Government of India

Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs

Central Public Works Department

REPORT ON
SUMMER TRAINING PROGRAM
 GROUP MEMBERS :-

1)ABHAY KUMAR
2) AMIT KUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
KOCHI 682022
 DETAILS OF TRAINING

#TYPE OF TRAINING: Summer internship

#SITE FOR INTERNSHIP:
Construction of Proposed 120 bed men’s hostel at CUSAT

#DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF TRAINING:

14th June 2019
#DATE OF COMPLETION OF TRAINING:
30th JUNE 2019
#DURATION OF TRAINING:
15 days
AIM OF TRAINING:

⮚ To understand the working procedure for the construction

of BEAMS and COLUMNS of the building within the scope
of the curriculum up to the end of 6th semester in Civil
Engineering

⮚ To get a firsthand experience of the work culture at one of the

leading Construction companies of India

⮚ To understand the site monitoring & construction management at

site
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to express my gratitude to all concerned respectable
executives of Central Public Work Department for giving me this opportunity of
Summer training which has been a pure learning experience and which has
helped me enrich my knowledge and skills about the CONSTRUCTION OF A
PUBLIC BUILDING. I am specially thankful to B L BHASKAR
SIR(Executive Engineer CPWD) & ANISHA MAM (Junior Engineer
CPWD) for their guidance and co-operation during this training.I would
always be grateful to them for their help and support.

I would also like to thank MATHEW ISSAC SIR, JITHIN SIR &
MRUDHULA MISS who gave us valuable knowledge about the various
processes and activities going on at the site. I am also extremely grateful to my
Principal for issuing a training letter, which made my training possible in this
project undertaken by CPWD. Lastly I would like to thank my family and my
team of trainees for supporting me in completion of my project.
 CONTENT:
1.ABOUT CPWD 6
2.PROJECT OVERVIEW 7
3.BRIEF SPECIFICATIONS 8
4.SOIL TESTING 9
5.SURVEY EQUIPMENTS 10
6.EQUIPMENTS USED 12
7.BUILDING MATERIAL USED 14
8.CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 22
9.QUALITY CONTROL QC 24
10.FOUNDATION ANALYSIS 27
11.REINFORCEMENT 28
10.STAIRCASE DETAILS 31
12.PHOTOGRAPHS 35
 ABOUT CPWD
The Central Public Works Department of India , commonly referred to as
the CPWD, is a premier Central Government authority in charge of public sector
works. The Central Public Works Department, under the Ministry of Urban
Development now MoHUA (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs), deals with
buildings, roads, bridges, flyovers, complicated structures like stadiums,
auditoriums, laboratories, bunkers, border fencing, border roads (hill roads), etc.
CPWD came into existence in July 1854 when Lord Dalhousie established a
central agency for execution of public works and set up Ajmer Provincial
Division. It has now grown into a comprehensive construction management
department, which provides services from project concept to completion, and
maintenance
It is the prime engineering department of Government of union of India and its
specifications and manuals are followed by local public works departments and
engineering wing of other departments.
CPWD consists of three wings in execution field:
1) B&R (Buildings and Roads)
2) E&M (Electrical and Mechanical)
3) Horticulture
 PROJECT OVERVIEW
SITE LOCATION:10°02'26.7"N 76°19'45.6"E

COMMENCEMENT OF PROJECT: 23 NOV 2018

ESTIMATED DATE OF COMPLETION 18 DEC 2019
ESTIMATED COST RS 9,15,53,551/-
 BRIEF SPECIFICATION
1. STRUCTURE – RCC Framed structure
2. WALLS – Fly ash filler walls
3. ROOF – RCC flat roof
4. FLOORING

● Entrance lobby, corridors, Staircase shall have granite flooring with matching
skirting 100 mm high.

● Tutor room, Warden room shall have vitrified tile flooring of 600x600 mm

● All other rooms except toilets have ceramic matte finish tile of size
600x600mm

● Toilet- Ceramic non slippery tile flooring with glazed ceramic tile dadoing upto
height 2.1 m in bathrooms. Other area in toilet shall have 1.5 m height dado.

