ch18 (16th)

Revenue Recognition
Questions & Solutions

Intermediate Accounting (16th edition)
Donald E. Kieso
Jerry J. Weygandt
Terry D. Warfield
1032 Chapter 18 Revenue Recognition
33. What qualitative and quantitative disclosures are measures” and some “output measures” that might be
required related to revenue recognition? used to determine the extent of progress.
* 34. What are the two basic methods of accounting for long- * 37. What are the two types of losses that can become evident
term construction contracts? Indicate the circumstances in accounting for long-term contracts? What is the nature
that determine when one or the other of these methods of each type of loss? How is each type accounted for?
should be used. * 38. Why in franchise arrangements may it be improper to
* 35. For what reasons should the percentage-of-completion recognize the entire franchise fee as revenue at the date
method be used over the completed-contract method of sale?
whenever possible? * 39. How should a franchisor account for continuing fran-
* 36. What methods are used in practice to determine the extent chise fees and routine sales of equipment and supplies to
of progress toward completion? Identify some “input franchisees?
BRIEF EXERCISES
BE18-1 (L01) Leno Computers manufactures tablet computers for sale to retailers such as Fallon Electronics. Recently, Leno
sold and delivered 200 tablet computers to Fallon for $20,000 on January 5, 2017. Fallon has agreed to pay for the 200 tablet com-
puters within 30 days. Fallon has a good credit rating and should have no difficulty in making payment to Leno. (a) Explain
whether a valid contract exists between Leno Computers and Fallon Electronics. (b) Assuming that Leno Computers has not yet
delivered the tablet computers to Fallon Electronics, what might cause a valid contract not to exist between Leno and Fallon?
BE18-2 (L01) On May 10, 2017, Cosmo Co. enters into a contract to deliver a product to Greig Inc. on June 15, 2017. Greig
agrees to pay the full contract price of $2,000 on July 15, 2017. The cost of the goods is $1,300. Cosmo delivers the product to
Greig on June 15, 2017, and receives payment on July 15, 2017. Prepare the journal entries for Cosmo related to this contract.
Either party may terminate the contract without compensation until one of the parties performs.
BE18-3 (L02) Hillside Company enters into a contract with Sanchez Inc. to provide a software license and 3 years of customer
support. The customer-support services require specialized knowledge that only Hillside Company’s employees can perform.
How many performance obligations are in the contract?
BE18-4 (L02) Destin Company signs a contract to manufacture a new 3D printer for $80,000. The contract includes installa-
tion which costs $4,000 and a maintenance agreement over the life of the printer at a cost of $10,000. The printer cannot be oper-
ated without the installation. Destin Company as well as other companies could provide the installation and maintenance agree-
ment. What are Destin Company’s performance obligations in this contract?
BE18-5 (L02) Ismail Construction enters into a contract to design and build a hospital. Ismail is responsible for the overall
management of the project and identifies various goods and services to be provided, including engineering, site clearance, foun-
dation, procurement, construction of the structure, piping and wiring, installation of equipment, and finishing. Does Ismail have
a single performance obligation to the customer in this revenue arrangement? Explain.
BE18-6 (L02) Nair Corp. enters into a contract with a customer to build an apartment building for $1,000,000. The customer
hopes to rent apartments at the beginning of the school year and provides a performance bonus of $150,000 to be paid if the
building is ready for rental beginning August 1, 2018. The bonus is reduced by $50,000 each week that completion is delayed.
Nair commonly includes these completion bonuses in its contracts and, based on prior experience, estimates the following
completion outcomes:
Completed by Probability
August 1, 2018 70%
August 8, 2018 20
August 15, 2018 5
After August 15, 2018 5
Determine the transaction price for this contract.

BE18-7 (L02) Referring to the revenue arrangement in BE18-6, determine the transaction price for the contract, assuming
(a) Nair is only able to estimate whether the building can be completed by August 1, 2018, or not (Nair estimates that there is a
70% chance that the building will be completed by August 1, 2018), and (b) Nair has limited information with which to develop
a reliable estimate of completion by the August 1, 2018, deadline.
BE18-8 (L02) Presented below are three revenue recognition situations.
(a) Groupo sells goods to MTN for $1,000,000, payment due at delivery.
(b) Groupo sells goods on account to Grifols for $800,000, payment due in 30 days.
(c) Groupo sells goods to Magnus for $500,000, payment due in two installments, the first installment payable in 18 months
and the second payment due 6 months later. The present value of the future payments is $464,000.
Indicate the transaction price for each of these situations and when revenue will be recognized.
Brief Exercises 1033
BE18-9 (L02) On January 2, 2017, Adani Inc. sells goods to Geo Company in exchange for a zero-interest-bearing note with
face value of $11,000, with payment due in 12 months. The fair value of the goods at the date of sale is $10,000 (cost $6,000).
Prepare the journal entry to record this transaction on January 2, 2017. How much total revenue should be recognized in 2017?
BE18-10 (L02) On March 1, 2017, Parnevik Company sold goods to Goosen Inc. for $660,000 in exchange for a 5-year, zero-
interest-bearing note in the face amount of $1,062,937 (an inputed rate of 10%). The goods have an inventory cost on Parnevik’s
books of $400,000. Prepare the journal entries for Parnevik on (a) March 1, 2017, and (b) December 31, 2017.
BE18-11 (L02,3) Telephone Sellers Inc. sells prepaid telephone cards to customers. Telephone Sellers then pays the telecom-
munications company, TeleExpress, for the actual use of its telephone lines related to the prepaid telephone cards. Assume that
Telephone Sellers sells $4,000 of prepaid cards in January 2017. It then pays TeleExpress based on usage, which turns out to be
50% in February, 30% in March, and 20% in April. The total payment by Telephone Sellers for TeleExpress lines over the 3 months
is $3,000. Indicate how much income Telephone Sellers should recognize in January, February, March, and April.
BE18-12 (L02,3) Manual Company sells goods to Nolan Company during 2017. It offers Nolan the following rebates based
on total sales to Nolan. If total sales to Nolan are 10,000 units, it will grant a rebate of 2%. If it sells up to 20,000 units, it will grant
a rebate of 4%. If it sells up to 30,000 units, it will grant a rebate of 6%. In the first quarter of the year, Manual sells 11,000 units
to Nolan at a sales price of $110,000. Manual, based on past experience, has sold over 40,000 units to Nolan, and these sales nor-
mally take place in the third quarter of the year. What amount of revenue should Manual report for the sale of the 11,000 units
in the first quarter of the year?
BE18-13 (L03) On July 10, 2017, Amodt Music sold CDs to retailers on account and recorded sales revenue of $700,000 (cost
$560,000). Amodt grants the right to return CDs that do not sell in 3 months following delivery. Past experience indicates that
the normal return rate is 15%. By October 11, 2017, retailers returned CDs to Amodt and were granted credit of $78,000. Prepare
Amodt’s journal entries to record (a) the sale on July 10, 2017, and (b) $78,000 of returns on October 11, 2017, and on October 31,
2017. Assume that Amodt prepares financial statement on October 31, 2017.
BE18-14 (L03) Kristin Company sells 300 units of its products for $20 each to Logan Inc. for cash. Kristin allows Logan to
return any unused product within 30 days and receive a full refund. The cost of each product is $12. To determine the transaction
price, Kristin decides that the approach that is most predictive of the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled is the
probability-weighted amount. Using the probability-weighted amount, Kristin estimates that (1) 10 products will be returned
and (2) the returned products are expected to be resold at a profit. Indicate the amount of (a) net sales, (b) estimated liability for
refunds, and (c) cost of goods sold that Kristen should report in its financial statements (assume that none of the products have
been returned at the financial statement date).
BE18-15 (L03) On June 1, 2017, Mills Company sells $200,000 of shelving units to a local retailer, ShopBarb, which is planning
to expand its stores in the area. Under the agreement, ShopBarb asks Mills to retain the shelving units at its factory until the new
stores are ready for installation. Title passes to ShopBarb at the time the agreement is signed. The shelving units are delivered to
the stores on September 1, 2017, and ShopBarb pays in full. Prepare the journal entries for this bill-and-hold arrangement
(assuming that conditions for recognizing the sale as a bill-and-hold sale have been met) for Mills on June 1 and September 1,
2017. The cost of the shelving units to Mills is $110,000.
BE18-16 (L03) Travel Inc. sells tickets for a Caribbean cruise on ShipAway Cruise Lines to Carmel Company employees. The
total cruise package price to Carmel Company employees is $70,000. Travel Inc. receives a commission of 6% of the total price.
Travel Inc. therefore remits $65,800 to ShipAway. Prepare the journal entry to record the remittance and revenue recognized by
Travel Inc. on this transaction.
BE18-17 (L03) Jansen Corporation shipped $20,000 of merchandise on consignment to Gooch Company. Jansen paid freight
costs of $2,000. Gooch Company paid $500 for local advertising, which is reimbursable from Jansen. By year-end, 60% of the
merchandise had been sold for $21,500. Gooch notified Jansen, retained a 10% commission, and remitted the cash due to Jansen.
Prepare Jansen’s journal entry when the cash is received.
BE18-18 (L03) Talarczyk Company sold 10,000 Super-Spreaders on December 31, 2017, at a total price of $1,000,000, with a
warranty guarantee that the product was free of any defects. The cost of the spreaders sold is $550,000. The assurance warranties
extend for a 2-year period and are estimated to cost $40,000. Talarczyk also sold extended warranties (service-type warranties)
related to 2,000 spreaders for 2 years beyond the 2-year period for $12,000. Given this information, determine the amounts to
report for the following at December 31, 2017: sales revenue, warranty expense, unearned warranty revenue, warranty liability,
and cash.
BE18-19 (L04) On May 1, 2017, Mount Company enters into a contract to transfer a product to Eric Company on September
30, 2017. It is agreed that Eric will pay the full price of $25,000 in advance on June 15, 2017. Eric pays on June 15, 2017, and Mount
delivers the product on September 30, 2017. Prepare the journal entries required for Mount in 2017.
BE18-20 (L03) Nate Beggs signs a 1-year contract with BlueBox Video. The terms of the contract are that Nate is required to
pay a nonrefundable initiation fee of $100. No annual membership fee is charged in the first year. After the first year, member-
ship can be renewed by paying an annual membership fee of $5 per month. BlueBox determines that its customers, on average,
renew their annual membership three times after the first year before terminating their membership. What amount of revenue
should BlueBox recognize in its first year?
BE18-21 (L04) Stengel Co. enters into a 3-year contract to perform maintenance service for Laplante Inc. Laplante promises
to pay $100,000 at the beginning of each year (the standalone selling price of the service at contract inception is $100,000 per
year). At the end of the second year, the contract is modified and the fee for the third year of service, which reflects a reduced
menu of maintenance services to be performed at Laplante locations, is reduced to $80,000 (the standalone selling price of the
services at the beginning of the third year is $80,000 per year). Briefly describe the accounting for this contract modification.
* BE18-22 (L05) Turner, Inc. began work on a $7,000,000 contract in 2017 to construct an office building. During 2017, Turner,
Inc. incurred costs of $1,700,000, billed its customers for $1,200,000, and collected $960,000. At December 31, 2017, the esti-
mated additional costs to complete the project total $3,300,000. Prepare Turner’s 2017 journal entries using the percentage-of-
completion method.
* BE18-23 (L06) Guillen, Inc. began work on a $7,000,000 contract in 2017 to construct an office building. Guillen uses the
completed-contract method. At December 31, 2017, the balances in certain accounts were Construction in Process $1,715,000,
Accounts Receivable $240,000, and Billings on Construction in Process $1,000,000. Indicate how these accounts would be
reported in Guillen’s December 31, 2017, balance sheet.
* BE18-24 (L07) Archer Construction Company began work on a $420,000 construction contract in 2017. During 2017, Archer
incurred costs of $278,000, billed its customer for $215,000, and collected $175,000. At December 31, 2017, the estimated addi-
tional costs to complete the project total $162,000. Prepare Archer’s journal entry to record profit or loss, if any, using (a) the
percentage-of-completion method and (b) the completed-contract method.
* BE18-25 (L08) Frozen Delight, Inc. charges an initial franchise fee of $75,000 for the right to operate as a franchisee of Frozen
Delight. Of this amount, $25,000 is collected immediately. The remainder is collected in four equal annual installments of $12,500
each. These installments have a present value of $41,402. As part of the total franchise fee, Frozen Delight also provides training
(with a fair value of $2,000) to help franchisees get the store ready to open. The franchise agreement is signed on April 1, 2017,
training is completed, and the store opens on July 1, 2017. Prepare the journal entries required by Frozen Delight in 2017.
EXERCISES
E18-1 (LO1) (Fundamentals of Revenue Recognition) Presented below are five different situations. Provide an answer to
each of these questions.
1. The Kawaski Jeep dealership sells both new and used Jeeps. Some of the Jeeps are used for demonstration purposes; after 6
months, these Jeeps are then sold as used vehicles. Should Kawaski Jeep record these sales of used Jeeps as revenue or as a gain?
2. One of the main indicators of whether control has passed to the customer is whether revenue has been earned. Is this state-
ment correct?
3. One of the five steps in determining whether revenue should be recognized is whether the sale has been realized. Do you
agree?
4. One of the criteria that contracts must meet to apply the revenue standard is that collectibility of the sales price must be
reasonably possible. Is this correct?
5. Many believe the distinction between revenue and gains is important in the financial statements. Given that both revenues
and gains increase net income, why is the distinction important?
E18-2 (LO1) (Fundamentals of Revenue Recognition) Respond to the questions related to the following statements.
1. A wholly unperformed contract is one in which the company has neither transferred the promised goods or services to the
customer nor received, or become entitled to receive, any consideration. Why are these contracts not recorded in the
accounts?
2. Performance obligations are the unit of account for purposes of applying the revenue recognition standard and therefore
determine when and how revenue is recognized. Is this statement correct?
3. Elaina Company contracts with a customer and provides the customer with an option to purchase additional goods for
free or at a discount. Should Elaina Company account for this option?
4. The transaction price is generally not adjusted to reflect the customer’s credit risk, meaning the risk that the customer will
not pay the amount to which the entity is entitled to under the contract. Comment on this statement.
E18-3 (LO1,2) (Existence of a Contract) On May 1, 2017, Richardson Inc. entered into a contract to deliver one of its specialty
mowers to Kickapoo Landscaping Co. The contract requires Kickapoo to pay the contract price of $900 in advance on May 15,
2017. Kickapoo pays Richardson on May 15, 2017, and Richardson delivers the mower (with cost of $575) on May 31, 2017.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry on May 1, 2017, for Richardson.
(b) Prepare the journal entry on May 15, 2017, for Richardson.
(c) Prepare the journal entry on May 31, 2017, for Richardson.
Exercises 1035
E18-4 (LO2) (Determine Transaction Price) Jupiter Company sells goods to Danone Inc. by accepting a note receivable on
January 2, 2017. The goods have a sales price of $610,000 (cost of $500,000). The terms are net 30. If Danone pays within 5 days,
however, it receives a cash discount of $10,000. Past history indicates that the cash discount will be taken. On January 28, 2017,
Danone makes payment to Jupiter for the full sales price.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry(ies) to record the sale and related cost of goods sold for Jupiter Company on January 2, 2017,
and the payment on January 28, 2017. Assume that Jupiter Company records the January 2, 2017, transaction using the
net method.
(b) Prepare the journal entry(ies) to record the sale and related cost of goods sold for Jupiter Company on January 2, 2017,
and the payment on January 28, 2017. Assume that Jupiter Company records the January 2, 2017, transaction using the
gross method.
E18-5 (LO2) (Determine Transaction Price) Jeff Heun, president of Concrete Always, agrees to construct a concrete cart
path at Dakota Golf Club. Concrete Always enters into a contract with Dakota to construct the path for $200,000. In addition,
as part of the contract, a performance bonus of $40,000 will be paid based on the timing of completion. The performance
bonus will be paid fully if completed by the agreed-upon date. The performance bonus decreases by $10,000 per week for
every week beyond the agreed-upon completion date. Jeff has been involved in a number of contracts that had performance
bonuses as part of the agreement in the past. As a result, he is fairly confident that he will receive a good portion of the per-
formance bonus. Jeff estimates, given the constraints of his schedule related to other jobs , that there is 55% probability that
he will complete the project on time, a 30% probability that he will be 1 week late, and a 15% probability that he will be 2
weeks late.
Instructions
(a) Determine the transaction price that Concrete Always should compute for this agreement.
(b) Assume that Jeff Heun has reviewed his work schedule and decided that it makes sense to complete this project on
time. Assuming that he now believes that the probability for completing the project on time is 90% and otherwise it will
be finished 1 week late, determine the transaction price.
E18-6 (LO2) (Determine Transaction Price) Bill Amends, owner of Real Estate Inc., buys and sells commercial properties.
Recently, he sold land for $3,000,000 to the Blackhawk Group, a developer that plans to build a new shopping mall. In addi-
tion to the $3,000,000 sales price, Blackhawk Group agrees to pay Real Estate Inc. 1% of the retail sales of the mall for 10
years. Blackhawk estimates that retail sales in a typical mall project is $1,000,000 a year. Given the substantial increase in
online sales that are occurring in the retail market, Bill had originally indicated that he would prefer a higher price for the
land instead of the 1% royalty arrangement and suggested a price of $3,250,000. However, Blackhawk would not agree to
those terms.
Instructions
What is the transaction price for the land and related royalty payment that Real Estate Inc. should record?
E18-7 (LO2) (Determine Transaction Price) Blair Biotech enters into a licensing agreement with Pang Pharmaceutical for
a drug under development. Blair will receive a payment of $10,000,000 if the drug receives regulatory approval. Based on
prior experience in the drug-approval process, Blair determines it is 90% likely that the drug will gain approval and a 10%
chance of denial.
Instructions
(a) Determine the transaction price of the arrangement for Blair Biotech.
(b) Assuming that regulatory approval was granted on December 20, 2017, and that Blair received the payment from
Pang on January 15, 2018, prepare the journal entries for Blair. The license meets the criteria for point-in-time revenue
recognition.
E18-8 (LO2,3) (Determine Transaction Price) Aaron’s Agency sells an insurance policy offered by Capital Insurance
Company for a commission of $100 on January 2, 2017. In addition, Aaron will receive an additional commission of $10
each year for as long as the policyholder does not cancel the policy. After selling the policy, Aaron does not have any
remaining performance obligations. Based on Aaron’s significant experience with these types of policies, it estimates that
policyholders on average renew the policy for 4.5 years. It has no evidence to suggest that previous policyholder behavior
will change.
Instructions
(a) Determine the transaction price of the arrangement for Aaron, assuming 100 policies are sold.
(b) Determine the revenue that Aaron will recognize in 2017.
E18-9 (LO2,3) (Determine Transaction Price) Taylor Marina has 300 available slips that rent for $800 per season. Pay-
ments must be made in full by the start of the boating season, April 1, 2018. The boating season ends October 31, and the
marina has a December 31 year-end. Slips for future seasons may be reserved if paid for by December 31, 2018. Under a new
policy, if payment for 2019 season slips is made by December 31, 2018, a 5% discount is allowed. If payment for 2020 season
slips is made by December 31, 2018, renters get a 20% discount (this promotion hopefully will provide cash flow for major
dock repairs).
On December 31, 2017, all 300 slips for the 2018 season were rented at full price. On December 31, 2018, 200 slips were
reserved and paid for the 2019 boating season, and 60 slips were reserved and paid for the 2020 boating season.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the appropriate journal entries for December 31, 2017, and December 31, 2018.
(b) Assume the marina operator is unsophisticated in business. Explain the managerial significance of the above account-
ing to this person.
E18-10 (LO2,3) (Allocate Transaction Price) Geraths Windows manufactures and sells custom storm windows for three-
season porches. Geraths also provides installation service for the windows. The installation process does not involve
changes in the windows, so this service can be performed by other vendors. Geraths enters into the following contract on
July 1, 2017, with a local homeowner. The customer purchases windows for a price of $2,400 and chooses Geraths to do
the installation. Geraths charges the same price for the windows irrespective of whether it does the installation or not. The
installation service is estimated to have a standalone selling price of $600. The customer pays Geraths $2,000 (which
equals the standalone selling price of the windows, which have a cost of $1,100) upon delivery and the remaining balance
upon installation of the windows. The windows are delivered on September 1, 2017, Geraths completes installation on
October 15, 2017, and the customer pays the balance due. Prepare the journal entries for Geraths in 2017. (Round amounts
to nearest dollar.)
E18-11 (LO2,3) (Allocate Transaction Price) Refer to the revenue arrangement in E18-10. Repeat the requirements, assum-
ing (a) Geraths estimates the standalone selling price of the installation based on an estimated cost of $400 plus a margin of 20%
on cost, and (b) given uncertainty of finding skilled labor, Geraths is unable to develop a reliable estimate for the standalone
selling price of the installation. (Round amounts to nearest dollar.)
E18-12 (LO3) (Allocate Transaction Price) Shaw Company sells goods that cost $300,000 to Ricard Company for $410,000 on
January 2, 2017. The sales price includes an installation fee, which has a standalone selling price of $40,000. The standalone sell-
ing price of the goods is $370,000. The installation is considered a separate performance obligation and is expected to take
6 months to complete.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries (if any) to record the sale on January 2, 2017.
(b) Shaw prepares an income statement for the first quarter of 2017, ending on March 31, 2017 (installation was completed
on June 18, 2017). How much revenue should Shaw recognize related to its sale to Ricard?
E18-13 (LO3) (Allocate Transaction Price) Crankshaft Company manufactures equipment. Crankshaft’s products range
from simple automated machinery to complex systems containing numerous components. Unit selling prices range from
$200,000 to $1,500,000 and are quoted inclusive of installation. The installation process does not involve changes to the features
of the equipment and does not require proprietary information about the equipment in order for the installed equipment to
perform to specifications. Crankshaft has the following arrangement with Winkerbean Inc.
• Winkerbean purchases equipment from Crankshaft for a price of $1,000,000 and contracts with Crankshaft to install the
equipment. Crankshaft charges the same price for the equipment irrespective of whether it does the installation or not.
Using market data, Crankshaft determines installation service is estimated to have a standalone selling price of $50,000.
The cost of the equipment is $600,000.
• Winkerbean is obligated to pay Crankshaft the $1,000,000 upon the delivery and installation of the equipment.
Crankshaft delivers the equipment on June 1, 2017, and completes the installation of the equipment on September 30, 2017. The
equipment has a useful life of 10 years. Assume that the equipment and the installation are two distinct performance obligations
which should be accounted for separately.
Instructions
(a) How should the transaction price of $1,000,000 be allocated among the service obligations?
(b) Prepare the journal entries for Crankshaft for this revenue arrangement on June 1, 2017 and September 30, 2017, assum-
ing Crankshaft receives payment when installation is completed.
Exercises 1037
E18-14 (LO3) (Allocate Transaction Price) Refer to the revenue arrangement in E18-13.
Instructions
Repeat requirements (a) and (b) assuming Crankshaft does not have market data with which to determine the standalone selling
price of the installation services. As a result, an expected cost plus margin approach is used. The cost of installation is $36,000;
Crankshaft prices these services with a 25% margin relative to cost.
E18-15 (LO3) (Allocate Transaction Price) Appliance Center is an experienced home appliance dealer. Appliance Center
also offers a number of services for the home appliances that it sells. Assume that Appliance Center sells ovens on a standalone
basis. Appliance Center also sells installation services and maintenance services for ovens. However, Appliance Center does not
offer installation or maintenance services to customers who buy ovens from other vendors. Pricing for ovens is as follows.
Oven only $ 800
Oven with installation service 850
Oven with maintenance services 975
Oven with installation and maintenance services 1,000
In each instance in which maintenance services are provided, the maintenance service is separately priced within the
arrangement at $175. Additionally, the incremental amount charged by Appliance Center for installation approximates the
amount charged by independent third parties. Ovens are sold subject to a general right of return. If a customer purchases an
oven with installation and/or maintenance services, in the event Appliance Center does not complete the service satisfactorily,
the customer is only entitled to a refund of the portion of the fee that exceeds $800.
Instructions
(a) Assume that a customer purchases an oven with both installation and maintenance services for $1,000. Based on its
experience, Appliance Center believes that it is probable that the installation of the equipment will be performed satis-
factorily to the customer. Assume that the maintenance services are priced separately (i.e., the three components are
distinct). Identify the separate performance obligations related to the Appliance Center revenue arrangement.
(b) Indicate the amount of revenue that should be allocated to the oven, the installation, and to the maintenance contract.
E18-16 (LO3) EXCEL (Sales with Returns) On March 10, 2017, Steele Company sold to Barr Hardware 200 tool sets at a price
of $50 each (cost $30 per set) with terms of n/60, f.o.b. shipping point. Steele allows Barr to return any unused tool sets within
60 days of purchase. Steele estimates that (1) 10 sets will be returned, (2) the cost of recovering the products will be immaterial,
and (3) the returned tools sets can be resold at a profit. On March 25, 2017, Barr returned six tool sets and received a credit to its
account.
Instructions
(a) Prepare journal entries for Steele to record (1) the sale on March 10, 2017, (2) the return on March 25, 2017, and (c) any
adjusting entries required on March 31, 2017 (when Steele prepares financial statements). Steele believes the original
estimate of returns is correct.
(b) Indicate the income statement and balance sheet reporting by Steele at March 31, 2017, of the information related to the
Barr sales transaction.
E18-17 (LO3) EXCEL (Sales with Returns) Refer to the revenue arrangement in E18-16. Assume that instead of selling the
tool sets on credit, that Steele sold them for cash.
Instructions
(a) Prepare journal entries for Steele to record (1) the sale on March 10, 2017, (2) the return on March 25, 2017, and (c) any
adjusting entries required on March 31, 2017 (when Steele prepares financial statements). Steele believes the original
estimate of returns is correct.
(b) Indicate the income statement and balance sheet reporting by Steele at March 31, 2017, of the information related to the
Barr sale.
E18-18 (LO3) EXCEL (Sales with Allowances) On October 2, 2017, Laplante Company sold $6,000 of its elite camping gear
(with a cost of $3,600) to Lynch Outfitters. As part of the sales agreement, Laplante includes a provision that if Lynch is dissatis-
fied with the product, Laplante will grant an allowance on the sales price or agree to take the product back (although returns are
rare, given the long-term relationship between Laplante and Lynch). Lynch expects total allowances to Lynch to be $800. On
October 16, 2017, Laplante grants an allowance of $400 to Lynch because the color for some of the items delivered was a bit dif-
ferent than what appeared in the catalog.
Instructions
(a) Prepare journal entries for Laplante to record (1) the sale on October 2, 2017, (2) the granting of the allowance on
October 16, 2017, and, (c) any adjusting required on October 31, 2017 (when Laplante prepares financial statements).
Laplante now estimates additional allowances of $250 will be granted to Lynch in the future.
(b) Indicate the income statement and balance sheet reporting by Laplante at October 31, 2017, of the information related
to the Lynch transaction.
E18-19 (LO3) EXCEL (Sales with Returns) On June 3, 2017, Hunt Company sold to Ann Mount merchandise having a sales
price of $8,000 (cost $6,000) with terms of n/60, f.o.b. shipping point. Hunt estimates that merchandise with a sales value of $800
will be returned. An invoice totaling $120 was received by Mount on June 8 from Olympic Transport Service for the freight cost.
Upon receipt of the goods, on June 8, Mount returned to Hunt $300 of merchandise containing flaws. Hunt estimates the returned
items are expected to be resold at a profit. The freight on the returned merchandise was $24, paid by Hunt on June 8. On July 16,
the company received a check for the balance due from Mount.
Instructions
Prepare journal entries for Hunt Company to record all the events in June and July.
E18-20 (LO3) (Sales with Returns) Organic Growth Company is presently testing a number of new agricultural seeds that it
has recently harvested. To stimulate interest, it has decided to grant to five of its largest customers the unconditional right of
return to these products if not fully satisfied. The right of return extends for 4 months. Organic Growth estimates returns of 20%.
Organic Growth sells these seeds on account for $1,500,000 (cost $750,000) on January 2, 2017. Customers are required to pay the
full amount due by March 15, 2017.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry for Organic Growth at January 2, 2017.
(b) Assume that one customer returns the seeds on March 1, 2017, due to unsatisfactory performance. Prepare the journal
entry to record this transaction, assuming this customer purchased $100,000 of seeds from Organic Growth.
(c) Assume Organic Growth prepares financial statements quarterly. Prepare the necessary entries (if any) to adjust Organic
Growth’s financial results for the above transactions on March 31, 2017, assuming remaining expected returns of
$200,000.
E18-21 (LO3) (Sales with Returns) Uddin Publishing Co. publishes college textbooks that are sold to bookstores on the fol-
lowing terms. Each title has a fixed wholesale price, terms f.o.b. shipping point, and payment is due 60 days after shipment. The
retailer may return a maximum of 30% of an order at the retailer’s expense. Sales are made only to retailers who have good credit
ratings. Past experience indicates that the normal return rate is 12%. The costs of recovery are expected to be immaterial, and the
textbooks are expected to be resold at a profit.
Instructions
(a) Identify the revenue recognition criteria that Uddin could employ concerning textbook sales.
(b) Briefly discuss the reasoning for your answers in (a) above.
(c) On July 1, 2017, Uddin shipped books invoiced at $15,000,000 (cost $12,000,000). Prepare the journal entry to record this
transaction.
(d) On October 3, 2017, $1.5 million of the invoiced July sales were returned according to the return policy, and the remain-
ing $13.5 million was paid. Prepare the journal entries for the return and payment.
(e) Assume Uddin prepares financial statements on October 31, 2017, the close of the fiscal year. No other returns are
anticipated. Indicate the amounts reported on the income statement and balance related to the above transactions.
E18-22 (LO3) (Sales with Repurchase) Cramer Corp. sells idle machinery to Enyart Company on July 1, 2017, for $40,000.
Cramer agrees to repurchase this equipment from Enyart on June 30, 2018, for a price of $42,400 (an imputed interest rate of 6%).
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry for Cramer for the transfer of the asset to Enyart on July 1, 2017.
(b) Prepare any other necessary journal entries for Cramer in 2017.
(c) Prepare the journal entry for Cramer when the machinery is repurchased on June 30, 2018.
E18-23 (LO3) (Repurchase Agreement) Zagat Inc. enters into an agreement on March 1, 2017, to sell Werner Metal Company
aluminum ingots. As part of the agreement, Zagat also agrees to repurchase the ingots on May 1, 2017, at the original sales price
of $200,000 plus 2%.
Instructions
(a) Prepare Zagat’s journal entry necessary on March 1, 2017.
(b) Prepare Zagat’s journal entry for the repurchase of the ingots on May 1, 2017.
E18-24 (LO3) (Bill and Hold) Wood-Mode Company is involved in the design, manufacture, and installation of various
types of wood products for large construction projects. Wood-Mode recently completed a large contract for Stadium Inc., which
Exercises 1039
consisted of building 35 different types of concession counters for a new soccer arena under construction. The terms of the con-
tract are that upon completion of the counters, Stadium would pay $2,000,000. Unfortunately, due to the depressed economy, the
completion of the new soccer arena is now delayed. Stadium has therefore asked Wood-Mode to hold the counters for
2 months at its manufacturing plant until the arena is completed. Stadium acknowledges in writing that it ordered the counters
and that they now have ownership. The time that Wood-Mode Company must hold the counters is totally dependent on when
the arena is completed. Because Wood-Mode has not received additional progress payments for the counters due to the delay,
Stadium has provided a deposit of $300,000.
Instructions
(a) Explain this type of revenue recognition transaction.
(b) What factors should be considered in determining when to recognize revenue in this transaction?
(c) Prepare the journal entry(ies) that Wood-Mode should make, assuming it signed a valid sales contract to sell the coun-
ters and received at the time the $300,000 deposit.
E18-25 (LO3) (Consignment Sales) On May 3, 2017, Eisler Company consigned 80 freezers, costing $500 each, to Remmers
Company. The cost of shipping the freezers amounted to $840 and was paid by Eisler Company. On December 30, 2017, a report
was received from the consignee, indicating that 40 freezers had been sold for $750 each. Remittance was made by the con-
signee for the amount due after deducting a commission of 6%, advertising of $200, and total installation costs of $320 on the
freezers sold.
Instructions
(a) Compute the inventory value of the units unsold in the hands of the consignee.
(b) Compute the profit for the consignor for the units sold.
(c) Compute the amount of cash that will be remitted by the consignee.
E18-26 (LO3) (Warranty Arrangement) On January 2, 2017, Grando Company sells production equipment to Fargo Inc. for
$50,000. Grando includes a 2-year assurance warranty service with the sale of all its equipment. The customer receives and pays
for the equipment on January 2, 2017. During 2017, Grando incurs costs related to warranties of $900. At December 31, 2017,
Grando estimates that $650 of warranty costs will be incurred in the second year of the warranty.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry to record this transaction on January 2, 2017, and on December 31, 2017 (assuming financial
statements are prepared on December 31, 2017).
(b) Repeat the requirements for (a), assuming that in addition to the assurance warranty, Grando sold an extended war-
ranty (service-type warranty) for an additional 2 years (2019–2020) for $800.
E18-27 (LO3) (Warranties) Celic Inc. manufactures and sells computers that include an assurance-type warranty for
the first 90 days. Celic offers an optional extended coverage plan under which it will repair or replace any defective part
for 3 years from the expiration of the assurance-type warranty. Because the optional extended coverage plan is sold sepa-
rately, Celic determines that the 3 years of extended coverage represents a separate performance obligation. The total
transaction price for the sale of a computer and the extended warranty is $3,600 on October 1, 2017, and Celic determines
the standalone selling price of each is $3,200 and $400, respectively. Further, Celic estimates, based on historical experi-
ence, it will incur $200 in costs to repair defects that arise within the 90-day coverage period for the assurance-type war-
ranty. The cost of the equipment is $1,440. Assume that the $200 in costs to repair defects in the computers occurred on
October 25, 2017.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry(ies) to record the October transactions related to sale of the computers.
(b) Briefly describe the accounting for the service-type warranty after the 90-day assurance-type warranty period.
E18-28 (LO4) (Existence of a Contract) On January 1, 2017, Gordon Co. enters into a contract to sell a customer a wiring base
and shelving unit that sits on the base in exchange for $3,000. The contract requires delivery of the base first but states that pay-
ment for the base will not be made until the shelving unit is delivered. Gordon identifies two performance obligations and
allocates $1,200 of the transaction price to the wiring base and the remainder to the shelving unit. The cost of the wiring base is
$700; the shelves have a cost of $320.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry on January 1, 2017, for Gordon.
(b) Prepare the journal entry on February 5, 2017, for Gordon when the wiring base is delivered to the customer.
(c) Prepare the journal entry on February 25, 2017, for Gordon when the shelving unit is delivered to the customer and
Gordon receives full payment.
E18-29 (LO4) (Contract Modification) In September 2017, Gaertner Corp. commits to selling 150 of its iPhone-compatible
docking stations to Better Buy Co. for $15,000 ($100 per product). The stations are delivered to Better Buy over the next 6 months.
After 90 stations are delivered, the contract is modified and Gaertner promises to deliver an additional 45 products for an addi-
tional $4,275 ($95 per station). All sales are cash on delivery.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry for Gaertner for the sale of the first 90 stations. The cost of each station is $54.
(b) Prepare the journal entry for the sale of 10 more stations after the contract modification, assuming that the price for the
additional stations reflects the standalone selling price at the time of the contract modification. In addition, the addi-
tional stations are distinct from the original products as Gaertner regularly sells the products separately.
(c) Prepare the journal entry for the sale of 10 more stations (as in (b)), assuming that the pricing for the additional products
does not reflect the standalone selling price of the additional products and the prospective method is used.
E18-30 (LO4) (Contract Modification) Tyler Financial Services performs bookkeeping and tax-reporting services to startup
companies in the Oconomowoc area. On January 1, 2017, Tyler entered into a 3-year service contract with Walleye Tech. Walleye
promises to pay $10,000 at the beginning of each year, which at contract inception is the standalone selling price for these ser-
vices. At the end of the second year, the contract is modified and the fee for the third year of services is reduced to $8,000. In
addition, Walleye agrees to pay an additional $20,000 at the beginning of the third year to cover the contract for 3 additional
years (i.e., 4 years remain after the modification). The extended contract services are similar to those provided in the first 2 years
of the contract.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries for Tyler in 2017 and 2018 related to this service contract.
(b) Prepare the journal entries for Tyler in 2019 related to the modified service contract, assuming a prospective
approach.
(c) Repeat the requirements for part (b), assuming Tyler and Walleye agree on a revised set of services (fewer bookkeeping
services but more tax services) in the extended contract period and the modification results in a separate performance
obligation.
E18-31 (LO4) (Contract Costs) Rex’s Reclaimers entered into a contract with Dan’s Demolition to manage the processing of
recycled materials on Dan’s various demolition projects. Services for the 3-year contract include collecting, sorting, and trans-
porting reclaimed materials to recycling centers or contractors who will reuse them. Rex’s incurs selling commission costs of
$2,000 to obtain the contract. Before performing the services, Rex’s also designs and builds receptacles and loading equipment
that interfaces with Dan’s demolition equipment at a cost of $27,000. These receptacles and equipment are retained by Rex’s and
can be used for other projects. Dan’s promises to pay a fixed fee of $12,000 per year, payable every 6 months for the services
under the contract. Rex’s incurs the following costs: design services for the receptacles to interface with Dan’s equipment $3,000,
loading equipment controllers $6,000, and special testing and OSHA inspection fees $2,000 (some of Dan’s projects are on gov-
ernment property).
Instructions
(a) Determine the costs that should be capitalized as part of Rex’s Reclaimers revenue arrangement with Dan’s
Demolition.
(b) Dan’s also expects to incur general and administrative costs related to this contract, as well as costs of wasted materials
and labor that likely cannot be factored into the contract price. Can these costs be capitalized? Explain.
E18-32 (LO4) (Contract Costs, Collectibility) Refer to the information in E18-31.
Instructions
(a) Does the accounting for capitalized costs change if the contract is for 1 year rather than 3 years? Explain.
(b) Dan’s Demolition is a startup company; as a result, there is more than insignificant uncertainty about Dan’s ability to
make the 6-month payments on time. Does this uncertainty affect the amount of revenue to be recognized under the
contract? Explain.
*E18-33 (LO5,6) (Recognition of Profit on Long-Term Contracts) During 2017, Nilsen Company started a construction job
with a contract price of $1,600,000. The job was completed in 2019. The following information is available.
Problems 1041
2017 2018 2019

