RTN 950 V100R011C00 User Guide For North America 02 PDF
RTN 950 V100R011C00 User Guide For North America 02 PDF
RTN 950 V100R011C00 User Guide For North America 02 PDF
V100R011C00
Issue 02
Date 2018-08-30
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holders.
Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the
customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the
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and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or
representations of any kind, either express or implied.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the
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recommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Website: http://www.huawei.com
Email: support@huawei.com
Related Versions
The following table lists the product versions related to this document.
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 950 can comply with either ETSI or ANSI/FCC/SRSP standards. This document describes
the product structure, features, networking, application, and technical specifications of the OptiX RTN 950
applied in North America Long Haul.
Intended Audience
This document is intended for network planning engineers.
Familiarity with the basic knowledge related to digital microwave communication technology
will help you apply the information in this document.
Symbol Conventions
The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
Symbol Description
Symbol Description
General Conventions
The general conventions that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
Convention Description
Update History
Updates between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document issue
contains all updates made in previous issues.
Update Description
Contents
3 Product Structure......................................................................................................................... 33
3.1 System Architecture..................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 Hardware Structure.......................................................................................................................................................35
3.2.1 IDU............................................................................................................................................................................ 35
3.2.2 ODU...........................................................................................................................................................................38
3.3 Software Structure........................................................................................................................................................ 39
3.4 Signal Processing..........................................................................................................................................................40
6 Technical Specifications.............................................................................................................50
6.1 RF Performance............................................................................................................................................................ 50
6.1.1 Air Interface Capacity............................................................................................................................................... 50
6.1.2 ODU Performance (FCC).......................................................................................................................................... 57
6.1.3 ODU Performance (SRSP)........................................................................................................................................ 59
6.1.4 Receiver Sensitivity................................................................................................................................................... 61
6.1.5 IF Performance.......................................................................................................................................................... 68
6.1.6 Baseband Signal Processing Performance of the Modem......................................................................................... 68
6.2 Predicted Equipment Reliability...................................................................................................................................69
6.2.1 Predicted Component Reliability...............................................................................................................................69
6.2.2 Predicted Link Reliability..........................................................................................................................................69
6.3 Interface Performance...................................................................................................................................................70
6.3.1 Ethernet Interface Performance................................................................................................................................. 70
6.3.2 Auxiliary Port Performance.......................................................................................................................................73
6.3.3 T1 Port Specifications............................................................................................................................................... 73
6.4 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance.........................................................................................................73
6.5 Integrated System Performance....................................................................................................................................74
1 Introduction
The OptiX RTN 950 is a new generation IP microwave transmission system developed by
Huawei.
The OptiX RTN 950 complies with the ETSI and ANSI/FCC/SRSP standards. Unless otherwise
specified, features described in this document are those used in North America. For information about
the microwave features and TDM service features that comply with the ETSI standard, see OptiX RTN
950 Product Description.
1.2 Components
The OptiX RTN 950 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU 950 and the
ODU.
Each ODU is connected to the IDU 950 through an IF cable. The IF cable transmits IF service
signals and the O&M signals of the ODU and also supplies -48 V DC power to the ODU.
IDU 950
The IDU 950 is the indoor unit for an OptiX RTN 950 system. It receives and multiplexes
services, performs service processing and IF processing, and provides the system control and
communications function.
Chassis height 2U
Pluggable Supported
Item Description
ODU
The ODU is the outdoor unit for the OptiX RTN 950. It converts frequencies and amplifies
signals. The OptiX RTN 950 support RTN XMC ODUs.
The Integrated IP microwave supported by OptiX RTN 950 has the following features:
l Air interfaces can transmit T1/E1 services and Ethernet services simultaneously. T1/E1
services are transmitted as Native TDM services. Ethernet services are transmitted as
Native Ethernet or ETH PWE3 services.
l Supports the AM function. T1/E1 services and packet services can be configured with
priority. When AM is switched to the reference mode, the services with higher priority
are transmitted with preference.
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 950 supports VLAN sub-interfaces, therefore transmitting MPLS Ethernet services and
Native Ethernet services over one port.
The AM technology used by the OptiX RTN 950 has the following characteristics:
RF Link Configuration
The following table describes the RF configuration modes supported by the OptiX RTN 950.
XPIC configuration 3
NOTE
l The OptiX RTN 950 supports coexistence of multiple 1+0, 1+1, or N+0 groups as long as the
number of microwave links is within the allowed range.
l 1+0 configuration in N directions is also called Nx(1+0) configuration.
l When two microwave links in 1+0 non-protection configuration form a microwave ring network,
the specific RF configuration (namely, east and west configuration) is formed. ERPS or MPLS
APS/PW APS can be used to protect packet services on rings.
l XPIC groups can coexist with N+0 groups. Two XPIC groups can form a 1+1 protection group.
Channel Configuration
The OptiX RTN 950 supports adjacent channel alternative-polarization (ACAP), adjacent
channel co-polarization (ACCP), and co-channel dual polarized (CCDP).
l EPLA mode: In this mode, the packet switching unit distributes traffic, and a maximum
of four physical links can be aggregated as a group.
2.7 Capacity
The OptiX RTN 950 is large-capacity IP radio equipment.
Switching Capacity
The OptiX RTN 950 has a built-in packet switching platform with the switching capacity of
10 Gbit/s.
Cross-Connect Capacity
The OptiX RTN 950 has a built-in MADM and provides full time division cross-connections
for VC-12/VC-3/VC-4 services equivalent to 32x32 VC-4s.
2.8 Interfaces
The OptiX RTN 950 provides a variety of interfaces.
Auxiliary Channels
Overhead types are used to provide auxiliary channels over microwave links.
l When configuring T1 services, retain the original configurations of the TDM cross-
connect mode and Hybrid microwave at the VC-12/E1 level. Only the service types
carried over PDH ports are different.
MS-PW Supported
Configurable Supported
bandwidth
Ethernet service l Native Ethernet services: E-Line service and E-LAN service
type l PW-carried Ethernet services: E-Line service, E-Aggr service
(CSH/CSHU/CSHUA), and E-LAN (VPLS is supported when SSC
board is CSH/CSHU/CSHUA.) service
VLAN l Adds, deletes, and switches VLAN tags that comply with IEEE
802.1q/p, and forwards packets based on VLAN tags.
l Processes packets based on the port tag attribute (Tag/Hybrid/
Access).
l The VLAN ID ranges from 1 to 4094.
Item Description
MAC address l The E-LAN service supports the MAC address self learning
capability in two learning modes: SVL and IVL.
l MAC addresses can be filtered; that is, MAC addresses can be
blacklisted.
l Static MAC address entries can be set.
l The capacity of the MAC address table is 16 k (including static
entities and blacklist entities).
l The MAC address aging time can be configured.
Spanning tree Supports the MSTP protocol, and generates only the Common and
Internal Spanning Tree (CIST). The functions of the MSTP protocol
are equal to those of the RSTP protocol.
LPT Disables the remote Ethernet port that is connected to the user
equipment when the transmission network or local port fails.