5.DOORS

● Main entrance doors , recreation hall , TV hall ,Study hall doors shall be of powder
coated aluminium sections with tinted glass shutters.

● All other doors shall be of 2nd class t.w frame with panelled shutters .

● All rooms shall have top hung shutters above doors

● Toilet doors have moulded pvc duroplast or equivalent

6.WINDOWS & VENTILATORS

● Powder coated aluminium sections with tinted glass have partly louvered and fixed
glazing.

● All rooms one shutter of windows shall have additional fly proof mesh shutters.

7.FINISHES

● INTERNAL – All interiors except toilets and ceilings shall have acrylic emulsion
paint finish applied over wall putty

● EXTERNAL- Shall have acrylic emulsion anti fungal paint finish

8. HANDRAILS AND BALUSTERS

Staircase , balcony shall have balusters and handrails of stainless steel sections
9.ELECTRICAL

Concealed conduit wiring with 100 % power backup

10 MISCELLANEOUS

Provision for rain water harvesting, landscaping solar photovoltaic panel shall be made

SOIL TESTING
The testing and investigation of subsoil was carried out by The Bore
Tech Services under the authorization of Civil Engineering
Department, N.S.S. College of Engineering Palakkad.
The soil samples collected from one bore hole along with the bore log
chart was tested. The soil samples were inspected and found matching
with the bore log supplied

OBSERVATION
The soil samples and test results are given below. Fair quality hard
rocks exists only at 25 m depth from the existing ground level.

RECOMMENDATIONS
From the bore log and soil properties , friction pile foundation is
recommended for the building. All other foundations may be placed
at respective depth where the bearing capacity permits for the
structure. The recommendations are based on soil conditions as
revealed at the points indicated in the site plan and depth to which
bore holes are taken. Any change should be closely monitored.

SURVEY EQUIPMENTS USED AT SITE

1.DIGITAL LEVELLING INSTRUMENT
Simple operation, comparable to a traditional instrument. Height
differences can be read to an accuracy of 0.1 and stored in the internal
memory.
Features :-Easy to transfer levels, Accurate, optical instrument
With stadia marks, Universal tripod connector 5/8",Includes 4
standard AA batteries and communication cable, Software for
continuous levelling

DIGITAL LEVEL TOTAL STATION

2.TOTAL STATION This instrument has its own importance. The
survey of this project was done with this only. Also the points for the
construction of different features in the project are selected by using
this instrument. It can do the work of almost all survey instruments. It
is used for levelling also.
SURVEYING DONE FOR CUTTING AND FILLING WORK
 EQUIPMENTS USED:
Machines are an important part of the construction industry. The use
of machinery in the construction sector has brought a revolution in the
construction practices.In this project also we came across several
machinery that are going to have huge contribution in the process of
completion of the project effectively. Some of such machines being
used are as follows:

1. Tower cranes
Tower cranes are a common fixture at any major construction site.
They're pretty hard to miss -- they often rise hundreds of feet into the
air, and can reach out just as far.

The construction crew uses the tower crane to lift steel, concrete, large
tools like acetylene torches and generators, and a wide variety of other
building materials.
2.CONCRETE MIXING MACHINE

At the site two types of mixer machine are being used.

a)Drum mixer

b)Automatic mixer along with pumps

3.BACKHOE LOADER
It is a heavy equipment vehicle that consists of a tractor like unit fitted with a loader-
style shovel/bucket on the front and a backhoe on the back. Due to its (relatively) small size
and versatility, backhoe loaders are very common in urban engineering and small
construction projects (such as building a small house, fixing urban roads, etc.) as well as
 developing countries. This type of machine is similar to and derived from what is now known
as a TLB (Tractor-Loader-Backhoe), which is to say, an agricultural tractor fitted with a front
loader and rear backhoe attachment.

5. BAR BENDING MACHINE

This machine is used at site for bending of beams of larger diameters.
BUILDING MATERIAL USED:
1.CEMENT The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement
paste. This paste first set s i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction,
called hydration, between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds
the aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability &
water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of cement.

At the site OPC of 43 & 53 grades ZUARI CEMENT is used.

