AD830290 - Artillery Ammuntion

AMC PAMPHLET AMCP 706·244
THIS IS A REPRINT WITHOUT CHANGE OF OROP 20.244
AD 830 290
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

OF MATERIEL
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK.
AMMUNITION SERIES
SECTION 1, ARTILLERY AMMUNITION-GENERAL
WITH TABLE OF CONTENTS, GLOSSARY AND INDEX FOR SERIES.
REPRODUCED .,
NA TlONAl TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COllllERCE
SPRllIGFlflD. VA. 22161
HEADQUARTERS. U. S. ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND SEPTEMBER 1963

HEADQUARTERS
UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND
WASHINGTON Z5, D.C.
30 September 1963
AMCP 706- 244, Section I, Artillery Ammunition--General,

forming part of the Ammunition Series of the Army Materiel Conunand
Engineering Design Handbook, is published for the information and guid-
anceof all concerned.
(AMCRO)
FOR THE COMMA~~ER:
SELWYN D. SM! TH, JR.

Major General, USA
Chief of Staff
OFFICIAL:
• O. DAVIDSON
Colonel, GS
Chief, Admir..istrative Office
DISTRIBUTION: Special
FOREWORD
The ARTILLERY AMMUNITION SERIES is being issued as
aD interim publication of the Ordnance Engineering Design Handbook, a
comprehensive sequence of publications planned to treat the entire field
of Ordnance design. When the Handbook was begun it was found to be
impractical to integrate into it the series relating to Artillery Ammuni-
tion already in preparation under the direction of Picatinny Arsenal Al-
though they were similar, the objectives of the two projects were not
identical. The subject breakdown adopted for the Handbook would have
necessitated redistribution of the material of this series throughout
several of the planned volumes of the Handbook, with consequent delay
in publication of much of the material. It was therefore decided to issue
this material intact as an interim publication to make it available as early
as possible. The material appearing in this series will be gradually sa·
perseded as pertinent volumes of the Ordnance Engineering Design
Handbook become available.
Material for this series was prepared by the Technical Writing

Service of the McGraw-Hili Book Company, under Contract DAI-28-017-
SOl-0RD-(P)-912. Technical supervision and much of the basic infor-
mation were furnished by Picatinny Arsenal. Engineers from other
Ordnance Design Centers also supplied much information. and aided in
the review. In fact, so many persons have given time and energy to this
project that it has been difficult to compile a complete list of acknowl·
edgements.
The following were responsible for the conception and direction of

the project.
ARTILLERY AMMUNITION SECTION, ARTILLERY AM-

MUNITION AND PACKING DEVELOPMENT LABORA·
TORY. SAMUEL FELTMAN AMMUNITION LABORA-
TORIES, PICATINNY ARSENAL
Alfred F. Teitscheid Chief, Artillery Ammunition Branch
Wilder R. Carson Chief. Artillery Ammunition BraDch
Roy B. Wood Chid. ArtiUery Ammunition Laboratory A

MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS
George Demitrack Picatinny Arsenal Interior Ballistics,

Propellants
Lars Enequist Ballistics Research Lethality Criteria

Laboratory
. Henry P. Hitchcock Ballistics Research Exterior Ballistics

Laboratory
Dr. Robert H. Kent Ballistics Research Exterior Ballistics

Laboratory
Charles Lenchitz Picatinny Arsenal Thermodynamics of

Explosive Materials
Prof. Arthur F. Prof. of Mechanical Manufacturing

MacConochie Engineering, Uni- Methods
versity of Virginia
Arnold O. Picatinny Arsenal Physical Testing of

Pallingston Explosive Materials
Richard E. Todd Picatinny Arsenal Quality Control
Col. Herman U. General Contributor

Wagner, USA and Consultant
(Retired)
Murray Weinstein Picatinny Arsenal Physical Testing of

Explosive Materials
Dr. Lewis Zernow Ballistics Research Shaped Charge

Laboratory Theory, Blast
Col. Herman H. Ordnance Specialist

Zornig, USA and Consultant
(Retired)
GENERAL ASSISTANCE
Kenneth H. Abbott Watertown Arsenal Kinetic Energy

Ammunition
Theodor Advokat Picatinny Arsenal Special Purpose

Shell
Norman E. Beach Picatinny Arsenal Chemical Testing of

Explosive Materials
Donald R. Beeman Picatinny Arsenal Head Ammunition

Design Branch
ii
GENERAL ASSISTANCE (cont)
WUlard R. Benson PicaUnny Arsenal Lethality Theory

Warren Bl1ttersdorf Frankford Arsenal Cartridge Case
Design, Manufac-
turing Methods
J'oseph I. Bluhm Watertown Arsenal Rotating Bands
WUliam Byrne Frankford Arsenal Cartridge Case
J'OOn E. Capell PicaUnny Arsenal Ammunition Design

Standards
Herbert N. Cohen PicaUnny Arsenal Pyrotechnics
CorWin S. Davis Picatinny Arsenal Chief Propellant

Section
Abraham L. Dorfman Picatinny Arsenal Pyrotechnics
Cy rus G. Dunkle Picatinny Arsenal Shaped Charge

Ammunition
Leonard H. Eriksen Picatinny Arsenal Explosives Chem-

istry Laboratory
Harold N. Euker Frankford Arsenal AP Shell
Patrick Falivene Picatinny Arsenal Propellant Ignition
Arthur P. Field PicaUnny Arsenal Inspection
Al Fox Frankford Arsenal Manufacturing

Methods
LeoJ'. Frey, J'r. PicaUnny Arsenal Special Purpose

Shell
Robert Frye Picatinny Arsenal Head Chemical

Branch
Andrew J'. Galko Picatinny Arsenal GB Shell
Thomas Hall Picatinny Arsenal HEP Shell
Dr. David Hart Picatinny Arsenal Head Pyrotechnics

Laboratory
Floyd Hill Ballistics Research Tank Vulnerability

Laboratory
Sidney Jacobson PicatiMY Arsenal Kinetic Energy

Ammunition
iii
William losephs Picatinny Arsenal Propellants
Kurt Kupferman Picatinny Arsenal Shaped Charge

Ammunition
Robert G. Leonardi Picatinny Arsenal Primer Ignition
William L. Lukeas Formerly in charge

of Ammunition De-
sign Branch,
Picatinny Arsenal
Ulysses S. Picatinny Arsenal Inspection

MacDonald
lames R. McKay Picatinny Arsenal Special Purpose

Shell
Harold Markus Frankford Arsenal AP Shell
Anthony Muzicka Watervliet Arsenal Rifling and Gun

