52 

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

A. Loli1, L. S. Tzouvelekis, E. Tzelepi1, A. Carattoli, A. C. Vatopoulos, P. T.

Tassios and V. Miriagou, Sources of diversity of carbapenem resistance levels
in Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying blaVIM-1, Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy (2006) 58, 669–672
Andrajati, R. Vlcek, J. dan Wahyudin, I. 2004. Assessment of Antibiotics Use
After Introducing a Hospital Formulary by ATC/DDD Methodology. Hospital
Formulary Evaluation. Medical Journal of Indonesia. Vol.13. No. 3. Juli-
Sept,2004. University of Indonesia. Jakarta.
Anton Y. Peleg, M.B., B.S., M.P.H., and David C. Hooper, M.D., Current
Concepts, Hospital-Acquired Infections Due to Gram-Negative Bacteria, n
engl j med 362;19 nejm.org may 13, 2010, Downloaded from www.nejm.org
on May 22, 2010 .
Berit Mu¨ller-Pebody, Mark Muscat1, Benjamin Pelle, Bjarke M. Klein, Christian
T. Brandtand Dominique L. Monnet, Increase and change in pattern of
hospital antimicrobial use, Denmark, 1997–2001, Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy: 2004; 54: 1122-1126.
Bertram G. Katzung, MD, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Tenth Edition, 2007:
1037-1088
Clinical Implications of Basic Research, Biofilm, Antimicrobil Resistance, and
Airway Infection, N Engl J Med, Vol. 347, No. 14,October 3, 2002
www.nejm.org. Downloaded from www.nejm.org on January 25, 2010
Cesar A. Arias, M.D., Ph.D., and Barbara E. Murray, M.D. Antibiotic-Resistant
Bugs in the 21st Century —A Clinical Super-Challenge, n engl j med 360;5
nejm.org January 29, 2009, Downloaded from www.nejm.org on January
25, 2010
D R Silver, I L Cohen and P F Weinberg, Recurrent Pseudomonas aeruginosa
pneumonia in an intensive care unit, Chest 1992;101;194-198,
http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/101/1/194, Downloaded from
chestjournal.chestpubs.org by guest on May 21, 2010
David M. Shlaes, Dale N. Gerding, Joseph F. John, Jr., William A. Craig, Donald
L. Bornstein, Robert A. Duncan, Mark R. Eckman, William E. Farrer, William
H. Greene, Victor Lorian, Stuart LevyJohn E. McGowan, Jr., Sindy M. Paul,
Joel Ruskin, Fred C. Tenover, and Chatrchai Watanakunakorn, Society for
Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of
America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial
Resistance:Guidelines for the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance in
Hospitals, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1997;25:584–99

Universitas Indonesia
Hubungan antara ..., Siti Fauziyah, FMIPA UI, 2010
 53 
 

David S. Tatro, Facts and Comparisons, Books@Ovid, 2003

Dennis C. J. J. Bergmans, Marc J. M. Bonten, Carlo A. Gaillard, Frank H. van

Tiel, Siebe van der Geest, Peter W. de Leeuw dan Ellen E. Stobberingh,
Indications for antibiotic use in ICU patients: a one-year prospective
surveillance, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1997; 39 ; 527–535
Departemen Kesehatan RI, Standar Pelayanan Intensive Care Unit, Jakarta, 2003
Dipiro, J.T., et al. 2005. Pharmacotherapy Handbook. Sixth edition. The Mc.
Graw Hill Company. USA. Page : 1891-1939.
Emili Diaz and Jordi Rello, Top Ten List in Antibiotic Policy in the ICU, Chest
2002;122;712-714,
http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/122/2/712.full.html, Downloaded
from chestjournal.chestpubs.org by guest on May 18, 2010
Ganiswara SG, Setiabudy, Suyatna FD dkk. Farmakologi dan Terapi edisi 4.
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 1995: 571-583.
Gerald K. McEvoy, AHFS Drug Information 2004
G.M. Joynt, J. Lipman, C.D. Gomesall, R.J. young, E.L. Wong and T. Gin, The
Pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of ceftriaxone in critically ill patients,
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2001; 47: 421-429.
Guidelines for ICU Admission, Discharge, and Triage, Critical Care Medicine --
Crit Care Med 1999 Mar; 27(3):633-638
George A. Jacoby, M.D., and Luisa Silvia Munoz-Price, M.D. The New b-
Lactamases, mechanisms of disease, n engl j med, 352;4, www.nejm.org
January, 27, 2005 Downloaded from www.nejm.org on January 25, 2010
Hui Ding, Yonghong Yang, Jinghai Wei, Shaozhen Fan, Sangjie Yu, Kaihu Yao,
Aihua wang, Xuzhuang Shen, Influencing the use of antibiotics in a Chinese
pediatrics intensive care unit, Pharm World Sci, 2008; 30: 787-793.
I.M. Gould, A review of the role of antibaiotic policies in the control of antibiotic
resistance, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1999; 43: 459-465.
James M Hutchinson, David M Patrick, Fawziah Marra, Helen Ng, William R
Bowie, Laurie Heule, Mark Muscat, and Dominique L Monnet, Measurement
of antibiotic consumption: A practical guide to the use of the Anatomical
Thgerapeutic Chemical classification and Definied Daily Dose system
methodology in Canada, Can J Infect Dis. 2004; 15(1): 29–35.
Jean Chastre, Charles-Edouard Luyt, Alain Combes, and Jean-Louis Trouillet,
Use of Quantitative Cultures and Reduced Duration of Antibiotic Regimens
for Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia to Decrease Resistance in
the Intensive Care Unit, Antibiotic Therapy for VAP • CID 2006:43 (Suppl 2)
• S75