2.AGGREGATES
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shape Neat cement is very
rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and become cracks on
setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in construction work. Therefore cement
is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard materials. They also reduce the cost of concrete
because they are comparatively much cheaper as cement.

TYPES OF AGGREGATES USED AT SITE

1. Fine Aggregate – M sand

2. Coarse Aggregate 20mm ,12.5mm and 5mm

3. TMT BARS
RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying capacity of the
concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of different diameters provided in an appropriate
manner. Such concrete is called reinforced concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement.
These bars are provided at various locations to resist the internal forces, which are
developed due to the loads acting on the structure.
Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete. Concrete has low
tensile, but high compressive strength. The tensile deficiency is compensated by
reinforcing the concrete mass through insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both
branded and unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the names of which
are marked on the steel. During construction make sure that steel reinforcement is provided
exactly as the engineering design specification.At site TMT bars of Fe 500 grade is being
used of various diameter of 25mm, 20mm,16mm ,10mm and 8mm

4.FORMWORK:

‘Temporary Supporting Structure’ is those structures, which are temporarily required in

building construction either for supporting the laying of concrete till it gets matured, such as
formwork or forms or shuttering. As fresh concrete is in a plastic state, when it is placed for
construction purposes, so it becomes necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine
and support the concrete, till it gains sufficient strength for self supporting.
The temporary structure is known as Formwork or shuttering.

Requirements of Formwork:
a. It should be of desired shape and size and
should fit easily.
b. It should be selected for required and lining to
produced desired concrete surface.
c. It should withstand the pressure of fresh
concrete and working loads or should not deflect
from its position.
d. It should not damage the concrete during
removal of structure.
e. It should be simple to build.
f. It should be as lightweight as possible.
g. It should be designed such that it fits and
fasten together with ease.
h. It should be made of low material cost.
5.ADMIXTURES: These are those ingredients in
concrete other than Portland cement, water, and
aggregates that are added to mixture immediately
before or during mixing.

FUNCTIONS:

A. Accelerate setting and early strength development.

B. Decrease air content.

C. Increase bond strength.

D. Decreases permeability.

E. Improves pumpability

F. Retards setting time.

 G. Reduce drying shrinkage

FOSROC ADMIXTURE

6.BRICKS:A building material used to make wall,

pavements and other elements in masonry
construction.They are units composed of clay but generally
used to denote rectangular unit laid in mortar.It may be
composed of soil,sand,lime or concrete material.the two
basic category are fired and unfired bricks.

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

Introduction

Concrete is the basic engineering material used in most of the civil engineering
structures.

Its popularity size, because of its plasticity in green stage and its subsequent
hardening to achieve strength, is particularly useful.

Concrete like other engineering materials needs to be designed for properties like
strength.

durability, workability and cohesion. Concrete mix design is the science of deciding
 relative proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve the desired properties in the

most economical way.

With the advent of high-rise buildings and prestressed concrete, use of higher grades
of

concrete is becoming more common. Even the revised IS 456-2000 advocates use of
higher grade of concrete for more severe conditions of exposure, for durability
considerations.

With the advent of new generation admixtures, it is possible to achieve higher grades
of concrete with high workability levels economically. Use of mineral admixtures
like fly ash, slag, metakaolin and silica fume have revolutionised the concrete
technology by increasing strength and durability of concrete by many folds. Mix
design of concrete is becoming more relevant in the above-mentioned scenario.
However, it should be borne in mind that mix design when adopted at site should be
implemented with proper understanding and with necessary precautions concrete mix
design manual is an attempt to increase the awareness among the users, about
concrete mix design. It is made with intention of serving as ready

Reckoner for personnel, implementing mix design at site. as basic building material
in construction is because of its economy of use, good durability and ease with which
it can be manufactured at site. The ability to mould it into any shape and

Advantages of mix design:

Mix design aims to achieve good quality concrete at site economically.

I. Quality concrete means

• Better strength

• Better imperviousness and durability

• Dense and homogeneous concrete

II. Economy

a) Economy in cement consumption:

It is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of concrete with the
 help of concrete mix design. In fact higher the grade of concrete more are the

savings. Lower cement content also results in lower heat of hydration and hence

reduces shrinkage cracks.

b) Best use of available materials:

Site conditions often restrict the quality and quantity of ingredients.

