Family, kinships, and marriage (Sociological and

anthropological concepts)

FAMILY

People who consider themselves related by blood, Orientation - which an individual grows up.
marriage, or adoption Precreation - formed when couple have their first
child
Household - People who occupy the same unit Conjugal - established through marriage
Consanguineal - blood relatives consist of related
- Experts agree that “there is no single correct women, their brothers, and the woman’s offspring
definition of what a family is
-Vary according to one’s personal experience, cultural KINSHIP History:
background, sexual orientation, and moral outlook.
Lewis Henry Morgan - One of the founders of
Census family - married couple + children, if any, of anthropological relationship
either or both spouses
-Wrote Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of
Type of NUCLEUS Family the Human Family (1871)
-Members of a society may use kinship terms
(a) Married couple - children without being biologically related
(b) Married couple + unmarried children
(c) Father with - unmarried children Kinship Definition
(d) Mother with + unmarried children
Biology - degree of genetic relatedness or coefficient
Common of these are of relationships between individual members of a
species
(a) Biological component
(b) Functional component Anthropology - web of social relationships that form
(c) Residential component an important part of human lives
Descent group - any kinship group with a member
Filipinos are family oriented lineally descending from a common ancestor (one of
the major concepts of anthropology)
-Ama (father), ina (mother), and anak (children) are
culturally and emotionally significant to us who DESCENT TYPES
treasure filial attachment not only to our immediate
family but also to our extended family (tiya and
Matrilineal Descent
tiyuhin, inaanak, lolo and lola).
- Individuals belong to their mother's descent
-This family centeredness supplies basic sense of
- Includes mother's brother, who in some societies
belonging, stability, and security.
may pass along inheritance to the sister's children or
-Grows our self-identity
succession to a sister's son
Classification of family
Patrilineal Descent
Nuclear - composed of husband, wife, and children
Extended - include people in addition to the nuclear - Individuals belong to their father's descent
unit - traced through the male line to establish group
membership
 - Mother’s sister & father’s sister

- Cross and parallel cousins are distinguished from

each other as well as from siblings
Kinship systems
Kinship
- Constituted by patterns of behavior and attitudes in
relation to the differences in terminology for referring (a) Comprises forms of nomenclature and
to relationships as well as for addressing others. classification
(b) Rules which affect people’s kinship
behavior (criminal Laws to good manners)
Kinship System Types (c) What people actually do
EGO- SUBJECT TARGET
Common Cultural Themes
Eskimo (lineal)
- emphasizes nuclear family while aggregating all Mate selection - Each human group establishes
other relatives into broad categories such as cousin, norms to govern who marries with whom.
uncle and aunt
Mate Selection Type
Hawaiian system (generational)
- Relatives of the same sex and generation are Endogamy - people must marry with in their group.
referred to by same term
Exogamy - people must marry outside their group
Iroquois Authority (social system)
- Father & father’s brother > single term
- Mother & mother’s sister > single term Patriarchy - men dominate women
- Father’s sister & mother’s brother > separate term Matriarchy - women dominate men
- Parallel cousins - brothers and sisters Egalitarian - Equal
- Cross cousins – Cousin

Crow
Residence
- associated with matrilineal descent
- Father’s sister & father’s sister’s daughter > same Neolocal - couples have freedom and option to live
term separately and independent of their respective
- Mother & mother’s sister > merged under another families.
- Father & father’s brother are lumped in a third Patrilocal - married couple moves to the husband’s
father’s community
- Parallel cousins - brothers and sister Matrilocal - married couple moves to the mother’s
community
Omaha
- associated with patrilineal descent MARRIAGE
- Mother’s brother & mother’s brother’s son > same
term East and West: Love and Arrange Marriage
- Father & father’s brother > merged under another
- Mother & mother’s sister are lumped in a third India
- Parallel cousins - brothers and sisters
-Arranged marriages affirms caste lines by channeling
Sudanese marriage with the same caste
- Father’s brother & mother’s brother are -Unrestricted dating would break down family ties
distinguished from one another as mother
- Love as peaceful feeling that develops when a man Annulment - judicial statement that there never
and woman are united with intimacy and share was a marriage between the man and the woman.
common interests and goals in life
-Marriage produces love