Item Description
NOTE
l The E-Line service is an Ethernet private line service. The OptiX RTN 950 supports a maximum of 1024
E-Line services.
l For Native Ethernet services, the OptiX RTN 950 supports E-Line services based on the port, port
+VLAN, and port+QinQ.
l For PW-carried Ethernet services, the OptiX RTN 950 supports E-Line services based on the port,
and port+VLAN.
l The E-Aggr service is an Ethernet aggregation service. The OptiX RTN 950 supports E-Aggr services
from multiple UNIs to one PW and E-Aggr services from multiple PWs to one UNI. The OptiX RTN 950
supports a maximum of 128 E-Aggr services. ( E-Aggr is not supported when SSC board is CSHUF.)
l The E-LAN service is an Ethernet local area network (LAN) service.
l For Native Ethernet services, the OptiX RTN 950 supports the E-LAN service based on the 802.1d
bridge, 802.1q bridge, and 802.1ad bridge ( 802.1ad bridge is not supported when SSC board is
CSHUF.). The bridge supports a maximum of 1024 logical ports.
l For PW-carried Ethernet services, the OptiX RTN 950 supports virtual private LAN services (VPLS
is supported when SSC board is CSH/CSHU/CSHUA.) based on virtual switch instances (VSI). The
OptiX RTN 950 supports a maximum of 32 VSIs and 512 logical ports.
2.12 QoS
The OptiX RTN 950 provides improved quality of service (QoS) and supports the following
eight types of per-hop behaviors (PHBs): BE, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, EF, CS6, and CS7.
Therefore, network carriers can offer various QoS levels of service guarantees and build
networks that carry data, voice, and video services.
DiffServ For Ethernet services, supports mapping the Ethernet service into
different PHB service levels based on the C-VLAN priority, S-VLAN
priority, IP DSCP value, and MPLS EXP value.
Traffic Supports port traffic classification based on MAC address, VLAN ID,
classification VLAN priority, DSCP, IP address, protocol type, Port number and
ICMP type.
Traffic policing Supports flow-based traffic policing and the setting of PIR and CIR in
steps of 64 kbit/s.
Queue scheduling l Each Ethernet port or Integrated IP microwave port supports eight
levels of priority scheduling.
l Flexibly sets the queue scheduling scheme for each Ethernet port
and Integrated IP microwave port. The queue scheduling modes
include SP, SP+WRR, and WRR.
Congestion Drops packets in tail drop mode or weighted random early detection
avoidance (WRED) mode.
Traffic shaping l Supports the shaping for the specified port, priority queue, or
service flow.
l Supports a step of 64 kbit/s for the PIR and CIR.
HQoS l For MPLS NNI ports, supports three levels of queue scheduling for
PWs, MPLS tunnels, and egress queues, and supports five levels of
rate limiting for PW flow, PWs, MPLS tunnels, egress queues, and
egress ports.
l For QinQ NNI ports, supports two levels of queue scheduling for
QinQ queues and egress queues, and supports four levels of rate
limiting for QinQ queues, QinQ, egress queues, and egress ports.
l For UNI ports, supports three levels of queue scheduling for V-UNI
egress queues, V-UNI egress groups, and egress queues, and
supports five levels of rate limiting for V-UNI egress queues, V-
UNI egress, VUNI egress groups, egress queues, and egress ports.
Clock synchronization
Item Description
Equipment clock Supports the three modes as defined in ITU-T G.813: tracing mode,
holdover mode, and free-run mode.
Time synchronization
Item Description
Item Description
LAG protection
PLA/EPLA protection
MSTP protection
PW PW 1:1 APS/FPS
NM Mode
The OptiX RTN 950 supports the following NM modes:
LLDP Function
The OptiX RTN 950 and another device (such as a base station) that are both enabled with the
Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) can discover each other. The LLDP function helps to
archive:
l Display of the topology of a network that comprises different types of equipment on an
NMS.
l Simplified fault diagnosis.
Item Description
DCN DCC Integrated IP Three DCC bytes that are defined by Huawei
channe bytes microwave
l
External clock Supports the transmission of DCC bytes through the
port external clock port.
Inband Integrated IP The inband DCN channel is marked with the VLAN
DCN microwave tag and its bandwidth is configurable.
FE/GE port The inband DCN channel is marked with the VLAN
tag and its bandwidth is configurable.
Item Description
IDU
An IDU can be installed on the following types of cabinets and surfaces:
l In a 300 mm or 600 mm ETSI cabinet
l In a 450 mm or 600 mm 19-inch cabinet
l In an open rack
l On a wall
ODU
There are two methods for mounting the ODU and the antenna: direct mounting and separate
mounting.
l The direct mounting method is generally adopted when a small- or medium-diameter and
single-polarized antenna is used. In this situation, if one ODU is configured for one
antenna, the ODU is directly mounted at the back of the antenna. If two ODUs are
configured for one antenna, an RF signal combiner/splitter (hence referred to as a hybrid
coupler) must be mounted to connect the ODUs to the antenna. Figure 2-10 illustrates
the direct mounting method.
The direct mounting method can also be adopted when a small- or medium-diameter and
dual-polarized antenna is used. Two ODUs are mounted onto an antenna using an
orthomode transducer (OMT). The method for installing an OMT is similar to that for
installing a hybrid coupler.
l The separate mounting method is adopted when a large- or medium-diameter and single-
or dual-polarized antenna is used. Figure 2-11 shows the separate mounting method. In
this situation, a hybrid coupler can be mounted (two ODUs share one feed boom).
Table 2-12 describes the OAM functions supported by the OptiX RTN 950.
Management and l The OptiX RTN 950 can be managed together with optical
monitoring transmission equipment by the U2000.
l Supports various alarms and performance events.
l Supports RMON performance statistics on various types of
objects.
l Supports the monitoring and graphic display of key radio
transmission performance indicators such as microwave transmit
power, received power, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and air-
interface BER.
l Supports the monitoring and graphic display of Ethernet
performance specifications such as port traffic and bandwidth
utilization.
l Supports Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol (TWAMP)
reflection(CSHU/CSHUA).
Hardware l Each IDU board has running and alarm status indicators.
maintenance l All the indicators and cable ports are available on the front panel
of the IDU.
l The system control, switching, and timing board, IF board,
service board, and fan board support hot swapping.
Packet service OAM l Supports IEEE 802.1ag- and IEEE 802.3ah-compliant ETH
OAM functions.
l Supports ITU-T Y.1731-compliant packet loss measurement,
delay measurement, and delay variation measurement for
Ethernet services.
l Supports the ITUT-T Y.1711-compliant MPLS OAM function
and LSP ping/traceroute.
l Supports the ITUT-T Y.1711-compliant PW OAM function and
PW ping/traceroute.
l Supports the ITU-T Y.1731-compliant MPLS-TP LSP OAM and
PW OAM functions.
l Supports the network quality analysis (NQA) function. The
OptiX RTN 950 can function as a network quality analysis
(NQA) server to respond to a UDP jitter test that is initiated by a
CX600 (the NQA client).
Function Description
Software l Remotely loads NE software and data by using the U2000 and
management provides a quick NE upgrade solution.
l Supports the NSF function. and Ethernet E-Line services are not
interrupted during warm resets on NE software.
l Supports hot patch loading. Users can upgrade software without
interrupting services.
l Supports software version rollback so that original system
services are restored despite software upgrade failures.
Hardware Security
The OptiX RTN 950 adopts high-reliability hardware design to ensure that the system runs
properly under security threats.
The following hardware preventive measures are provided:
l Microwave interfaces: The FEC encoding mode is adopted and the adaptive time-domain
equalizer for baseband signals is used. This enables the microwave interfaces to tolerate
strong interference. Therefore, an interceptor cannot restore the contents in a data frame
if coding details and service configurations are not obtained.
l Modular design: Control units are separated from service units and service units are
separated from each other. In this manner, a fault on any unit can be properly isolated,
minimizing the impact of the fault on other units in the system.
l CPU flow control: Data flow sent to the CPU for processing is classified and controlled
to prevent the CPU from being attacked by a large number of packets. This ensures that
the CPU operates properly under attacks.