Concrete mix design offers a lot of flexibility on the type of aggregates to be used in

mix design. Mix design can give an economical solution based on the available

materials if they meet the basic IS requirements. This can lead to saving in

transportation costs from longer distances.

c) Other properties:

Mix design can help us to achieve form finishes, high early strengths for early

deshuttering, concrete with better flexural strengths.

What is mix design?

Concrete is an extremely versatile building material because it can be designed for

strength ranging from M10 (10Mpa) to M100 (100 Mpa) and workability ranging
from 0 mm slump to 150mm slump. In all these cases the basic ingredients of
concrete are the same, but it is their relative proportioning that makes the difference.

Basic Ingredients of Concrete: -

1. Cement – It is the basic binding material in concrete.

2. Water – It hydrates cement and also makes concrete workable.

3. Coarse Aggregate – It is the basic building component of concrete.

4. Fine Aggregate – Along with cement paste it forms mortar grout and fills the
voids in the coarse aggregates.

5. Admixtures – They enhance certain properties of concrete e.g. gain of

strength,workability, setting properties, Imperviousness etc.
 6. Concrete needs to be designed for certain properties in the plastic stage as
well as in the hardened stage.

Properties desired from concrete in plastic stage: -

• Workability

• Cohesiveness

• Initial set retardation

Properties desired from concrete in hardened stage: -

• Strength

• Imperviousness

• Durability

Concrete mix design is the method of correct proportioning of ingredients of concrete, in

order to optimize the above properties of concrete as per site requirements.

In other words, we determine the relative proportions of ingredients of concrete to achieve

desired strength & workability in a most economical way.

MIX DESIGN RATIO ADOPTED AT THE SITE ARE --.

CONCRETE M30 – 1:2:4

BRICK LAYING – 1:6

PLASTERING – 1:5

WATER CEMENT RATIO: 0.5

QUALITY CONTROL:
 QUALITY TEST:
• Quality control in Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline
that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and
naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and
buildings.

• Quality control tests main motive is to provide the most appropriate ,durable
and long lasting construction materials which can be used in civil engineering
constructions like roads, highways, expressways.

Different types of tests in qc lab conducted at the site are as follows:

1.COMPRESSION TEST:

• Used to check the compressive strength of concrete.

• Cubical moulds of 15 cm X 15cm X 15 cm is used

• Ex. For M30 grade of concrete, the strength requirement =30N/mm2 .

• The compressive strength of sample cubes which will be tested should have
compressive strength (Breaking load / Cross–sectional area) greater than the strength
requirement.
 •Otherwise the mix proportions of aggregates ,sand, cement, water etc should be
changed in order to use the concrete for the particular job in the project.

At site the test was conducted on 2 concrete cube @ 28th day and the
following results were obtained

Dimension of cube – 150x150x150mm

Ultimate load – 840 KN

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 28TH DAY = LOAD/AREA

=84000N/(150X150)mm2

= 37 MPa>30 MPa

HENCE O.K

2.SIEVE ANALYSIS

• Sieve test is used for grading of aggregate & proper mix design of concrete

• For coarse aggregate we will sieve through 40,20,10,4.75 and pan .Then we
will check whether the cumulative % passing is following IS 383 requirement or not.

• For fine aggregate we will sieve through 10,4.75,2.36,1.18,0.5,0.3,0.15,0.075

and pan .Then we will check whether the cumulative % passing is following general
requirement of zone I, II, III or not.
 Particle size distribution

3.SLUMP TEST :

Slump test is used to check the workability of concrete and ease with which
concrete flow and can be used as indicators of improperly mixed batch . Slump test
have some apparatus

1. Mould - Bottom dia 20cm & upper dia 10cm Height 30cm

2. tamping rod 16mm dia & length 60cm 26 In slump test material have filled in
4 layer. Each Layer should be Tamped 25 Times and levelled at top and it is lifted
vertically and slump subsides.The slump of concrete is measured by measuring the
distance from the top of slumped concrete to level of top of slump cone.