Costs incurred to date $400,000 $825,000 $1,070,000
Estimated costs to complete 600,000 275,000 –0–
Billings to date 300,000 900,000 1,600,000
Collections to date 270,000 810,000 1,425,000
Instructions
(a) Compute the amount of gross profit to be recognized each year, assuming the percentage-of-completion method is
used.
(b) Prepare all necessary journal entries for 2018.
(c) Compute the amount of gross profit to be recognized each year, assuming the completed-contract method is used.
*E18-34 (LO5) (Analysis of Percentage-of-Completion Financial Statements) In 2017, Steinrotter Construction Corp. began
construction work under a 3-year contract. The contract price was $1,000,000. Steinrotter uses the percentage-of-completion
method for financial accounting purposes. The income to be recognized each year is based on the proportion of cost incurred to
total estimated costs for completing the contract. The financial statement presentations relating to this contract at December 31,
2017, are shown below.
Balance Sheet
Accounts receivable $18,000
Construction in process $65,000
Less: Billings 61,500
Costs and recognized proft in excess of billings 3,500
Income Statement
Income (before tax) on the contract recognized in 2017 $19,500
Instructions
(a) How much cash was collected in 2017 on this contract?
(b) What was the initial estimated total income before tax on this contract?
(AICPA adapted)
*E18-35 (LO5) EXCEL (Gross Profit on Uncompleted Contract) On April 1, 2017, Dougherty Inc. entered into a cost plus
fixed fee contract to construct an electric generator for Altom Corporation. At the contract date, Dougherty estimated that it
would take 2 years to complete the project at a cost of $2,000,000. The fixed fee stipulated in the contract is $450,000. Dougherty
appropriately accounts for this contract under the percentage-of-completion method. During 2017, Dougherty incurred costs of
$800,000 related to the project. The estimated cost at December 31, 2017, to complete the contract is $1,200,000. Altom was billed
$600,000 under the contract.
Instructions
Prepare a schedule to compute the amount of gross profit to be recognized by Dougherty under the contract for the year ended
December 31, 2017. Show supporting computations in good form.
(AICPA adapted)
*E18-36 (LO5,6) (Recognition of Revenue on Long-Term Contract and Entries) Hamilton Construction Company uses the
percentage-of-completion method of accounting. In 2017, Hamilton began work under contract #E2-D2, which provided for a
contract price of $2,200,000. Other details follow:
2017 2018
Costs incurred during the year $640,000 $1,425,000
Estimated costs to complete, as of December 31 960,000 –0–
Billings during the year 420,000 1,680,000
Collections during the year 350,000 1,500,000
Instructions
(a) What portion of the total contract price would be recognized as revenue in 2017? In 2018?
(b) Assuming the same facts as those above except that Hamilton uses the completed-contract method of accounting, what
portion of the total contract price would be recognized as revenue in 2018?
(c) Prepare a complete set of journal entries for 2017 (using the percentage-of-completion method).
*E18-37 (LO5,6) (Recognition of Profit and Balance Sheet Amounts for Long-Term Contracts) Yanmei Construction Com-
pany began operations on January 1, 2017. During the year, Yanmei Construction entered into a contract with Lundquist Corp.
to construct a manufacturing facility. At that time, Yanmei estimated that it would take 5 years to complete the facility at a total
cost of $4,500,000. The total contract price for construction of the facility is $6,000,000. During the year, Yanmei incurred $1,185,800
in construction costs related to the construction project. The estimated cost to complete the contract is $4,204,200. Lundquist
Corp. was billed and paid 25% of the contract price.
Instructions
Prepare schedules to compute the amount of gross profit to be recognized for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the amount
to be shown as “costs and recognized profit in excess of billings” or “billings in excess of costs and recognized profit” at Decem-
ber 31, 2017, under each of the following methods. Show supporting computations in good form.
(a) Completed-contract method.
(b) Percentage-of-completion method.
(AICPA adapted)
*E18-38 (LO8) (Franchise Entries) Pacific Crossburgers Inc. charges an initial franchise fee of $70,000. Upon the signing of the
agreement (which covers 3 years), a payment of $28,000 is due. Thereafter, three annual payments of $14,000 are required. The
credit rating of the franchisee is such that it would have to pay interest at 10% to borrow money. The franchise agreement is
signed on May 1, 2017, and the franchise commences operation on July 1, 2017.
Instructions
Prepare the journal entries in 2017 for the franchisor under the following assumptions. (Round to the nearest dollar.)
(a) No future services are required by the franchisor once the franchise starts operations.
(b) The franchisor has substantial services to perform, once the franchise begins operations, to maintain the value of the
franchise.
(c) The total franchise fee includes training services (with a value of $2,400) for the period leading up to the franchise open-
ing and for 2 months following opening.
*E18-39 (LO8) (Franchise Fee, Initial Down Payment) On January 1, 2017, Lesley Benjamin signed an agreement, covering
5 years, to operate as a franchisee of Campbell Inc. for an initial franchise fee of $50,000. The amount of $10,000 was paid when
the agreement was signed, and the balance is payable in five annual payments of $8,000 each, beginning January 1, 2018. The
agreement provides that the down payment is nonrefundable and that no future services are required of the franchisor once the
franchise commences operations on April 1, 2017. Lesley Benjamin’s credit rating indicates that she can borrow money at 11%
for a loan of this type.
Instructions
(a) Prepare journal entries for Campbell for 2017-related revenue for this franchise arrangement.
(b) Prepare journal entries for Campbell for 2017-related revenue for this franchise arrangement, assuming that in addition
to the franchise rights, Campbell also provides 1 year of operational consulting and training services, beginning on the
signing date. These services have a value of $3,600.
(c) Repeat the requirements for part (a), assuming that Campbell must provide services to Benjamin throughout the fran-
chise period to maintain the franchise value.
PROBLEMS
P18-1 (LO2,3) (Allocate Transaction Price, Upfront Fees) Tablet Tailors sells tablet PCs combined with Internet service, which
permits the tablet to connect to the Internet anywhere and set up a Wi-Fi hot spot. It offers two bundles with the following terms.
1. Tablet Bundle A sells a tablet with 3 years of Internet service. The price for the tablet and a 3-year Internet connection
service contract is $500. The standalone selling price of the tablet is $250 (the cost to Tablet Tailors is $175). Tablet Tailors
sells the Internet access service independently for an upfront payment of $300. On January 2, 2017, Tablet Tailors signed
100 contracts, receiving a total of $50,000 in cash.
2. Tablet Bundle B includes the tablet and Internet service plus a service plan for the tablet PC (for any repairs or upgrades
to the tablet or the Internet connections) during the 3-year contract period. That product bundle sells for $600. Tablet
Tailors provides the 3-year tablet service plan as a separate product with a standalone selling price of $150. Tablet Tailors
signed 200 contracts for Tablet Bundle B on July 1, 2017, receiving a total of $120,000 in cash.
Instructions
(a) Prepare any journal entries to record the revenue arrangement for Tablet Bundle A on January 2, 2017, and December
31, 2017.
(b) Prepare any journal entries to record the revenue arrangement for Tablet Bundle B on July 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017.
(c) Repeat the requirements for part (a), assuming that Tablet Tailors has no reliable data with which to estimate the stand-
alone selling price for the Internet service.
Problems 1043
P18-2 (LO2,3,4) (Allocate Transaction Price, Modification of Contract) Refer to the Tablet Bundle A revenue arrangement
in P18-1. In response to competitive pressure for Internet access for Tablet Bundle A, after 2 years of the 3-year contract, Tablet
Tailors offers a modified contract and extension incentive. The extended contract services are similar to those provided in the
first 2 years of the contract. Signing the extension and paying $90 (which equals the standalone selling of the revised Internet
service package) extends access for 2 more years of Internet connection. Forty Tablet Bundle A customers sign up for this offer.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries when the contract is signed on January 2, 2019, for the 40 extended contracts. Assume the
modification does not result in a separate performance obligation.
(b) Prepare the journal entries on December 31, 2019, for the 40 extended contracts (the first year of the revised 3-year
contract).
P18-3 (LO2,3,4) (Allocate Transaction Price, Discounts, Time Value) Grill Master Company sells total outdoor grilling
solutions, providing gas and charcoal grills, accessories, and installation services for custom patio grilling stations.
Instructions
Respond to the requirements related to the following independent revenue arrangements for Grill Master products and services.
(a) Grill Master offers contract GM205, which is comprised of a free-standing gas grill for small patio use plus installation
to a customer’s gas line for a total price $800. On a standalone basis, the grill sells for $700 (cost $425), and Grill Master
estimates that the standalone selling price of the installation service (based on cost-plus estimation) is $150. (The selling
of the grill and the installation services should be considered two performance obligations.) Grill Master signed 10
GM205 contracts on April 20, 2017, and customers paid the contract price in cash. The grills were delivered and installed
on May 15, 2017. Prepare journal entries for Grill Master for GM205 in April and May 2017.
(b) The State of Kentucky is planning major renovations in its parks during 2017 and enters into a contract with Grill
Master to purchase 400 durable, easy maintenance, standard charcoal grills during 2017. The grills are priced at $200
each (with a cost of $160 each), and Grill Master provides a 6% volume discount if Kentucky purchases at least 300
grills during 2017. On April 17, 2017, Grill Master delivered and received payment for 280 grills. Based on prior expe-
rience with the State of Kentucky renovation projects, the delivery of this many grills makes it certain that Kentucky
will meet the discount threshold. Prepare the journal entries for Grill Master for grills sold on April 17, 2017. Assume
the company records sales transaction net.
(c) Grill Master sells its specialty combination gas/wood-fired grills to local restaurants. Each grill is sold for $1,000 (cost $550) on
credit with terms 3/30, net/90. Prepare the journal entries for the sale of 20 grills on September 1, 2017, and upon payment,
assuming the customer paid on (1) September 25, 2017, and (2) October 15, 2017. Assume the company records sales net.
(d) On October 1, 2017, Grill Master sold one of its super deluxe combination gas/charcoal grills to a local builder. The
builder plans to install it in one of its “Parade of Homes” houses. Grill Master accepted a 3-year, zero-interest-bearing
note with face amount of $5,324. The grill has an inventory cost of $2,700. An interest rate of 10% is an appropriate
market rate of interest for this customer. Prepare the journal entries on October 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017.
P18-4 (LO2,3,4) (Allocate Transaction Price, Discounts, Time Value) Economy Appliance Co. manufactures low-price, no-
frills appliances that are in great demand for rental units. Pricing and cost information on Economy’s main products are as follows.
Standalone
Item Selling Price (Cost)
Refrigerator $500 ($260)
Range 560 (275)
Stackable washer/dryer unit 700 (400)
Customers can contract to purchase either individually at the stated prices or a three-item bundle with a price of $1,800. The
bundle price includes delivery and installation. Economy also provides installation (not a separate performance obligation).
Instructions
Respond to the requirements related to the following independent revenue arrangements for Economy Appliance Co.
(a) On June 1, 2017, Economy sold 100 washer/dryer units without installation to Laplante Rentals for $70,000. Laplante is
a newer customer and is unsure how this product will work in its older rental units. Economy offers a 60-day return
privilege and estimates, based on prior experience with sales on this product, 4% of the units will be returned. Prepare
the journal entries for the sale and related cost of goods sold on June 1, 2017.
(b) YellowCard Property Managers operates upscale student apartment buildings. On May 1, 2017, Economy signs a con-
tract with YellowCard for 300 appliance bundles to be delivered and installed in one of its new buildings. YellowCard
pays 20% cash at contract signing and will pay the balance upon installation no later than August 1, 2017. Prepare
journal entries for Economy on (1) May 1, 2017, and (2) August 1, 2017, when all appliances are installed.
(c) Refer to the arrangement in part (b). It would help YellowCard secure lease agreements with students if the installation
of the appliance bundles can be completed by July 1, 2017. YellowCard offers a 10% bonus payment if Economy can
complete installation by July 1, 2017. Economy estimates its chances of meeting the bonus deadline to be 90%, based on
a number of prior contracts of similar scale. Repeat the requirement for part (b), given this bonus provision. Assume
installation is completed by July 1, 2017.
(d) Epic Rentals would like to take advantage of the bundle price for its 400-unit project; on February 1, 2017, Economy
signs a contract with Epic for 400 bundles. Under the agreement, Economy will hold the appliance bundles in its ware-
houses until the new rental units are ready for installation. Epic pays 10% cash at contract signing. On April 1, 2017,
Economy completes manufacture of the appliances in the Epic bundle order and places them in the warehouse. Econ-
omy and Epic have documented the warehouse arrangement and identified the units designated for Epic. The units are
ready to ship, and Economy may not sell these units to other customers. Prepare journal entries for Economy on
(1) February 1, 2017, and (2) April 1, 2017.
P18-5 (LO2,3,4) (Allocate Transaction Price, Returns, and Consignments) Ritt Ranch & Farm is a distributor of ranch and farm
equipment. Its products range from small tools, power equipment for trench-digging and fencing, grain dryers, and barn winches.
Most products are sold direct via its company catalog and Internet site. However, given some of its specialty products, select farm
implement stores carry Ritt’s products. Pricing and cost information on three of Ritt’s most popular products are as follows.
Standalone
Item Selling Price (Cost)
Mini-trencher $ 3,600 ($2,000)
Power fence hole auger 1,200 (800)
Grain/hay dryer 14,000 (11,000)
Instructions
Respond to the requirements related to the following independent revenue arrangements for Ritt Ranch & Farm.
(a) On January 1, 2017, Ritt sells 40 augers to Mills Farm & Fleet for $48,000. Mills signs a 6-month note at an annual interest
rate of 12%. Ritt allows Mills to return any auger that it cannot use within 60 days and receive a full refund. Based on
prior experience, Ritt estimates that 5% of units sold to customers like Mills will be returned (using the most likely
outcome approach). Ritt’s costs to recover the products will be immaterial, and the returned augers are expected to be
resold at a profit. Prepare the journal entry for Ritt on January 1, 2017.
(b) On August 10, 2017, Ritt sells 16 mini-trenchers to a farm co-op in western Minnesota. Ritt provides a 4% volume dis-
count on the mini-trenchers if the co-op has a 15% increase in purchases from Ritt compared to the prior year. Given the
slowdown in the farm economy, sales to the co-op have been flat, and it is highly uncertain that the benchmark will be
met. Prepare the journal entry for Ritt on August 10, 2017.
(c) Ritt sells three grain/hay dryers to a local farmer at a total contract price of $45,200. In addition to the dryers, Ritt pro-
vides installation, which has a standalone selling price of $1,000 per unit installed. The contract payment also includes
a $1,200 maintenance plan for the dryers for 3 years after installation. Ritt signs the contract on June 20, 2017, and
receives a 20% down payment from the farmer. The dryers are delivered and installed on October 1, 2017, and full pay-
ment is made to Ritt. Prepare the journal entries for Ritt in 2017 related to this arrangement.
(d) On April 25, 2017, Ritt ships 100 augers to Farm Depot, a farm supply dealer in Nebraska, on consignment. By June 30,
2017, Farm Depot has sold 60 of the consigned augers at the listed price of $1,200 per unit. Farm Depot notifies Ritt of
the sales, retains a 10% commission, and remits the cash due Ritt. Prepare the journal entries for Ritt and Farm Depot
for the consignment arrangement.
P18-6 (LO3) (Warranty, Customer Loyalty Program) Hale Hardware takes pride as the “shop around the corner” that can
compete with the big-box home improvement stores by providing good service from knowledgeable sales associates (many of
whom are retired local handymen). Hale has developed the following two revenue arrangements to enhance its relationships
with customers and increase its bottom line.
1. Hale sells a specialty portable winch that is popular with many of the local customers for use at their lake homes (putting
docks in and out, launching boats, etc.). The Hale winch is a standard manufacture winch that Hale modifies so the winch
can be used for a variety of tasks. Hale sold 70 of these winches during 2017 at a total price of $21,000, with a warranty
guarantee that the product was free of any defects. The cost of winches sold is $16,000. The assurance warranties extend
for a 3-year period with an estimated cost of $2,100. In addition, Hale sold extended warranties related to 20 Hale winches
for 2 years beyond the 3-year period for $400 each.
2. To bolster its already strong customer base, Hale implemented a customer loyalty program that rewards a customer with
1 loyalty point for every $10 of purchases on a select group of Hale products. Each point is redeemable for a $1 discount
on any purchases of Hale merchandise in the following 2 years. During 2017, customers purchased select group products
for $100,000 (all products are sold to provide a 45% gross profit) and earned 10,000 points redeemable for future purchases.
The standalone selling price of the purchased products is $100,000. Based on prior experience with incentives programs
Problems 1045
like this, Hale expects 9,500 points to be redeemed related to these sales (Hale appropriately uses this experience to esti-
mate the value of future consideration related to bonus points).
Instructions
(a) Identify the separate performance obligations in the Hale warranty and bonus point programs, and briefly explain the
point in time when the performance obligations are satisfied.
(b) Prepare the journal entries for Hale related to the sales of Hale winches with warranties.
(c) Prepare the journal entries for the bonus point sales for Hale in 2017.
(d) How much additional sales revenue is recognized by Hale in 2018, assuming 4,500 bonus points are redeemed?
P18-7 (LO3) (Customer Loyalty Program) Martz Inc. has a customer loyalty program that rewards a customer with 1 cus-
tomer loyalty point for every $10 of purchases. Each point is redeemable for a $3 discount on any future purchases. On July 2,
2017, customers purchase products for $300,000 (with a cost of $171,000) and earn 30,000 points redeemable for future purchases.
Martz expects 25,000 points to be redeemed. Martz estimates a standalone selling price of $2.50 per point (or $75,000 total) on
the basis of the likelihood of redemption. The points provide a material right to customers that they would not receive without
entering into a contract. As a result, Martz concludes that the points are a separate performance obligation.
Instructions
(a) Determine the transaction price for the product and the customer loyalty points.
(b) Prepare the journal entries to record the sale of the product and related points on July 2, 2017.
(c) At the end of the first reporting period (July 31, 2017), 10,000 loyalty points are redeemed. Martz continues to expect
25,000 loyalty points to be redeemed in total. Determine the amount of loyalty point revenue to be recognized at
July 31, 2017.
P18-8 (LO2,3) (Time Value, Gift Cards, Discounts) Presented below are two independent revenue arrangements for Colbert
Company.
Instructions
Respond to the requirements related to each revenue arrangement.
(a) Colbert sells 3D printer systems. Recently, Colbert provided a special promotion of zero-interest financing for 2 years
on any new 3D printer system. Assume that Colbert sells Lyle Cartright a 3D system, receiving a $5,000 zero-interest-
bearing note on January 1, 2017. The cost of the 3D printer system is $4,000. Colbert imputes a 6% interest rate on this
zero-interest note transaction. Prepare the journal entry to record the sale on January 1, 2017, and compute the total
amount of revenue to be recognized in 2017.
(b) Colbert sells 20 nonrefundable $100 gift cards for 3D printer paper on March 1, 2017. The paper has a standalone selling
price of $100 (cost $80). The gift cards expiration date is June 30, 2017. Colbert estimates that customers will not redeem
10% of these gift cards. The pattern of redemption is as follows.
Redemption Total
March 31 50%
April 30 80
June 30 85
Prepare the 2017 journal entries related to the gift cards at March 1, March 31, April 30, and June 30.
*P18-9 (LO5,6) EXCEL (Recognition of Profit on Long-Term Contract) Shanahan Construction Company has entered into
a contract beginning January 1, 2017, to build a parking complex. It has been estimated that the complex will cost $600,000 and
will take 3 years to construct. The complex will be billed to the purchasing company at $900,000. The following data pertain to
the construction period.
2017 2018 2019
Costs to date $270,000 $450,000 $610,000
Estimated costs to complete 330,000 150,000 –0–
Progress billings to date 270,000 550,000 900,000
Cash collected to date 240,000 500,000 900,000
Instructions
(a) Using the percentage-of-completion method, compute the estimated gross profit that would be recognized during each
year of the construction period.
(b) Using the completed-contract method, compute the estimated gross profit that would be recognized during each year
of the construction period.
*P18-10 (LO5,6,7) (Long-Term Contract with Interim Loss) On March 1, 2017, Pechstein Construction Company contracted
to construct a factory building for Fabrik Manufacturing Inc. for a total contract price of $8,400,000. The building was completed
by October 31, 2019. The annual contract costs incurred, estimated costs to complete the contract, and accumulated billings to
Fabrik for 2017, 2018, and 2019 are given below.
2017 2018 2019
Contract costs incurred during the year $2,880,000 $2,230,000 $2,190,000
Estimated costs to complete the
contract at 12/31 3,520,000 2,190,000 –0–
Billings to Fabrik during the year 3,200,000 3,500,000 1,700,000
Instructions
(a) Using the percentage-of-completion method, prepare schedules to compute the profit or loss to be recognized as a
result of this contract for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019. (Ignore income taxes.)
(b) Using the completed-contract method, prepare schedules to compute the profit or loss to be recognized as a result of
this contract for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019. (Ignore incomes taxes.)
*P18-11 (LO5,6,7) EXCEL (Long-Term Contract with an Overall Loss) On July 1, 2017, Torvill Construction Company Inc.
contracted to build an office building for Gumbel Corp. for a total contract price of $1,900,000. On July 1, Torvill estimated that
it would take between 2 and 3 years to complete the building. On December 31, 2019, the building was deemed substantially
completed. Following are accumulated contract costs incurred, estimated costs to complete the contract, and accumulated bill-
ings to Gumbel for 2017, 2018, and 2019.
At 12/31/17 At 12/31/18 At 12/31/19
Contract costs incurred to date $ 300,000 $1,200,000 $2,100,000
Estimated costs to complete the contract 1,200,000 800,000 –0–
Billings to Gumbel 300,000 1,100,000 1,850,000
Instructions
(a) Using the percentage-of-completion method, prepare schedules to compute the profit or loss to be recognized as a
result of this contract for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019. (Ignore income taxes.)
(b) Using the completed-contract method, prepare schedules to compute the profit or loss to be recognized as a result of
this contract for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018, and 2019. (Ignore income taxes.)
*P18-12 (LO8) (Franchise Revenue) Amigos Burrito Inc. sells franchises to independent operators throughout the northwest-
ern part of the United States. The contract with the franchisee includes the following provisions.
1. The franchisee is charged an initial fee of $120,000. Of this amount, $20,000 is payable when the agreement is signed, and
a $100,000 zero-interest-bearing note is payable with a $20,000 payment at the end of each of the 5 subsequent years. The
present value of an ordinary annuity of five annual receipts of $20,000, each discounted at 10%, is $75,816.
2. All of the initial franchise fee collected by Amigos is to be refunded and the remaining obligation canceled if, for any rea-
son, the franchisee fails to open his or her franchise.
3. In return for the initial franchise fee, Amigos agrees to (a) assist the franchisee in selecting the location for the business,
(b) negotiate the lease for the land, (c) obtain financing and assist with building design, (d) supervise construction,
(e) establish accounting and tax records, and (f) provide expert advice over a 5-year period relating to such matters as
employee and management training, quality control, and promotion. This continuing involvement by Amigos helps main-
tain the brand value of the franchise.
4. In addition to the initial franchise fee, the franchisee is required to pay to Amigos a monthly fee of 2% of sales for menu plan-
ning, recipe innovations, and the privilege of purchasing ingredients from Amigos at or below prevailing market prices.
Management of Amigos Burrito estimates that the value of the services rendered to the franchisee at the time the contract is signed
amounts to at least $20,000. All franchisees to date have opened their locations at the scheduled time, and none have defaulted on
any of the notes receivable. The credit ratings of all franchisees would entitle them to borrow at the current interest rate of 10%.
Instructions
(a) Discuss the alternatives that Amigos Burrito Inc. might use to account for the franchise fees.
(b) Prepare the journal entries for the initial and continuing franchise fees, assuming:
(1) Franchise agreement is signed on January 5, 2017.
(2) Amigos completes franchise startup tasks and the franchise opens on July 1, 2017.
(3) The franchisee records $260,000 in sales in the first 6 months of operations and remits the monthly franchise fee on
December 31, 2017.
(c) Briefly describe the accounting for unearned franchise fees, assuming that Amigos has little or no involvement with the
franchisee related to expert advice on employee and management training, quality control, and promotion, once the
franchise opens.
Concepts for Analysis 1047
CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS
CA18-1 (Five-Step Revenue Process) Revenue is recognized based on a five-step process that is applied to a company’s revenue
arrangements.
Instructions
(a) Briefly describe the five-step process.
(b) Explain the importance of contracts when analyzing revenue arrangements.
(c) How are fair value measurement concepts applied in implementation of the five-step process?
(d) How does the five-step process reflect application of the definitions of assets and liabilities?
CA18-2 (Satisfying Performance Obligations) Judy Schaeffer is getting up to speed on the new guidance on revenue recogni-
tion. She is trying to understand the revenue recognition principle as it relates to the five-step revenue recognition process.
Instructions
(a) Describe the revenue recognition principle.
(b) Briefly discuss how the revenue recognition principle relates to the definitions of assets and liabilities. What is the
importance of control?
(c) Judy recalls that previous revenue recognition guidance required that revenue not be recognized unless the revenue
was realized or realizable (also referred to as collectibility). Is collectibility a consideration in the recognition of reve-
nue? Explain.
CA18-3 (Recognition of Revenue—Theory) Revenue is usually recognized at the point of sale (a point in time). Under special
circumstances, however, bases other than the point of sale are used for the timing of revenue recognition.
Instructions
(a) Why is the point of sale usually used as the basis for the timing of revenue recognition?
(b) Disregarding the special circumstances when bases other than the point of sale are used, discuss the merits of each of
the following objections to the point-of-sale basis of revenue recognition:
(1) It is too conservative because revenue is earned throughout the entire process of production.
(2) It is not conservative enough because accounts receivable do not represent disposable funds, sales returns and
allowances may be made, and collection and bad debt expenses may be incurred in a later period.
(c) Revenue may also be recognized over time. Give an example of the circumstances in which revenue is recognized over
time and accounting merits of its use instead of the point-of-sale basis.
(AICPA adapted)
CA18-4 (Recognition of Revenue—Theory) Revenue is recognized for accounting purposes when a performance obligation is
satisfied. In some situations, revenue is recognized over time as the fair values of assets and liabilities change. In other situations,
however, accountants have developed guidelines for recognizing revenue at the point of sale.
Instructions
(Ignore income taxes.)
(a) Explain and justify why revenue is often recognized at time of sale.
(b) Explain in what situations it would be appropriate to recognize revenue over time.
CA18-5 (Discounts) Fahey Company sells Stairmasters to a retailer, Physical Fitness, Inc., for $2,000,000. Fahey has a history of
providing price concessions on this product if the retailer has difficulty selling the Stairmasters to customers. Fahey has experience
with sales like these in the past and estimates that the maximum amount of price concessions is $300,000.
Instructions
(a) Determine the amount of revenue that Fahey should recognize for the sale of Stairmasters to Physical Fitness, Inc.
(b) According to GAAP, in some situations, the amount of revenue recognized may be constrained. Explain how the
accounting for the Stairmasters sales might be affected by the revenue constraint due to variable consideration or
returns.
(c) Some believe that revenue recognition should be constrained by collectibility. Is such a view consistent with GAAP?
Explain.
CA18-6 (Recognition of Revenue from Subscriptions) Cutting Edge is a monthly magazine that has been on the market for
18 months. It currently has a circulation of 1.4 million copies. Negotiations are underway to obtain a bank loan in order to update
the magazine’s facilities. Cutting Edge is producing close to capacity and expects to grow at an average of 20% per year over the next
3 years.
After reviewing the financial statements of Cutting Edge, Andy Rich, the bank loan officer, had indicated that a loan could
be offered to Cutting Edge only if it could increase its current ratio and decrease its debt to equity ratio to a specified level.
Jonathan Embry, the marketing manager of Cutting Edge, has devised a plan to meet these requirements. Embry indicates that
an advertising campaign can be initiated to immediately increase circulation. The potential customers would be contacted after
the purchase of another magazine’s mailing list. The campaign would include:
1. An offer to subscribe to Cutting Edge at three-fourths the normal price.
2. A special offer to all new subscribers to receive the most current world atlas whenever requested at a guaranteed price of $2.
3. An unconditional guarantee that any subscriber will receive a full refund if dissatisfied with the magazine.
Although the offer of a full refund is risky, Embry claims that few people will ask for a refund after receiving half of their sub-
scription issues. Embry notes that other magazine companies have tried this sales promotion technique and experienced great
success. Their average cancellation rate was 25%. On average, each company increased its initial circulation threefold and in the
long run increased circulation to twice that which existed before the promotion. In addition, 60% of the new subscribers are
expected to take advantage of the atlas premium. Embry feels confident that the increased subscriptions from the advertising
campaign will increase the current ratio and decrease the debt to equity ratio.
You are the controller of Cutting Edge and must give your opinion of the proposed plan.
Instructions
(a) When should revenue from the new subscriptions be recognized?
(b) How would you classify the estimated sales returns stemming from the unconditional guarantee?
(c) How should the atlas premium be recorded? Is the estimated premium claims a liability? Explain.
(d) Does the proposed plan achieve the goals of increasing the current ratio and decreasing the debt to equity ratio?
CA18-7 (Recognition of Revenue—Bonus Points) Griseta & Dubel Inc. was formed early this year to sell merchandise credits to
merchants, who distribute the credits free to their customers. For example, customers can earn additional credits based on the dol-
lars they spend with a merchant (e.g., airlines and hotels). Accounts for accumulating the credits and catalogs illustrating the mer-
chandise for which the credits may be exchanged are maintained online. Centers with inventories of merchandise premiums have
been established for redemption of the credits. Merchants may not return unused credits to Griseta & Dubel.
The following schedule expresses Griseta & Dubel’s expectations as to the percentages of a normal month’s activity that will
be attained. For this purpose, a “normal month’s activity” is defined as the level of operations expected when expansion of
activities ceases or tapers off to a stable rate. The company expects that this level will be attained in the third year and that sales
of credits will average $6,000,000 per month throughout the third year.
Actual Merchandise Credit