Software Security
The OptiX RTN 950 processes two categories of data: O&M data and service data. The
preceding data is transmitted over independent physical paths or logical paths and does not
affect each other. Therefore, services on the OptiX RTN 950 are processed on two planes:
l Management plane
The management plane provides access to the required equipment and management
functions, such as managing accounts and passwords, communication protocols, and
alarm reporting. The security feature of the management plane enables secure device
access, concentrated management, and thorough security audit.
l Data plane
The data plane processes service data that enters the devices and forwards service data
packets according to hardware forwarding entries. On one hand, the data plane prevents
user service packets from being intercepted, modified, or deleted, which endangers the
confidentiality and completeness of user data. On the other hand, the data plane ensures
the control of hardware forwarding actions, preventing forwarding entries from being
attacked or modified. In this manner, the forwarding plane of the devices can function
stably and reliably.
Table 2-14 lists the security functions provided by the OptiX RTN 950.
SSH security Provides the SSHv2 server and SFTP client service.
communication
Data plane Flow control Monitors port traffic. Suppresses multicast packets,
discards unknown unicast/multicast packets, and uses
QoS to control service traffic.
3 Product Structure
This chapter describes the system architecture, hardware architecture, and software
architecture of the product, in addition to how the system processes service signals.
Timeslot cross- Provides the cross-connect function and grooms TDM services.
connect unit
Clock unit l Traces the clock source signal and provides various clock signals
for the system.
l Supports input and output of external clock.
l Supports input or output of external time signal.
l Provides the time synchronization function.
3.2.1 IDU
The IDU 950 is the indoor unit of the OptiX RTN 950.
The IDU 950 uses a board plug-in design and provides various functions with different boards
inserted. All extended service boards in the extended slots are hot-swappable.
NOTE
l "EXT" represents an extended slot, which can house any type of IF board or interface board.
l In North America, an extended slot can house only an ISV3 board, SP3S/SP3D board, or an EG4/EG4P
board.
EG4 2-port Slot 1 to slot 6 l Provides four GE ports, of which two can be RJ45
RJ45/SFP + 2- GE electrical ports or SFP GE optical ports, and
port RJ45 the other two can be only RJ45 GE electrical ports.
Gigabit l Supports the synchronous Ethernet.
Ethernet
interface board l Supports the IEEE 1588v2 and ITU-T G.8275.1.
l Supports anti-theft function.
EG4P 2-port Slot 1 to slot 6 l Provides four GE ports, of which two can be RJ45
RJ45/SFP + 2- GE electrical ports or SFP GE optical ports, and
port RJ45 the other two can be only RJ45 GE electrical ports
Gigabit and support the power over Ethernet function.
Ethernet l Supports the synchronous Ethernet.
interface board
with the power l Supports the IEEE 1588v2 and ITU-T G.8275.1.
supply function l Supports anti-theft function.
PIU Power board Slot 9/10 Provides one -48 V/-60 V DC power input.
3.2.2 ODU
The ODU is an integrated system that is available in several models. The architectures and
working principles of the various ODU models are similar.
Block Diagram
IDU Software
The IDU software consists of NE software and board software.
l The NE software manages, monitors, and controls the running status of the IDU.
Through the NE software, the NMS communicates with boards, and manages the NE.
The NE software communicates with the ODU software to manage and control the
operation of the ODU.
l The board software manages and controls the running status of other boards of the IDU
except the system control, switching, and timing board. The board software of the
Ethernet interface board or Ethernet processing board is stand-alone and runs board
CPU. Software of other boards is integrated as software modules with the NE software
and runs in the CPU of the system control, switching, and timing board.
ODU Software
The ODU software manages and controls the running status of the ODU. The ODU software
controls the running of the ODU based on the parameters transmitted by the IDU software.
The ODU running status is reported to the IDU software.
4 ODU l Splits the analog IF signals, ODU O&M signals, and -48
V power.
l Converts the analog IF signals into RF signals through
up conversions and amplification.
l Transmits the RF signals to the antenna through the
waveguide.
The OptiX RTN 950 provides complete microwave transmission solutions and supports
various types of networking solutions to meet the diverse customer requirements.
l The microwave link of a required air interface capacity can be established based on the
capacity of an access link. An ordinary link uses 1+0 non-protection configuration. An
important link uses the 1+1 protection configuration.
l Based on capacity requirements of aggregation links, N+0/XPIC microwave links can be
established and LAG or PLA/EPLA can be configured.
l The OptiX RTN 950 supports aggregation of radio signals in multiple directions, which
helps a nodal site aggregate and transmit signals over multiple hops of microwave links.
This chapter describes the network management solution and the NMS software that
constitutes this solution.
Function Overview
Function Description
HOP Management l Parameters on both ends of a hop can be set on the same
interface.
l After the parameters on one end of a hop are set, the
parameters on the other end are assigned values
accordingly.
5.3 U2000
The U2000 is a network-level network management system. A user can access the U2000
server through a U2000 client to manage Huawei transport subnets in a unified manner. The
U2000 can provide NE-level and network-level management functions.
Function Overview
6 Technical Specifications
This chapter describes the technical specifications of the OptiX RTN 950.
6.1 RF Performance
This chapter describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical
specifications related to microwaves.
6.2 Predicted Equipment Reliability
Equipment reliability consists of component reliability and link reliability.
6.3 Interface Performance
6.4 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance
The clock timing performance and synchronization performance of the product meet relevant
ITU-T recommendations.
6.5 Integrated System Performance
Integrated system performance includes the dimensions, weight, power consumption, power
supply, EMC, surge protection, safety, and environment.
6.1 RF Performance
This chapter describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical
specifications related to microwaves.
NOTE
The microwave work modes provided in this document are those complying with North America
standards and corresponding to the FCC channel spacings 10/20/30/40/50/60 MHz and SRSP
10/20/30/40/50 MHz. In these modes, IF boards run in IS3 mode. For the microwave work modes that
comply with the ETSI standard and correspond to the channel spacings 7/14/28/40/56 MHz, see the
Product Description.
In the FCC and SRSP standards, the Ethernet throughput is the same when the channel spacing and
modulation scheme are the same.
There are 13 types of modulation modes in IS3 mode: QPSK Strong, QPSK, 16QAM Strong, 16QAM,
32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, 256QAM, 512QAM, 512QAM Light, 1024QAM, 1024QAM Light, and
2048QAM, among which 2048QAM is used only when AM is enabled.
Table 6-1 Service capacity in integrated IP radio mode (IS3 mode, XPIC disabled)
10 QPSK Strong 5 11 to 14 11 to 17 11 to 26 11 to 35
10 QPSK 6 14 to 17 14 to 21 14 to 33 14 to 44
10 16QAM 10 22 to 28 22 to 35 23 to 53 23 to 71
Strong
10 16QAM 12 27 to 33 27 to 41 27 to 64 27 to 85
10 32QAM 15 33 to 41 33 to 51 33 to 78 34 to 104
10 64QAM 19 41 to 52 41 to 64 42 to 98 42 to 131
20 QPSK Strong 11 24 to 30 24 to 37 25 to 58 25 to 77
20 QPSK 13 28 to 35 28 to 44 29 to 67 29 to 90
Table 6-2 Service capacity in integrated IP radio mode (IS3 mode, XPIC enabled)
Channel Modulation Maximum Native Ethernet Throughput (Mbit/s)
Spacing Scheme Number of
(MHz, FCC) T1s/E1s in With L2 With L2+L3 With L2+L3
Hybrid Frame Frame Frame
Microwave Without Header Header Header
Compressio Compressio Compressio Compressio
n n n (IPv4) n (IPv6)
10 QPSK Strong 5 11 to 13 11 to 17 11 to 26 11 to 34
10 QPSK 6 13 to 17 13 to 21 13 to 32 14 to 43
10 16QAM 10 22 to 27 22 to 34 22 to 52 22 to 69
Strong
10 16QAM 12 26 to 33 26 to 40 26 to 62 27 to 82
10 32QAM 15 32 to 40 32 to 49 32 to 76 33 to 101
10 64QAM 19 40 to 50 40 to 62 41 to 95 41 to 127
20 QPSK Strong 11 23 to 29 24 to 36 24 to 56 24 to 75
20 QPSK 13 29 to 37 29 to 45 30 to 69 30 to 93
NOTE
The throughput specifications listed in the tables are based on the following conditions.