Chambers
lacob H. Niper Picatinny Arsenal Inspection
Karl G. Ottoson Picatinny Arsenal Asst. Chief, Chem-

ical Test Section
Lawrence W. Pell Picatinny Arsenal High Explosives
Ballard E. Quass Picatinny Arsenal Special Purpose

Shell
Lt. Richard Rhiel D & P S Aberdeen Plate Penetration

Proving Grounds Monograms
Dr. William H. Formerly in charge

Rinkenbach of Picatinny Arsenal
Gilbert E. Rogers Picatinny Arsenal General Artillery

Ammunition Design
Max Rosenberg Picatinny Arsenal Ammunition Design
William M. Rowe Picatinny Arsenal REP Shell
Samuel Sage Picatinny Arsenal Chief, High Ex-

plosives Section
Marvin B. Schaffer Picatinny Arsenal Canister Shell
Arthur B. Scbilling Picatinny Arsenal Foreign Ammunition
iv
Robert M. Schwartz Picatinny Arsenal General Ammunition

Design
William F. Shirk Picatinny Arsenal Canister Shell
Morgan Smith Ballistics Research AircraIt Vulnera-

Laboratory bility
loseph V.Sperazza Ballistics Research Blast Theory

Laboratory
loseph Sterne Ballistics Research Lethality, Frag-

Laboratory mentation
Theodore W. Stevens Picatinny Arsenal High Explosives
Noah A. Tolch Ballistics Research Lethality, Frag-

Laboratory mentation
Paul B. Tweed Picatinny Arsenal High Explosives
Robert 1. Vogel Picatinny Arsenal Assistant, Research

and Development
Section
Leo Volkheimer Picatinny Arsenal WP Shell
Stanley Wachtell Chief, Physical

Test Section
Garry Weingarten Picatinny Arsenal Head, Chemical

Research Section
Pyrotechnics
Laboratory
Edward Wurzell Picatinny Arsenal Interior Ballistics
v
PREFACE
Tbis series is a compilation of available data on the design of
artillery ammunition. It is intended to introduce the graduate engineer
to tbe art of ammunition design and to serve as a ready reference for the
practicing artillery ammunition designer.
Information contained in tbese publications has been obtained

from development reports and drawings of ammunition items, from proof
firing records, and from researcb reports by United States and British
government agencies. The information obtained from these sources was
corroborated and supplemented by means of direct interviews and cor-
respondence with personnel of U. S. government and private research
and design agencies.
Tbis series consists of sil: sections. Section t is an introduction to

tbe general subject of ammunition and its design. It is primarily intended
to familiarize newcomers to tbe field with the nomenclature and classifi-
cation of ammunition items. For convenience in publication, the features
applying to the entire series, sucb as Table of Contents, Glossary and
Index, have been bound with Section 1.
Section 2 is concerned with terminal ballistics, or the production

of effect by tbe various types of ammunition. Section 3 deals witb the
control of ftight, and exterior ballistic design of both fin-stabilized and
spin-stabilized rounds.
Section 4, on design for projection of ammunition, includes the

design of propellants for desired interior bal1istic characteristics, stress
analysis, and the design of cartridge case, gun chamber, and rifting and
rotating bands.
Section 5 describes the inspection aspects of artillery ammunition

design. It is included to acquaint the designer with dimensioning prac-
tices and the nature of the limitations placed on design by the require-
ments of gaging and quality control
Section 6, on manufacturing methods, has been included to give

tbe neophyte designer some insight into the overall problem of tbe manu-
vi
facture of metal parts of ammunition items, since methods of manu-
facture impose limitations upon the design of such items.
Much effort has been spent in locating and verifying this data.
However, in spite of this, it is probable that valuable sources have been
overlooked and that a certain percentage of the information is already
obsolescent because of the rapid advances being made in the field. It
is hoped that the users of the Artillery Ammunition Series will inform
the Office of Ordnance Research, Box CM, Duke Station, Durham, North
Carolina, of any omissions or errors that they may notice.
vii
table of contents
Section Page Paragraphs
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. iii
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . ix
1 ARTILLERY AMMUNITION -
GENERAL 1-1
Types and Classification 01

Complete Rounds . • . . • . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1 to 1-12
Types 0( Projectiles . . . . . . . • . . . . 1-2 1-13 to 1-21
PrOjectile Components 1-3 1-22 to 1-28
Fuzes, Boosters, and Detonators ..• 1-4 1-29 to 1-37
Explosives for Ammunition 1-6 1-38 to 1-41
Propelling Charges 1-6 1-42 to 1-50
General Design Requirements . . . . . 1-8 1-51 to 1-54
References and Bibliography ...•. 1-8
2 DESIGN FOR TERMINAL EFFECTS . 2-1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 2-1 2-1 to 2-16
Blast Efiect 2-7 2-17 to 2-49
viii
2 DESIGN FOR TERMINAL

EFFECTS (cont)
References and Bibliography . . . . . 2-20
Characteristics of High Explosives .. 2-22 2-50 to 2-70
Shaped Charge Ammunition . . . . . • . 2-30 2-71 to 2-153
Fragmentation . . . . . • . • . . • • • . . . 2-93 2-154 to 2-207
Kinetic Energy Ammunition for the

Defeat of Armor . . . . . . . . • • . . . 2-117 2-208 to 2-265
References anp Bibliography •.... 2 -148
Canister Ammuhition 2-150 2-266 to 2-278
High-Explosive Plastic (HEP) Shell .. 2-156 2-279 to 2-291
Special Purpose Shell 2-160 2-292 to 2-371
3 DESIGN FOR CONTROL OF FLIGHT

CHARACTERISTICS 3-1
Design for Precision 3-1 3-1 to 3-22
Design for Maximum Range or

Minimum Time of Flight . . . . . . • • 3-38 3-23 to 3-48
Projectile Geometry . . . . . • . • . . • . 3-81 3-49 to 3-64
4 DESIGN FOR PROJECTION . . . . . . • 4-1
PropelIants and Interior Ballistics .. 4-1 4-1 to 4-75
Cartridge Case and Gun Chamber

Design . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . • . . • 4-117 4-76 to 4-116
ix
4 DESIGN FOR PROJECTION (cont)
Rotating Band and Rifling Design '" 4-149 4-117 to 4-154
Stress in Shell. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 4-177 4-155 to 4-177
References and Bibliography ..•.. 4-190
5 INSPECTION ASPECTS OF ARTIL-