America
Legal separation - is a decree that gives the
- Individual mate selection mirrors individuality and husband and wife the right to live separately from
independence each other, although they are not allowed by the law
- The practice of young people choosing their own to remarry
dating partners mirrors the relative openness of their
social class system
- Love as being mysterious, a passion that suddenly - Traditional view of the family > indispensable unit
seizes individual or institution of society
- Love produces marriage - Several patterns occurred that questioned the family
as an institution
Marriage definition - Declining marriage rate and increasing rate of
cohabitation
- Group’s approved mating arrangement - Increasing annulment rate
- Ritual or some sort. - Increasing number of cases of domestic violence
-Union between two or more people that establishes
certain rights and obligations between the people, Family Code of the Philippines
their children, and their in-laws.
- Executive Order No. 209(Family Code of the
Forms of Marriage Philippines)

Monogamy - both partners have just one spouse and (A) -July 6, 1987, President Corazon C. Aquino
most common form
Polygamy - one spouse having multiple spouse (B) Art.1 - defines marriage and family based on the
 Polygyny – man married to many women at union
one time.
 Polyandry – woman married to many men at (C) basic law on persons and family relations and
one time governs, among others, the following: marriage; legal
 Conjoint marriage – marriage includes separation; property relations between husband and
multiple husbands and wives wife; paternity and filiation support; parental
 Sororal Polygyny – a man marries several authority
sisters
(D) Among the changes brought by the Family to the
Levirate – woman marries one of the brothers of Civil Code are the following:
deceased husband.
Sororate – man marries one of the sisters of deceased (1) Psychological incapacity became a ground
wife for the annulment of marriage;
Cohabitation – unmarried couples (2) The default property relationship between
Single–parent – cohabitation break ups spouses was changed from conjugal partnership of
gains to absolute community;
Divorce - court order saying that a man and (3) A Filipino who is divorced from a non-
Filipino spouse is allowed to remarry under
woman are no longer a husband and wife.
Philippine law
 Functionalist Perspective:
(E) Art. 37. Marriages between the following are Functions and Dysfunctions
incestuous and void from the beginning, whether
relationship between the parties be legitimate or Family is universal
illegitimate:
- Some
INCEST – sexual wives feel
relations that itspecified
between is hopeless to try to get
relatives their husband to change
- “Its share the second shift, or its divorce”.
1. Biological Reproduction
TABOO - the- rule
Some men
that cooperate
prohibits sex and
and cut down on their
(1) Between ascendants and descendants of any 2. Socialization
commitment
marriage designated relatives or cut back on movies,
among Production
3. Economic
to a career
degree; friends, doing hobbies
(2) Between brothers and sisters, whether of the 4. Nurturing
full or half blood.
Function of the Incest Taboo
(F) Art. 38. The following marriages shall be void
from the beginning for reasons of public policy:
INCEST TABOO
(1) Between collateral bloods relatives whether
legitimate or illegitimate, up to the fourth civil - Helps families to avoid role confusion
degree; - Forces people to look outside the family for
(2) Between step-parents and step-children; marriage and partners
(3) Between parents-in-law and children-in-law;
(4) Between the adopting parent and the adopted
child; Isolation & Emotional Overload
(5) Between the surviving spouse of the
adopting parent and the adopted child; - Functionalists examine dysfunctions
(6) Between the surviving spouse of the adopted - Extended families offer wider connections for
child and the adopter; members to count on many people for material and
(7) Between an adopted child and a legitimate emotional support
child of the adopter; - Nuclear families are vulnerable to a “dark side” due
(8) Between adopted children of the same to its isolation
adopter; and - Prone to emotional overload in which they suffer
(9) Between parties where one, with the with great responsibility & routine pressures
intention to marry the other, killed that other person's
spouse, or his or her own spouse Conflict Perspective: Gender and
Power
(G) Grounds for annulment may include the ff:
-Husbands and wives maneuver for power in
(1) Absence of parental consent during marriage many areas.
(2) Mental illness
(3) Fraud THE POWER STRUGGLE: THE SECOND SHIFT
(4) Lack of consent
(5) Certain diseases Second shift - Household duties that follow the day’s
work for pay
(H) According to Hanafi School of Islamic
Jurisprudence, the husband’s impotence is a wife’s  Men see themselves as “helping out”
only possible reason for getting a divorce.  It is the wives’ responsibility
 Wives’ show factors such as emotionally
Sociological Perspectives in drained, tired, and resentful
Family and Marriage  Wives show lack of interest in sex
ARTIE HOCHSCHILD (1989) - Associates interviewed and re-interviewed over fifty
families for the span of nine years

