka as he adds, with deep bitterness) and one, at least is a coward: jealous,
like all cowards. (He goes to the table). Louka. P.35.
This is completely deleted; the possible translation could be as:

The reason for deleting this passage could be, the translator might have thought
that it is unnecessary.

Eg.19: -Catherine: You are barbarian at heart still, paul, 1 hope you behaved
yourself before all those Russian officers. P.26.
This is deleted in translation, this could be translated as:

The reason for deleting this passage could be, the translator might have thought
that it is unnecessary.

Eg.20: -Petkoff: 1 did my best. I took care to tell them know that we have a
library. P.26.
This is also neglected in translating. It can be translated as:
 75

The reason for deleting this passage could be, the translator might have thought
that it is unnecessary.

Eg.21: -Catherine: Ah, but you did not tell them that we have an electric bell in it?
I have had one put up. P.26.
Petkoff: Whats an electric bell?. P.26.
This is also neglected. The possible translation could be:

The reason for deleting these sentences could be, the translator might have
thought that they are irrelevant.

Eg.22: -Catherine: You touch a button something tinkles in the kitchen? And
then Nicola comes in. p.26.
This is not translated. It can be translated as:

The reason for deleting this sentence might be the translator might have thought
it is unnecessary.

Eg.23: -Petkoff: why not shout for him?

Catherine: Civilized people never shout for their servants, lve learnt that while
you were away. P.26.
This is not translated. It can be translated as:

The reason for deleting this sentence might be the translator might have thought
it is unnecessary.
 76

Eg.24:-Petkoff: Well 111 tell you something Ive learnt too , civilized people don't
hand out their washing to dry where visitors can see it; so you better have at that
(indicating the clothes on the bushes) put some where else. P.27. |

The reason for deleting this sentence might be the translator might have thought
it is unnecessary.

Eg.25: -Louka: I have done Raina no harm. P.71.

This is also neglected. The possible translation could be:

Eg.26: -Louka: I have right to call her Raina; she calls me louka. P.71.

The translator might have thought it is unnecessary.

Eg.27: -Catherine: Oh, my usual sore throats; that's all.

Petkoff: (with conviction) that comes from washing your neck every day. Ive often
told you so.
Catherine: Nonsense, Paul. P.26.
This is also neglected. The possible translation could be:

The translator might have thought these are unnecessary for discussion.
 77

Eg.28: -Petkoff: (over Jiis coffee and cigarette) 1 don't believe in going too far with
these modern customs. All this washing cant be good for the health: its not
natural. There was an English man at philippopolis who used to meet him all
over with cold water every morning when he got up. Disgusting! It all comes
from the English: their climate makes them so dirty that they have to be
perpetually washing themselves. Look at my father, he never had a bath in his
life; and he lived to be ninety-eight. The healthiest man in Bulgaria. 1 don't mind
a good wash once a week to keep up my position but once a day is carrying the
thing to a ridiculous extreme. P.26.
The complete paragraph is not translated. It can be translated as:

The reason for deleting this paragraph might be the translators' inability or
negligence.

Eg.29: -Sergius: (releasing her in despair) Damnation! Oh damnation! Mockery!

Mockery everywhere! Everything 1 think is mocked by everything 1 do. (He
strikes frantically on the breast). Coward! Liar! Fool! Shall 1 kill myself? p.61.
The complete paragraph is not translated. It can be translated as:

The reason for deleting this paragraph might be the translators' inability or
negligence.

Eg.30: -Sergius: (cynically) Raina: Our romance is shattered. Life's a farce, p. 64.
 78

This is also deleted it can be translated as:

The translator might have thought these are unnecessary for discussion.

Eg.31: -Catherine: (loftily polite) I doubt Sir, whether you quite realize either my
daughter's position or that of Major Sergius Saranoff, whose place you propose
to take. The Petkoffs and the Saranoffs are known as the richest and most
important families in the country. Our position is almost historical: we can go
back for twenty years, p.73.
The complete passage is not translated. It can be translated as:

The translator might have thought these are unnecessary for discussion.