LERY AMMUNITION DESIGN . . . . . 5-1
Quality Assurance Aspects of

Ammunition Design 5-1 5-1 to 5-21
Effect of Dimensioning and Tol-

erancing on Inspection 5-13 5-22 to 5-28
6 MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC
COMPONENTS OF ARTILLERY
AMMUNITION 6-1
Introduction 6-1 6-1 to 6-10
Forging of HE Shell 6-4 6-11 to 6-33
Machining of HE Shell 6-14 6-34 to 6-56
Cold Extrusion of HE Shell 6-21 6-57 to 6-68
Compromise Method of Shell

Forming 6-25 6-69 to 6-70
Manufacture of High-Explosive
Plastic Shell 6-26 6-71 to 6-77
Manufacture of Armor-Piercing
Shot and Caps 6-29 6-78 to 6-86
The Manufacture of Hypervelocity

Armor-Piercing (HVAP) Shot . . . . . 6-35 6-87 to 6-91
The Manufacture of Tungsten

Carbide Cores 6-36 6-92 to 6-95
The Manufacture of Brass Cartridge

Cases 6-37 6-96 to 6-103
The Manufacture of Drawn-Steel

Cartridge Cases 6-41 6-104 to 6-122
x
6 MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC
COMPONENTS OF ARTILLERY
AMMUNITION (cant)
The Manufacture 0( Trapezoidal-

Wrapped Steel Cartridge Cases .•. 6-46 6-123 to 6-131
The Manufacture m Perforated

Cartridge Cases .•••.•..•••.• 8-48 6-132 to 6-133
References and Bibliography .•.•. 8-49
GLOSSARY •••••••...•.••.......•• G-l
INDEX ••••••••••••••.••••••••••• 1-1
xi
GLOSSARY
A facturer. When necessary, it may also

include instructions for handling the ammu-
ABSOLUTE DEVIATION: The shortest distance nition.
between the center of the target and the
point where a projectile hits or bursts. AMMUNITION IDENTIFICATION CODE: Code
symbol (for example, P5HBA) assigned to
each ammunition item for identification and
ABSOLUTE ERROR: Shortest distance between
to facilitate the supply of ammunition to
the center of impact or the center of burst
the field. The first two characters refer to
of a group 01 shots and the point of impact
the pertinent ordnance catalog, and the re-
or burst of a single shot within the group.
maining three characters to the weapon
group, type and model, and packaging. In
ACCURACY LIFE: The estimated average small arms ammunition the grade is in-
number 01 rounds that a particular weapon dicated.
can fire before its tube becomes so worn
that its accuracy tolerance is exceeded. AMMUNITION LOT NUMBER: Code number
that identifies a particular quantity of am-
ACCURACY OF FIRE: The measurement of munition from one manufacturer. The num-
the precision of fire expressed as the dis- ber is assigned to each lot of ammunition
tance or the center of impact from the when it is manufactured.
center of the target.
ANGLE OF DEPARTURE: Angle between the
ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE: The line of sight and the axis of the bore of a
temperature a combustible system would at- gun at the instant the prOjectile leaves the
tain if all the energy of combustion went muzzle. Angle or departure is the sum oJ
into the formation of gas without energy the angles of site, elevation, and vertical
loss to the surroundings. jump.
AMATOL: High explosive made of a mixture of ANGLE OF FALL: Angle between the hori-
ammonium nitrate and trinitrotoluene; zontal and the tangent to the trajectory at
sometimes used as a bursting charge in the point at which a prOjectile falls.
high-explosive proJectiles.
ANGLE OF IMPACT: Acute angle between the
AMMOr-;AL: High-explosive substance made of tangent to the trajectory at the point of
a mixture of ammonium nitrate, trinitro- impact of a projectile and the plane tangent
toluene, and flaked or powdered aluminum. to the surface of the ground at the point of
Ammonal is sometimes used as a bursting impact; angle at which a projectile strikes
charge in high-explosive projectiles, and the ground or a target.
produces br ight flashes on explosion.
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE: Angle at which a
AMMUNITION DATA CARD: Identification card prOjectile strikes a surface; acute angle
prepared [or each individual lot of ammuni- between the tangent to the line of impart of
tion manufactured, giving the type and com- a projectile and the perpendicular to the
position of the ammunition, and identifying surface of the ground at the point o[ impact.
its components by lot number and manu- It is the complement of the angle of impact.
G-l
AREA TARGET: Target for gunfire or bombing BALLISTIC CONDITIONS: Conditions which
covering a considerable space, such as am- affect the motion of a prOjectile in the bore
munitions factory, airport, or freight yard. and through the atmosphere, including muz-
An area target differs from a point target, zle velocity, weight of projectIle, size and
which is a particular object or structure. shape of projectile, rotation or the earth,
density of the air, elasticity of the air and
ARMiNG: As applied to fuzes, the changing the wind.
f~om a safe condition to a state of readiness
for initiation. Generally a fuze is caused to BALLISTIC CURVE: Actual path or trajectory
arm by acceleration, rotation, clock mech- of a bullet or shell.
anism, or air travel, or by combinations of
these. BALLISTIC DENSITY: Computed constant air
density that would have the same total effect
ARMOR: Protective covering, especially metal
on a projectile during its flight as the
plates used on ships, tanks, motor vehicles,
varying densities actually encountered.
etc.
ARMOR-PIERCING: ~ term applied to bullets BALLISTIC EFFICIENCY: Ability of a pro-
and projectiles designed to pierce armor Jectile to overcome the resistance of the
plate. air. Ballistic efficiency depends chiefly on
the weight, diameter, and shape of the
ARMOR-PIERCING CAPPED: Term applied to projectile.
armor-piercing proJectiles which have a
steel cap in front of the projectile point, to BALLISTIC LIMIT: Velocity at which a given
assist in defeating face-hardened armor type of prOjectile will perforate a given
plate. thickness and type of armor plate at a
specified obliquity.
AUTOMATIC (Self-Acting): Moving or acting by
itself. After the first round is fired, an auto- BALLISTIC MORTAR: Instrument used to de-
matic weapon fires, extracts, ejects, and termine the relative energy obtainable from
reloads without application of power from an explosive materials.
outside source, repeating the cycle as long
as the firing mechanism is held in the proper BALLISTICS: The science of the motion of
position. Automatic action involves repeat- projectiles.
ing the cycle of operation, as distinguished
from semi-automatic, which is restricted to BALLISTIC TEMPERATURE: A computed con-
one complete cycle at a time. stant temperature that would have the same
total effect on a projectile traveling from
AUTOMATIC FEED MECHANISM: Mechanism the gun to the target as the varying tem-
in an automatic gun that puts fresh shells peratures actually encountered.
int~ the chamber in position for firing.
BALLISTIC WAVE: Audible disturbance or
B wave caused by the compression of air
ahead of a projectile in flight.
BACK-BLAST: Rearward blast 0( gases from
the breech of recoilless weapons and rock- BALLISTIC WIND: Assumed constant wind that
ets upon the burning of the propellant would have the same total effect on a pro-
charge. It is sometimes referred to as jectile traveling from the gun to the target
breech-blast. as the varying winds actually encountered.
BALLISTIC CAP: Cap for projectile, designed BALLISTITE: Smokeless powder used as a
to improve its ballistic efficiency. propelling charge in small-arms and mortar
ammunition.
BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT: Measure or the
alJility of a missile to overcome air re- BALLOTING: The bounding from side to side of
sistance. a projectile in the bore of a gun.
G-2
BASE EIECTION SHELL: Type of special pur- BLAST CUBE: Angle iron frame covered with
pose shell which functions by expelling its aluminum sheets; used for testing effective-
filler out of the base of the shell. Expulsion ness of blast.
is usually achieved by a small charge of
propellant, called an expelling charge.
BLAST TUBE: Device used for the study of
shock waves, and for calibration of air-
BASE LINE: Line of known length and direction blast gages.
between two points whose locations are
known; used in fire control.
BLASTING MACHINE: Small hand-powered
generator for electrically firing one or
BASE PLUG: Seal in base of projectile. more detonators or sqUibs to explode or
ignite munitions or series of munitions.
BASE OF TRAJECTORY: Straight horizontal
line from the center or the muzzle of a BLOWBACK: Escape, to the rear and under
weapon to the point in the downward curve of pressure, of gases formed during the firing
the path of a projectile that is level with the of a gun. Blowback may be caused by a
muzzle. defective breech mechanism, a ruptured
cartridge, or a faulty primer.
BASE SPRAY: (See SPRAY.)
BOAT-TAIL: Rear end of a projectile that is
BIOLOGICAL AGENT: Viruses, any of certain tapered or cone-shaped, and not cylindrical,
classifications of micro-organisms and as in a projectile having a square base.
toxic substances, derived from living or-
ganisms used to produce death or disease BOOSTER: High-explosive element, sufriciently
in man, animals, and growing plants. sensitive to be actuated by small explosive
elements in a fuze, and powerful enough to
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE: Tactics and tech- cause detonation of the main explosive
niques of conducting warfare by use of rilling.
biological agents.
BORE: The cylindrical, and usually rifled,
BLACK POWDER: A sensitive, easily ignitible portion or the gun tUbe, or barrel interior,
explosive mixture, which produces dense extending from the forcing cone to the muz-
smoke; few remaining military uses, such zle. Bore is used both for the inside surface
as igniters, expelling and blank-(ire of the barrel or tube or a gun, with its
charges. Black powder was used as a pro- rifling, and for the cylindrical space en-
pellant before the advent of so-called closed by that portion of the tube.
smokeless powder.
BORE IMPRESSION: Impression of the bore of
BLANK AMMUNITION: Ammunition containing a gun tube, made with a plastic substance in
power but no projectile. Blank ammunition order to determine the condition of the
is used in training, in signaling, and in rifling.
(iring salutes.
BORESAFE FUZE: Type of fuze haVing an in-
BLAST: Sudden air pressure created by the terruptor in the explosive train that pre-
discharge of a gun or the explosion of a vents a functioning until after the projectile
charge. has cleared the muzzle of a weapon.
BLASTING CAP: Small cylindrical case with a BOURRELET: Finely machined band or ring of
thin wall in which is enclosed a sensitive metal just behind the ogive of a prOjectile,
explosive, such as mercury fulminate, used designed to support the front portion of the
as a detonator to set off another explosive projectile by riding the lands as the pro-
charge. The explosive in the blasting cap is jectile travels through the bore of a gun.
fired either by a burning fuse or by elec-
tricity. Also called a detonator. BOW WAVE: (See BALLISTIC WAVE.)
G-3
BREECH: The rear part of the bore of a gun, CANISTER: (1) Metal cylinder containing metal
especially the opening that permits the pro- fragments which are scattered when the
jectile to be inserted at the rear of the bore. cylinder breaks. (2) Cylinder containing ma-
terials for special terminal effects, such
as smoke, propaganda leaflets, chaff, etc.
BREECH-BLAST: (See BACK-BLAST.)
CANNISTER AMMUNITION: Shell containing