Strategies of Resistance

Playing dumb
Waiting it out - Men become incompetent
- Wives dislike asking - Hoch child did not claim that husbands do these
- Men show irritation things on purpose, but, rather, by withdrawing their
mental from the task
Needs reduction
Substitute offering – expressing
appreciation to encourage her keep on
working the second shift

Emerging issues on family

FAMILY AND DOMESTIC - It refers to any act or a series of acts committed by

VIOLENCE any person against a woman, who is his wife,
former wife, or against woman with whom the
person has or had sexual or dating relationship, or
Domestic Violence – refers to the abuse by one
whim he has common child, or against her child
person of another in an intimate relationship
legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the
- Abuse is also prevalent in same sex partners, child,
family abode
and elders
 Marriage partners - The result in or likely to result in physical, sexual,
 Partners living together psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse
 Dating relationships including threats of such acts, battery, assault,
 Former spouses and partners coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of
 Former girlfriends/boyfriends liberty

FORMS OF ABUSE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

 Physical violence - 35% of women worldwide experienced either

 Emotional abuse intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual
 Sexual abuse violence in their lifetime
- 30% of women who have been in a relationship
RA 9262 OR ANTI-VIOLENCE report that they have experienced some form of
AGAINSTS WOMEN AND THEIR physical or sexual violence by their partner
- Globally, as many as 38% of murders of women
CHILDREN ACT OF 2004 are committee by an intimate partner
 The prevalence of domestic violence is
- An act defining against women and their children, heavily dependent on culture and religious
providing measure for victims, prescribing tradition of each society
penalties, and for other purposes
  Domestic violence is viewed by many
religions and states as private matter
 Domestic violence was overlooked and even
considered as normal

CONSEQUENCES - Reflexive Modernity – a social condition when

- Twice as likely to have an induced abortion people are aware and knowledgeable about the risk
- Health problem they face
- Twice as likely
- Risk behaviors to experience depression
- -Major contributing factora low-birth
to women’s and - Romantic love today has been transformed into
16% greater odd of having fleeting relationships that avoid the risks of long
children’s ill
weight baby health
term
NEW commitment
INTIMACIES: FAMILIES IN
DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE - Post-modern world produces post-modern
THE AGE
families OF relationships
and similar POST-MODERNITY
- Post-modern families differ from
- July 27 2010 – Gabriela Women’s Party filed in Anthony Giddens (1992) – people no longer require
Congress House Bill NO. 1799 or the Divorce Bill of the “forever” clause in romantic love relationship
the Philippines
- Over 90% inquirer.net readers answered a poll
website in favour of divorce in the Philippines
- The poll ran from December 19 to January 3 (2014)
- 40,414 (92.44%) voted “yes” while 7.56% are IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
against divorce

DETERMINANTS OF DIVORCE  Acceleration in the modes of communication

 Rapid movement of people, money, and
capital national borders
1. Alcoholism and drug abuse
 Disorientation in intimate relationship
2. Infidelity
3. Incompatibility  Advancements of information and technology
4. Physical and emotional abuse communication reconfigured forms of
5. Disagreements on gender roles interpersonal interactions including finding
6. Sexual incompatibility intimate partners
7. Financial problems (White 1990)  Zygmunt Bauman formulate “liquid love”
which is associated to “liquid modern” that
refers to conditions which everything becomes
GAT KITSON AND MORGAN (1990)
fleeting and transient
- Reported that lack of communication or ONLINE DATING SITES
understanding is the most common reason given by
both husband and wives on why their marriage did
not work out. It provides users with opportunities to present
 Personalized profiles of themselves
 Review the profiles of others
BARRIERS TO MARITAL
 Send expressions of interest to other users
DISSOLUTION  Facilitate communication between users

- Strong religious beliefs SPEED DATING

- Pressure from family or friends to remain together
- Irretrievable investments
- Lack of perceived attractive alternatives to the  A formalized matchmaking process or dating
marriage (Johnson et al. 1999) system that encourages people to meet a large
number of new people
  For Bauman (2003), online dating perfectly  Sex of parents does not matter a lot as
fulfils the rational choice conditions of the era the effects of the care the parents
of liquid love as it avoids the awkward provide (Hull 2006)
negotiations of mutual commitments, allowing
of risk avoidance, instantaneous termination TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES:
of contact without emotional loss or regret VIRTUAL CONNECTIONS