l Without compression: untagged Ethernet frames with a length ranging from 64 bytes to 1518 bytes
l With L2 frame header compression: untagged Ethernet frames with a length ranging from 64 bytes
to 1518 bytes
l With L2+L3 frame header compression (IPv4): UDP messages, C-tagged Ethernet frames with a
length ranging from 70 bytes to 1518 bytes
l With L2+L3 frame header compression (IPv6): UDP messages, S-tagged Ethernet frames with a
length ranging from 94 bytes to 1518 bytes
Frequency Band
Modulation mode
Modulation QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/64QAM/128QAM/256QAM/512QAM/
1024QAM/2048QAM
NOTE
Cooperated with IF boards, ODUs also support QPSK Strong, 16QAM Strong, 512QAM Light, and
1024QAM Light working modes. Strong and light indicate FEC coding strength. Strong FEC improves
receiver sensitivity by increasing error-correcting codes. Light FEC expands service capacity by
reducing error-correcting codes.
Transceiver Performance
Item Performance
L6 GHz 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 28.5 28.5 27.5 25.5
U6 GHz 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 28.5 28.5 27.5 25.5
7 GHz 30 28 28 26 26 24 24 23 21
8 GHz 30 28 28 26 26 24 24 23 21
11 GHz 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 26.5 26.5 25.5 23.5
15 GHz 25 24 24 23 23 21 21 19 17
18 GHz 24 23 23 22 22 20 19 17 15
L6 GHz 5
U6 GHz 5
7 GHz 6.5
8 GHz 6.5
11 GHz 5
15 GHz 5
18 GHz 4
23 GHz 4
Frequen ±5 ppm
cy
stability
(ppm)
Frequency Band
Modulation mode
Item Description
Modulation QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/64QAM/128QAM/256QAM/512QAM/
1024QAM/2048QAM
NOTE
Cooperated with IF boards, ODUs also support QPSK Strong, 16QAM Strong, 512QAM Light, and
1024QAM Light working modes. Strong and light indicate FEC coding strength. Strong FEC improves
receiver sensitivity by increasing error-correcting codes. Light FEC expands service capacity by
reducing error-correcting codes.
Transceiver Performance
Item Performance
U6 GHz 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 28.5 28.5 27.5 25.5
Item Performance
7 GHz 30 28 28 26 26 24 24 23 21
8 GHz 30 28 28 26 26 24 24 23 21
18 GHz 24 23 23 22 22 20 19 17 15
U6 GHz 5
7 GHz 6.5
8 GHz 6.5
18 GHz 4
Frequen ±5 ppm
cy
stability
(ppm)
NOTE
Table 6-9 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 10 MHz channel, XPIC disabled)
Table 6-10 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 20 MHz channel, XPIC disabled)
Table 6-11 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 30 MHz channel, XPIC disabled)
Modulation Receiver Sensitivity (dBm, @ BER = 10-6, 30 MHz channel)
Mode
6 GHz 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
Table 6-12 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 40 MHz channel, XPIC disabled)
Modulation Receiver Sensitivity (dBm, @ BER = 10-6, 40 MHz channel)
Mode
6 GHz 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
Table 6-13 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 50 MHz channel, XPIC disabled)
Modulation Receiver Sensitivity (dBm, @ BER = 10-6, 50 MHz channel)
Mode
6 GHz 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
Table 6-15 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 10 MHz channel, XPIC enabled)
Modulation Receiver Sensitivity (dBm, @ BER = 10-6, 10 MHz channel)
Mode
6 GHz 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
Table 6-16 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 20 MHz channel, XPIC enabled)
Modulation Receiver Sensitivity (dBm, @ BER = 10-6, 20 MHz channel)
Mode
6 GHz 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
Table 6-17 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 30 MHz channel, XPIC enabled)
Modulation Receiver Sensitivity (dBm, @ BER = 10-6, 30 MHz channel)
Mode
6 GHz 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
Table 6-18 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 40 MHz channel, XPIC enabled)
Modulation Receiver Sensitivity (dBm, @ BER = 10-6, 40 MHz channel)
Mode
6 GHz 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
Table 6-19 Typical receiver sensitivity (IS3-mode, 50 MHz channel, XPIC enabled)
Modulation Receiver Sensitivity (dBm, @ BER = 10-6, 50 MHz channel)
Mode
6 GHz 7 GHz 8 GHz 11 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz
6.1.5 IF Performance
The IF performance includes the performance of the IF signal and the performance of the
ODU O&M signal.
Item Performance
Receive frequency of 10
the IF board (MHz)
Item Performance
NOTE
Failures in time (FITs) is an indicator of equipment reliability in the Telcordia SR-332 standard. Both FITs
and MTBF are affected by the quality level factor, electrical stress factor, and temperature stress factor of the
component.
The calculation formula between FITs and MTBF is as follows:
l FITs = 109/MTBF
l Annual failure rate (%) = (FITs/1142) x 100%
MTTR (hour) 1 1 1
MTTR (hour) 1 1
Overload (dBm) -3 -3 -3
Nominal wavelength (nm) Tx: 1490 Tx: 1310 Tx: 1490 Tx: 1310
Rx: 1310 Rx: 1490 Rx: 1310 Rx: 1490
Operating wavelength (nm) Tx: 1480 to Tx: 1260 to Tx: 1260 to Tx: 1480 to
1500 1360 1360 1500
Rx: 1260 to Rx: 1480 to Rx: 1480 to Rx: 1260 to
1360 1500 1500 1360
Overload (dBm) -3 -3 -3 -3
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 950 uses SFP modules to provide GE optical interfaces. Users can use different types of SFP
modules to provide GE optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.
Operating wavelength (nm) 1270 to 1380 1261 to 1360 1263 to 1360 1480 to 1580
Nominal wavelength (nm) Tx: 1550 Tx: 1310 Tx: 1550 Tx: 1310
Rx: 1310 Rx: 1550 Rx: 1310 Rx: 1550
Operating wavelength (nm) Tx: 1480 to Tx: 1260 to Tx: 1480 to Tx: 1260 to
1580 1360 1580 1360
Rx: 1260 to Rx: 1480 to Rx: 1260 to Rx: 1480 to
1360 1580 1360 1580
Item Specifications
NOTE
The OptiX RTN 950 uses SFP modules to provide FE optical interfaces. Users can use different types of SFP
modules to provide FE optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.
External synchronization 2048 kbit/s (compliant with ITU-T G.703 §9), or 2048 kHz
source (compliant with ITU-T G.703 §13)
Noise generation
Noise tolerance
Noise transfer
Dimensions
IDU 950 442 mm x 88 mm x 220 mm (17.4 inch x 3.46 inch x 8.66 inch)
Weight
Power Consumption
Power Supply
Electromagnetic Compatibility
l Compliant with FCC PART 15 class A
l CE authentication
l Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-1
l Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-4
l Compliant with CISPR 22
l Compliant with EN 55022
Lightning Protection
l Compliant with IEC 61000-4-5.
l Compliant with ITU-T K.20.
l Compliant with ITU-T K.44.