Universitas Indonesia
Hubungan antara ..., Siti Fauziyah, FMIPA UI, 2010
 54 
 

John W. Wilson, MD Lynn L. Estes, PharmD, Mayo Clinic Antimicrobial

Therapy Quick Guide Editors, 2008, p 137-204
John E. McGowan, Jr, MD., Strategies for Study of the Role of Cycling on
Antimicrobial Use and Resistance, Chicago Journal, 2000, p 36-43.
Accessed: 03/02/2010 02:47
Katherine A. Murray, Bruce H Clement and Stephen E Keas, Klebsiella ozaenae
Septicemia Associated with Hansen's Disease, Journal of Clinical
Microbiology, 1981; 14, no 6, p. 703-705
Lüllmann, H., H. Mohr, L. Hein and D. Bieger, Color Atlas of Pharmacology, 2 rd
ed, 2000, 266-280.
Magee J. T., The resistance ratchet: theoretical implications of cyclic selection
pressure, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2005) 56, 427–430.
Downloaded from http://jac.oxfordjournals.org by on June 12, 2010

Marin H Kollef, Vlasnik J, Sharpless L, et al. Scheduled rotation of antibiotic

classes: a strategy to decrease the incidence of ventilator-associated
pneumonia due to antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med, 1997; 156:1040–8.
Marin H Kollef, M.D., Optimizing antibiotic therapy in the intensive care unit
setting, Critical Care, 2001; 5: 189-195
Marin H. Kollef, M.D., Is Antibiotic Cycling the Answer to Preventing the
Emergence of Bacterial Resistance in the Intensive Care Unit?, Clinical
Infectious Diseases, 2006; 43: S82–8
Marin H Kollef, M.D., The Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia:
Current Concept, New England Journal of Medicine, 1999; 25, 627–34.
Downloaded from www.nejm.org on May 20, 2010

Masterton Robert G., Antibiotic cycling: more than it might seem?, Journal of
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2005) 55, 1–5. Downloaded from
http://jac.oxfordjournals.org by on June 12, 2010

Michael J. Strempeer, Paul E. Schoch and Burke A. Cunha, Cerebral Abscess

Caused by Klebsiella ozaenae, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1987; Aug,
p. 1553-1554
Nanang Martono, Statistik Sosial Teori dan Aplikasi Program SPSS, Indonesia ,
2010.
Nathalie dan Lisa, Uji aktivitas In Vitro Levofloksasin terhadap Isolat
Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa Resisten multiobat di
RSU Dr. Soetomo Surabaya: Isolat dari pasien infeksi kulit dan infeksi saluran
kemih, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia, 2008.