According to Migration and Filipino Children Left

POLYAMORY Behind: A Literature Review by UNICEF, Philippines
is the major supplier of labor migrants in Asia to over
 Poly comes from the Greek word mean many 100 centuries
 Amory comes for the Latin word means love  2014 – sent 1.20 billion back to the
 It was created in the late 1980s by Morning Philippines
Glory and Oberon Zell  The Philippine Overseas Employment
 Open relationship; live-in triad; six persons Administration noted 1.6 million Filipinos
group marriage were deployed in 2014
 The economic benefits of overseas migration
THE LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL is undeniable, nevertheless, it also entails a lot
AND TRANSGENDER (LGBT) of sacrifices
FAMILIES
BATTISTELA AND CONACO (1998)
Major determinants to same-sex households:
Effect of labor migration on selected elementary
 Previous relationship with different-sex school children
partner that resulted a child/children  Children experiences loneliness and sadness
 Adoption  Children’s school performance suffered
 Uses of assisted reproductive technologies  Mother-absent children tend to be angrier,
 By becoming a partner to someone who has more confused, more apathetic, more afraid,
done one or more of these things and to feel, more different from others
 Children raised in same-sex parent  When the mother is at home, there is emphasis
households primarily consider lesbian- on religious duties and praying regularly
headed families  When the father is at home, the stress is on
 Most analysis show that years spent being friendly and helping around the house
being raise by same-sex couple parents  When both parents are away, the emphasis is
create no significant disadvantage for on studying diligently
children (Mallon 2012; Pertman and  One of the significant finding of the study is
Howard 2012) that the absence of the mother has the most
 There are similarities between children disruptive effects on children but this can
of lesbian parents of children who mitigate through the presence of relatives
grew up with heterosexual parents
 Young adult offspring of lesbian REMITTANCES
mothers suggests that they are
developing in positive ways
 Used for education, purchase of agricultural
 Whether same sex parents or not, as
lands and real estate
long as children have close
 A huge percentage goes to tuition fees that can
relationship to their parents, they are
offer good quality education
likely to have higher self-esteem,
fewer depressive symptoms, less use  Remittances do not necessarily take the
of alcohol and tobacco, and less families out of poverty, only lesson the
delinquent behaviour economic problems
  Filipinos migrate primarily due to economic
conditions
 Increased number of people working abroad
created transnational families or diasporic
families
 Diaspora – the dispersion of any people from
their original homeland
 1970s – Ferdinand Marcos institutionalized a
policy to encourage emigration to stimulate
economy  Computer-mediated communications among
 Supposedly, it should be temporary in nature, transnational families are a source of
labor migration became growing steadily compelling opportunities to keep relationships
 National Statistical Coordination Board intact (Bacigalupe & Camara 2012)
(NSCB) reported that April to September 2012
there are 2.2 million OFWs in the country FAMILIES AND TECHNOLOGY 2011
 More than half of these OFWs are males and
the one in every 3 OFWs was labourer or an  By MSN Microsoft in 7 countries
unskilled workers (Philippines, China, Indonesia, Malaysia,
 165.6 billion remittances in 2012 Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) with more
 Save the Children and UNICEF – 25% of than 3700 respondents
children in selected migrant-sending countries  Philippines as the most tech-savvy in Asia
have at least one parent abroad  A significant part of the population using
different technology tools is to keep in touch
BRYCESSON AND VOURELLA with family members abroad
 Filipino families have an average of 10
 Define transnational families as “families that gadgets, the highest in the region
live some or most of the time separated from
each other, yet hold together and create
something that can be seen as a feeling of
collective welfare and unity, namely
‘familyhood’. Even across nation borders”
 Although there are negative impact
(transnational families), scholars arguing that
new communication technologies are
mitigating these problems

Religion and its ultimate

Religion is meaning
elements:
defined by three

EMILE DURKHEIM 1. System of Beliefs

2. Practices
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) 3. Community of Believers

(a) Surveyed religious around the world For Durkheim,

(b) No specific belief or practice that all religions
share “A religion is a unified system of beliefs & practices
(c) Develop a community around their practices & relative to sacred things.things set apart & forbidden -
beliefs beliefs & practices which unite into one single moral
(d) Separate the sacred from profane community called a church.”