Safety
l Compliant with UL 60950
Environment
The IDU is used in a place that has weather protection and where the temperature can be
controlled. The ODU is an outdoor unit.
IDU ODU
This topic provides an overview of the typical configuration modes of RF links of the OptiX
RTN 950.
Figure A-1 shows typical RF configuration modes. In practice, configurations are flexible.
B Glossary
Numerics
3G See Third Generation.
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
802.1Q in 802.1Q A VLAN feature that allows the equipment to add a VLAN tag to a tagged frame. The
(QinQ) implementation of QinQ is to add a public VLAN tag to a frame with a private VLAN
tag to allow the frame with double VLAN tags to be transmitted over the service
provider's backbone network based on the public VLAN tag. This provides a layer 2
VPN tunnel for customers and enables transparent transmission of packets over
private VLANs.
A
A/D analog/digit
ABR See available bit rate.
ACAP See adjacent channel alternate polarization.
ACL See Access Control List.
ADC analog to digital converter
ADM add/drop multiplexer
AF See assured forwarding.
AIS alarm indication signal
ALS See automatic laser shutdown.
AM See adaptive modulation.
APS automatic protection switching
ARP See Address Resolution Protocol.
ASBR See autonomous system boundary router.
ASIC See application-specific integrated circuit.
ATM asynchronous transfer mode
ATPC See automatic transmit power control.
Access Control List A list of entities, together with their access rights, which are authorized to access a
(ACL) resource.
Address Resolution An Internet Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. The ARP protocol
Protocol (ARP) enables hosts and routers to determine link layer addresses through ARP requests and
responses. The address resolution is a process by which the host converts the target IP
address into a target MAC address before transmitting a frame. The basic function of
ARP is to use the target equipment's IP address to query its MAC address.
adaptive modulation A technology that is used to automatically adjust the modulation mode according to
(AM) the channel quality. When the channel quality is favorable, the equipment uses a high-
efficiency modulation mode to improve the transmission efficiency and the spectrum
utilization of the system. When the channel quality is degraded, the equipment uses
the low-efficiency modulation mode to improve the anti-interference capability of the
link that carries high-priority services.
adjacent channel A channel configuration method, which uses two adjacent channels (a horizontal
alternate polarization polarization wave and a vertical polarization wave) to transmit two signals.
(ACAP)
alarm suppression A method to suppress alarms for the alarm management purpose. Alarms that are
suppressed are no longer reported from NEs.
analog signal A signal in which information is represented with a continuously variable physical
quantity, such as voltage. Because of this constant changing of the wave shape with
regard to its passing a given point in time or space, an analog signal might have a
virtually indefinite number of states or values. This contrasts with a digital signal that
is expressed as a square wave and therefore has a very limited number of discrete
states. Analog signals, with complicated structures and narrow bandwidth, are
vulnerable to external interference.
application-specific A special type of chip that starts out as a nonspecific collection of logic gates. Late in
integrated circuit the manufacturing process, a layer is added to connect the gates for a specific function.
(ASIC) By changing the pattern of connections, the manufacturer can make the chip suitable
for many needs.
assured forwarding One of the four per-hop behaviors (PHB) defined by the Diff-Serv workgroup of IETF.
(AF) It is suitable for certain key data services that require assured bandwidth and short
delay. For traffic within the bandwidth limit, AF assures quality in forwarding. For
traffic that exceeds the bandwidth limit, AF degrades the service class and continues
to forward the traffic instead of discarding the packets.
attenuator A device used to increase the attenuation of an Optical Fiber Link. Generally used to
ensure that the signal at the receive end is not too strong.
automatic laser A technique (procedure) to automatically shutdown the output power of laser
shutdown (ALS) transmitters and optical amplifiers to avoid exposure to hazardous levels.
automatic transmit A method of adjusting the transmit power based on fading of the transmit signal
power control (ATPC) detected at the receiver
autonomous system A router that exchanges routing information with other autonomous system boundary
boundary router routers.
(ASBR)
available bit rate A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. ABR only provides possible
(ABR) forwarding service and applies to the connections that does not require the real-time
quality. It does not provide any guarantee in terms of cell loss or delay.
B
B-ISDN See broadband integrated services digital network.
BDI See backward defect indication.
BE See best effort.
BER bit error rate
BFD See Bidirectional Forwarding Detection.
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
BIOS See basic input/output system.
BIP See bit interleaved parity.
BPDU See bridge protocol data unit.
BSC See base station controller.
BTS base transceiver station
Bidirectional A fast and independent hello protocol that delivers millisecond-level link failure
Forwarding Detection detection and provides carrier-class availability. After sessions are established between
(BFD) neighboring systems, the systems can periodically send BFD packets to each other. If
one system fails to receive a BFD packet within the negotiated period, the system
regards that the bidirectional link fails and instructs the upper layer protocol to take
actions to recover the faulty link.
backbone network A network that forms the central interconnection for a connected network. The
communication backbone for a country is WAN. The backbone network is an
important architectural element for building enterprise networks. It provides a path for
the exchange of information between different LANs or subnetworks. A backbone can
tie together diverse networks in the same building, in different buildings in a campus
environment, or over wide areas. Generally, the backbone network's capacity is greater
than the networks connected to it.
backward defect A function that the sink node of a LSP, when detecting a defect, uses to inform the
indication (BDI) upstream end of the LSP of a downstream defect along the return path.
base station controller A logical entity that connects the BTS with the MSC in a GSM/CDMA network. It
(BSC) interworks with the BTS through the Abis interface, the MSC through the A interface.
It provides the following functions: radio resource management, base station
management, power control, handover control, and traffic measurement. One BSC
controls and manages one or more BTSs in an actual network.
basic input/output Firmware stored on the computer motherboard that contains basic input/output control
system (BIOS) programs, power-on self test (POST) programs, bootstraps, and system setting
information. The BIOS provides hardware setting and control functions for the
computer.
baud rate The numerical difference between the upper and lower frequencies of a band of
electromagnetic radiation.A deprecated synonym for data transfer capacity that is
often incorrectly used to refer to throughput.
best effort (BE) A traditional IP packet transport service. In this service, the diagrams are forwarded
following the sequence of the time they reach. All diagrams share the bandwidth of
the network and routers. The amount of resource that a diagram can use depends of the
time it reaches. BE service does not ensure any improvement in delay time, jitter,
packet loss ratio, and high reliability.
bit interleaved parity A method of error monitoring. With even parity, the transmitting equipment generates
(BIP) an X-bit code over a specified portion of the signal in such a manner that the first bit
of the code provides even parity over the first bit of all X-bit sequences in the covered
portion of the signal, the second bit provides even parity over the second bit of all X-
bit sequences within the specified portion, and so forth. Even parity is generated by
setting the BIP-X bits so that an even number of 1s exist in each monitored partition
of the signal. A monitored partition comprises all bits in the same bit position within
the X-bit sequences in the covered portion of the signal. The covered portion includes
the BIP-X.
bridge A device that connects two or more networks and forwards packets among them.