Credit Sales Premium Purchases Redemptions
Month Percent Percent Percent
6th 30% 40% 10%
12th 60 60 45
18th 80 80 70
24th 90 90 80
30th 100 100 95
Griseta & Dubel plans to adopt an annual closing date at the end of each 12 months of operation.
Instructions
(a) Discuss the factors to be considered in determining when revenue should be recognized.
(b) Apply the revenue recognition factors to the Griseta & Dubel Inc. revenue arrangement.
(c) Provide balance sheet accounts that should be used and indicate how each should be classified.
(AICPA adapted)
CA18-8 ETHICS (Revenue Recognition—Membership Fees) Midwest Health Club (MHC) offers 1-year memberships. Mem-
bership fees are due in full at the beginning of the individual membership period. As an incentive to new customers, MHC adver-
tised that any customers not satisfied for any reason could receive a refund of the remaining portion of unused membership fees.
As a result of this policy, Richard Nies, corporate controller, recognized revenue ratably over the life of the membership. MHC is in
the process of preparing its year-end financial statements. Rachel Avery, MHC’s treasurer, is concerned about the company’s lack-
luster performance this year. She reviews the financial statements Nies prepared and tells Nies to recognize membership revenue
when the fees are received.
Instructions
Answer the following questions.
(a) What are the ethical issues involved?
(b) What should Nies do?
*CA18-9 WRITING (Long-Term Contract—Percentage-of-Completion) Widjaja Company is accounting for a long-term con-
struction contract using the percentage-of-completion method. It is a 4-year contract that is currently in its second year. The latest
estimates of total contract costs indicate that the contract will be completed at a profit to Widjaja Company.
Using Your Judgment 1049
Instructions
(a) What theoretical justification is there for Widjaja Company’s use of the percentage-of-completion method?
(b) How would progress billings be accounted for? Include in your discussion the classification of progress billings in
Widjaja Company financial statements.
(c) How would the income recognized in the second year of the 4-year contract be determined using the cost-to-cost
method of determining percentage of completion?
(d) What would be the effect on earnings per share in the second year of the 4-year contract of using the percentage-of-
completion method instead of the completed-contract method? Discuss.
(AICPA adapted)
USING YOUR JUDGMENT

