Diaster Drill
Diaster Drill
Diaster Drill
Disaster Drill
Disaster drill provides an excellent means of testing plans for their completeness and
effectiveness. frequent drill will assure that knowledge and skills are current.
Effective features of all disaster drills are the inclusion of all individuals and
agencies likely to be involved in the disaster response.
The news media has a vital role in disasters and failure to involve the media in
planning activities can lead to dysfunctional response.
Periodic evaluation of disaster plans are essential to ensure that personnel have
adequate familiarity with their role in disaster situations, as well as to
accommodate in the population demographics.
Definitions of Disaster
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption,
loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, Vs a scale sufficient to
warrant as extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
(W.H.O.)
An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and
property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of
government.
- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human
suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance.
- American Red Cross (ARC)
D – Destructions
I – Incidents
S – Sufferings
S – Sentiments
T – Tragedies
Ø In Indian scenario, 34jmijlion people affected per year and 5116 death per year.
Ø In US, economic loss is 400 million dollar and 3 million people died.
Classification of Disaster
Natural disaster:
Flood
Cyclone
Drought
Earthquake
Tornadoes hurricane
Tsunami
Sea erosion
Cattle Epidemic
Forest fire
Volcano Eruption
Manmade Disaster :
Drowning
Oil spill
Urban fires, Village fires
Festival Related Disaster
Serial bomb Blasts
Major Building Collapse
Mine flooding
Road, Rail and other transportation accidents including water ways
Environmental pollution
Deforestation
Nuclear disaster
Chemical and industrial Disaster
Gas leak
TYPES OF DISASTER ON THE LOCATION OF IMPACT
There are several hazard type for which there is widespread concern
Famine,deforestation,drouht,environmental,degradation.
3)INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM:
Accidents,Spillages,fires,gas leak
5)EPIDEMICS :
Earthquake: It is sudden rapid shaking of the earth caused breaking & shifting of rock
beneath the earths surface.
Chemical: Influencing disaster outcome include leakage of stored chemicals into the air,
soil, ground water or food supplies.
Eg: - Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Droughts: Immediate cause is rainfall deficit human induced changes in ground surface
and soil.
FEATURES OF DISASTER:
UNFAMIALIRITY: The management of certain type of disaster is not known like E.g.
when Tsunami occurs for first time we are not knowing the management of the tsunami.
SPEED: There is sudden onset of the disaster without any warning signs E.g. Tsunami,
Earthquake
URGENCY: When there is disaster which occurs uncertainly, the disaster management
should be able to mange the emergency situation.
THREAT: The environmental disasters are sudden threat to the public health or
wellbeing of the environment. It causes lack of economic resources, epidemic disease,
loss of life poverty. impact on capital stock, loss of production.
PHASES IN THE DISASTER
1) Disaster Prevention:
2) Disaster Mitigation
3) Disaster Preparedness
1) IMPACT PHASE:
c.Resume services.
3) REHABLITATION PHASE:
a.Replace phase
c.Restore occupation.
EFFECTS OF DISASTER
A) PHYSICAL:
Food Shortage
B) ECONOMICAL:
Property damage
Industrial damage
C) SOCIOLOGICAL:
Isolation
D) ENVIORNMENTAL :
Deforestation
E) PSYCHOLOGICAL:
Psychological trauma
Anxiety neurosis
The purpose of the disaster management in any health care facility is to maintain a safe
environment and continue to provide essential service to the patients during the time of
the disaster.
2.To reduce the impact on the life of the individuals and health through
emergencies services.
3.To participate in the disaster team efforts to minimize the loss of life,damage to
property,social and economical disruption.
Disaster
impact
C C
R R
I Prepadness
Responce I
S
S
I
S
I
M S
Mitigation
A Rehablitation
M
N A
A N
prevention Developement
A
Reconstruction
b) Disaster preparedness
c) Disaster mitigation
DISASTER PREVENTION
Disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness are better than disaster response in
achieving goals and objectives of vulnerability reduction .the government of India has
adopted mitigation and prevention as essential components of their development strategy.
Prevention include developing and implementing strategies for reducing losses of
lives by incorporating safety in to public and private decisions.
Public awareness camps should be conducted.
Movement / or relocation of at risk population.
Establishment of early warning systems.
Perform diasater drill
Develop disaster nursing database for notification,mobilization and triage of
emergency nurse staffing resources.
The national center for Disaster management at the national level has been
upgraded and designated..they provide information based on disaster
management policies, prevention mechanisms, mitigation measure.
A sterromg committee on mass media campaign has been constituted for
this purpose.The poster are displayed at building like primary health centers,
schools and other places where villages are normally congregate for
community activity.
Disaster management as a subject in a social sciences has been introduced in
the school curriculum for class 8th in central board of secondary education.
SIGNIFICANCE:
All patients should be identified with tags stating their name, age, place of origin, triage
category, diagnosis, and initial treatment.
Identification of dead
(3) identification;
Relief phase
1) This phase begins when assistance from outside starts to reach the disaster area.
2) The type and quantity of humanitarian relief supplies are usually determined by
two main factors : (a) the type of disaster, since distinct events have different
effects on the population, and (b) the type and quantity of supplies available
locally.
4. Provision of emergency food, water and shelter in disaster situation from different
or new source may itself be a source of infectious disease.
The type and quantity of humanitarian relief supplies are usually determined
by two main factors
(1) the type of disaster, since distinct events have different effects on the population
(b) transportation
(c) storage
(d) distribution.
3. Provision of emergency food, water and shelter in disaster situation from different or
new source may itself be a source of infectious disease.
4. Disruption and the contamination of water supply, damage to sewerage system and
power systems are common in natural disasters.