Bridges operate at the physical network level. Bridges differ from repeaters because
bridges store and forward complete packets, while repeaters forward all electrical
signals. Bridges differ from routers because bridges use physical addresses, while
routers use IP addresses.
bridge protocol data Data messages exchanged across switches within an extended LAN that uses a
unit (BPDU) spanning tree protocol (STP) topology. BPDU packets contain information on ports,
addresses, priorities, and costs, and they ensure that the data reaches its intended
destination. BPDU messages are exchanged across bridges to detect loops in a
network topology. These loops are then removed by shutting down selected bridge
interfaces and placing redundant switch ports in a backup, or blocked, state.
broadband integrated A standard defined by the ITU-T to handle high-bandwidth applications, such as
services digital voice. It currently uses the ATM technology to transmit data over SONNET-based
network (B-ISDN) circuits at 155 to 622 Mbit/s or higher speed.
broadcast A means of delivering information to all members in a network. The broadcast range
is determined by the broadcast address.
broadcast domain A group of network stations that receives broadcast packets originating from any
device within the group. The broadcast domain also refers to the set of ports between
which a device forwards a multicast, broadcast, or unknown destination frame.
C
CAD See router.
CAR committed access rate
CBS See committed burst size.
CC See continuity check.
CCDP See co-channel dual polarization.
CDMA See Code Division Multiple Access.
CE See customer edge.
CES See circuit emulation service.
CGMP Cisco Group Management Protocol
CIST See Common and Internal Spanning Tree.
CLNP connectionless network protocol
CM connection management
CORBA See Common Object Request Broker Architecture.
co-channel dual A channel configuration method, which uses a horizontal polarization wave and a
polarization (CCDP) vertical polarization wave to transmit two signals. The Co-Channel Dual Polarization
has twice the transmission capacity of the single polarization.
committed burst size A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket C, that is, the maximum burst
(CBS) IP packet size when information is transferred at the committed information rate. This
parameter must be greater than 0 but should be not less than the maximum length of
an IP packet to be forwarded.
continuity check (CC) An Ethernet connectivity fault management (CFM) method used to detect the
connectivity between MEPs by having each MEP periodically transmit a Continuity
Check Message (CCM).
cross-polarization A technology used in the case of the Co-Channel Dual Polarization (CCDP) to
interference eliminate the cross-connect interference between two polarization waves in the CCDP.
cancellation (XPIC)
customer edge (CE) A part of the BGP/MPLS IP VPN model that provides interfaces for directly
connecting to the Service Provider (SP) network. A CE can be a router, switch, or
host.
cyclic redundancy A procedure used to check for errors in data transmission. CRC error checking uses a
check (CRC) complex calculation to generate a number based on the data transmitted. The sending
device performs the calculation before performing the transmission and includes the
generated number in the packet it sends to the receiving device. The receiving device
then repeats the same calculation. If both devices obtain the same result, the
transmission is considered to be error free. This procedure is known as a redundancy
check because each transmission includes not only data but extra (redundant) error-
checking values.
D
DC-C See DC-return common (with ground).
DC-I See DC-return isolate (with ground).
DC-return common A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited
(with ground) (DC-C) with the PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and also on the line
between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment.
DC-return isolate (with A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited
ground) (DC-I) with the PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and is isolated from the
PGND on the line between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric
equipment.
DCN See data communication network.
DDF digital distribution frame
DDN See digital data network.
DE discard eligible
DM See delay measurement.
DS boundary node A DS node that connects one DS domain to a node either in another DS domain or in a
domain that is not DS-capable.
DS interior node A DS node located at the center of a DS domain. It is a non-DS boundary node.
DS node A DS-compliant node, which is subdivided into DS boundary node and ID interior
node.
DSCP See differentiated services code point.
DVMRP See Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
DiffServ See differentiated service.
Distance Vector An Internet gateway protocol based primarily on the RIP. The DVMRP protocol
Multicast Routing implements a typical dense mode IP multicast solution and uses IGMP to exchange
Protocol (DVMRP) routing datagrams with its neighbors.
data communication A communication network used in a TMN or between TMNs to support the data
network (DCN) communication function.
delay measurement The time elapsed since the start of transmission of the first bit of the frame by a source
(DM) node until the reception of the last bit of the loopbacked frame by the same source
node, when the loopback is performed at the frame's destination node.
differentiated service An IETF standard that defines a mechanism for controlling and forwarding traffic in a
(DiffServ) differentiated manner based on CoS settings to handle network congestion.
differentiated services According to the QoS classification standard of the Differentiated Service (Diff-Serv),
code point (DSCP) the type of services (ToS) field in the IP header consists of six most significant bits
and two currently unused bits, which are used to form codes for priority marking.
Differentiated services code point (DSCP) is the six most important bits in the ToS. It
is the combination of IP precedence and types of service. The DSCP value is used to
ensure that routers supporting only IP precedence can be used because the DSCP
value is compatible with IP precedence. Each DSCP maps a per-hop behavior (PHB).
Therefore, terminal devices can identify traffic using the DSCP value.
digital data network A data transmission network that is designed to transmit data on digital channels (such
(DDN) as the fiber channel, digital microwave channel, or satellite channel).
digital modulation A method that controls the changes in amplitude, phase, and frequency of the carrier
based on the changes in the baseband digital signal. In this manner, the information
can be transmitted by the carrier.
dual-polarized antenna An antenna intended to simultaneously radiate or receive two independent radio waves
orthogonally polarized.
E
E-Aggr See Ethernet aggregation.
E-LAN See Ethernet local area network.
E-Line See Ethernet line.
ECC See embedded control channel.
EMC See electromagnetic compatibility.
EMI See electromagnetic interference.
EPL See Ethernet private line.
EPLAN See Ethernet private LAN service.
EPLD See erasable programmable logic device.
ERPS Ethernet ring protection switching
F
FD See frequency diversity.
FDDI See fiber distributed data interface.
FDI See forward defect indication.
FEC See forward error correction.
FFD fast failure detection
FFD packet A path failure detection method independent from CV. Different from a CV packet,
the frequency for generating FFD packets is configurable to satisfy different service
requirements. By default, the frequency is 20/s. An FFD packet contains information
the same as that in a CV packet. The destination end LSR processes FFD packets in
the same way for processing CV packets.
FIFO See first in first out.
FPGA See field programmable gate array.
FTP File Transfer Protocol
fiber distributed data A standard developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for high-
interface (FDDI) speed fiber-optic LANs. FDDI provides specifications for transmission rates of 100
megabits per second on token ring networks.
field programmable A semi-customized circuit that is used in the Application Specific Integrated Circuit
gate array (FPGA) (ASIC) field and developed based on programmable components. FPGA remedies
many of the deficiencies of customized circuits, and allows the use of many more gate
arrays.
first in first out (FIFO) A stack management method in which data that is stored first in a queue is also read
and invoked first.
forward defect A packet generated and traced forward to the sink node of the LSP by the node that
indication (FDI) first detects defects. It includes fields to indicate the nature of the defect and its
location. Its primary purpose is to suppress alarms being raised at affected higher level
client LSPs and (in turn) their client layers.
forward error A bit error correction technology that adds correction information to the payload at the
correction (FEC) transmit end. Based on the correction information, the bit errors generated during
transmission can be corrected at the receive end.
fragmentation A process of breaking a packet into smaller units when transmitting over a network
node that does not support the original size of the packet.
frequency diversity A diversity scheme in which two or more microwave frequencies with a certain
(FD) frequency interval are used to transmit/receive the same signal and selection is then
performed between the two signals to ease the impact of fading.
G
GCRA generic cell rate algorithm
GFC generic flow control
GFP See Generic Framing Procedure.
GNE See gateway network element.
H
HQoS See hierarchical quality of service.
HSDPA See High Speed Downlink Packet Access.