BREECHBLOCK: Movable steel block that
preformed metal fragments which are dis-
closes the rear part of the barrel in a
persed by the centrifugal force caused by
firearm.
the shell's rotation.
BRIDGE WAVES: Mach waves caused by the CANNELURE: (1) A ring-like groove in the
interaction of two shock waves to form a jacket of a bullet which provides a means of
third that bridges the volume between the securely crimping the cartridge case to the
original two. bullet; analogous to the crimping groove in
artillery ammunition. (2) Ring-like groove
BRISANCE: Shattering power of high ex- for locking the jacket of an armor-piercing
bullet to the core. (3) Ring-like groove in
plosives.
the rotating band of a projectile, intended to
lessen the resistance offered to the gun
BURNING (of propellant): (See LINEAR BURN-
riflings. (4) Groove around the base of the
ING RATE.)
cartridge case, where the extractor takes
hold.
BURST: Explosion of a projectile in the air, or
when it strikes the ground or target.
CANNON: (1) Fixed or mobile weapon, larger
than small arms, that ejects its projectile
BURSTER: Explosive charge used to break
by the action of an explosive. Cannon inc-
open and spread the contents of chemical
elude guns, howitzers, and breech-loading
projectiles, bombs, or mines.
mortars. (2) That portion of such a weapon
required to fire a projectile (that is, tube,
BURSTER TUBE: Tube that holds the burster
breech mechanism, and firing mechanism),
in a chemical projectile.
as contrasted to that portion which supports
the weapon and which is called the carriage
BURSTING CHARGE: Quantity of explosive
or mount.
which breaks the casing of a projectile
to produce demolition, fragmentation,
CANT: A leaning or tilt, to one side, of any
or chemical action. (See EXPLOSIVE
object; militarily, the sidewise tilting of a
CHARGE.)
gun.
C
CAP: (1) Nosepiece on a projectile. (2) (See
CALIBER: (1) Diameter of the bore of a gun. In BLASTING CAP.)
rifled gun bores the caliber is obtained by
measuring between opposite lands. A caliber CARTRIDGE: Round of ammunition wherein the
.45 revolver has a barrel with a land diam- propellant and primer are contained in a
eter 45/100 of an inch. (2) Diameter of a casing and in which the propellant, primer,
projectile. (3) Unit of measure used to ex- and projectile are assembled, stored,
press the length of the bore of a weapon. shipped, and issued as a complete unit.
The number of calibers is determined by
dividing the length of the bore of the weapon, CARTRIDGE BAG: Cloth bag holding the pro-
from the breech face of the tube to the pelling charge for some types of cannon.
mUZZle, by the diameter of its bore. A gun
tube whose bore is 40 feet (480 inches) long CARTRIDGE CASE: Container that holds the
and 12 inches in diameter is said to be 40 primer and propellant, and to which the
calibers long. projectile may be affixed.
G-4
CAST LO,6.DING: Loading of HE shell by the CHORD: Straight line parallel to the centerUne
pouring of molten high-explosive filler into of the projectlle from the leading edge to
shell body. the trailing edge of a fin; the length of that
line.
CAVITY CHARGE: (See SHAPED CHARGE.)
CHRONOGRAPH: Instrument for measuring and
CENTER OF BURST: Point in the air about graphIcally recording small intervals of
which the bursts of several projectiles, time; frequently used for measuril1l ve-
from rounds fired under like conditions, locity of projectiles.
are evenly distributed.
CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECnI: Enu,meration
CENTER OF BURST ERROR: Distance between
of possible defects of a product classified
the target and center of burst.
according to their importance.
CENTER OF DISPERSION: Theor~tical center
of hits or bursts that would have been made CLOSED BOMB: Apparatus used for determin-
if an unlimited number of shots had been ing the thermochemical characteristics of
fired with the same data. Actually it has to combustible materials. Also called closed
be considered the center of impact or bursts chamber; bomb calorimeter.
of all shots already fired.
COEFFICIENT OF FORM: Factor introduced
CHAF F: Electromagnetic -wave reflectors in into the ballistic coefficient of a projectile,
the form o( narrow metallic strips, used based on its shape.
for creating echoes with which to confuse
the enemy; also called window. COLORED MARKER SHELL: Projectile cOQ-
taining a colored dye which is ejected by a
CHAFF SHELL: Hollow projectile containing a burster charge; used for spotting, marking,
hiler of chaff. (See CHAFF.) and signaling.
CHAMBER: Part of a gun in which the charge COMPLETE PENETRATION: (1) In the Army,
is placed; in a cannon, that space between penetration obtained when the projectile in
the obturator or breechlock and the (orcing the target or light through the target can be
cone. Nominally it is the space occupied by seen from the rear of the target. (2) In the
the cartridge case. Navy, penetration obtained when the pro-
jectile passes through the target intact or a
CHAMBER CAPACITY: Space available for gas major portion of the projectile passes
expansion when the projectile is seated in through.
position; measured (rom the face of the
closed breechblock, around the base of the COMPLETE ROUND: (1) A complete round of
projectile, to the rear of the rotating band separate-loading artillery ammunition con-
(or obturator). In fixed ammunition, it is the sists of a primer, propelling charge, and
volume of the cartridge case behind the (except for blank ammunition) a projectile.
projectile. (2) A complete record of fixed or semi-
fixed ammunition comprises a primer, pro-
CHEMICAL AGENT: Solid, liqUid, or gas whose pelling charge, cartridge case, and a pro-
chemical properties produce lethal, injuri- jectile.
ous, or irritant effects; a screening or col-
ored smoke; or an incendiary agent. (War COMPUTED MAXIMUM PRESSURE: For any
gases, smokes, and incendiaries are the type of gun, the theoretical value of maximum
three main groups.) pressure computed by interior ballistics
formulas. When a new gun of the type in
CHOKING GAS: Casualty producing gas which question is fired under standard conditions,
causes irritation and inflammation of the with a propelling charge that will give a
bronchial tubes and lungs. Phosgene is an projectile its rated muzzle velocity, this is
example of this type o( gas. the pressure which should be developed.
G-5
CONFINEMENT: Degree of physical restriction tance corresponding to the delay. Such fuzes
to passage of detonation wave throul!h ex- are used to permit penetration of the target
plosive material. before detondtion, or for mining eUecl.
COOK-OFF: Functioning of a chambered round DESIGN PROCEDURE: Outline of steps to fol-