Universitas Indonesia
Hubungan antara ..., Siti Fauziyah, FMIPA UI, 2010
 55 
 

Oguz Karabay dan Salih Hosoglu, Increased antimicrobial consumption following

reimbursement reform in Turkey, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy,
2008; 61: 1169–1171
Paolo Malacarne, Carlotta Rossi dan Guido Bertolini, Antibiotic usage in
intensive care units: a pharmaco-epidemiological multicentre study, Journal of
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2004; 54: 221–224
Perhimpunan Dokter Intensive Care Indonesia (PERDICI), Jakarta, 2009
Pingleton SK, Fagon JY, Leeper KV Jr. Patient selection for clinical investigation
of ventilator-associated pneumonia: criteria for evaluating diagnostic
techniques. Chest 1992;102:Suppl 1:553S-556S.
Pratiwi Sudarmono, PhD, Saatnya Mengenal radang paru Non-TB Yang Tak
Kalah Mematikan, Farmacia Wahana Komunikasi Lintas Specialis, April
2006, Vol 5, No.9
Refdanita, Maksum R, Nurgani A dan Endang P, Faktor yang mempengaruhi
ketidaksesuaian penggunaan antibiotika dengan uji kepekaan di ruang rawat
intensif rumah sakit Fatmawati Jakarta tahun 2001 – 2002, Makara,
Kesehatan, Vol. 8, No. 2, Juni 2004: 41-48
Refdanita, Maksum R, Nurgani A dan Endang P, Pola Kepekaan Kuman
Terhadap Antibiotika di Ruang Intensif Rumah Sakit Fatmawati Jakarta tahun
2001-2002, Makara, Kesehatan, Vol. 8, No. 2, Desesmber 2004: 41-48
Roder, B. L., Nielsen, S. L., Magnussen, P. et al. Antibiotic usage in an intensive
care unit in a Danish university hospital. Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy :1993; 32: 633–42.

Schuchat, A., Robinson, K., Wenger, J. D., Harrison, L. H.,Farley, M., Reingold,
A. L. et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. New England
Journal of Medicine, 1997; 337,970–6.
Stijn Blot, Koenraad Vandewoude, Dirk De Bacquer, dan Francis Colardyn,

Nosocomial Bacteremia Caused by Antibiotic‐Resistant Gram‐Negative

Bacteria in Critically Ill Patients: Clinical Outcome and Length of

Hospitalization, electronically published 23 May 2002.

Stitzel, R. E and C. R. Craig, Moddern Pharmacology, 2005

Silvano Esposito, Sebastiano Leone, Review, Antimicrobial treatment for
Intensive Care Unit (ICU) infections including the role of the infectious
disease specialist, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second University of
Naples, Naples, Italy, Received 24 October 2006; accepted 24 October 2006

Universitas Indonesia
Hubungan antara ..., Siti Fauziyah, FMIPA UI, 2010
 56 
 

Undang-undang Republik Indonesia nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan

Ve´ronique Dubois, et. al., β-Lactam and aminoglycoside resistance rates and
mechanisms among Pseudomonas aeruginosa in French general practice
(community and private healthcare centres), Brig Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy, 2008; 62, 316–323
Vera Vlahovic-Palcevski, miro Morovic, Goron Palsevcki dan Ljiljana Betica-
radic, Antimikrobial utilization and bacterial resistance at three different
hospitals, Eupean Journal of Epidemiology, 2001; 17: 375-383
Victoria J. Fraser Liana R. Merz, David K. Warren, Marin H. Kollef, Scott K.
Fridkin, on Empirical Therapy for Gram-Negative The Impact of an Antibiotic
Cycling Program, Chest 2006;130;1672-1678,
http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/130/6/1672.full.html. Downloaded
from chestjournal.chestpubs.org by guest on May 18, 2010
Wertheimer, A.I dan Santella, T.M. Problems Using the Defined DailyDose
(DDD) as a Statistical Basis for Drug Pricing and Reimbursment. Temple
University. Philadelphia. USA, 2007.
World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics
Methodology. Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment; Oslo:
The Collaborating Centre, 2010.
Wen-Chien Ko, David L. Paterson, Anthanasia J. Sagnimeni, Dennis S. Hansen,
Anne Von Gottberg, Sunita Mohapatra, Jose Maria Casellas, Herman
Goossens, Lutfiye Mulazimoglu, Gordon Trenholme, Keith P. Klugman,
Joseph G. McCormack, and Victor L. Yu Research Community-Acquired
Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia: Global Differences in Clinical Patterns,
Emerging Infectious Diseases, CDC, February 2002, Vol. 8, No. 2.
Yeva Rosana, Budi Riyanto dan Budi Setiawan, Pseudomonas Infections : What
Antibiotics is the Best? , Disampaikan dalam Seminar 8th Jakarta
Antimicrobial Update (JADE) 2007, Jakarta 28-29 April 2007

Universitas Indonesia
Hubungan antara ..., Siti Fauziyah, FMIPA UI, 2010