HSM hitless switch mode
High Speed Downlink A modulating-demodulating algorithm put forward in 3GPP R5 to meet the
Packet Access requirement for asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission of data services. It
(HSDPA) enables the maximum downlink data service rate to reach 14.4 Mbit/s without
changing the WCDMA network topology.
hierarchical quality of A type of QoS that controls the traffic of users and performs the scheduling according
service (HQoS) to the priority of user services. HQoS has an advanced traffic statistics function, and
the administrator can monitor the usage of bandwidth of each service. Hence, the
bandwidth can be allocated reasonably through traffic analysis.
I
I/O input/output
ICMP See Internet Control Message Protocol.
IDU See indoor unit.
IEEE See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IGMP See Internet Group Management Protocol.
IGP See Interior Gateway Protocol.
IP Internet Protocol
IPv4 See Internet Protocol version 4.
IPv6 See Internet Protocol version 6.
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
IST internal spanning tree
ITU See International Telecommunication Union.
Institute of Electrical A professional association of electrical and electronics engineers based in the United
and Electronics States, but with membership from numerous other countries. The IEEE focuses on
Engineers (IEEE) electrical, electronics, and computer engineering, and produces many important
technology standards.
Interior Gateway A routing protocol that is used within an autonomous system. The IGP runs in small-
Protocol (IGP) sized and medium-sized networks. The IGPs are RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS.
International A United Nations agency, one of the most important and influential recommendation
Telecommunication bodies, responsible for recommending standards for telecommunication (ITU-T) and
Union (ITU) radio networks (ITU-R).
Internet Control A network layer protocol that provides message control and error reporting between a
Message Protocol host server and an Internet gateway.
(ICMP)
Internet Group One of the TCP/IP protocols for managing the membership of Internet Protocol
Management Protocol multicast groups. It is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish and
(IGMP) maintain multicast group memberships.
Internet Protocol The current version of the Internet Protocol (IP). IPv4 utilizes a 32bit address which is
version 4 (IPv4) assigned to hosts. An address belongs to one of five classes (A, B, C, D, or E) and is
written as 4 octets separated by periods and may range from 0.0.0.0 through to
255.255.255.255. Each IPv4 address consists of a network number, an optional
subnetwork number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers
together are used for routing, and the host number is used to address an individual host
within the network or subnetwork.
Internet Protocol An update version of IPv4, which is designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force
version 6 (IPv6) (IETF) and is also called IP Next Generation (IPng). It is a new version of the Internet
Protocol. The difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that an IPv4 address has 32 bits
while an IPv6 address has 128 bits.
indoor unit (IDU) The indoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements accessing,
multiplexing/demultiplexing, and intermediate frequency (IF) processing for services.
L
L2VPN Layer 2 virtual private network
LACP See Link Aggregation Control Protocol.
LAG See link aggregation group.
LAN See local area network.
LAPS Link Access Protocol-SDH
LB See loopback.
LCAS See link capacity adjustment scheme.
LM See loss measurement.
LOS See loss of signal.
LPT link-state pass through
LSDB link state database
LSP tunnel An LSP over which traffic is transmitted based on labels that are assigned to FECs on
the ingress. The traffic is transparent to the intermediate nodes
M
MA maintenance association
MAC See Media Access Control.
MADM multiple add/drop multiplexer
Multiple Spanning A protocol that can be used in a loop network. Using an algorithm, the MSTP blocks
Tree Protocol (MSTP) redundant paths so that the loop network can be trimmed as a tree network. In this
case, the proliferation and endless cycling of packets is avoided in the loop network.
The protocol that introduces the mapping between VLANs and multiple spanning
trees. This solves the problem that data cannot be normally forwarded in a VLAN
because in STP/RSTP, only one spanning tree corresponds to all the VLANs.
Multiple Spanning A region that consists of switches that support the MSTP in the LAN and links among
Tree region (MST them. Switches physically and directly connected and configured with the same MST
region) region attributes belong to the same MST region.
Multiprotocol Label A technology that uses short tags of fixed length to encapsulate packets in different
Switching (MPLS) link layers, and provides connection-oriented switching for the network layer on the
basis of IP routing and control protocols.
maintenance domain The network or the part of the network for which connectivity is managed by
(MD) connectivity fault management (CFM). The devices in a maintenance domain are
managed by a single Internet service provider (ISP).
management A type of database used for managing the devices in a communications network. It
information base comprises a collection of objects in a (virtual) database used to manage entities (such
(MIB) as routers and switches) in a network.
maximum The largest packet of data that can be transmitted on a network. MTU size varies,
transmission unit depending on the network-576 bytes on X.25 networks, for example, 1500 bytes on
(MTU) Ethernet, and 17,914 bytes on 16 Mbit/s token ring. Responsibility for determining the
size of the MTU lies with the link layer of the network. When packets are transmitted
across networks, the path MTU, or PMTU, represents the smallest packet size (the one
that all networks can transmit without breaking up the packet) among the networks
involved.
message digest A hash function that is used in a variety of security applications to check message
algorithm 5 (MD5) integrity. MD5 processes a variable-length message into a fixed-length output of 128
bits. It breaks up an input message into 512-bit blocks (sixteen 32-bit little-endian
integers). After a series of processing, the output consists of four 32-bit words, which
are then cascaded into a 128-bit hash number.
multicast A process of transmitting data packets from one source to many destinations. The
destination address of the multicast packet uses Class D address, that is, the IP address
ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Each multicast address represents a
multicast group rather than a host.
multiple spanning tree A type of spanning trees calculated by MSTP within an MST Region, to provide a
instance (MSTI) simply and fully connected active topology for frames classified as belonging to a
VLAN that is mapped to the MSTI by the MST Configuration. A VLAN cannot be
assigned to multiple MSTIs.
multiplex section A function, which is performed to provide capability for switching a signal between
protection (MSP) and including two multiplex section termination (MST) functions, from a "working" to
a "protection" channel.
multiprotocol label An Internet Protocol (IP) virtual private network (VPN) based on the multiprotocol
switching virtual label switching (MPLS) technology. It applies the MPLS technology for network
private network routers and switches, simplifies the routing mode of core routers, and combines
(MPLS VPN) traditional routing technology and label switching technology. It can be used to
construct the broadband Intranet and Extranet to meet various service requirements.
N
N+1 protection A radio link protection system composed of N working channels and one protection
channel.
NE network element
NE Explorer The main operation interface, which is used to manage the telecommunication
equipment. In the NE Explorer, a user can query, manage, and maintain NEs, boards,
and ports.
NNI network-to-network interface
NPE network provider edge
NSAP See network service access point.
NSF non-stop forwarding
network service access A network address defined by ISO, at which the OSI Network Service is made
point (NSAP) available to a Network service user by the Network service provider.
network storm A phenomenon that occurs during data communication. To be specific, mass broadcast
packets are transmitted in a short time; the network is congested; transmission quality
and availability of the network decrease rapidly. The network storm is caused by
network connection or configuration problems.
non-GNE See non-gateway network element.
non-gateway network A network element that communicates with the NM application layer through the
element (non-GNE) gateway NE application layer.
O
O&M operation and maintenance
OAM See operation, administration and maintenance.
OAMPDU operation, administration and maintenance protocol data unit
ODF optical distribution frame
ODU See outdoor unit.
OSPF See Open Shortest Path First.
Open Shortest Path A link-state, hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing that uses
First (OSPF) cost as its routing metric. A link state database is constructed of the network topology,
which is identical on all routers in the area.
operation, A set of network management functions that cover fault detection, notification,
administration and location, and repair.
maintenance (OAM)
orderwire A channel that provides voice communication between operation engineers or
maintenance engineers of different stations.
outdoor unit (ODU) The outdoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements frequency
conversion and amplification for radio frequency (RF) signals.