of ammunition, initiated by the heat of the low in designing an item.
weapon.
DETERRENT: Material diffused into the sur-
COPPER CRUSHER GAGE: Device used to face of propellant grains to control burning.
measure pressure developed in gun chamber
by measuring the deformation of a copper DETONATE: Explode suddenly and Violently.
cylinder.
DETONATING AGENT: Explosive used to set
off another explosive. Fulminate of mercury
COPPERING: Metal fouling left in the bore of
and tetryl are used as detonating agents to
a weapon by the rotating band or the jacket
set off other less sensitive explosives.
of a proJectile.
DETONATING CHARGE: Charge used to set off
CORDITE: Double-base powder in the form of a high-explusive charge.
cords, composed of guncotton, nitroglycerin,
and mineral jelly, used by some foreign DETONATING CORD: Flexible fabric tube con-
nations as a propellant in rounds of ammu- taining a filler of high explosive that is set
nition. off by a blasting cap or by an electric deto-
• nator. It has an extremely high rate of ex-
COUNTERRECOIL: Forward movement of a plosion, and is used to set off other high-
gun returmng to firing position alter recoil. explosive charges. The detonating cord
currently in use is known commercially as
CROSS-WIND FORCE (LIFT): Component of primacord.
air resistance in a direction perpendicular
to the motion of the center of gravity, in DETONATING EXPLOSIVE: (See HIGH EX-
the plane of yaw. ·'LOSIVE.)
CRYSTAL DENSITY: MaxImum density attain- DETONATION: Extremely rapid r~action with
able for a given substance. evolution of considerable heat accompanied
by considerahle Violently disruptive effect
and intense shock wave. (See also DEFLA-
D
GRATIOr-;.)
DECELEROTOR: Device for slowing the rota- DETONATION FRONT: (See WAVE FRONT.)
tion of parachute-containing projectile, be-
lure ejection uf th~ parachute. DETONATION RATE: Velocity at which the
detonation wave travels through an explosive
DEFLAGRATION: Rapid reaction (explosion) material.
with evolution of considerable heat, accom-
panied by some disruptive effect but less DETONATION WAVE: (See SHOCK WAVE.)
v iolent than a detonation.
DETONATOR: Sensitive explosive used to set
DEGRESSIVE GRANULATION: Propellant grain off an explosive train, as well as the mech-
which hurns with a continually decreasinp; anism and container connected therewith.
surface until the p;rain is completely con-
sumed. DEVLOPED MUZZLE VELOCITY: The actual
mU7.Z1e ve!oc ity produced by any gun.
DELAY FUZE: Fuze that has a delay clement
incurporated in the fuze train, permitting DOUBLE-BASE POWDER: (See DOUBLE-BASE
the missile to penetrate the target a dis- PROPELLANT.)
G-6
DOUBLE-BASE PROPELLANT: Propellant size. The number of sections used deter-
whose principle active ingredients are ni- mines the muzzle velocity and range of the
trocellulose and nitroglycerin. (See PRO- projectile.
PELLANT.)
EQUATION OF STATE: An equation relating_
the volume, temperature, and pressure of a
DRAG: Component of air resistance in the
system.
direction opposite to that of the motion of
the center of gravity or a projectile. EROSION: Wearing away of a bore due to com-
bined errect of gas washing, scouring, and
DRILL AMMUNITION: Ammunition without an mechanical abrasion. Due to the high tem-
explosive charge, used in training and prac- peralures and veloc ities, and chemical ac-
tice. tion' the bore diameter becomes enlarged.
DUMMY PR01ECTILE: Shell that has no ex- EXPELLING CHARGE: Quantity of propellant
plosive charge. Dummy projectiles are used used in special purpose shell to eject the
for practice and training purposes. contents of the shell.
E. C. BLANK FIRE: (See E. C. SMOKELESS EXPLOSIVE: Substance Which, when subjected