As the new revenue recognition guidance is not yet implemented, note that the financial statements and notes for Procter &
Gamble, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and Westinghouse reflect revenue recognition under prior standards.
Financial Reporting Problem

The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G)
The financial statements of P&G are presented in Appendix B. The company’s complete annual report, including the notes to
the financial statements, is available online.
Instructions
Refer to P&G’s financial statements and the accompanying notes to answer the following questions.
(a) What were P&G’s net sales for 2014?
(b) What was the percentage of increase or decrease in P&G’s net sales from 2013 to 2014? From 2012 to 2013? From 2012 to
2014?
(c) In its notes to the financial statements, what criteria does P&G use to recognize revenue?
(d) How does P&G account for trade promotions? Does the accounting conform to accrual accounting concepts? Explain.
Comparative Analysis Case

The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc.
The financial statements of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are presented in Appendices C and D, respectively. The companies’ com-
plete annual reports, including the notes to the financial statements, are available online.
Instructions
Use the companies’ financial information to answer the following questions.
(a) What were Coca-Cola’s and PepsiCo’s net revenues (sales) for the year 2014? Which company increased its revenue
more (dollars and percentage) from 2013 to 2014?
(b) Are the revenue recognition policies of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo similar? Explain.
(c) In which foreign countries (geographic areas) did Coca-Cola and PepsiCo experience significant revenues in 2014?
Compare the amounts of foreign revenues to U.S. revenues for both Coca-Cola and PepsiCo.
Financial Statement Analysis Case

Westinghouse Electric Corporation
The following note appears in the “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” section of the Annual Report of Westinghouse
Electric Corporation.
Note 1 (in part): Revenue Recognition. Sales are primarily recorded as products are shipped and services are rendered. The percentage-
of-completion method of accounting is used for nuclear steam supply system orders with delivery schedules generally in excess of five
years and for certain construction projects where this method of accounting is consistent with industry practice.
WFSI revenues are generally recognized on the accrual method. When accounts become delinquent for more than two payment
periods, usually 60 days, income is recognized only as payments are received. Such delinquent accounts for which no payments are re-
ceived in the current month, and other accounts on which income is not being recognized because the receipt of either principal or inter-
est is questionable, are classified as nonearning receivables.
SOLUTIONS TO BRIEF EXERCISES
BRIEF EXERCISE 18-1
(a) In applying the 5-step process, it appears that a valid contract exists
between Leno Computers and Fallon Electronics for the following
reasons:
1. The contract has commercial substance—Fallon Electronics has
agreed to pay cash for the computers.
2. The parties have approved the contract and are committed to
perform—Fallon Electronics has made a commitment to purchase
the computers and Leno has approved the selling of the
computers. In fact Leno has delivered the computers to Fallon.
3. The identification of the rights of the parties—Fallon has the right
to the computers and Leno has the right to payment.
4. The identification of the payment terms—Fallon has agreed to pay
$20,000 within 30 days for the computers.
5. It is probable that the consideration will be collected—although no
cash has yet been paid by Fallon. Fallon has a good credit rating
which indicates that the consideration will be collected.
(b) The contract may not be valid if the contract is wholly unperformed
and each party can unilaterally terminate the contract without
consideration. In addition if Fallon has a poor credit rating and it is
not probable that the consideration will be collected on the contract, a
valid contract does not exist.
LO: 1, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 5-7, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
BRIEF EXERCISE 18-2
No entry is required on May 10, 2017, because neither party has performed
under the contract and either party may terminate the contract without
compensatory damages. On June 15, 2017, Cosmo delivers the product
and therefore should recognize revenue as Cosmo satisfies its
performance obligation by delivering the product to Greig.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 16/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 18-15
BRIEF EXERCISE 18-2 (continued)
The journal entry to record the sale and related cost of goods sold is as
follows.
June 15, 2017
Accounts Receivable .......................................................... 2,000

Sales Revenue ............................................................. 2,000
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................................. 1,300

Inventory....................................................................... 1,300
After receiving the cash payment on July 15, 2017, Cosmo makes the
following entry.
July 15, 2017
Cash ...................................................................................... 2,000

Accounts Receivable .................................................. 2,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 18-3
There is one performance obligation in this situation which is the providing

of the licensed software and custom support together. Both the software
license and the custom customer support services are distinct, but they are
not distinct within the contract. It appears that Hillside’s objective is to
transfer a combined product. That is, the customer support services is
highly interrelated and interdependent with the licensed software and
therefore these customer support services should be combined with the
licensed software in determining the performance obligation.
LO: 2, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 3, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
18-16 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 16/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only)
BRIEF EXERCISE 18-4
Three performance obligations exist in this contract—manufacture of the 3-

D printer, installation services and the maintenance services. Destin does
clearly have a performance obligation for the manufacture of the 3-D
printer. Destin may or may not have a performance obligation for the
installation of the 3-D printer as installation can be done by another
company. In other words, there is no indication that customization is
required by Destin. Also Destin may or may not have a separate
performance obligation for the maintenance agreement as it can be
provided by other companies. In summary, there are three performance
obligations related to this contract some of which may end up being
performed by companies other than Destin.
LO: 2, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 2, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
BRIEF EXERCISE 18-5
Ismail accounts for the bundle of goods and services as a single

performance obligation because the goods or services in the bundle are
highly interrelated. Ismail also provides a significant service by integrating
the goods or services into the combined item (that is, the hospital) for
which the customer has contracted. In addition, the goods or services are
significantly modified and customized to fulfill the contract. In other words,
the company’s objective is to transfer a combined item. Revenue for the
performance obligation would be recognized over time by selecting an
appropriate measure of progress toward satisfaction of the performance
obligation.
BRIEF EXERCISE 18-6
The transaction price should include management’s estimate of the amount

of consideration to which the entity will be entitled. Given the multiple
outcomes and probabilities available based on prior experience, the
probability-weighted method is the most predictive approach for estimating
the variable consideration in this situation:
Completion Date Probability Expected Value

August 1 70% chance of $1,150,000 = $ 805,000
August 8 20% chance of $1,100,000 = 220,000
August 15 5% chance of $1,050,000 = 52,500
After August 15 5% chance of $1,000,000 = 50,000
$1,127,500
Thus, the total transaction price is $ 1,127,500 based on the probability-

weighted estimate.
LO: 2, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 5, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
BRIEF EXERECISE 18-7
(a) In this situation, Nair uses the most likely amount as the estimate -
$1,150,000.
(b) When there is limited information with which to develop a reliable

estimate of completion, then no revenue related to the incentive
should be recognized until the uncertainty is resolved. Therefore, no
revenue is recognized until the completion of the contract.
BRIEF EXERECISE 18-8
(a) Groupo would recognize revenue of $1,000,000 at delivery.
(b) Groupo would recognize revenue of $800,000 at the point of sale.
(c) Groupo would recognize revenue of $464,000 at the point of sale and
recognize interest revenue over the payment period.
BRIEF EXERCISE 18-9
January 2, 2017
Notes Receivable ....................................................... 11,000

Discount on Notes Receivable ......................... 1,000
Sales Revenue.................................................... 10,000
Cost of Goods Sold .................................................. 6,000

Inventory ............................................................ 6,000
Revenue Recognized in 2017
Sales revenue............................................................. $ 10,000

Interest revenue ($11,000 – $10,000) ....................... 1,000
Total revenue...................................................... $ 11,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 18-10
Parnevik should record revenue of $660,000 on March 1, 2017, which is the

fair value of the inventory in this case. Parnevik is also financing this
purchase and records interest revenue on the note over the 5-year period.
In this case, the interest rate is imputed to be 10% ([$660,000/$1,062,937] =
.6209, which is the PV of $1 factor for n = 5, I = 10%). Parnevik records
interest revenue of $55,000 (10% X $660,000 X 10/12) at December 31, 2017.
(a) The journal entries to record Parnevik’s sale to Goosen Inc. and
related cost of goods sold is as follows.
March 1, 2017
Notes Receivable ............................................... 1,062,937

Discount on Notes Receivable ................. 402,937
Sales Revenue ............................................ 660,000
Cost of Goods Sold ..................................... ….. 400,000

Inventory ..................................................... 400,000
(b) Parnevik makes the following entry to record interest revenue for 2017.
December 31, 2017
Discount on Notes Receivable ......................... 55,000

Interest Revenue
(10% X $660,000 X 10/12) ....................... 55,000
As a practical expedient, companies are not required to reflect the time

value of money to determine the transaction price if the time period for
payment is less than a year.
January income .......................................................... $ 0

February income ($4,000 – $3,000) X 50% ............... $500
March income ($4,000 – $3,000) X 30%)................... $300
April income ($4,000 – $3,000) X 20%) ..................... $200
LO: 2, 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 4, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
Manual reduces revenue by $6,600 ($110,000 X .06) because it is probable

that it will provide rebates amounting to 6%. As a result, Manual recognizes
revenue of $103,400 in the first quarter of the year.
LO: 2, 3, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 2, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
July 10, 2017
Accounts Receivable ................................................ 700,000

Sales Revenue ................................................... 700,000
Cost of Goods Sold ................................................... 560,000

Inventory............................................................. 560,000
October 11, 2017
Sales Returns and Allowances ................................ 78,000

Accounts Receivable ......................................... 78,000
Returned Inventory .................................................... 62,400
Cost of Goods Sold
[($560,000 ÷ $700,000) x $78,000] ................. 62,400
October 31, 2017
No entries are needed as the return period has expired.
NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: Some companies may choose to record sales

revenue net. If sales are recorded net, the entries are as follows.
July 10, 2017

Allowance for Sales Returns and
Allowances (.15 X $700,000) .................... 105,000
Sales Revenue.................................................... 595,000
Cost of Goods Sold (.80 X $700,000) ....................... 560,000

Inventory ............................................................. 560,000
Estimated Inventory Returns (.15 x $560,000) ....... 84,000

Cost of Goods Sold ....................................... 84,000
October 11, 2017
Allowance for Sales Returns and Allowances ....... 78,000

Returned Inventory (.80 X 78,000)............................ 62,400

Estimated Inventory Returns ............................ 62,400
October 31, 2017
Inventory ($84,000 − $62,400) .................................. 21,600

Estimated Inventory Returns ........................... 21,600
Allowance for Sales Returns and Allowances

($105,000 - $78,000) ........................................... 27,000
Sales Revenue ................................................... 27,000
To reclassify inventory and close out the allowance, as the return period
has expired.
Kristin would recognize in its financial statements the following:
(a) Net sales of $5,800 comprised of sales, $6,000 ($20 X 300) less
sales returns and allowances of $200 ($20 X 10).
(b) An estimated liability for refunds for $200 ($20 refund X 10
products expected to be returned)
(c) The amount recognized in cost of goods sold for 290 products is
$3,480 ($12 X 290).
When to recognize revenue in a bill-and-hold arrangement depends on the

circumstances. Mills determines when it has satisfied its performance
obligation to transfer a product by evaluating when ShopBarb obtains
control of that product. For ShopBarb to have obtained control of a product
in a bill-and-hold arrangement, all of the following criteria should be met:
(a) The reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement must be substantive.

(b) The product must be identified separately as belonging to
ShopBarb.
(c) The product currently must be ready for physical transfer to
ShopBarb.
(d) Mills cannot have the ability to use the product or to direct it to
another customer.
In this case, the criteria are assumed to be met. As a result, revenue

recognition should be permitted at the time the contract is signed. Mills
makes the following entry to record the bill and hold sale.
June 1, 2017

Sales Revenue.................................................... 200,000

Inventory ............................................................. 110,000
Mills makes the following entry to record the cash received.
September 1, 2017
Cash ............................................................................ 200,000

If a significant period of time elapses before payment, the accounts

receivable is discounted. In addition, if one of the four conditions is
violated, revenue recognition should be deferred until the goods are
delivered to ShopBarb.
Accounts Payable (ShipAway Cruise Lines) .................... 70,000

Sales Revenue ($70,000 X 6%) ................................... 4,200
Cash .............................................................................. 65,800
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 2, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
Cash ...................................................................................... 18,850*

Advertising Expense ........................................................... 500
Commission Expense ($21,500 X .10) ............................... 2,150
Revenue from Consignment Sales ............................ 21,500
*[$21,500 – $500 – ($21,500 X 10%)]
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................................. 13,200

Inventory on Consignment
[60% X ($20,000 + $2,000)] ....................................... 13,200
Amounts Reported in Income

Sales revenue ............................................................ $1,000,000
Warranty Expense ..................................................... 40,000
Amounts Reported on the Balance Sheet
Unearned Service Revenue ...................................... $ 12,000

Cash ($1,000,000 + $12,000) ..................................... 1,012,000
Warranty Liability ...................................................... 40,000
Because the transaction takes place at the end of the year, which is a
reporting date, warranty expense and warranty liability are reported at their
estimated amounts.
The company recognizes revenue related to the service type warranty over
the two-year period that extends beyond the assurance warranty period
(two years). In most cases, the unearned warranty revenue is recognized
on a straight line basis and the costs associated with the service type
warranty are expensed as incurred.

