Communicative Strategies
Communicative Strategies
Communicative Strategies
Avoidance Strategy
Semantic Avoidance -Learners may avoid a problematic word by using a different one, for example substituting the irregular
verb make with the regular verb ask. The regularity of "ask" makes it easier to use correctly
Message Reduction - communication breakdown by reducing an original message, simplifying utterances, or using similar
expressions that can be confidently used
Message Abandonment – Leaving a message unfinished
Achievement Strategy
Coinage - This refers to learners creating new words or phrases for words that they do not know. For example, a learner
might refer to an art gallery as a "picture place"
Borrowing - occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a
single conversation. Multi-linguals, speakers of more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages
when conversing with each other.
Circumlocution - This refers to learners using different words or phrases to express their intended meaning. For example, if
learners do not know the word grandfather they may paraphrase it by saying "my father's father".
Appeal for Assistance – Asking for aid from the interlocutor either directly or indirectly
Purpose for writing and delivering speech can be classified into three:
Inform (Informative Speech) – Provides clear understanding of the concept
Entertain (Entertainment Speech) – provides amusement
Persuade (Persuasive Speech) – provides well-argued ideas that can influence their beliefs
General Purpose Specific Purpose
The body of speech provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain the
main idea of your topic