POWDER.) to heat, impact, friction, or other suitable
initial impulse, undergoes an explosion that
E. C. SMOKELESS POWDER: Orange or pink is a very rapid chemical transformation,
explosive powder, resembling coarse sand. forming other more stable products entirely
It is used as _ a charge in small arms, in or largely gaseous, whose combined vol-
blank cartridges. Also called blank-fire ume is much greater than that of the origi-
powder or E. C. blank fire. nal substance. Explosives are classified as
high-explosive or low-explosive, according
ECCENTRICITY: Distance from center line to to the rate of the transformation. (See HIGH
center of gravity of projectile. EXPLOSIVE and LOW EXPLOSIVE.)
ELASTIC STRENGTH PRESSURE: The com- EXPLOSIVE CHARGE: Predetermmcd quantity

puted internal gas pressure in a gun which, of explosive required to produce a specific
at the section under consideration, will eHect. (See BURSTING CHARGE; EXPEL-
stress the metal in some layer of the wall LING CHARGE; PROPELLING CHARGE.)
tangentially, up to the minimum elastic
limit which is prescribed for the metal EXPLOSIVE D: Ammonium picrate, a high-
[rom which the member is made. explosive charge that is not easily set off in
transportation, or in handling, etc. Some-
ELECTRIC PRIMER: Metallic device contain- times it is used as a hursllDg charge in
ing a small amount of a sensitive explosive armor-pierc ing projectiles.
or charge of black powder which is actuated
by energizing an electric Circuit. It is used EXPLOSIVE TRAIN: That purtiun o[ a fuze or
[or setting orr explosive or propelling fuze system consisting 01 explosive com-
charges. ponents, such as priml'r, detur-alor, booster,
etc., necessary to cause [unctiuning of a
ELECTRIC SQUIB: Commercial flash-fuze de- warhead or dest ructor.
vice for electrical [iring of burning typ('
munitions such as smoke pots. It cunsisls EXTERIOR 13ALLISTICS: The hranch of balliS-
essentially of a small tubE> sealed with tics which deals with the molion of the pro-
sulfur, containing a small charge uf powd('r jectile after leaVing the gun.
. cumpressed aruund a fine resistance wire.
There are three types: open-end, flash- F
vented, and closed -end.
FIN: Light metal purtion of a murtar shell,
EQUAL SECTION CHARGE: Propelling charge bumb, and some rockets, designed fur sta-
made up of a number o[ charges equal in bilizing and controlling them while in flight.
G-7
FIN STABILIZATION: Method of stabilizing a FUZE: Device used to initiate a detonation
projectile, bomb, or missile during Hight under the conditions desired.
by the fitting of fins.
G
FIXED AMMUNITION: Ammunition with primer
and propellent powder contained in a car-
tridge case permanently crimped or at- GILDING METAL: Copper-zinc alloy (brass)
tached to a projectile, that is loaded into a used for rotating bands.
-weapon as a unit.
GRANULATION: Size and shape of grain of
FIXED ROUND: Round of fixed ammunition. propellant.
FLAME TEMPERATURE. (See ADIABATIC GRAVIMETRIC DENSITY: Weight of the pro-

FLAME TEMPERATURE.) pellant (in lb per in. 3) divided by the volume
occupied by the propellant (includes the air
space in and around propellant grains).
FLASH REDUCER: Any material for use with a
propelling charge to reduce its muzzle
G-SERIES WAR GASES: Group of persistent
flash. blood and nerve poisons which are highly
toxic and practically odorless. GA, GB,
FLAT TRAJECTORY: Trajectory with little and GD are members of the G·series.
curvature, produced by a projectile with a
high velocity. GUNCOTTON: Nitrocellulose containing 13
percent or more of nitrogen.
FLECHETTE: Stabilized fragment haVing a H
pointed nose and finned tail; dart.
HANGFIRE: Temporary failure or delay in the
FORCE: A term, convenient in interior ballis- action of a primer, igniter, or propelling
tics theory. which is defined as the product
charge. For a few seconds it cannot be
of the number of mols of gas per gram of
distinguished from a complete failure, or
propellant and the adiabatic-constant-vol- misfire.
ume flame temperature.
FORCING CONE: Tapered beginning of the HANG FIRE TEST: Test to determine uniform-
lands at the origin of the rifling of a gun ity and promptness of fire of a type of am-
tube. The forcing cone allows the rotating munition.
band of the projectile to be gradually en-
gaged by the rifling thereby centering the HC MIXTURE: Solid, nonpersistent screening
pl'ojectile in the bore. smoke that, when burning, produces a gray-
ish white smoke having a sharp, acrid
FORM COEFFICIENT: Factor used in form odor, which is toxic if released in sufficient
functions to describe the ratio of burning quantities in enclosed places; used in
surface to fraction burned. bombs, shell, grenades, and smoke pots.
The smoke is cool burning as contrasted
FORM FUNCTION: Mathematical expression with white phosphorous, and tends to cling
relating burning rate to propellant grain to the earth.
geometry.
HEAT OF COMBUSTION: Heat evolved in the
FRAGMENTATION: The breaking and scat- complete oxidation of a substance at con-
tering in all directions of the pieces of a stant pressure and 25°C. The test is usually
projectile, bomb, or grenade. accomplished calorimetrically by burning a
gram of sample in a combustion bomb con-
FULMINATE OF MERCURY: (See MERCURY taining one cc of water under a pressure of
FULMINATE.) 30 atmospheres of pure oxygen.
G-8
HEAT OF EXPLOSION: Heat evolved in burn- HYGROSCOPICITY: The tendency of a sub-
ing a sample in a combustion bomb under stmce to absorb any available moisture
a pressure of 25 atmospheres of helium, or from its surroundings; specifically the ab-
other inert gas. (Products of explosion vary sorption of water vapor from the atmos-
with the oxygen balance of the sample.) phere.
HEAT OF FORMATION: Heat of formation of a HYPER VELOCITY: Muzzle velocity of an artil-