No entry is required on May 1, 2017 because neither party has performed
on the contract. On June 15, 2017, Eric agreed to pay the full price and
therefore Mount has an unconditional right to those funds on that date.
On receiving the cash on June 15, 2017, Mount records the following entry.
June 15, 2017
Cash ............................................................................ 25,000
Unearned Sales Revenue .................................. 25,000
On satisfying the performance obligation on September 30, 2017, Mount
records the following entry
September 30, 2017
Unearned Sales Revenue.......................................... 25,000
Sales Revenue.................................................... 25,000
LO: 4, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 4, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
The initiation fee may be viewed as separate performance obligation
because it provides a renewal option at a lower price than normally
charged. As a result, BlueBox is providing a discounted price in the
subsequent years. This should be reflected in the revenue recognized in all
four periods. In this situation, in the total transaction price is $280
([($5 X 12) X 3] + $100). In the first year (2017), BlueBox would report
revenue of $70 ($280 ÷ 4). The initiation fee is allocated over the entire four
year period.
In evaluating how to account for the modification, Stengel Co. concludes

that the remaining services to be provided are distinct from the services
transferred on or before the date of the contract modification. In addition,
Stengel has the right to receive an amount of consideration that reflects the
standalone selling price of the reduced menu of maintenance services.
Therefore, Stengel allocates the new transaction price of $80,000 to the
third year of service. In effect, Stengel should account for this modification
as a termination of the original contract and the creation of a new contract.
LO: 4, Bloom: C, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 4, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
*BRIEF EXERCISE 18-22
Construction in Process ........................................... 1,700,000
Materials, Cash, Payables. ................................ 1,700,000
Accounts Receivable ................................................ 1,200,000
Billings on Construction in Process................ 1,200,000
Cash ............................................................................ 960,000
Construction in Process
[$1,700,000 ÷ ($1,700,000 + $3,300,000)] X
$2,000,000 ................................................................ 680,000
Construction Expenses ............................................ 1,700,000
Revenue from Long-Term Contracts
($7,000,000 X 34%*) ........................................ 2,380,000
*$1,700,000 ÷ ($1,700,000 + $3,300,000)

Current Assets
Accounts receivable .......................................... $240,000
Inventories
Construction in process............................ $1,715,000
Less: Billings ............................................. 1,000,000
Costs in excess of billings ........................... 715,000

(a) Construction Expenses..................................... 278,000
Construction in Process ........................... 20,000*
Revenue from Long-Term Contracts ....... 258,000
(b) Loss from Long-Term Contracts ...................... 20,000*
Construction in Process ........................... 20,000
*[$420,000 – ($278,000 + $162,000)]
April 1, 2017
Cash ............................................................................ 25,000

Notes Receivable ($75,000 – $25,000) ..................... 50,000
Discount on Notes Receivable ........................ 8,598
Unearned Service Revenue (Training) ........... 2,000
Unearned Franchise Revenue
($25,000 + $41,402 - $2,000) ........................... 64,402
July 1, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue (Training) .................... 2,000

Unearned Franchise Revenue .................................. 64,402
Franchise Revenue........................................... 64,402
Service Revenue (Training) ............................. 2,000
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 18-1 (10–15 minutes)
(1) Kawaski is in the business of buying and selling both new and used
jeeps and this activity should be considered part of its ordinary
activities. Customers have entered into a contract to purchase these
jeeps and sales revenue should be recognized by Kawaski.
Conversely, if Kawaski is selling its corporate headquarters to another
party, the transaction would not be a contract with a customer because
selling real estate is not an ordinary activity of Kawaski. In this case a
gain or loss on sale should be recognized on the transaction.
(2) This statement is not correct. This criterion was used in previous GAAP
but often proved difficult to implement in practice. In the new standard,
indicators that control has passed to the customer include having (1) a
present obligation to pay, (2) physical possession, (3) legal title, (4)
risks and rewards of ownership, and (5) acceptance of the asset.
(3) Again this statement is not correct. This criterion was used in previous
GAAP but proved difficult to implement in practice. See additional
answer related to number 2.
(4) This statement is not correct. For a valid contract to exist, the
collection of revenue must be probable.
(5) The distinction between revenue and gains is important because it is
useful to understand how these increases in net income occurred.
Sales revenue results from the normal operating activities of the
business, and therefore, is generally considered a better measure for
predicting the amount, timing, and uncertainty of future cash flows.
Gains on the other hand are often incidental to the business and
therefore do not provide as much predictive information.
LO: 1, Bloom: C, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
(1) A wholly unperformed contract is not recorded until one or both of the
parties have performed. The new revenue standard uses the asset
liability approach for recognizing revenue. In this model, until one of
the parties performs, a net asset or net liability does not exist, and
therefore, there is no effect on the company’s financial position.
(2) This statement is true. One of the difficulties in the revenue
recognition process is identifying the performance obligations in the
contract.
EXERCISE 18-2 (continued)
(3) Elaina should account for this additional option. Whether the option
provides for free goods or goods at a discount, the option is a
separate performance obligation which affects the current transaction
price. Consideration payable to a customer is a reduction of the
transaction price unless the payment is for a distinct good or service.
(4) Under the new standard, the collectability criterion is designed to
prevent companies from applying the revenue model to problematic
contracts and recognizing revenue and a large impairment loss at the
same time. However, if the company determines that it is probable that
it will collect the funds then the normal risks of nonpayment are not
considered at the time the revenue is reported.
LO: 1, Bloom: C, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
(a) May 1, 2017
No entry – neither party has performed on May 1, 2017.
(b) May 15, 2017
Cash .............................................................................. 900

Unearned Sales Revenue .................................... 900
(c) May 31, 2017
Unearned Sales Revenue ........................................... 900

Sales Revenue ..................................................... 900
Cost of Goods Sold ..................................................... 575

Inventory ............................................................... 575
LO: 1, 2, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
(a) The journal entry to record the sale and related cost of goods sold are
as follows:
January 2, 2017
Notes Receivable.............................................. 600,000

Sales Revenue ($610,000 − $10,000) ... 600,000
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................ 500,000
Inventory................................................. 500,000
The journal entry to record the collection of the note is as follows:
January 28, 2017
Cash .................................................................. 610,000

Notes Receivable ................................... 600,000
Sales Discounted Forfeited .................. 10,000
(b) January 2, 2017
Notes Receivable.............................................. 610,000

Sales Revenue ....................................... 610,000
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................ 500,000
Inventory................................................. 500,000
January 28, 2017

Cash .................................................................. 610,000
Note that the time value of money is not considered because the
contract is less than a year. Also if payment occurs within 5 days,
under the net method, the entry would be:
Cash .................................................................. 600,000

If payment occurs within 5 days, under the gross method, the entry
would be
Cash.................................................................. 600,000
Sales Discounts .............................................. 10,000
EXERCISE 18-5 (20-25 Minutes)
(a) The transaction price for this contract should be computed as follow:
Contract price $200,000

Expected value of the bonus 34,000
Transaction Price $234,000
Completion Time Probability of Completion X Bonus Amounts = Expected Value

($10,000 decrease/week)
On time 55% $40,000 $22,000

Within one week 30% 30,000 9,000
Within two weeks 15% 20,000 3,000
Total expected value
of bonus $34,000
(b) The transaction price for this contract should be computed as follow:
Contract price $200,000

Expected value of the bonus 39,000
Transaction price $239,000
Completion Time Probability of Completion X Bonus Amounts = Expected Value

($10,000 decrease/week)
On time 90% $40,000 $36,000

Within one week 10% 30,000 3,000
Computation of
expected value $39,000
NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: Given just two outcomes, the company could
determine the bonus component of the transaction price based on the most
likely outcome ($40,000). If reliable, use of probability outcomes is more
accurate.
EXERCISE 18-6 (20-25 minutes)
The transaction price that Real Estate Inc. should record is $3,000,000. At
this point, it appears that it will be difficult for Real Estate Inc. to argue that
it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur related to the 1% of
royalty payments. Real Estate Inc., for example, has asked for a different
method of compensation (sale price of $3,250,000) which is not that much
greater than the $3,000,000. However, the $3,250,000 sales price was
rejected by the Blackhawk Group. The preferable approach is for Real
Estate to record the transaction price at $3,000,000 and record revenue
related to the royalty arrangement as it occurs.
(a) Because the arrangement only has two possible outcomes (regulatory
approval is achieved or not), Blair determines the transaction price
based on the most likely approach. Thus, the best measure for the
transaction price is $10,000,000.
(b) December 20, 2017
Accounts Receivable ....................................... 10,000,000

License Revenue ...................................... 10,000,000
January 15, 2018
Cash .................................................................. 10,000,000

Accounts Receivable ............................... 10,000,000
(a) Aaron determines that the transaction price for the 100 policies is
$14,500 [($100 X 100) + ($10 X 4.5 X 100)].
(b) Aaron will recognize revenue of $3,222 ($14,500 X 12/54), because on

average, customers renew for 4.5 years, Aaron includes that amount in
its estimate for the transaction price. As circumstances change, Aaron
updates its estimate of the transaction price and recognizes revenue
(or a reduction of revenue) for those changes in circumstances.
(a) December 31, 2017
Cash .................................................................. 240,000

Unearned Rent Revenue
(2018 slips – 300 X $800) ........................ 240,000
December 31, 2018
Unearned Rent Revenue ................................. 240,000

Rent Revenue ........................................... 240,000
Cash .................................................................. 152,000

[2019 slips – 200 X $800 X (1.00 – .05)] .. 152,000
Cash .................................................................. 38,400

[2020 slips – 60 X $800 X (1.00 – .20)] .... 38,400
(b) The marina operator should recognize that advance rentals generated
$190,400 ($152,000 + $38,400) of cash in exchange for the marina’s
promise to deliver future services. In effect, this has reduced future
cash flow by accelerating payments from boat owners. Also, the price
of rental services has effectively been reduced. The current cash
bonanza does not reflect current revenue. The future costs of
operation must be covered, in part, from this accelerated cash inflow.
On a present value basis, the granting of these discounts seems ill-
advised unless interest rates were to skyrocket so that interest
revenue would offset the discounts provided or because costs for
dock repairs is expected to increase significantly.
July 1, 2017
No entry – neither party has performed under the contract.
On September 1, 2017, Geraths has two performance obligations: (1) the

delivery of the windows and (2) the installation of the windows.
Windows $2,000
Installation 600
Total $2,600
Allocation
Windows ($2,000 ÷ $2,600) X $2,400 = $1,846
Installation ($600 ÷ $2,600) X $2,400 = 554
Revenue recognized $2,400
(rounded to nearest dollar)
Geraths makes the following entries for delivery and installation.
September 1, 2017
Cash ............................................................................ 2,000

Accounts Receivable ................................................ 400
Unearned Service Revenue ............................. 554
Sales Revenue ................................................... 1,846

Inventory............................................................. 1,100
(Windows delivered, performance obligation for installation recorded)
October 15, 2017
Cash ............................................................................ 400

Unearned Service Revenue ...................................... 554
Service Revenue (Installation) ......................... 554
Accounts Receivable ........................................ 400
The sale of the windows is recognized once delivered. The installation fee
is recognized when the windows are installed.
LO: 2, 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Complex, Time: 25-30, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving

(a) July 1, 2017
No entry – neither party has performed under the contract.
On September 1, 2017, Geraths has two performance obligations: (1) the

delivery of the windows and (2) the installation of the windows.
Windows $2,000
Installation ($400 + (20% X $400)] 480
Total $2,480
Allocation
Windows ($2,000 ÷ $2,480) X $2,400 = $1,935
Installation ($480 ÷ $2,480) X $2,400 = 465
Revenue recognized $2,400
(rounded to nearest dollar)
September 1, 2017
Cash ............................................................................ 2,000

Sales Revenue ................................................... 1,935

Inventory ............................................................. 1,100
October 15, 2017
Cash ............................................................................ 400

Accounts Receivable ......................................... 400
The sale of the windows is recognized once delivered. The installation is

fee is recognized when the windows are installed.
(b) If Geraths cannot estimate the costs for installation, then the residual
approach is used. In this approach, the total fair value of the contract
is $2,400. Given that the windows have a standalone fair value of
$2,000, then $400 ($2,400 – $2,000) is allocated to the installation.
September 1, 2017
Cash ............................................................................ 2,000

Sales Revenue ................................................... 2,000

Inventory ............................................................. 1,100
(Windows delivered, performance obligation for installation recorded)
October 15, 2017
Cash ............................................................................ 400

Accounts Receivable ........................................ 400
(a) The entry to record the sale and related cost of goods sold is as
follows.
January 2, 2017
Accounts Receivable ...................................... 410,000

Sales Revenue............................................ 370,000
Unearned Service Revenue ...................... 40,000
(b) First Quarter
Sales revenue................................................... $370,000
The revenue for installation will be recognized in the second quarter.

LO: 2, 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
(a) The total revenue of $1,000,000 should be allocated to the two

performance obligations based on their standalone selling prices. In
this case, the standalone selling price of the equipment should be
considered $1,000,000 and the standalone selling price of the
installation fee is $50,000. The total standalone selling price to
consider is $1,050,000 ($1,000,000 + $50,000). The allocation is as
follows.
Equipment ($1,000,000 / $1,050,000) X $1,000,000 = $952,381

Installation ($50,000 / $1,050,000) X $1,000,000 = $ 47,619
(b) Crankshaft makes the following entries.
June 1, 2017

Unearned Service
Revenue (Installation)........................... 47,619
Sales Revenue (Equipment) ................... 952,381
Cost of Goods Sold ......................................... 600,000

Inventory ................................................... 600,000
September 30, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue ............................ 47,619

Service Revenue (Installation)................ 47,619
Cash .................................................................. 1,000,000

The sale of the equipment should be recognized upon delivery, as the

customer controls the asset and therefore Crankshaft's performance
obligation is met. Service revenue for the installation is recognized on
September 30, 2017 - the services have been provided and the
performance obligation is satisfied.
(a) The total revenue of $1,000,000 should be allocated to the two

performance obligations based on their standalone selling prices. In
this case, the standalone selling price of the equipment should be
considered $1,000,000 and the standalone selling price of the
installation fee, assuming a cost plus approach is $45,000 [($36,000 +
(25% X $36,000)]. The total standalone selling price to consider is
$1,045,000 ($1,000,000 + $45,000). The allocation is as follows.
Equipment ($1,000,000 / $1,045,000) X $1,000,000 = $ 956,938

Installation ($45,000 / $1,045,000) X $1,000,000 = $ 43,062
(b) Crankshaft makes the following entries.
June 1, 2017
Accounts Receivable ...................................... 1,000,000

Unearned Service
Revenue (Installation) .......................... 43,062
Sales Revenue (Equipment) ................... 956,938

Inventory ................................................... 600,000

Service Revenue ...................................... 43,062
Cash .................................................................. 1,000,000

Accounts Receivable............................... 1,000,000
(a) The separate performance obligations are the oven, installation, and
maintenance service, since each item has standalone selling price to
the customer.
(b) Oven $ 800/$1,025 X $1,000 = $ 780

Installation $ 50*/$1,025 X $1,000 = $ 49
Maintenance $ 175**/$1,025 X $1,000 = $ 171
Total $1,025
*$50 = $850 – $800

**$175 = $975 – $800
LO: 2, 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
(a) 1. The journal entries to record sales and related cost of goods sold
are as follows.
March 10, 2017
Accounts Receivable (200 X $50) .................. 10,000

Sales Revenue ..................................... 10,000
Cost of Goods Sold (200 X $30) .................. 6,000

Inventory............................................... 6,000
2. The journal entries to record sales returns are as follows.
March 25 2017
Sales Returns and Allowances (6 X $50) ...... 300

Accounts Receivable ............................. 300
Returned Inventory (6 x $30) .......................... 180

Cost of Goods Sold ................................ 180
3. The adjusting journal entries required to record estimated

remaining returns are as follows.
March 31, 2017
Sales Returns and Allowances (4 X $50) ......... 200

Allowance for Sales Returns and Allowances 200
Estimated Inventory Returns (4 X $30)....... 120

Cost of Goods Sold ........................... 120
(b) Financial Statement Presentation
Income Statement (partial)

For the quarter ended March 31, 2017
Sales revenue (200 × $50) $10,000

Less: Sales returns and allowances ($300 + $200) 500
Net sales 9,500
Cost of goods sold ($6,000 − $180 − $120) 5,700
Gross profit $ 3,800
Balance Sheet (partial)

At March 31, 2017
Accounts receivable ($10,000 – $300) $9,700

Less: Allowance for sales returns and allowances 200
Accounts receivable (net) $9,500
Returned inventory (including estimated) (10 × $30) $ 300

(a)
March 10, 2017
Accounts Receivable (200 X $50) ............. 10,000

Allowances (10 X $50) ............ 500
Sales Revenue ................................ 9,500
Cost of Goods Sold ...................................... 6,000

Inventory............................................... 6,000
Estimated Inventory Returns (10 X $30) ..... 300

Cost of Goods Sold ............................. 300
The journal entries to record the return are as follows.
March 25, 2017

Allowances (6 X $50) ....................... 300
Accounts Receivable ............................. 300
Returned Inventory (6 X $30) ........................ 180

Estimated Inventory Returns ................ 180
March 31, 2017
No entries required.

Net sales revenue $ 9,500

Cost of goods sold ($6,000 – $180 – $120) 5,700

At March 31, 2017


are as follows.
March 10, 2017
Cash (200 X $50) ............................................ 10,000

Sales Revenue ..................................... 10,000

Inventory .............................................. 6,000
2. The journal entries to record sales returns are as follows.
March 25 2017

Accounts Payable .................................. 300
Returned Inventory (6 X $30) ......................... 180

Cost of Goods Sold................................ 180
3. The adjusting journal entries required to record estimated

remaining returns.
March 31, 2017

Accounts Payable ............................... 200
Estimated Inventory Returns (4 X $30)....... 120


Sales revenue (200 × $50) $10,000

Net sales 9,500

At March 31, 2017
Cash (assuming no cash payments to Barr) $10,000

Accounts payable $ 500

(a)
March 10, 2017
Cash (200 X $50) ............................................. 10,000

Refund Liability (10 X $50) .................. 500
Sales Revenue ..................................... 9,500

Inventory............................................... 6,000
Estimated Inventory Returns (10 X $30) ..... 300

The journal entries to record the return is as follows.
March 25, 2017
Refund Liability (6 X $50) .......................... 300

Accounts Payable ............................. 300
Returned Inventory (6 X $30) .................... 180

Estimated Inventory Returns ........... 180
March 31, 2017
No entries required.

Net sales revenue ([200 × $50] – [10 X $50]) 9,500


At March 31, 2017
Cash (assuming no cash payments to Barr) $10,000

Accounts payable $ 300

Refund Liability ($500 - $300) $ 200
EXERCISE 18-18 (20-25 minutes)
are as follows.
October 2, 2017
Accounts Receivable ................................. 6,000

Sales Revenue ................................ 6,000
Cost of Goods Sold ................................. 3,600

Inventory.......................................... 3,600
2. The journal entry to record the allowance is as follows.
October 16, 2017
Sales Returns and Allowances ................. 400

Accounts Receivable ........................ 400
3. The adjusting journal entry to record estimated remaining

allowances is as follows.
October 31, 2017
Sales Returns and Allowances .................. 250

Allowance for Sales Returns
and Allowances............................ 250

For the quarter ended October 31, 2017
Sales revenue $6,000

Net sales 5,350
Cost of goods sold 3,600
Gross profit $1,750

At October 31, 2017


(a)
1. October 2, 2017
Accounts Receivable (200 X $30) ............. 6,000

and Allowances ........................... 800
Sales Revenue ................................ 5,200

Inventory ......................................... 3,600
2. The journal entries to record the allowance is as follows.
October 16, 2017

and Allowances ....................................... 400
3. The adjusting journal entry to record estimated remaining

allowances is as follows.
October 31, 2017
Allowance for Sales Returns and Allowances

($800 – $400 – $250)................. 150
Sales Revenue ................................ 150

For the quarter ended October 31, 2017
Net sales revenue ($5,200 + $150) $5,350

Cost of goods sold 3,600
Gross profit $1,750

At October 31, 2017

(a) The journal entries to record sales and related cost of goods sold are
as follows.
June 3, 2017
Accounts Receivable ................................ 8,000

Sales Revenue ................................ 8,000

Inventory ......................................... 6,000
The journal entries to record the return is as follows.
June 8, 2017
Sales Returns and Allowances ................. 300

Returned Inventory
[*300 × ($6,000/$8,000)] ........................... 225
Cost of Goods Sold........................... 225
*Because these goods were flawed they likely will be separated

from other inventory.
The journal entry to record delivery cost is as follows.
June 8, 2017
Delivery Expense ....................................... 24
Cash .................................................... 24
July 16, 2017
Cash ($8,000 − $300) ................................. 7,700

Accounts Receivable (Ann Mount) . 7,700

June 3, 2017
Accounts Receivable ................................ 8,000

and Allowances ............................ 800
Sales Revenue ................................ 7,200

Inventory.......................................... 6,000
Estimated Inventory Returns .................. 600*

Cost of Goods Sold ........................ 600
*(6,000 ÷ 8,000) X $800
The journal entries to record the return are as follows.
June 5, 2017
Allowance for Sales Returns and Allowances 300

Returned Inventory *(.75 X $300) .............. 225

Estimated Inventory Returns ........... 225
*Because these goods were flawed, they likely will be separated

from other inventory.
The journal entry to record delivery cost is as follows.
June 8, 2014
Delivery Expense ........................................ 24
Cash .................................................... 24
July 16, 2017
Cash ............................................................ 7,700

Accounts Receivable (Ann Mount) .. 7,700
(a) Sales reported gross at point of sale.
January 2, 2017
Accounts Receivable ................................ 1,500,000

Sales Revenue ................................ 1,500,000

Inventory ......................................... 750,000
(b) March 1, 2017
Sales Returns and Allowances ................. 100,000

Accounts Receivable ........................ 100,000
Returned Inventory .................................... 50,000

Cost of Goods Sold........................... 50,000
($750,000 ÷ $1,500,000) X $100,000
March 15, 2017
Cash ($1,500,000 − $100,000) .................... 1,400,000

Accounts Receivable ........................ 1,400,000
(c) March 31, 2017
Sales Returns and Allowances ................. 200,000

Allowances for Sales Returns
and Allowances ............................. 200,000
Estimated Inventory Returns .................... 100,000

Cost of Goods Sold........................... 100,000
($750,000 ÷ $1,500,000) X $200,000

(a) January 2, 2017

Allowances ($1,500,000 X 20%) .......... 300,000
Sales Revenue .......................................... 1,200,000

Inventory ................................................... 750,000
Estimated Inventory Returns .......................... 150,000*

*($750,000/$1,500,000 X $300,000)
(b) March 1, 2017

Allowances ............................................ 100,000
Accounts Receivable ............................... 100,000
Returned Inventory (.50 X $100,000) .............. 50,000

Estimated Inventory Returns .................. 50,000
March 15, 2017
Cash ($1,500,000 - $100,000) .......................... 1,400,000

(c) March 31, 2017
No adjusting entries are needed, because the original estimates still

apply.
(a) Uddin could recognize revenue at the point of sale based upon the time
of shipment because the books are sold f.o.b. shipping point. That is,
control has transferred and its performance obligation is met. Because
the returns can be estimated, recognition is at point of sale (shipping
point).
(b) Based on the available information, the correct treatment is to

recognize revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied – in
this case at the time of shipment (transfer of title). In addition to legal
title, other indicators of control appear to be met (1) Uddin has the
right to payment (2) Uddin has transferred the physical possession of
the asset (3) the bookstore has significant risks and rewards of
ownership, (4) the bookstore has accepted the textbooks, and
(5) collection is probable.
(c) The entries to record the sale of the textbooks and related cost of
goods sold are as follows:
July 1, 2017
Accounts Receivable ................................ 15,000,000

Sales Revenue ................................ 15,000,000
Cost of Goods Sold ................................. 12,000,000
Inventory ......................................... 12,000,000
(d) The entries to record the returns, related cost of goods sold, and cash
payment are as follows:
October 3, 2017
Sales Returns and Allowances................. 1,500,000

Accounts Receivable ..................... 1,500,000
Returned Inventory ($1,500,000 X .80)... 1,200,000
Cost of Goods Sold ........................ 1,200,000
Cash .......................................................... 13,500,000
Accounts Receivable ..................... 13,500,000
The Sales Returns and Allowances account is a contra account to sales

revenue. The Returned Inventory account is used to separate returned
inventory from regular inventory.
(e) On October 31, 2017, Uddin prepares financial statements
On Uddin’s income statement, the following information is reported.
Sales revenue $15,000,000

Less: Sales returns and allowances 1,500,000
Net sales 13,500,000
Cost of goods sold ($12,000,000-$1,200,000) 10,800,000
Net Income $ 2,700.000
On Uddin’s balance sheet as of October 31, 2017 the following information

is reported.
Accounts receivable $0
Returned inventory $1,200,000
As a result, at the end of the reporting period the net sales reflect the
amount that Uddin is reasonably expected to collect.