2 Aspects in life Church defined by Durkheim

 stake.
(1692) Protestant leaders in Salem,
Massachusetts executed twenty-one women and men
who were accused of being witches.
(2001) Democratic Republic of Congo
hacked to death 1000 allegedly witches in a single
purge
Religion - a belief in spiritual beings (Tylor Aztec religion - the virgins who
1903) were offered to appease angry gods
- Human beings developed religious beliefs
in order to explain dreams, visions, unconsciousness,
and deaths.
War and Terrorism
Sociological Perspective on Religion
-Christian monarchs conducted nine bloody crusades
Functionalist Perspective in an attempt to wrest control of the region they called
the Holy Land from the Muslims
-Religion fosters social solidarity by uniting
believers for a community that shares values and Symbolic Interactionist
perspectives.
Marriage links the bride and groom with -All religions use symbols to provide identity
a broader community that wishes them well. and social solidarity for their members.
Helps people adjust to life’s problems
and provide guidelines for daily life. (a) Rituals and Beliefs
Religion is often associated with
prevailing social order that it resists social change but -Rituals (ceremonies or repetitive practice) are
religion occasionally spear heads change. symbols that help to unite people into a moral
community
Religion and Health Rituals examples
(1) Bar Mitzvah of Jewish boys
(2) Holy Communion
- Suggests that churchgoers have lower mortality
(a) Involvement in social roles that
(b) Beliefs
produce a sense of self-worth and purpose in life
(b) Experiencing positive emotions from
-Symbols and rituals developed from beliefs
worship and interacting with like-minded people
- Religious beliefs include not only values but
(c) Learning calming ways of coping with
also a cosmology (a unified picture of the world).
crises from compassionate role models.
The Conflict Perspective
Dysfunctions of Religion

(a)Religion as justification for persecution - Highly critical of religion.

(b) War and terrorism - Stress that religion is used to support the status
quo, that it is a means to perpetuate social inequality
Religious Persecution (a) Opium of the People
- Karl Marx (1844/1964)- “Religion is the sigh
- Inquisition - special commissions of the Roman
of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless
Catholic Church that tortured women to make them
world.. it is the opium of the people”.
confess that they were witches & then burned them at
 (b) Legitimation of Social Inequalities - became cultural traits that spread to societies
around the globe.
- teaches that the existing social arrangements of
a society represent what God desires.

(c) Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism

-For Weber, capitalism flourished in Protestant

countries, while he noted that Roman Catholic
countries held on to tradition and were relatively
untouched by capitalism.

.
The Protestant Ethic and the
Spirit of
Capitalism TYPES OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS

1. Capitalism represents a fundamentally different CULT - Emphasize belief in the divine element;
way of thinking about work and money teachings derived from either real or legendary
❏ People started accumulating money (capital), figures
not only for spending, but to invest it in order to make Membership: loosely knit group or an exclusive
profits. Perception: Odds to dominant culture and religion;
2. Capitalism flourished when Protestantism bizarre; deviant groups
came on the scene
❏ Capitalism developed in Europe, not in India SECT -Larger than cult; often are breakaway from
or China. the breakaway churches
3. Protestant’s concept of predestination Membership: by recruitment
(Calvinism) Perception: May harbor mutual suspicions toward the
❏ Heaven or hell sect and the society
❏ Lead Calvinist to moral lives, work hard, to Participation: Strict and ascetic
not waste time and to be frugal
❏Idleness and needless spending were signs of CHURCH - Highly bureaucratized; claims to
worldliness possess the truth exclusively
❏This self-denying approach to life is what Membership: by child birth
Weber called Protestant Ethic. Perception: Embrace by everyone; tends to be
4. Sinful luxuries are avoided compromising with the prevailing culture and politics
❏ As people worked hard, money were left over Participation: Moderate in demands
and couldn’t spend.
❏ Money were used as capital for investments. ECCLESIA - Government and religion work
❏ It caused surge on production. together to shape society; state religion
5. A changed in religion led to a fundamental change Membership: by citizenship
in thought and behavior Perception: well integrated
❏ Protestant ethics > Spirit of Capitalism (the Participation: For ceremonies
accumulation on capital and its investment, and
reinvestment.