compound is equal to the sum of the heats lery projectile of 3,500 feet per second or
of formation of the products of combustion, more.
minus the heat of combustion of the com-
pound. :lH f (reactants) = r !iHf (products) - HYPERVELOCITY ARMOR-PIERCING (HVAP)
t>H c ' AMMUNITION: Ammunition Which embodies
a core of hard, dense material (such as
HEA T OF REACTION: Heat evolved when a tungsten carbide) within a shell of light
sample is burned in a combustion bomb in material, such as aluminum. Its light over-
one atmosphere of helium or other inert all weight permits it to be Ured sarely at
gas. (Products of this reaction are depend-
very high velocities. The velocity is rapidly
ent on the oxygen balance of the sample.)
lost, but at short ranges it is effective
against armor.
HEAT SHELL: (See HIGH-EXPLOSIVE ANTI-
TANK SHELL.) HYPERVELOCITY ARMOR-PIERCING DIS-
HEAT TEST: Accelerated stability test of an CARDING SABOT (HVAPDS) AMMUNITION:
explosive material. Ammunition which embodies a hyperveloc-
ity, armor-piercing, subcaliber projectile
HEP SHELL: (See HIGH-EXPLOSIVE PLASTIC
within a discarding sabot. (See SABOT.)
SHELL.)
HYPERVELOCITY ARMOR-PIERCING DIS-
HIGH-ANGLE FIRE: Fire delivered at eleva-
CARDING SABOT FIN-STABILIZED (HVA-
tions greater than the elevation of maximum
PDSFS) AMMUNITION: Ammunition which
range, its range therefore decreasing as the
embodies a hypervelocity, armor-piercing,
angle of elevation is increased. Mortars
subcaliber, fin-stabilized projectile within
deliver high-angle fire.
a discarding sabot. (See SABOT.)
HIGH EXPLOSIVE: Explosive which undergoes
an extremely rapid chemical trans(orma-
tion, thereby producing a high order detona-
IGNITER: Device containing a ready burning
tion and shatter ing effect. High explosives
composition, usually a form of black pow-
are used as bursting charges (or bombs,
der, used to amplify the ignition of a pro-
projectiles, grenades, mines, and for demo-
pelling charge by a primer. Also sometimes
lition.
used to amplify the initiation of a primer in
the functioning o( certain types of fuzes and
HIGH-EXPLOSIVE ANTITANK (HEAT) SHELL:
burster charges.
Ammunition (or defeat of armour by use o( a
shaped charge.
IGNITER TRAIN: Step-by-step arrangement of
HIGH-EXPLOSIVE PLASTIC (HEP) SHELL (or, charges in pyrotechnic bombs, shells, etc.,
SQUASH-HEAD SHELL): Shell with de(orm- by which the initial fire (rom the primer is
able nose, designed to contain a plastic transmitted and intensified until it reaches
explosive, for use against armor; shock and sets off the main charge. An explosive
transmitted through the armor causes the bomb, prOjectile, etc., uses a similar se-
back of armor plate to spall. ries, called an explosive train.
HIGH-EXPLOSIVE SHELL: Projectile with a IGNlTIBILITY: Statement of the ease with

bursting charge of high explosive, used which the burning o( a substance may be
llllainst personnel and materiel. initiated.
G-9
IGNITING MIXTURE: Explosive mixture used INTERIOR BALLISTICS: Subdivision of ballis-
as a fuze in pyrotechnic signals. tics which deals with that part of the phe-
IGNITING PRIMER: Primer designed to be nomena within the chamber and bore o( a
initiated by flame from another primer. weapon associated with imparting kinetic
Sometimes used in subcaliber guns so as energy to missiles. (See BALLISTICS.)
to permit drill or practice with the regular
primer. ISOBARIC ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERA-
TURE: Adiabatic flame temperature attained
IGNITION CARTRIDGE: Igniter in cartridge in a constant pressure system. (See
form which may be used alone or with ad- ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE.)
ditional propellant increments as a pro-
pelling charge for certain mortar ammuni- ISOCHORIC ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERA-
tion. TURE: Adiabatic flame temperature attained
in a constant volume system. (See ADI-
ILLUMINATING SHELL: Projectile with a time ABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE.)
fuze that sets oU a parachute flare at any
desired height; used for lighting up an area. 1
IMPACT FUZE: Fuze designed to function on 10LT AND lUMBLE TESTS: Tests intended
impact. to simulate the shocks various components
of ammunition are subjected to in trans-
INCENDIARY: (1) Chemical agent used pri- portation and handling.
marily for igniting combustible substances
with which it is in contact "by generating lUMP: The movement which the tube of the
sufficient heat to cause ignition. (2) Filling gun describes under the shock of firlllg,
for incendiary munitions such as shells, but before the projectile leaves the muzzle.
bombs, grenades, and flame throwers. (3) Usually expressed as an angle.
Munition with flammable filling and means
of release and/or ignition. K
INCREMENT: A package of propellant, forming KINETIC ENERGY AMMUNITION: Ammuni-

part of the full propelling charge, which may tion whose eUectiveness is dependent upon
be removed to reduce the velocity or range. its high density (mass) and high veloc ity.
(See MUL TISECTION CHARGE.)
L
INITIAL AIR SPACE: Vl)lume of gun chamber
not occupied by propellant when gun is LANDS: Raised portion between grooves in the
loaded for firing. bore of a rifled gun.
INITIAL VELOCITY: (See MUZZLE VE- LATERAL DEVIATION: Horizontal distance