(a)
July 1, 2017

Allowances ($15,000,000 X 12%) ........ 1,800,000
Sales Revenue (Texts) ............................. 13,200,000
Cost of Goods Sold ......................................... 12,000,000

Inventory ................................................... 12,000,000
Estimated Inventory Returns ......................... 1,440,000*

Cost of Goods Sold ................................. 1,440,000
*(12% X $12,000,000)
(b)
Inventory Returned on October 3, 2017

Allowances............................................ 1,500,000
Cash ................................................................. 13,500,000
Inventory........................................................... 1,200,000*
Estimated Inventory Returns.................. 1,200,000
*($12,000,000 ÷ $15,000,000) X $1,500,000
(c) On October 31, 2017, Uddin prepares financial statements. As no other

returns are expected the following entry is made to close out the
allowance.

Allowances............................................ 300,000
Sales Revenue (Texts)............................. 300,000
As a result, at the end of the reporting period (the return period for these
sales has expired), the net sales reflect the amount that Uddin is
reasonably expected to collect.
On Uddin’s income statement, the following information is reported.

Net sales 13,500,000
Cost of goods sold ($12,000,000 −$1,200,000) 10,800,000
Net Income $ 2,700.000
On Uddin’s balance sheet as of October 31, 2017 the following information

is reported.
Accounts receivable $0
Returned inventory $1,200,000
(a) In this case, due to the agreement to repurchase the equipment,

Cramer continues to have the control of the asset and therefore this
agreement is a financing transaction and not a sale. That is, if the
company has an unconditional obligation (forward) or unconditional
right (call option) for an amount greater than or equal to its selling
price, the transaction is a financing transaction by the company. Thus
the asset is not removed from the books of Cramer. The entries to
record to financing are as follows.
July 1, 2017
Cash .................................................................. 40,000
Liability to Enyart Company ................... 40,000
(b) December 31, 2017
Interest Expense .............................................. 1,200

Liability to Enyart Company
($40,000 X 6%* X 1/2) ............................ 1,200
*An interest rate of 6% is imputed from the agreement ($2,400 ÷ $42,400).
(c) June 30, 2018

Interest Expense .............................................. 1,200
Liability to Enyart Company
($40,000 X 6% X 1/2).............................. 1,200
Liability to Enyart Company ........................... 42,400

Cash ($40,000 + $1,200 + $1,200) ........... 42,400
Because Zagat has an unconditional obligation (forward) to repurchase the
ingots at an amount greater than the selling price, the transaction is treated
as a financing.
(a) March 1, 2017
The selling price of the ingots is $200,000. Zagat would record the
following entry when it receives the consideration from the customer:
Cash .................................................................. 200,000

Liability to Werner Metal Company ....... 200,000
(b) May 1, 2017
Interest Expense ($200,000 X 2%) .................. 4,000
Liability to Werner Metal Company ................ 200,000
Cash ........................................................... 204,000
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
(a) This transaction is a bill-and-hold situation. Delivery of the counters is

delayed at the buyer’s request, but the buyer takes title and accepts
billing. Thus, the agreement must be evaluated to determine if revenue
can be recognized before delivery.
(b) Revenue is reported at the time title passes if the following conditions
are met:
(1) The reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement must be substantive.

(2) The product must be identified separately as belonging to the
customer.
(3) The product currently must be ready for physical transfer to the
customer, and
(4) The seller cannot have the ability to use the product or to direct it
to another customer.
(c) Cash .................................................................. 300,000

Sales Revenue .......................................... 2,000,000
LO: 3, Bloom: K, AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
(a) Inventoriable costs:

80 units shipped at cost of $500 each ............. $40,000
Freight ................................................................. 840
Total inventoriable cost ............................. $40,840
40 units sold (40/80 X $40,840) ......................... $20,420
(b) Computation of consignment profit:

Consignment sales (40 X $750) ........................ $30,000
Cost of units sold (40/80 X $40,840) ................ (20,420)
Commission charged by consignee
(6% X $30,000) ................................................ (1,800)
Advertising cost ................................................. (200)
Installation costs ................................................ (320)
Profit on consignment sales .................................... $ 7,260
(c) Remittance of consignee:

Consignment sales .................................................... $30,000
Less: Commissions .................................................. $1,800
Advertising...................................................... 200
Installation ...................................................... 320 2,320
Remittance from consignee ..................................... $27,680
Note: Since the installation costs related only to goods sold, the
installation costs are not part of the inventory cost, but are a selling
expense.
(a) January 2, 2017
Cash .............................................................................. 50,000

Sales Revenue ..................................................... 50,000
During 2017
Warranty Expense ....................................................... 900
Cash, Labor, Parts ............................................... 900
December 31, 2017

Warranty Liability ................................................. 650
(b) January 2, 2017
Cash ($50,000 + $800) ................................................. 50,800

Sales Revenue ..................................................... 50,000
Unearned Warranty Revenue (Service-type) .... 800
During 2017
Cash, Labor, Parts ............................................... 900
December 31, 2017

Warranty Liability ................................................. 650
Grando recognizes $400 of revenue on the service type warranty in 2019 and
2020. Warranty costs in the extended warranty period will be expensed as
incurred.
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
(a) October 1, 2017
To record sales revenue, warranties, and related cost of goods sold
Cash (or Accounts Receivable)................................. 3,600

Sales Revenue ..................................................... 3,200
Unearned Warranty Revenue (Service-type).... 400
Cost of Goods Sold .................................................... 1,440
Inventory .............................................................. 1,440
To record warranty expense on October 25, 2017
Warranty Expense ...................................................... 200

Cash, Parts, Labor .............................................. 200
(b) Celic recognizes warranty expenses associated with the assurance-

type warranty as actual warranty costs are incurred during the first 90
days after the customer receives the computer. Celic recognizes the
Unearned Service Revenue associated with the service-type warranty
as revenue during the extended warranty period and recognizes the
costs associated with providing the service-type warranty as they are
incurred.
(a) No entry – neither party has performed on the contract on January 1,

2017.
(b) The entries to record the sale and related cost of goods sold of the
wiring base is as follows.
February 5, 2017
Contract Asset ............................................................ 1,200

Sales Revenue ..................................................... 1,200
Cost of Goods Sold .................................................... 700

Inventory .............................................................. 700
(c) The entries to record the sale and related cost of goods sold of the
shelving unit is as follows.
February 25, 2017
Cash .............................................................................. 3,000

Contract Asset ..................................................... 1,200
Sales Revenue ..................................................... 1,800
Cost of Goods Sold ..................................................... 320

Inventory ............................................................... 320
(a) Cash .................................................................. 9,000

Sales Revenue (90 X $100) ..................... 9,000

Inventory (90 X $54) ................................. 4,860
(b) Cash .................................................................. 1,000

Sales Revenue (10 X $100) ..................... 1,000
Cost of Goods Sold ......................................... 540

Inventory (10 X $54) ................................. 540
In this situation, the contract modification for the additional 45

products is, in effect, a new and separate contract for future products
that does not affect the accounting for the previously existing contract.
(c) In this case, because the new price does not reflect a stand-alone
selling price, Gaertner allocates a modified transaction price (less the
amounts allocated to products transferred at or before the date of the
modification) to all remaining products to be transferred.
Under the prospective approach, Gaertner determines the transaction

price for subsequent sales ($97.86) as follows.
Consideration for products not yet delivered

under original contract ($100 X 60) $ 6,000
Consideration for products to be delivered
under the contract modification ($95 X 45) 4,275
Total remaining revenue $10,275
Revenue per remaining unit ($10,275 ÷ 105) = $97.86.
As indicated, the numerator includes products not yet transferred

under original contract ($100 X 60) plus products to be transferred
under the contract modification ($95 X 45), which is divided by the
remaining 105 products.
The journal entries to record subsequent sales and related cost of

goods sold for 10 units is as follows.
Cash (10 X $97.86) ........................................... 978.60

Sales Revenue .......................................... 978.60
Cost of Goods Sold ......................................... 540.00

Inventory ................................................... 540.00
(a) January 1, 2017
Cash .................................................................. 10,000

Unearned Service Revenue .................... 10,000
December 31, 2017

Service Revenue ...................................... 10,000
January 1, 2018
Cash .................................................................. 10,000

December 31, 2018

Service Revenue ...................................... 10,000
(b) January 1, 2019
Cash ($8,000 + $20,000) .................................. 28,000

December 31, 2019
Unearned Service Revenue ($28,000 ÷ 4) ..... 7,000

Service Revenue ...................................... 7,000
In this case, the modification of the contract does not result in new
performance obligation. As a result, the remaining service revenue is
recognized evenly over the remaining four years.
(c) Given the change in services in the extended contract period, the
services are distinct; the modification should not be considered as
part of the original contract. Tyler recognizes revenue on the
remaining services at different rates. Tyler will recognize $6,667
($20,000 ÷ 3) per year in the extended period (2020–2022). For 2019,
Tyler makes the following entry.
January 1, 2019
Cash ($8,000 + $20,000) .................................. 28,000

December 31, 2019

Service Revenue ...................................... 8,000
(a) The $2,000 commission costs related to obtaining the contract are
recognized as an asset. The design services ($3,000), controllers
($6,000), testing and inspection fees ($2,000) should be capitalized as
well, as they are specific to the contract.
The $27,000 cost for the receptacles and loading equipment appear to
be independent of the contract, as Rex will retain these and likely use
them in other projects.
(b) Companies only capitalize costs that are direct, incremental, and
recoverable (assuming that the contract period is more than one year.
General and administrative costs (unless those costs are explicitly
chargeable to the customer under the contract) and wasted materials
and labor are not eligible for capitalization and should be expensed as
incurred.
(a) If the contract is for less than 1 year, Rex can use the practical
expedient and recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract
as an expense when incurred.
(b) The collectibility of the contract payments will not affect the amount of
revenue recognized. That is, the amount recognized is not adjusted for
customer credit risk. Rather, Rex should report the revenue gross and
then present an allowance for any impairment due to bad debts
(recognized initially and subsequently in accordance with the
respective bad debt guidance) prominently as an expense in the
income statement. If there is significant doubt at contract inception
about collectibility, this may indicate that the parties to the contract
are not committed to perform their respective obligations to the
contract (i.e., existence of a contract may not be met). No revenue is
recognized until the issue of significant doubt is resolved.
LO: 4, Bloom: AN, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
*EXERCISE 18-33 (20–25 minutes)
(a) Gross profit recognized in:
2017 2018 2019

Contract price $1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000
Costs:
Costs to date $400,000 $825,000 $1,070,000
Estimated costs to
complete 600,000 1,000,000 275,000 1,100,000 0 1,070,000
Total estimated profit 600,000 500,000 530,000
Percentage completed
to date X 40%* X 75%** X 100%
Total gross profit
recognized 240,000 375,000 530,000
Less: Gross profit
recognized in previous
years 0 240,000 375,000
Gross profit
recognized in current
year $ 240,000 $ 135,000 $ 155,000
* *$400,000 ÷ $1,000,000 **$825,000 ÷ $1,100,000
*EXERCISE 18-33 (continued)
(b)
2018
Construction in Process ($825,000 – $400,000) .... 425,000
Materials, Cash, Payables ................................ 425,000
Accounts Receivable ($900,000 – $300,000) .......... 600,000

Billings on Construction in Process ............... 600,000
Cash ($810,000 – $270,000) ..................................... 540,000

Accounts Receivable ........................................ 540,000
Construction Expenses............................................ 425,000

Construction in Process .......................................... 135,000
Revenue from Long-Term Contracts .............. 560,000*
*$1,600,000 X (75% – 40%)
(c) Gross profit recognized in:

Gross profit 2017 2018 2019
$–0– $–0– $30,000*
*$1,600,000 – $1,070,000
(a) Contract billings to date.......................................... $61,500

Less: Accounts receivable 12/31/17 ..................... 18,000
Portion of contract billings collected .................... $43,500
$19,500
(b) = 30%
$65,000
(The ratio of gross profit to revenue recognized in 2017.)
$1,000,000 X .30 = $300,000
(The initial estimated total gross profit before tax on the contract.)
LO: 5, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
DOUGHERTY INC.
Computation of Gross Profit to be
Recognized on Uncompleted Contract
Year Ended December 31, 2017
Total contract price

Estimated contract cost at completion
($800,000 + $1,200,000) ................................................. $2,000,000
Fixed fee .............................................................................. 450,000
Total.............................................................................. 2,450,000
Total estimated cost ........................................................... (2,000,000)
Gross profit ................................................................................. 450,000
Percentage of completion ($800,000 ÷ $2,000,000)......... X 40%
Gross profit to be recognized .................................................. $ 180,000
$640,000
(a) 2017: X $2,200,000 = $880,000
$1,600,000
2018: $2,200,000 (contract price) minus $880,000 (revenue recognized

in 2017) = $1,320,000 (revenue recognized in 2018).
(b) All $2,200,000 of the contract price is recognized as revenue in 2018.
(c) Using the percentage-of-completion method, the following entries

would be made:
Construction in Process ......................................... 640,000

Materials, Cash, Payables ............................... 640,000
Accounts Receivable .............................................. 420,000

Billings on Construction in Process ............. 420,000
Cash .......................................................................... 350,000

Accounts Receivable....................................... 350,000
Construction in Process ......................................... 240,000*

Construction Expenses .......................................... 640,000
Revenue from Long-Term Contracts
[from (a)] ....................................................... 880,000
*[$2,200,000 – ($640,000 + $960,000)] X [($640,000 ÷ $1,600,000)]
(Using the completed-contract method, all the same entries are made
except for the last entry. No income is recognized until the contract is
completed.)
(a) Computation of Gross Profit to Be Recognized under Completed-

Contract Method.
No computation necessary. No gross profit to be recognized prior to

completion of contract.
Computation of Billings on Uncompleted Contract in Excess of Related

Costs under Completed-Contract Method.
Construction costs incurred during the year .................. $ 1,185,800

Partial billings on contract (25% X $6,000,000) ............... (1,500,000)
$ (314,200)
(b) Contract price ................................................. $6,000,000
Costs to date .................................................. $1,185,800

Est costs to complete................................... 4,204,200
Total ........................................................ 5,390,000
Est profit ($6,000,000 – $5,390,000) ............ 610,000

% of completion ............................................ X 22% *
Gross profit ............................................ $ 134,200
*($1,185,800 ÷ $5,390,000)
(a) May 1, 2017
Cash .............................................................................. 28,000

Notes Receivable ($70,000 – $28,000) ....................... 42,000
Discount on Notes Receivable
[$42,000 – (2.48685* X $14,000)] ...................... 7,184
[$28,000 + ($42,000 – $7,184)].......................... 62,816
July 1, 2017
Unearned Franchise Revenue .................................... 62,816

Franchise Revenue ............................................. 62,816
(b) May 1, 2017
Cash .............................................................................. 28,000

Notes Receivable ......................................................... 42,000
[$42,000 – (2.48685* X $14,000)] ...................... 7,184
[$28,000 + ($42,000 – $7,184)].......................... 62,816
December 31, 2017
Unearned Franchise Revenue ................................... 13,959**

*Present value factor for 10%, 3-year ordinary annuity.

**($62,816 ÷ 3) X 8/12
(c) May 1, 2017
Cash .............................................................................. 28,000

[$42,000 – (2.48685* X $14,000)] ...................... 7,184
Unearned Service Revenue (Training) .............. 2,400
Unearned Franchise Revenue ($25,600 +
$42,000 – $7,184)............................................... 60,416
July 1, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue (Training) ..................... 1,200***

Unearned Franchise Revenue ................................... 60,416
Service Revenue (Training) ............................... 1,200
***$2,400 ÷ 2
September 1, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue (Training) ..................... 1,200*

Service Revenue ................................................ 1,200
(Calculations rounded)
*Present value of ordinary annuity 3 years at 10%.

(a) January 1, 2017
Cash ............................................................................. 10,000

Notes Receivable ........................................................ 40,000
Discount on Notes Receivable .......................... 10,433
($10,000 + $29,567) .......................................... 39,567*
*Down payment made on 4/1/17 ................................ $10,000

Present value of an ordinary annuity
($8,000 X 3.69590) ............................................ 29,567
Total revenue recorded by Campbell and
total acquisition cost recorded by
Lesley Benjamin ............................................... $39,567
April 1, 2017
Unearned Franchise Revenue ................................... 39,567

December 31, 2017
Discount on Notes Receivable ................................... 3,252*

Interest Revenue .................................................. 3,252
*($40,000 – $10,433) X 11%
(b) January 1, 2017
Cash .............................................................................. 10,000
Discount on Notes Receivable ........................... 10,433
Unearned Service Revenue (Training) .............. 3,600
Unearned Franchise Revenue ............................ 35,967
April 1, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue (Training) ...................... 900
Unearned Franchise Revenue .................................... 35,967
Franchise Revenue .............................................. 35,967
Service Revenue (Training) ................................ 900
December 31, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue (Training) ...................... 2,700
Service Revenue .................................................. 2,700
Discount on Notes Receivable ................................... 3,252
Interest Revenue
[($40,000 – $10,433) X 11%] ............................. 3,252
(c) January 1, 2017

Cash .............................................................................. 10,000
Contract Liability (franchise)
($10,000 + $29,567) ........................................... 39,567*
*Down payment made on 4/1/17................................. $10,000.00
Present value of an ordinary annuity
($8,000 X 3.69590) ............................................. 29,567.20
Total revenue recorded by Campbell and
total acquisition cost recorded by
Lesley Benjamin ............................................... $39,567.20
December 31, 2017
Unearned Franchise Revenue ................................... 7,913**
**($39,567 ÷ 5)
Discount on Notes Receivable .................................. 3,252

Interest Revenue
[($40,000 – $10,433) X 11%] ............................ 3,252
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 18-1
(a) The total revenue of $50,000 (100 contracts X $500) should be allocated
to the two performance obligations based on their relative standalone
selling prices. In this case, the standalone selling price of each tablet
is $250 and the standalone selling price of the internet service is $300.
The total standalone selling price to consider is $550 ($250 + $300) for
each contract. The allocation for each contract is as follows.
Tablet ($250 / $550) X $500 = $227

Internet Service ($300 / $550) X $500 = $273
January 2, 2017
Cash ($500 X 100) ........................................................ 50,000

Unearned Service Revenue (100 X $273) .......... 27,300
Sales Revenue (100 X $ 227) .............................. 22,700
Cost of Goods Sold ($175 X 100) ............................... 17,500

Inventory ............................................................... 17,500
The sale of the tablets (and gross profit) should be recognized once
the tablets are delivered on January 2, 2017.
December 31, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue ($27,300 ÷ 3) ................. 9,100

Service Revenue .................................................. 9,100
(To record revenue for internet service provided in 2017)
(b) Bundle B contains three different performance obligations: (1) the

tablet, (2) internet service, and (3) tablet service plan.
PROBLEM 18-1 (Continued)
The total revenue of $120,000 (200 contracts X $600) should be allocated to

the three performance obligations based on their relative standalone
selling prices:
Tablet $250
Internet service 300
Tablet service plan 150
Total estimated standalone price $700
The allocation for a single contract is as follows.
Tablet $214 ($250 / $700) X $600

Internet service 257 ($300 / $700) X $600
Tablet service 129 ($150 / $700) X $600
Total Revenue $600
Tablet Tailors makes the following entries for 200 Tablet Bundle B.
July 1, 2017
Cash ($600 X 200) ....................................................... 120,000

Unearned Service Revenue (Internet) ............... 51,400*
Unearned Service Revenue (Maintenance) ...... 25,800**
Sales Revenue ..................................................... 42,800
Cost of Goods Sold ($175 X 200) .............................. 35,000

Inventory .............................................................. 35,000
*200 X $257
**200 X $129
The sale of the tablets (and gross profit) should be recognized once the
tablets are delivered on July 1, 2017.
December 31, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue (Internet)

[($51,400 ÷ 3) X 6/12] ............................................... 8,567
Unearned Service Revenue (Maintenance)
[($25,800 ÷ 3) X 6/12] ............................................... 4,300
Service Revenue .................................................. 12,867
(To record revenue for internet and maintenance services provided in

2017)
(c) Without reliable data with which to estimate the standalone selling
price of the internet service Tablet Tailors allocates $250 for each
contract to revenue on the tablets, with the residual amount allocated
to the Internet service. Tablet Tailors makes the following entries.
January 2, 2017
Cash ($500 X 100) ........................................................ 50,000

Unearned Service Revenue
(Internet) ($50,000 − $25,000) .......................... 25,000
Sales Revenue (Equipment) ............................... 25,000
Cost of Goods Sold ($175 X 100) ............................... 17,500

Inventory ............................................................... 17,500
December 31, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue ($25,000 ÷ 3) ................. 8,333

Service Revenue .................................................. 8,333
(To record revenue for internet service provided in 2017)
Tablet Tailors will recognize service revenue of $8,333 ($25,000 ÷ 3) in

each year of the 3-year contract.
PROBLEM 18-2
Since the services in the extended period are the same as those provided
in the original contract period, the services are not distinct; the
modification should be considered as part of the original contract.
(a)
January 2, 2019
Cash (40 X $90) ........................................................... 3,600

Unearned Service Revenue ............................... 3,600
(To record cash received for 40 extended internet service contracts)
(b)
December 31, 2019
Unearned Service Revenue ....................................... 2,413