Rehabilitation Phase:
The final phase in a disaster should lead to restoration of the pre-disaster conditions.
Rehabilitation starts from the very first moment of a disaster. Too often, measures
decided in a hurry, tend to obstruct establishment of normal conditions of life.
In first weeks after disaster, the pattern of health needs, will change rapidly, moving from
casualty treatment to more routine primary health care.
Water supplay
1.A survey of all public water supplies should be made. This includes distribution system
and water source.
6.Prohibit bathing, washing, animal husbandry upstream of intake point in rivers and
streams.
Food safety
Poor hygiene is the major cause of food-borne diseases in disaster situations. Where
feeding programmes are used (as in shelters or camps) kitchen sanitation is of utmost
importance. Personal hygiene should be monitored in individuals involved in food
preparation.
Many communicable diseases are spread through faecal contamination of drinking water
and food. Hence, every effort should be made to ensure the sanitary disposal of excreta.
Emergency latrines should be made available to the displaced, where toilet facilities have
been destroyed. Washing, cleaning and bathing facilities should be provided to the
displaced persons.
Vector control
Mosquito
Paris green micro crystalline powder kills mainly anopheles larvae because they
are surface feeders.
Use of larvicides
Use of small fish sewage oxidation ponds
Use of DDT,Use of mosquito nets
Disaster preparedness
.To ensure that appropriate systems, procedures and resources are in place to
provide prompt effective assistance to disaster victims, thus facilitating relief
measures and rehabilitation of services.
.The disaster planning is broad in scope and must address collaboration across
agencies and organizations,advance preprations, as well as needs assessment event
management and recovery effects.
Advance warning system and the the use of evacuation from areas of danger save
lives should be included in community disaster plans.
Warning
A warning is a risk communication about an imminent event and has intended to produce
an approaite disastrer response.
1)RISK IDENTIFICATION:
Decosion about hoe to respond to a hazard begin with the risk identification.th most
important source of risk identification are warning message from authorities the media
and peers.
The primary question in protective action search is “how can I protect my self”
People are likely to recall action yhey have taken on previous occasion if they have had
experiencr with the Hazards.
3).PROTECTIVE ACTION ASSESSMENT:
At this point the best question is”What is the best method of protection”?
E.g If the flood is forecast to arrive within a few hours people could perform emergency
flood proofing by placing sand bags around the builidings they can evacuate the family
members before the flood water reaches dangerous level.
NURSES RESPONCIBILITY
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR NURSES IN DISASTR
MANAGEMENT:
LEADERSHIP:
Nursing As a profession has a long history of being creative and visionary in its
continuous efforts to meet the needs of the patient and their families.
1. Nurses need to define what their roles will be across the disaster management and
many types of organizations
2. Clinician, scientists, educator, and colleagues to public health,these roles must be
defined by nursing
3. Supportive work environment must be created that has been evident in the past
decade nursing has major undergone changes in its role and function
4. Disaster nursing will also require new strategies and interventions to render care in
non-traditional care setting.
HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION:
1. The importance of health promotion and healthy life style choices is a corner stone
of the health people 2010 compaign.
2. Disease surveillance and containment are interventions designed to prevent or
mitigate consequence of disease.
3. Disaster nursing will demand close collaboration with public health colleagues in
areas where health promotion and disease prevention strategies will play a critical
role in achieving health out comes for population affected by disaster.
4. Nursing needs educational programmes that are unique providing knowledge and
skills regarding health promotion and technology and leadership in complex health
care system.
QUALITY CARE:
POLICEY DEVELOPMENT:
1. Health care provides a direction and standard with regard to health care delivery,
evaluation and education of health care professionals.
2. Globalization is frequently discussed in all areas of health care today,including
disaster relief.
3. Nurses have been involved in international policy development through world
health organization.this will become more important as bounrarioes that separate
country from another.
1. The evaluation of health care out come has been important for a long time, yet
the empirical evidence supporting disaster nursing is minimal.much of the lack
of the evidences is due to challenging nature of research conducted under
disaster condition.
CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS:
1. The inherent nature of the disaster condition mandates that providers are critical
thinkers who can remain calm, rapidly asses situation and enact the emergency
responace plans.
2. New problems that have not been confronted in the past will need to be
addressed.
3. An ability to triage at situations as well as patient and delegated limited
resources are also key components of the role.
ROLE OF TEAM MEMBERS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
PHYSICIAN:
The role of the physician is to identify the victims condition disgnose the
condition and transfer the victims to the hospital through medical services.careful,
rapid medical evaluation is done prevent outbreaks of the diseases;
SURGEONS:
Surgeon will play a major role in cleaning and dressing the wounds, suturing of
the wounds of the patient.
PSCHOLOGIST:
The psychologist will play a major role in giving psychological support to the
patient.th psychologist will treat the patient post traumatic stress disorder.
NURSES:
The nurse is the person who assists all the other healthy personnels in recovery of
the victims she manages the triage system.
Listen carefully of the victims allow them to express their feelings..
Provide facilities for basic needs.
Keep record of the dead person.
Arrange counseling programs.
SOCIAL WORKER:
EFFECTS OF DISATER:
ON INDIVIDUAL:
It causes damage of an individual’s health
Loss of human life
Emotional stress
Economic decay
Loss of employment
ON FAMILY:
Leads to poverty
Scarcity of food and water supply
Stress disorders
Loss of shelter
Affected by diseases
ON COMMUNITY:
Absence of clean water, food, sanitation and shelter
Community is affected by outbreaks of certain disease
Poor sanitation which leads to various disease.
Grieving over loss of loved ones
ON COUNTRY:
Outbreaks of diseases
Increased poverty
Loss of safe water supply
Difficulty in meeting the basic needs of the population ie. food, clothing and
shelter
Risk of social or economic disruption.