-The Protestant ethics and spirit of capitalism are

not restricted to any specific religion or even to any
one part of the world
 CULTURAL TRANSMISSION OF
VALUES
• It is the process by which schools pass a society’s
core values from one generation to the next
• Grade school teacher in every country extol the
virtues of the society’s founders, their struggle for
freedom from oppression, and the goodness of the
country’s basic social institutions

SOCIAL INTEGRATION
Schools help to mold students into a more cohesive
unit

• National Identity

Education and Inequality

EDUCATION
- Refers to the formal and informal process of
transmitting the knowledge, beliefs and skills from
one generation to the next GATEKEEPING
- It also includes equipping the minds of the younger Determining which people will enter what
generation with the necessary critical skills to occupations
challenge the existing knowledge and practices
• Credentials – using diplomas and degrees to
- Education institutes are important in reproducing the determine who is eligible for the job
existing belief system and practices of a particular
society • It is often done by tracking, sorting students into
different educational programs on the basis of their
- It is one of the most pervasive institutions that perceived abilities
determines one’s future status
• Some people on the basis of merit said Talcott
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Parsons (1940), Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore
(1945)
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
SOCIAL PLACEMENT
• The manifest and latent functions
• High income and prestige are offered for those
TEACHING KNOWLEDGE AND people who put up years in education
SKILLS
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
• Each generation must train the next to fulfill the
group’s significant positions • Perpetuating Social Inequality
• Child care • Examine how the educational system reproduces the
• Sex education and birth control advice social inequality
Predicting whether the child will go to college or not • Illich (1970) – claims that education is central to
• Family background > children’s abilities economic stratification

HIDDEN CURRICULUM • “Highly credentialed professionals are the epitome

of modern stratification”
• Refers to the attitudes and the unwritten rules of
behaviour that school teach in addition to the formal SYSTEM ON EDUCATION
curriculum
1. Sponsored Mobility – branching in education;
DISCRIMINATION BY IQ determining job/education to specialization

• Manifest in exams 2. Contest Mobility – no sharp division; transfer

• The cultural bias that it is built into IQ tests is among different programs, no fixed end points
clearly not titled in favour of the lower classes
• Poor people who score lower on these tests are SIGNIFICANT POINTS
assigned in less demanding courses to match their
supposedly inferior intelligence • Condemning child labor

• Americanize the immigrants

• Truancy and Reform Schools

• High School graduates vs. College graduates

• College attraction
PIERRE BOURDIEU • The Rise of Professional Associations
Cultural Capital – privileges accompanying a social • License board exam
location that help someone in life; included are more
highly educated parents, from grade school through It’s not really the credential itself makes elite more
high school being pushed to bring home high grades, advantages from the lower class, but the process of
and enjoying cultural experiences that translate into getting the credential, the long span of time an
higher test score, better jobs, and higher earnings individual needed to spen just to acquire it, not to
mention the money needed for entering an elite
RANDALL COLLINS school
• The Credential Society (1979) SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST
THE CREDENTIAL SOCIETY • Fulfilling teacher expectation
• A credential society is one in which employers use Study dace-to-face interaction in the classroom
diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for
a job • Expectation of teacher has profound consequences
for their students
• Modern society produced new technology in
education that caused complexity in both acquiring THE RIST RESEARCH
education and job resulting to the significant of
• Ray Rist (1970) – did participant observation in an
acquired to get hired
African American grade school with an African
• Hierarchy of job = hierarchy of skills American Faculty
• He found out the after only eight days in the • Education is a right based on United Nations
classroom, the kindergarten teacher felt that she knew Declaration of Human Rights
the children’s abilities

She assigned them to three separate work tables

DETERMINANTS OF
1. Table 1 – fast learners DISADVANTAGES:
2. Table 2 – average

3. Table 3 – slow learners • Gender stereotypes

• Rist found out that social class was underlying basis • Gender-insensitive pedagogy
for the assigning the children to the different tables
• Sexual harassment
Table 1 – perceived that they were treated better and
came to see themselves as smarter. Became leader in • Gendered curricula and subjects
class activities and even ridiculed children at the other
• Underrepresentation of women in positions
tables, calling them “dumb”

• Eventually, children from table 3 disengaged

themselves from many classroom activities

• Only children from table 1 had complete the lessons

ROBERT MERTON (1949)

Self-fulfilling prophecy – refers to a false assumption
that something is going to happen that then comes
true simply because it is predicted RA NO 9710

EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC An act providing for the Magna Carta of Women in
2008
DEVELOPMENT
• Education is seen as an important determinant of
SALIENT PROVISION ON
nation development STREORTYPES ON EDUCATION

HOW? Section 13 Equal access and elimination of

Discrimination in Education, Scholarships, and
1. Education provides basic knowledge and skills that Training
enhance the productivity of labor
EDUCATION AND GLOBALIZATION
2. Education contribute to new innovations that lead
to inventions, discoveries, and economy • Standardization

3. Education is an effective instrument to spread and

disseminate knowledge among different sectors of
society

WOMEN AND EDUCATION