Service Revenue ($7,240* ÷ 3) ........................... 2,413
*Original Internet Service Contract (40 X $273) $10,920

Revenue recognized in 1st 2 years ($10,920 X 2/3) (7,280)
Remaining Service at original rates 3,640
Extended service 3,600
Total Unearned Revenue (3 years service) $ 7,240
LO: 2, 3, 4, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
PROBLEM 18-3
(a) The total revenue of $8,000 ($800 X 10) should be allocated to the two
performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling
prices. In this case, the standalone selling price of the grills is
considered $7,000 ($700 X 10) and the standalone selling price of the
installation fee is $1,500 ($150 X 10). The total standalone selling price
to consider is therefore $8,500 ($7,000 + $1,500). The allocation is as
follows.
Equipment ($7,000 / $8,500) X $8,000 = $6,588

Installation ($1,500 / $8,500) X $8,000 = $1,412
Grill Masters makes the following entries.
April 20, 2017
Cash .............................................................................. 8,000

Unearned Service Revenue (Installation).......... 1,412
Unearned Sales Revenue (Equipment) ............. 6,588
May 15, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue (Installation) ................. 1,412

Unearned Sales Revenue (Equipment) ..................... 6,588
Service Revenue (Installation) ........................... 1,412
Sales Revenue (Equipment) ............................... 6,588
Cost of Goods Sold ..................................................... 4,250

Inventory ($425 X 10) ........................................... 4,250
Both the sale of the equipment and the service revenue are recognized
once the installation is completed on May 15, 2017.
(b) April 17, 2017
Cash .............................................................................. 52,640

Sales Revenue ([$200 X 280] X 94%) ................. 52,640
Cost of Goods Sold .................................................... 44,800

Inventory (280 X $160) ......................................... 44,800
In this case, Grill Masters should reduce revenue recognized by $3,360

which is computed as the selling price of the grills $52,640 [($280 X
200) – ($56,000 X .06)], because it is probable (almost certain) that it
will provide the discounted price amounting to 6%.
(c) 1. September 1, 2017
Accounts Receivable
[$20,000 – (3% X $20,000)] ............................... 19,400
Sales Revenue ............................................. 19,400
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................. 11,000
Inventory ($550 X 20) .................................. 11,000
September 25, 2017
Cash...................................................................... 19,400
Accounts Receivable .................................. 19,400
2. September 1, 2017
Accounts Receivable
[$20,000 – (3% X $20,000)] ............................... 19,400
Sales Revenue ............................................. 19,400
Cost of Goods Sold............................................. 11,000
Inventory ($550 X 20) .................................. 11,000
October 15, 2017
Cash ($1,000 X 20) .............................................. 20,000

Accounts Receivable .................................. 19,400
Sales Discounts Forfeited
(3% X $20,000) .......................................... 600
(d) October 1, 2017

Sales Revenue ($5,324 X .75132 [ PV i=10%, n=3]) .... 4,000
Cost of Goods Sold ..................................................... 2,700

Inventory ............................................................... 2,700
December 31, 2017
Discount on Notes Receivable ................................... 100

Interest Revenue (10% X 3/12 X $4,000) ............ 100
Grill Masters records revenue of $4,000 on October 1, 2017, which is

the value of consideration received, based on the present value of the
note. As a practical expedient, companies are not required to reflect
the time value of money to determine the transaction price if the time
period for payment is less than a year or if it is not a significant
financing transaction.
PROBLEM 18-4
(a) The entry to record the sale is as follows:
June 1, 2017

Sales Revenue .......................................... 70,000

Inventory ($400 X 100) ............................. 40,000
NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: The entries to record the sale and related cost of
goods sold at net amounts is as follows
June 1, 2017

Refund Liability (4% X $70,000)............... 2,800
Sales Revenue .......................................... 67,200
Estimated Inventory Returns
(4% X $40,000) ............................................... 1,600
Inventory ($400 X 100) ............................. 40,000
(b) 1. May 1, 2017
Cash [20% X (300 X $1,800)] ..................... 108,000

Unearned Sales Revenue .................. 108,000
2. August 1, 2017
Cash ............................................................. 432,000

Unearned Sales Revenue .......................... 108,000
Sales Revenue ($1,800 X 300) .......... 540,000
Cost of Goods Sold .................................... 280,500

Inventory [300 X ($260 + $275 + $400)] 280,500
(c) The introduction of bonus payment gives rise to a change in the

transaction price for the revenue arrangement, to include an
adjustment for management’s estimate of the amount of consideration
to which Economy will be entitled. With just two possible outcomes,
Economy uses the “most-likely-amount” approach, resulting in a
transaction price of $594,000 ($540,000 X 1.10).
May 1, 2017
Cash (20% X $540,000) .................................... 108,000

Unearned Sales Revenue ........................ 108,000
July 1, 2017
Cash ($594,000 – $108,000)............................. 486,000

Unearned Sales Revenue ................................ 108,000
Sales Revenue .......................................... 594,000

Inventory [300 X ($400 + $275 + $260)]... 280,500
(d) This is a bill and hold arrangement. It appears that the criteria for Epic
to have obtained control of the appliance bundles have been met:
(a) The reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement must be substantive.

(b) The product must be identified separately as belonging to Epic
Rentals.
(c) The product currently must be ready for physical transfer to Epic.
(d) Economy cannot have the ability to use the product or to direct it
to another customer.
Economy makes the following entries.
February 1, 2017
Cash (10% X 400 X $1,800).............................. 72,000

Unearned Sales Revenue ........................ 72,000
April 1, 2017
Accounts Receivable ($720,000 – $72,000) ... 648,000

Unearned Sales Revenue.................................... 72,000
Sales Revenue .......................................... 720,000
Cost of Goods Sold.......................................... 374,000

Inventory [400 X ($400 + $275 + $260)] ... 374,000
Thus, Economy has transferred control to Epic; Economy has a right

to payment for the appliances and legal title has transferred.
LO: 10, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Complex, Time: 35-40, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
PROBLEM 18-5
(a) If sales with returns are recorded gross at point of sale, the following
entries are made.
January 1, 2017
Notes Receivable .............................................. 48,000

Sales Revenue (40 X $1,200) ................... 48,000
Cost of Goods Sold (40 X $800) ..................... 32,000
Inventory.................................................... 32,000
Returns are recorded as they occur, with a debit to returned inventory and
a credit to cost of goods sold. If any returns are outstanding at the end of
the period, an adjusting entry will be required.
Note to Instructor: Ritt makes the following entry if the sale is recorded net.
January 1, 2017
Notes Receivable (Mills) ................................... 48,000

Refund Liability (5% X $48,000) .............. 2,400
Sales Revenue .......................................... 45,600
Estimated Inventory Returns
(40 X $800 X 5%) ........................................... 1,600
Inventory (40 X $800)................................ 32,000
(b) August 10, 2017
Cash (16 X $3,600*) ........................................... 57,600

Sales Revenue .......................................... 57,600

Inventory (16 X $2,000) ............................ 32,000
*Note: There is no adjustment for the volume discount, because it is

not probable that the customer will reach the benchmark.
(c) This revenue arrangement has 3 different performance obligations:

(1) the sale of the dryers, (2) installation, and (3) the maintenance plan.
The total revenue of $45,200 should be allocated to the three

performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling
price:
Dryers (3 X $14,000) $42,000

Installation (3 X $1,000) 3,000
Maintenance plan 1,200
Total estimated standalone selling price $46,200
The allocation for a single contract is as follows.
Dryers $41,091 ($42,000 / $46,200) X $45,200

Installation 2,935 ($3,000 / $46,200) X $45,200
Maintenance plan 1,174 ($1,200 / $46,200) X $45,200
Total Revenue $45,200
Ritt makes the following entries.
June 20, 2017
Cash (20% X $45,200) .......................................... 9,040

Accounts Receivable ($45,200 – $9,040) ....... 36,160
(Installation)............................................ 2,935
(Maintenance Plan) ................................ 1,174
Unearned Sales Revenue (Dryers) .......... 41,091
October 1, 2017
Cash (80% X $45,200) ...................................... 36,160

Accounts Receivable ............................... 36,160
Unearned Service Revenue (Installation) ......... 2,935

Unearned Sales Revenue (Dryers) ................. 41,091
Service Revenue (Installation) ................ 2,935
Sales Revenue (Dryers) ........................... 41,091

Inventory (3 X $11,000) .......................... 33,000
December 31, 2017
Unearned Service Revenue (Maintenance

Plans) .................................................................. 98
Service Revenue (Maintenance Plans)
($1,174 X 3/36) ........................................ 98
(d) Entries for Ritt

April 25, 2017
Inventory (Consignments) (100 X $800)............ 80,000

Finished Goods Inventory ....................... 80,000
June 30, 2017
Cash [(60 X $1,200) – (10% X 60 X $1,200)]....... 64,800

Commission Expense (Consignments)
($72,000 X 10%) ................................................. 7,200
Revenue from Consignment Sales ......... 72,000
Cost of Goods Sold (60 X $800) ......................... 48,000

Inventory (Consignments) ....................... 48,000
Entries for Farm Depot

April 25, 2017
No entry – Inventory continues to be controlled by Ritt.
Summary Entry for Consignment Sales
Cash ....................................................................... 72,000

Payable to Consignor ............................... 64,800
Commission Revenue .............................. 7,200
June 30, 2017
Payable to Consignor .......................................... 64,800

Cash ........................................................... 64,800
LO: 2, 3, 4, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Complex, Time: 35-40, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
PROBLEM 18-6
(a) Warranty Performance Obligations

1. To transfer 70 specialty winches to customers with a total
transaction price of $21,000.
2. To provide extended warranty services for 20 winches after the
assurance warranty period with a value of $8,000 (20 X $400) for
2 years.
With respect to the bonus points program, Hale has a performance

obligation for:
1. Delivery of the products and,

2. Future delivery of products that can be purchased by customers
with bonus point earned.
(b)
Cash ....................................................................... 29,000
Unearned Warranty Revenue
(20 X $400) .............................................. 8,000
Sales Revenue .......................................... 21,000
To reduce inventory and recognize cost of goods sold:
Inventory.................................................... 16,000
Hale records Warranty Expense account over the first two years as the
actual warranty costs are incurred. An adjusting entry is recorded at
year-end to recognize estimated warranty liabilities to be honored in
the future. The company also recognizes revenue related to the service
type warranty over the three year period that extends beyond the
assurance warranty period (two years). In most cases, the unearned
warranty revenue is recognized on a straight line basis and the costs
associated with the service type warranty are expensed as incurred.
(c) Because the points provide a material right to a customer that it would
not receive without entering into a contract, the points are a separate
performance obligation. Hale allocates the transaction price to the
product and the points on a relative standalone selling price basis as
follows.
The standalone selling price:

Purchased products: $100,000
Estimated points to be redeemed 9,500
Total $109,500
The allocation is as follows.
Products ($100,000 / $109,500) X $100,000 = $91,324

Bonus Points ($9,500 / $109,500) X $100,000 = $ 8,676
To record sales of products subject to bonus points:
Cash .................................................................. 100,000

Liability to Bonus Point Customers ....... 8,676
Sales Revenue .......................................... 91,324
Cost of Goods Sold (1–0.45%) X 100,000 ...... 55,000

Inventory .................................................... 55,000
(d) Additional Sales Revenue from bonus point redemptions, if 4,500

points have been redeemed: (4,500 points ÷ 9,500 points X $8,676) =
$4,110.
PROBLEM 18-7
(a) The transaction price is allocated to the products and loyalty points, as
follows:
Total
Standalone Percent Transaction Allocated
Selling Prices Allocated Price Amounts
Product Purchases $300,000 80% $300,000 $240,000
Loyalty Points 75,000* 20% 300,000 60,000
$375,000 $300,000
*30,000 X $2.50
(b) July 2, 2017
Cash .................................................................. 300,000

Unearned Sales Revenue……… ............. 60,000
Sales Revenue ……………………… ........ 240,000

Inventory…………………………….. ......... 171,000
(c) At July 31, 2017, the revenue recognized as a result of the loyalty
points redeemed is $24,000 [$60,000 X (10,000 ÷ 25,000)].
PROBLEM 18-8
(a) Sales with financing
January 1, 2017
Notes Receivable ............................................. 5,000

Discount on Notes Receivable ................ 550
Sales Revenue
($5,000 X .89000 [PV n=2; i=6%])................... 4,450

Inventory .................................................... 4,000
Total revenue for Colbert
Sales revenue $4,450 (Gross profit = $450)

Interest revenue (0.06 X $4,450) 267
$4,717
(b) Gift Cards
March 1, 2017
Cash .................................................................. 2,000

Unearned Sales Revenue (20 X $100)..... 2,000
March 31, 2017
Unearned Sales Revenue ................................ 1,000

Sales Revenue (0.50 X 20 X $100) ........... 1,000

Inventory (0.50 X 20 X $80) ...................... 800
April 30, 2017
Unearned Sales Revenue ................................ 600

Sales Revenue (0.30 X 20 X $100) ........... 600

Inventory (0.30 X 20 X $80) ...................... 480
June 30, 2017
Unearned Sales Revenue ............................... 100

Sales Revenue (0.05 X 20 X $100)........... 100

Inventory (0.05 X 20 X $80) ...................... 80
In addition, an additional entry is made on June 30, 2017 to recognize

that 10% of the gift cards (2 cards) will not be redeemed.
June 30, 2017
Unearned Sales Revenue ............................... 200

Sales Revenue (0.10 X 20 X $100)........... 200
There is no cost of goods sold related to the last 2 gift cards as they
were not redeemed.
*PROBLEM 18-9
(a) 2017 2018 2019

Contract price $900,000 $900,000 $900,000
Less estimated cost:
Costs to date 270,000 450,000 610,000
Estimated cost to complete 330,000 150,000 —
Estimated total cost 600,000 600,000 610,000
Estimated total gross profit $300,000 $300,000 $290,000
Gross profit recognized in—
2017: $270,000 X $300,000 = $135,000

$600,000
2018: $450,000 X $300,000 = $225,000

$600,000
Less 2017 recognized

gross profit 135,000
Gross profit in 2018 $ 90,000
2019: Less 2017–2018

recognized gross profit 225,000
Gross profit in 2019 $ 65,000
(b) In 2017 and 2018, no gross profit would be recognized.
Total billings ....................................... $900,000

Total cost ............................................ (610,000)
Gross profit recognized in 2019 ....... $290,000
LO: 5, 6, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Complex, Time: 30-40, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
*PROBLEM 18-10
(a) Computation of Recognizable Profit/Loss

Percentage-of-Completion Method
2017
Costs to date (12/31/17) ............................................ $2,880,000
Estimated costs to complete.................................... 3,520,000
Estimated total costs......................................... $6,400,000
Percent complete ($2,880,000 ÷ $6,400,000) ........... 45%
Revenue recognized ($8,400,000 X 45%) ................ $3,780,000

Costs incurred ........................................................... (2,880,000)
Profit recognized in 2017 .......................................... $ 900,000
2018
Costs to date (12/31/18)
($2,880,000 + $2,230,000) ...................................... $5,110,000
Estimated costs to complete.................................... 2,190,000
Estimated total costs......................................... $7,300,000
Percent complete ($5,110,000 ÷ $7,300,000) ........... 70%

Revenue recognized in 2018
($8,400,000 X 70%) – $3,780,000 .......................... $2,100,000
Costs incurred in 2018 .............................................. (2,230,000)
Loss recognized in 2018 ........................................... $ (130,000)
2019
Total revenue recognized ......................................... $8,400,000
Total costs incurred .................................................. (7,300,000)
Total profit on contract ............................................. 1,100,000
Deduct profit previously recognized
($900,000 – $130,000) ............................................ 770,000
Profit recognized in 2019 .......................................... $ 330,000
(b) No profit or loss recognized in 2017 and 2018
2019
Contract price............................................................. $8,400,000

Costs incurred............................................................ 7,300,000
Profit recognized........................................................ $1,100,000
*PROBLEM 18-11
(a) Computation of Recognizable Profit/Loss

Percentage-of-Completion Method
2017
Costs to date (12/31/17) .................................................. $ 300,000

Estimated costs to complete.......................................... 1,200,000
Estimated total costs............................................... $1,500,000
Percent complete ($300,000 ÷ $1,500,000) .................... 20%
Revenue recognized ($1,900,000 X 20%) ...................... $ 380,000

Costs incurred ................................................................. (300,000)
Profit recognized in 2017 ................................................ $ 80,000
2018
Costs to date (12/31/18) .................................................. $1,200,000

Estimated costs to complete.......................................... 800,000
Estimated total costs............................................... 2,000,000
Contract price .................................................................. (1,900,000)
Total loss .......................................................................... $ 100,000
Total loss .......................................................................... $ 100,000

Plus gross profit recognized in 2017 ............................ 80,000
Loss recognized in 2018 ................................................. $ 180,000
2019
Costs to date (12/31/19).......................................... $2,100,000

Estimated costs to complete ................................. 0
2,100,000
Contract price.......................................................... 1,900,000
Total loss ................................................................. $ (200,000)
Total loss ................................................................. $ (200,000)

Less: Loss recognized in 2018............................. $180,000
Gross profit recognized in 2017 ............................ (80,000) (100,000)
Loss recognized in 2019 ........................................ $ (100,000)
(b) No profit or loss in 2017
2018
Contract price.......................................................... $1,900,000

Estimated costs ...................................................... (2,000,000)
Loss recognized ..................................................... $ 100,000
2019
Contract price.......................................................... $1,900,000

Costs incurred......................................................... (2,100,000)
Total loss ................................................................. 200,000
Less: Loss recognized in 2018.............................. 100,000
Loss recognized .................................................. $ 100,000
LO: 5, 6, 7, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Complex, Time: 40-50, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
*PROBLEM 18-12
(a) A company recognizes revenue in the accounting period when a

performance obligation is satisfied—the revenue recognition principle.
A key element of the revenue recognition principle is that a company
recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to
customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it receives,
or expects to receive, in exchange for those goods or services.
Companies satisfy performance obligations either at a point in time or

over a period of time. Companies recognize revenue over a period of
time if one of the following two criteria is met.
1. The customer receives and consumes the benefits as the seller

performs.
2. The customer controls the asset as it is created or enhanced (e.g.,

a builder constructs a building on a customer’s property).
3. The company does not have an alternative use for the asset
created or enhanced (e.g., an aircraft manufacturer builds
specialty jets to a customer’s specifications) and either (a) the
customer receives benefits as the company performs and
therefore the task would not need to be re-performed, or (b) the
company has a right to payment and this right is enforceable.
In the case of a franchise, fees related to rights to use the intellectual

property generally are recognized at a point in time, usually when the
franchise begins operation. That is because at that time, the customer
controls the product or service when it has the ability to direct the use
of and obtain substantially all the remaining benefits from the
franchise rights. Control also includes the customer’s ability to
prevent other companies from directing the use of, or receiving the
benefit, from the asset or service.
The continuing franchise fees are recognized over time, because they
are in exchange for products and services transferred to the
franchisee during the franchise period.
(b)
1. January 5, 2017
Cash ................................................... 20,000

Notes Receivable .............................. 100,000
($100,000 – $75,816*) ............... 24,184
Unearned Franchise Revenue .... 95,816
*Present value of future payments ($20,000 X 3.79079)
July 1, 2017
2. Unearned Franchise Revenue ......... 20,000

Franchise Revenue ...................... 20,000
To record revenue from delivery of

franchise rights.
December 31, 2017
Cash (260,000 X 2%) ......................... 5,200

Franchise Revenue ................ 5,200
(to recognize continuing franchise fees)