LIMITATIONS:
It is suitable for slump of medium to low workability, slump in range of 5-260mm,the
test fails to determine the difference in workability in stiff mixes which has zero
slump or for wet mixes that give a collapse slump. It is limited to concrete formed of
aggregates of less than 38mm.

.
 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS
A foundation is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the ground, and
transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are two types:

● Shallow Foundation

● Deep Foundation

Shallow Foundations are those that transmit the loads to soil at shallow depth. Shallow
foundation is provided when soil at shallow depth is sufficiently strong to withstand the load
that is likely to be imposed on it. For shallow foundation ‘D/B’ ratio is equal to or less than

Deep Foundations are those that transmit the load to deeper soil. It is required when the soil
at shallow depth is unable to support a structure and a hard stratum is available at larger depth.
The ‘D/B’ ratio is greater than 1 for deep foundations.

SHALLOW FOUNDATION:

Strip footing ,spread footing, Combined footing ,Raft foundation

DEEP FOUNDATION:

Pile foundation, Caisson foundation, Drilled pier foundation In this project type of
foundation is shallow foundation with isolated spread footings having trapezoidal shape is
used. Retaining wall is also used in our project to retain the soil mass at different elevation and
resist the earth pressure.

● At site isolated as well as combined footing was being constructed

● Foundation has been designed for G+5 Stories for hostel block and G+2 stories for
dining and mess block

● Assuming soil bearing capacity of 30T/sqm at a depth of 1.5 m from ground level as
per soil investigation report which should be confirmed before the start of the
execution of the work
 REINFORCEMENT
Reinforced concrete, Concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two
materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforcing steel—rods, bars, or mesh—absorbs
the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure. Plain
concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by wind, earthquakes,
vibrations, and other forces and is therefore unsuitable in most structural applications. In
reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of concrete
work together to allow the member to sustain these stresses over considerable spans. The
invention of reinforced concrete in the 19th century revolutionized the construction industry,
and concrete became one of the world’s most common building materials.

● AT SITE ALL THE REINFORCEMENTS USED ARE TMT BARS OF GRADE

Fe 500 CONFORMING TO IS 1786-2008 & CPWD SPECIFICATIONS

● STIRRUPS ARE GENERALLY 2 LEGGED PLACED AT A SPACING OF 10MM

AT SUPPORT SPAN AND 15 MM AT MIDSPAN. AT SUPPORT SPACING IS
LESS BECAUSE AT SUPPORT MORE SHEAR FORCE IS ACTING

● DEVELOPMENT OR LAP LENGTH AND ANCHORAGE PROVIDED SHALL

NOT BE LESS THAN 46 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF BAR FOR MIX M30.
● AT SITE THE ANCHORAGE LENGTH IS GENERALLY TAKEN AS 1/3RD OF
THE SPAN FROM BOTH THE ENDS

● CLEAR COVER FOR FOOTING – 60mm ,COLUMN – 50mm ,BEAM -40mm

AND SLAB -25mm

● DUCTILITY REINFORCEMENT HAS BEEN PROVIDED FOR DUCTILITY

REQUIREMENT AS PER THE STRUCTURAL DRAWING

ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT FOR GRADE BEAM

 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF GRADE BEAM

2
LEGGED STIRRUPS
 Diamond stirrups

STAIRCASE DETAILS
Stairs, is a construction designed to bridge a
large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical
distances, called steps. stairs may be straight, round, or
may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at
angles. Straight steps were used in the project. However
stepping slab were made of an arc shape.
Deficiency of one beam in staircase was later resolved
by consulting higher officials

beam provided after correction

curved stepping slab where concealed beam were used

form work and RCC setup of staircase flight path

 Grade beam and staircase junction

SOME MORE PHOTOS AT THE SITE

 SITE YIELD DIAGRAM

CONCRETING THROUGH TOWER CRANE

 AUTOMATIC CONCRETE MIXING PLANT

First floor beam column reinforcement arrangement

Coal tar was applied at ground floor level to prevent
damping

Concreting work
Column beam junction

English bond of brick laying

 circular formwork

staircase formwork
front column tilted for architectural purpose
Beam reinforcement details prepared for checking
purpose
Survey work done to check the level of first floor slab
formwork