P
P2P See point-to-point service.
point-to-point service A service between two terminal users. In P2P services, senders and recipients are
(P2P) terminal users.
polarization A kind of electromagnetic wave, the direction of whose electric field vector is fixed or
rotates regularly. Specifically, if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave is
perpendicular to the plane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called vertically
polarized wave; if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave is parallel to
the plane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called horizontal polarized wave; if
the tip of the electric field vector, at a fixed point in space, describes a circle, this
electromagnetic wave is called circularly polarized wave.
printed circuit board A board used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components
(PCB) using conductive pathways, tracks, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated
onto a non-conductive substrate.
provider edge (PE) A device that is located in the backbone network of the MPLS VPN structure. A PE is
responsible for managing VPN users, establishing LSPs between PEs, and exchanging
routing information between sites of the same VPN. A PE performs the mapping and
forwarding of packets between the private network and the public channel. A PE can
be a UPE, an SPE, or an NPE.
pseudo random binary A sequence that is random in the sense that the value of each element is independent
sequence (PRBS) of the values of any of the other elements, similar to a real random sequence.
pseudo wire (PW) An emulated connection between two PEs for transmitting frames. The PW is
established and maintained by PEs through signaling protocols. The status information
of a PW is maintained by the two end PEs of a PW.
pseudo wire emulation An end-to-end Layer 2 transmission technology. It emulates the essential attributes of
edge-to-edge (PWE3) a telecommunication service such as ATM, FR or Ethernet in a packet switched
network (PSN). PWE3 also emulates the essential attributes of low speed time
division multiplexing (TDM) circuit and SONET/SDH. The simulation approximates
to the real situation.
public switched A telecommunications network established to perform telephone services for the
telephone network public subscribers. Sometimes it is called POTS.
(PSTN)
Q
QPSK See quadrature phase shift keying.
QinQ See 802.1Q in 802.1Q.
quadrature phase shift QPSK modulates two bits into each modulation symbol.
keying (QPSK)
R
RADIUS See Remote Authentication Dial In User Service.
RADIUS accounting An accounting mode in which the BRAS sends the accounting packets to the RADIUS
server. Then the RADIUS server performs accounting.
RDI remote defect indication
RED See random early detection.
REI remote error indication
router (CAD) A device on the network layer that selects routes in the network. The router selects the
optimal route according to the destination address of the received packet through a
network and forwards the packet to the next router. The last router is responsible for
sending the packet to the destination host. Can be used to connect a LAN to a LAN, a
WAN to a WAN, or a LAN to the Internet.
rt-VBR See real-time variable bit rate.
S
SAI service area identifier
SAToP Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing over Packet
SD See space diversity.
SDH See synchronous digital hierarchy.
SEC security screening
SES severely errored second
SETS SDH equipment timing source
SF See signal fail.
SFP small form-factor pluggable
SLA See Service Level Agreement.
SNCP subnetwork connection protection
SNMP See simple network management protocol.
SNR See signal-to-noise ratio.
SSL See Secure Sockets Layer.
SSM See Synchronization Status Message.
STM See synchronous transport module.
STM-1 See Synchronous Transport Module level 1.
STM-4 Synchronous Transport Module level 4
STM-N Synchronous Transport Module level N
STP Spanning Tree Protocol
Secure Sockets Layer A security protocol that works at a socket layer. This layer exists between the TCP
(SSL) layer and the application layer to encrypt/decode data and authenticate concerned
entities.
Service Level A service contract between a customer and a (SLA) service provider that specifies the
Agreement (SLA) forwarding service a customer should receive. A customer may be a user organization
(source domain) or another DS domain (upstream domain). A SLA may include traffic
conditioning rules which constitute a TCA in whole or in part.
Synchronization Status A message that carries the quality levels of timing signals on a synchronous timing
Message (SSM) link. SSM messages provide upstream clock information to nodes on an SDH network
or synchronization network.
T
T1 A North American standard for high-speed data transmission at 1.544Mbps. It
provides 24 x 64 kbit/s channels.
TCI tag control information
TCP See Transmission Control Protocol.
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TD-SCDMA See Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access.
TDD time division duplex
TDM See time division multiplexing.
TDMA See Time Division Multiple Access.
TEDB See traffic engineering database.
tunnel A channel on the packet switching network that transmits service traffic between PEs.
In VPN, a tunnel is an information transmission channel between two entities. The
tunnel ensures secure and transparent transmission of VPN information. In most cases,
a tunnel is an MPLS tunnel.
U
UAS unavailable second
UBR+ Unspecified Bit Rate Plus
UI user interface
UNI See user-to-network interface.
UPC See usage parameter control.
unicast The process of sending data from a source to a single recipient.
usage parameter During communications, UPC is implemented to monitor the actual traffic on each
control (UPC) virtual circuit that is input to the network. Once the specified parameter is exceeded,
measures will be taken to control. NPC is similar to UPC in function. The difference is
that the incoming traffic monitoring function is divided into UPC and NPC according
to their positions. UPC locates at the user/network interface, while NPC at the network
interface.
user-to-network The interface between user equipment and private or public network equipment (for
interface (UNI) example, ATM switches).
V
V-NNI virtual network-network interface
VB virtual bridge
VBR See variable bit rate.
VC See virtual container.
VCC See virtual channel connection.
VCCV virtual circuit connectivity verification
VCG See virtual concatenation group.
VCI virtual channel identifier
VCTRUNK A virtual concatenation group applied in data service mapping, also called the internal
port of a data service processing board.
VLAN virtual local area network
VPI See virtual path identifier.
VPLS virtual private LAN segment
VPN virtual private network
VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
variable bit rate (VBR) One of the traffic classes used by ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Unlike a
permanent CBR (Constant Bit Rate) channel, a VBR data stream varies in bandwidth
and is better suited to non real time transfers than to real-time streams such as voice
calls.
virtual channel A VC logical trail that carries data between two end points in an ATM network. A
connection (VCC) point-to-multipoint VCC is a set of ATM virtual connections between two or multiple
end points.
virtual circuit A channel or circuit established between two points on a data communications
network with packet switching. Virtual circuits can be permanent virtual circuits
(PVCs) or switched virtual circuits (SVCs) .
virtual concatenation A group of co-located member trail termination functions that are connected to the
group (VCG) same virtual concatenation link.
virtual container (VC) An information structure used to support path layer connections in the SDH. A VC
consists of a payload and path overhead (POH), which are organized in a block frame
structure that repeats every 125 μs or 500 μs.
virtual path identifier The field in the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell header that identifies to
(VPI) which virtual path the cell belongs.
W
WCDMA See Wideband Code Division Multiple Access.
WDM wavelength division multiplexing
WEEE waste electrical and electronic equipment
WFQ See weighted fair queuing.
WRR weighted round robin
WTR See wait to restore.
Web LCT The local maintenance terminal of a transport network, which is located at the NE
management layer of the transport network.
Wideband Code A standard defined by the ITU-T for the third-generation wireless technology derived
Division Multiple from the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology.
Access (WCDMA)
wait to restore (WTR) The number of minutes to wait before services are switched back to the working line.
weighted fair queuing A fair queue scheduling algorithm based on bandwidth allocation weights. This
(WFQ) scheduling algorithm allocates the total bandwidth of an interface to queues, according
to their weights and schedules the queues cyclically. In this manner, packets of all
priority queues can be scheduled.
winding pipe A tool for fiber routing, which acts as the corrugated pipe.
X
XPIC See cross-polarization interference cancellation.