($75,816 ÷ 60 X 6) .......................................... 7,582
Franchise Revenue ................................... 7,582
(To recognize ongoing fees for brand maintenance)
Cash………………………………………………. 20,000
Discount on Notes Receivable ....................... 7,582
Interest Revenue ($75,816 X 10%) ............ 7,582
Notes Receivable…………………………… 20,000
(To recognize collection of note and interest revenue)
(c) In this situation Amigos would recognize the entire franchise fee of
$95,816 when the franchise opens. That is, franchise revenue is
recognized at a point in time.
SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS
CA 18-1
(a) The 5-step model is as follows.
1. Identify the contract with customers.
A contract is an agreement that creates enforceable rights or obligations and (1) has
commercial substance, (2) has been approved and both parties are committed to
performing their obligations, (3) the company can identify each party’s rights regarding the
goods or services to be transferred, (4) the payment terms, and (5) it is probable that
consideration will be collected. A company applies the revenue guidance to contracts with
customers and must determine if new performance obligations are created by a contract
modification.
2. Identify the separate performance obligations in the contract.
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to provide a product or service to a

customer. A performance obligation exists if the customer can benefit from the good or
service on its own or together with other readily available resources. A contract may be
comprised of multiple performance obligations. The accounting for multiple performance
obligations is based on evaluation of whether the product or service is distinct within the
contract. If each of the goods or services is distinct, but is interdependent and interrelated,
these goods and services are combined and reported as one performance obligation. In
other words, the objective is to determine whether the nature of a company’s promise is to
transfer individual goods and services to the customer or to transfer a combined item (or
items) for which individual goods or services are inputs.
3. Determine the transaction price.
The transaction price is the amount of consideration that a company expects to receive from
a customer in exchange for transferring goods and services. In determining the transaction
price, companies must consider the following factors: (1) variable consideration, (2) time
value of money, (3) noncash consideration, (4) consideration paid to a customer, and
(5) upfront cash payments.
4. Allocate the transaction price to separate performance obligations.
If there is more than one performance obligation, allocate the transaction price based on
what the good or service could be sold for on a standalone basis (standalone selling price).
Estimates of standalone selling price can be based on (1) adjusted market assessment, (2)
expected cost plus a margin approach, or (3) a residual approach.
5. Recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied.
A company satisfies its performance obligation when the customer obtains control of the
good or service. Companies satisfy performance obligations either at a point in time or over
a period of time. Companies recognize revenue over a period of time if one of the following
three criteria is met.
1. The customer receives and consumes the benefits as the seller performs.
CA 18-1 (Continued)
2. The customer controls the asset as it is created or enhanced (e.g., a builder constructs a
building on a customer’s property).
3. The company does not have an alternative use for the asset created or enhanced (e.g., an
aircraft manufacturer builds specialty jets to a customer’s specifications) and either (a) the
customer receives benefits as the company performs and therefore the task would not need
to be re-performed, or (b) the company has a right to payment and this right is enforceable.
(b) A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights or
obligations. Contracts can be written, oral, or implied from customary business practice. By
definition, revenue from a contract with a customer cannot be recognized until a contract exists.
On entering into a contract with a customer, a company obtains rights to receive consideration
from the customer and assumes obligations to transfer goods or services to the customer
(performance obligations).
In some cases, there are multiple contracts related to the transaction, and accounting for each
contract may or may not occur, depending on the circumstances. These situations often develop
when not only a product is provided but some type of service is performed as well.
(c) Companies often have to allocate the transaction price to more than one performance obligation in
a contract. If an allocation is needed, the transaction price allocated to the various performance
obligations is based on standalone selling prices. If this information is not available, companies
should use their best estimate of what the good or service might sell for as a standalone unit.
Depending on the circumstances, companies use the following approaches to determine
standalone selling price: (1) Adjusted market assessment approach-Evaluate the market in which it
sells goods or services and estimate the price that customers in that market are willing to pay for
those goods or services. That approach also might include referring to prices from the company’s
competitors for similar goods or services and adjusting those prices as necessary to reflect the
company’s costs and margins; (2) Expected cost plus a margin approach-Forecast expected costs
of satisfying a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin for that good or service;
or (3) Residual approach - If the standalone selling price of a good or service is highly variable or
uncertain, then a company may estimate the standalone selling price by reference to the total
transaction price less the sum of the available standalone selling prices of other goods or services
promised in the contract. A selling price is highly variable when a company sells the same good or
service to different customers (at or near the same time) for a broad range of amounts. A selling
price is uncertain when a company has not yet established a price for a good or service and the
good or service has not previously been sold.
(d) Companies use an asset-liability model to recognize revenue. For example, when a company
delivers a product (satisfying its performance obligation), it has a right to consideration and
therefore has a contract asset. If, on the other hand, the customer performs first, by prepaying,
the seller has a contract liability. Companies must present these contract assets and contract
liabilities on their balance sheets. Contract assets are of two types: (1) unconditional rights to
receive consideration because the company has satisfied its performance obligation with a
customer, and (2) conditional rights to receive consideration because the company has satisfied
one performance obligation but must satisfy another performance obligation in the contract
before it can bill the customer. Companies should report unconditional rights to receive
consideration as a receivable on the balance sheet. Conditional rights on the balance sheet
should be reported separately as contract assets. A contract liability is a company’s obligation to
transfer goods or services to a customer for which the company has received consideration from
the customer. It is generally shown in an unearned revenue account.
LO: 2, 3, Bloom: K, C, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 20-30, AACSB: Reflecting thinking, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
CA 18-2
(a) A company recognizes revenue in the accounting period when a performance obligation is
satisfied—the revenue recognition principle. A key element of the revenue recognition principle is
that a company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an
amount that reflects the consideration that it receives, or expects to receive, in exchange for
those goods or services.
Companies satisfy performance obligations either at a point in time or over a period of time.
Companies recognize revenue over a period of time if one of the following three criteria is met.
The concept of change in control is the deciding factor in determining when a performance
obligation is satisfied. The customer controls the product or service when it has the ability to
direct the use of and obtain substantially all the remaining benefits from the asset or service.
Control also includes the customer’s ability to prevent other companies from directing the use of,
or receiving the benefit, from the asset or service. Indicators that the customer has obtained
control are as follows:
1. The company has a right to payment for the asset.

2. The company transferred legal title to the asset.
3. The company transferred physical possession of the asset.
4. The customer has significant risks and rewards of ownership.
5. The customer has accepted the asset.
(b) Companies use an asset-liability model to recognize revenue. For example, when a company
delivers a product (satisfying its performance obligation), it has a right to consideration and
therefore has a contract asset. If, on the other hand, if the customer performs first, by prepaying,
the seller has a contract liability. Companies must present these contract assets and contract
liabilities on their balance sheets. Contract assets are of two types: (1) unconditional rights to
receive consideration because the company has satisfied its performance obligation with a
customer, and (2) conditional rights to receive consideration because the company has satisfied
one performance obligation but must satisfy another performance obligation in the contract
before it can bill the customer. Companies should report unconditional rights to receive
consideration as a receivable on the balance sheet. Conditional rights on the balance sheet
should be reported separately as contract assets. A contract liability is a company’s obligation to
transfer goods or services to a customer for which the company has received consideration from
the customer.
CA 18-2 (Continued)
(c) Collectibility refers to a customer’s credit risk—that is, the risk that a customer will be unable to
pay the amount of consideration in accordance with the contract. Any time a company sells a
product or performs a service on account, a collectibility issue occurs. Will the customer pay the
promised consideration? Whether a company will get paid for satisfying a performance obligation
is not a consideration in determining revenue recognition. The amount recognized is not adjusted
for customer credit risk. Rather, companies report the revenue gross and then present an
allowance for any impairment due to bad debts (recognized initially and subsequently in
accordance with the respective bad debt guidance) prominently as an operating expense in the
income statement.
If significant doubt exists at contract inception about collectibility, it often indicates that the parties
are not committed to their obligations. As a result, it may mean that the existence of a contract is
not met.
LO: 1, 2, 3, Bloom: K, C, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 20-30, AACSB: Reflective thinking, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
CA 18-3
(a) The point of sale is the most widely used basis for the timing of revenue recognition because in
most cases it provides the degree of objective evidence that control has transferred to the
customer. In other words, sales transactions with outsiders represent the point in the revenue-
generating process when most of the uncertainty about satisfying a performance obligation is
resolved.
(b) 1. Though it is recognized that revenue is earned throughout the entire production process,
generally it is not feasible to measure revenue on the basis of operating activity. It is not
feasible because of the absence of suitable criteria for consistently and objectively arriving
at a periodic determination of the amount of revenue to recognize.
Also, in most situations the sale represents the most important single step in satisfying a
performance obligation. Prior to the sale, the amount of revenue anticipated from the
processes of production is merely prospective revenue; its realization remains to be
validated by actual sales. The accumulation of costs during production does not alone
generate revenue. Rather, revenues are recognized by the completion of the entire
process, including making sales.
Thus, as a general rule, the sale cannot be regarded as being an unduly conservative basis
for the timing of revenue recognition. Except in unusual circumstances, revenue recognition
prior to sale would be anticipatory in nature and unverifiable in amount.
2. To criticize the sales basis as not being sufficiently conservative because accounts receiv-
able do not represent disposable funds, it is necessary to assume that the collection of
receivables is the decisive step in satisfying a performance obligation and that periodic
revenue measurement and, therefore, net income should depend on the amount of cash
generated during the period. This assumption disregards the fact that the sale usually
represents the decisive factor in satisfying a performance obligation and substitutes for it
the administrative function of managing and collecting receivables. In other words, the
investment of funds in receivables should be regarded as a policy designed to increase total
revenues, properly recognized at the point of sale, and the cost of managing receivables
(e.g., bad debts and collection costs) should be matched with the sales in the proper period.
CA 18-3 (Continued)
The fact that some revenue adjustments (e.g., sales returns) and some expenses (e.g., bad
debts and collection costs) may occur in a period subsequent to the sale does not detract
from the overall usefulness of the sales basis for the timing of revenue recognition. Both
can be estimated with sufficient accuracy so as not to detract from the reliability of reported
net income.
Thus, in the vast majority of cases for which the sales basis is used, estimating errors, though
unavoidable, will be too immaterial in amount to warrant deferring revenue recognition to
a later point in time.
(c) Overtime. This basis of recognizing revenue is frequently used by firms whose major
source of revenue is long-term construction projects. For these firms the point of sale is far
less significant to satisfying a performance obligation than is production activity because the
sale is assured under the contract (except of course where performance is not substantially
in accordance with the contract terms).
To defer revenue recognition until the completion of long-term construction projects could
impair significantly the usefulness of the intervening annual financial statements because
the volume of contracts completed during a period is likely to bear no relationship to produc-
tion volume. During each year that a project is in process, a portion of the contract price is,
therefore, appropriately recognized as that year’s revenue. The amount of the contract price
to be recognized should be proportionate to the year’s production progress on the project.
Income might be recognized on a production basis for some products whose salability at
a known price can be reasonably determined as might be the case with some precious
metals and agricultural products.
It should be noted that the use of the production basis in lieu of the sales basis for the
timing of revenue recognition is justifiable only when total profit or loss on the contracts can
be estimated with reasonable accuracy and its ultimate realization is reasonably assured.
CA 18-4
(a) Recognizing revenue at point of sale is appropriate for many revenue arrangements, because
this is the time at which control of the asset transfers to the customer. That is, the concept of
change in control is the deciding factor in determining when a performance obligation is satisfied.
The customer controls the product or service when it has the ability to direct the use of and
obtain substantially all the remaining benefits from the asset or service. Control also includes the
customer’s ability to prevent other companies from directing the use of, or receiving the benefit,
from the asset or service. Change in control indicators are as follows:

Thus, for many revenue arrangements (for delivery of goods and/or services), these indicators
are present at point-of-sale.
CA 18-4 (Continued)
(b) Companies recognize revenue over a period of time if one of the following three criteria is met.
A company recognizes revenue from a performance obligation over time by measuring the
progress toward completion. The method selected for measuring progress should depict the
transfer of control from the company to the customer. Companies use various methods to
determine the extent of progress toward completion. The most common are the cost-to-cost and
units-of-delivery methods. The objective of all these methods is to measure the extent of
progress in terms of costs, units, or value added. Companies identify the various measures
(costs incurred, labor hours worked, tons produced, floors completed, etc.) and classify them as
input or output measures.
Input measures (e.g., costs incurred and labor hours worked) are efforts devoted to a contract.
Output measures (with units of delivery measured as tons produced, floors of a building
completed, miles of a highway completed, etc.) track results. Neither is universally applicable to
all long-term projects. Their use requires the exercise of judgment and careful tailoring to the
circumstances.
Both input and output measures have certain disadvantages. The input measure is based on an
established relationship between a unit of input and productivity. If inefficiencies cause the
productivity relationship to change, inaccurate measurements result.
Another potential problem is front-end loading, in which significant upfront costs result in higher
estimates of completion. To avoid this problem, companies should disregard some early-stage
construction costs—for example, costs of uninstalled materials or costs of subcontracts not yet
performed—if they do not relate to contract performance.
Similarly, output measures can produce inaccurate results if the units used are not comparable in
time, effort, or cost to complete. For example, using floors (stories) completed can be deceiving.
Completing the first floor of an eight-story building may require more than one-eighth the total
cost because of the substructure and foundation construction.
The most popular input measure used to determine the progress toward completion is the cost-
to-cost basis. Under this basis, a company measures the percentage of completion by comparing
costs incurred to date with the most recent estimate of the total costs required to complete the
contract. The percentage-of- completion method is discussed more fully in Appendix 18A, which
examines the accounting for long-term contracts.
CA 18-5
(a) Fahey will likely report $2,000,000 at the financial reporting date, the date of sale, if using the
gross method. Under the net method Fahey will report $1,700,000 ($2,000,000 − $300,000).
(b) In situations where there may be returns or variable consideration, revenue on sales subject to
reversal may not be recognized (constrained). Companies therefore may only recognize if (1)
they have experience with similar contracts and are able to estimate the returns and/or variable
consideration and (2) based on experience, they do not expect a significant reversal of revenue
previously recognized.
To account for the sale of products with a right of return (and for some services that are provided
subject to a refund), the seller should recognize all of the following.
1. Revenue for the transferred products in the amount of consideration to which the seller is
reasonably assured to be entitled (considering the products expected to be returned).
2. An asset (and corresponding adjustment to cost of sales) for its right to recover products
from the customer on settling the refund liability. However, in this situation, the magazines
will not be returned and an asset will not be recorded.
If recorded gross at point of sale, no liability or asset is recorded unexercised returns until the end
of the accounting period.
(c) Collectibility refers to a customer’s credit risk—that is, the risk that a customer will be unable to
pay the amount of consideration in accordance with the contract. Any time a company sells a
product or performs a service on account, a collectibility issue occurs. The amount recognized is
not adjusted for customer credit risk. Rather, companies report the revenue gross and then
present an allowance for any impairment due to bad debts (recognized initially and subsequently
in accordance with the respective bad debt guidance) prominently as an operating expense in the
income statement.
If significant doubt exists at contract inception about collectibility, it often indicates that the parties
are not committed to their obligations. As a result, it may mean that the existence of a contract is
not met.
LO: 2, 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Complex, Time: 35-45, AACSB: Reflecting thinking, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
CA 18-6
(a) Receipts based on subscriptions should be credited to Unearned Sales Revenue. As each
monthly issue is distributed, Unearned Sales Revenue is reduced (Dr.) and Sales Revenue is
recognized (Cr.). A problem results because of the unqualified guarantee for a full refund. Certain
companies experience such a high rate of returns to sales that they find it necessary to postpone
revenue recognition (revenue recognized is constrained) until the return privilege has substantially
expired. Cutting Edge is expecting a 25% return rate and it will not expire until the new
subscriptions expire. Companies therefore may only recognize revenue on sales with return
privileges if (1) they have experience with similar contracts and are able to estimate the returns,
and (2) based on experience, they do not expect a significant reversal of revenue previously
recognized.
CA 18-6 (Continued)
(b) To account for the sale of products with a right of return (and for some services that are provided
subject to a refund), the seller should recognize all of the following.
1. Revenue for the transferred products in the amount of consideration to which the seller is
reasonably assured to be entitled (considering the products expected to be returned).
2. An asset (and corresponding adjustment to cost of sales) for its right to recover inventory
from the customer and settling the refund liability.
If recorded gross at point of sale, no liability or asset is recorded for expected returns until the
end of the accounting period.
(c) Since the atlas premium may be accepted whenever requested, it is necessary for Cutting Edge
to record a liability (a performance obligation) for estimated premium claims outstanding.
According to GAAP, the estimated premium claims outstanding is a liability which should be
reported since it can be readily estimated [60% of the new subscribers X (cost of atlas − $2)] and
its occurrence is probable. As the new subscription is obtained, Cutting Edge should record the
estimated liability as follows:
Premium Expense ..................................................................................... XXX
Premium Liability................................................................................ XXX
Upon request for the atlas and payment of $2 by the new subscriber, Cutting Edge should record:
Cash .......................................................................................................... XXX
Premium Liability ....................................................................................... XXX
Inventory of Premiums ....................................................................... XXX
(d) The current ratio (Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities) will change, but not in the direction Embry
thinks. As subscriptions are obtained, current assets (cash or accounts receivable) will increase
and current liabilities (unearned revenue) will increase by the same amount. In addition, the
liabilities for estimated premium claims outstanding will increase with no change in current
assets. Consequently, the current ratio will decrease rather than increase as proposed. Naturally
as the revenue is recognized, these ratios will become more favorable. Similarly, the debt to
equity ratio will not be decreased due to the increase in liabilities.
LO: 1, 2, 3, Bloom: C, AN, Difficulty: Complex, Time: 35-45, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
CA 18-7
(a) A company recognizes revenue in the accounting period when a performance obligation is
satisfied—the revenue recognition principle. A key element of the revenue recognition principle is
that a company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an
amount that reflects the consideration that it receives, or expects to receive, in exchange for
those goods or services.
The concept of change in control is the deciding factor in determining when a performance
obligation is satisfied. The customer controls the product or service when it has the ability to
direct the use of and obtain substantially all the remaining benefits from the asset or service.
Control also includes the customer’s ability to prevent other companies from directing the use of,
or receiving the benefit, from the asset or service. Indicators of change in control include:

CA 18-7 (Continued)
Companies satisfy performance obligations either at a point in time or over a period of time.
Companies recognize revenue over a period of time if one of the following three criteria is met.
(b) Griseta & Dubel Inc., in effect, collects cash for merchandise credits far in advance of when
merchants furnish the goods. Thus, this is an example of upfront payments. In addition, since the
data indicate that about 5 percent of the credits sold will never be redeemed, it also has revenue
from this source unless these credits are redeemed. Griseta & Dubel’s revenues are recognized
when the performance obligation is met when credits are redeemed.
The performance obligation is to deliver premiums (tickets and other items) in the future. This
revenue is recognized when the bonus points sales occur. Reasonable estimation is crucial to
revenue recognition. Griseta and Dubel uses historical bonus points data to estimate the amount
of consideration to allocate to the future bonus point revenue.
(c) Griseta & Dubel’s major asset (in terms of data given in the question) would be its inventory of
premiums. The major account with a credit balance would be performance obligation to deliver
premiums to merchants in the future.
LO: 1, 2, 3, Bloom: AN, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 25-30, AACSB: Reflective thinking, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
CA 18-8
(a) Honesty and integrity of financial reporting versus higher corporate profits are the ethical issues.
Nies’s position represents GAAP. The financial statements should be presented fairly and that
will not be the case if Avery’s approach is followed. External users of the statements such as
investors and creditors, both current and future, will be misled.
(b) Nies should insist on statement presentation in accordance with GAAP. If Avery will not accept
Nies’s position, Nies will have to consider alternative courses of action, such as contacting higher-
ups at Midwest, and assess the consequences of each.
LO: 1, 2, 3, Bloom: AN, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Reflective thinking, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving
*CA 18-9
(a) Widjaja Company should recognize revenue as it performs the work on the contract (the
percentage-of-completion method) because it meets the criteria for revenue recognition over
time.
(b) Progress billings would be accounted for by increasing accounts receivable and increasing progress
billings on contract, a contra-asset that is offset against the Construction in Process account. If
the Construction in Process account exceeds the Billings on Construction in Process account, the
two accounts would be shown net in the current assets section of the balance sheet. If the
Billings on Construction in Process account exceeds the Construction in Process account, the
two accounts would be shown net, in most cases, in the current liabilities section of the balance
sheet.
(c) The income recognized in the second year of the four-year contract would be determined using
the cost-to-cost method of determining percentage of completion as follows:
1. The estimated total income from the contract would be determined by deducting the estimated
total costs of the contract (the actual costs to date plus the estimated costs to complete) from
the contract price.
2. The actual costs to date would be divided by the estimated total costs of the contract to arrive
at the percentage completed. This would be multiplied by the estimated total income from the
contract to arrive at the total income recognizable to date.
3. The income recognized in the second year of the contract would be determined by deducting the
income recognized in the first year of the contract from the total income recognizable to date.
(d) Earnings per share in the second year of the four-year contract would be higher using the
percentage-of-completion method instead of the completed-contract method because income
would be recognized in the second year of the contract using the percentage-of-completion
method, whereas no income would be recognized in the second year of the contract using the
completed-contract method.
LO: 5, 6, Bloom: AN, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Problem Solving

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Revenue Recognition

Questions & Solutions

Determine the transaction price for this contract.

E18-32 (LO4) (Contract Costs, Collectibility) Refer to the information in E18-31.

2017 2018 2019

CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS

Actual Merchandise Credit

USING YOUR JUDGMENT

Financial Reporting Problem

Comparative Analysis Case

Financial Statement Analysis Case

BRIEF EXERCISE 18-1

BRIEF EXERCISE 18-2

June 15, 2017

Accounts Receivable .......................................................... 2,000

Cost of Goods Sold ............................................................. 1,300

July 15, 2017

Cash ...................................................................................... 2,000

BRIEF EXERCISE 18-3

There is one performance obligation in this situation which is the providing

Three performance obligations exist in this contract—manufacture of the 3-

BRIEF EXERCISE 18-5

Ismail accounts for the bundle of goods and services as a single

The transaction price should include management’s estimate of the amount

Completion Date Probability Expected Value

Thus, the total transaction price is $ 1,127,500 based on the probability-

BRIEF EXERECISE 18-7

(b) When there is limited information with which to develop a reliable

BRIEF EXERECISE 18-8

(a) Groupo would recognize revenue of $1,000,000 at delivery.

(b) Groupo would recognize revenue of $800,000 at the point of sale.

Notes Receivable ....................................................... 11,000

Cost of Goods Sold .................................................. 6,000

Revenue Recognized in 2017

Sales revenue............................................................. $ 10,000

BRIEF EXERCISE 18-10

Parnevik should record revenue of $660,000 on March 1, 2017, which is the

Notes Receivable ............................................... 1,062,937

Cost of Goods Sold ..................................... ….. 400,000

December 31, 2017

Discount on Notes Receivable ......................... 55,000

As a practical expedient, companies are not required to reflect the time

BRIEF EXERCISE 18-11

January income .......................................................... $ 0

BRIEF EXERCISE 18-12

Manual reduces revenue by $6,600 ($110,000 X .06) because it is probable

BRIEF EXERCISE 18-13

July 10, 2017

Accounts Receivable ................................................ 700,000

Cost of Goods Sold ................................................... 560,000

October 11, 2017

Sales Returns and Allowances ................................ 78,000

October 31, 2017

No entries are needed as the return period has expired.

NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: Some companies may choose to record sales

July 10, 2017

Accounts Receivable ................................................ 700,000

Cost of Goods Sold (.80 X $700,000) ....................... 560,000

Estimated Inventory Returns (.15 x $560,000) ....... 84,000