LOCITY.) between the point of impact or burst and
the gun-target line.
INITIATOR: Small quantity of very sensitive
and powerful explosive used to start the LEAD AZIDE: Very sensitive high explosive
detonation of another less sensitive ex- used in small quantities to initiate other
plosive. Mercury fulminate, lead azide, and less sensitive high explosives.
tetryl are the principle high explosives used
as initiators.· LEAFLET SHELL: Usually consists of stand-
ard-base ejection smoke shell, of any cali-
INSTANTANEOUS FUZE: One which will burst ber, with smoke canisters removed and
the projectile on the outside of a hard sur- propaganda substituted therefor.
face (such as a concrete emplacement) be-
fore penetration or ricochet. This fuze will LIFTING PLUG: Threaded eyebolt whirh Cits
give some crater on hard ground. (See into the fuze cavity, permitting heavy shells
SUPERQUICK FUZE.) to be handled by means of a winch.
G-I0
LINEAR BURNING RATE: The distance normal M
to any burning surface of the propellant
grain burned through in unit time. This MACH NUMBER: Ratio of the velocity of a
property depends upon the chemical com- body to that of sound in the same medium.
position, and is not a function of geometry.
MACH WAVE: Supersonic shock wave.
LINER: (1) IMer tube, in a cannon, which bears
MAGNUS FORCE: (I) Force normal to the
the rifling and which may be replaced when
plane of yaw, caused by the spin. (2) Force
worn out. (2) Cone of material used as an
arising from interaction of a spinning body
integral part of shaped charge liner.
and the windstream when the body is yawing.
LIVE AMMUNITION: Ammunition containing
MAGNUS FORCE, CENTER OF: Vanishing
explosives. This is in contrast to drill am-
point of Magnus moment.
munition (dummy ammunition), which con-
tains no explosives and is used in training.
MAXIMUM PRESSURE: The maximum value of
the pressure exerted by the propellant gases
LOADING DENSITY: Ratio of weight of pro-
on the walls of a gun during the firing of
pellant (in lb per in. 3) to available chamber
the round.
volume.
MAXIMUM SKY BRIGHTNESS: Worst possible
sky condition for observing pyrotechnic sig-
LONG-DELAY FUZE: One which will burst the
nals; usually uniform clouds or overcast.
projectile after complete penetration into
hard ground. There is a variation in the
MEPLAT: Flat nose.
time element in long -delay fuzes required
for different uses. (This is a question to be MERCURY FULMINATE: Sensitive explosive
determined by the Ordnance Dept.) that is set 0(( by friction, impact, or heat,
and detonates. Mercury fulminate is used
LOW EXPLOSIVE: Explosive which undergoes to set 0(( other explosives in projecllles,
a relatively slow chemical transformation, mines, or bombs.
thereby producing a deflagration or an ex-
plosion, the e((ect ranging from that of a METAL FOULING: Deposit of metal, which
rapid combustion to that of a low order collects in the bore of a gun, that comes
detonation. It is suitable for use in igniter from the jackets or rotaling bands of pro-
trains and certain types of propellants. (See jectiles.
PROPELLANT.)
MISFIRE: (I) Failure to fire or explode prop-
LOW ORDER DETONATION: Incomplete deto- erly. (2) Failure of a primer or the propel-
nation of the explosive charge in a bomb, ling charge of a projectile to function,
projectile, or other similar high explosive. wholly or in part. Misfire may be contrasted
(See DETONATION.) with hangfire, which is delay in any part of
a firing charge.
LOWER ACCEPTABLE MEAN MAXIMUM
PRESSURE: For any type gun, that value of MULTlSECTION CHARGE: Propelling charge
the maximum pressure which is specified in in separate-loading or semifixed ammuni-
the propellant specification as the lower tion that is loaded into a number of powder
limit for the average of the maximum pres- bags. Range adjustments can be made by
sures that are developed by an acceptable increasing or reducing the number of bags
smokeless propellant in propelling charges used, as contrasted with a single-section
which will impart the specified muzzle ve- charge, in which the size of the charge can-
locity to the specified projectile. Smokeless not be changed.
propellant in propelling charges which in
acceptance tests develops an average maxi- MUZZLE BLAST: Sudden air pressure exerted
mum pressure lower than this value is con- in the vic inily of the muzzle of a weapon by
sidered as hav ing failed to pass the test. the rush of hot gases and air on (j ring.
G-ll
MUZZLE BRAKE (also called a RECOIL NONDELAY FUZE: Fuze that (unctions as a
BRAKE): Device attached to the muzzle of a result of inertia of flri~ pin (or primer)
gun which utilizes escaping gases to reduce as missile is retarded durlTlg penetration
the effective recoil force of the gun tube on of target. The inertia causes the firing pin
the carriage or mount. In some designs it to strike the primer (or primer the firing
eliminates or reduces muzzle flash. pin), initiating fuze action. This type of fuze
is inherently slower in action than the
MUZZLE FLASH: Undesirable luminous igni- superquick or instantaneous fuze, since its
tion of unburned propellant gases issuing action depends upon deceleration (retarda-
from the muzzle of a gun. The gases ignite tion) of the missile during penetration of
upon mixture with atmospheric oxygen. the target.
NORMAL CHARGE: Propelling charge p.mploy-

MUZZLE VELOCITY: Speed of a projectile at
the instant it leaves the muzzle of a gun. ing a standard amount of propellant to fire a
gun under ordinary conditions, as compared
with a reduced charge or a supercharge
MUZZLE WAVE: Compression wave or reac- used in special circumstances.
tion of the air in front of the muzzle of a
weapon immediately after firing.
NORMAL FORCE: (I) Component of air resist-
ance perpendicular to the axis of the pro-
N jectile in the plane of yaw (exterior ballis-
tics). (2) Any force perpendicular to a given
NERVE GAS: (See G-SERIES WAR GASES.) line or surface (general).
NITROCELLULOSE: Explosive substance NORMAL IMPACT: Striking of a projectile

formed by the nitration of cotton, or some against a surface that is perpendicular to
other form of cellulose. Used as the base of the line of flight of the projectile.
most U. S. propellants. Specific gr~des of
nitrocellulose (see PYROCELLULOSE and
GUNCOTTON) depend on the degree to which NOSE SPRAY: (See SPRAY.)
the cellulose is nitrated.
NUTATION: A small periodic oscillation about
the motion of precession.
NITROCOTTON: (See GUNCOTTON.)
NITROG UANlDlNE (nitrated aminomethanami- o

dine): Used as an addidonal base of propel-
lant; used as a "cool propellant" because of OBTURATION: Any process that prevents the
its low flame temperature which does not escape of gases from the tube of a weapon
erode gun bores nor produce as much lumi- during the firing of a projectile.
nous flash as single base (nitrocellulose)
propellants. OBTURATOR: A device for making the tube of
a weapon gas-tight, preventing any escape
NITROGLYCERINE: Nitrated ester of glycerol of gas until the projectile has left the muz-
in whiC'h the OH radicals are replaced by zle.
N02, used as primary base of British pro-
pellants and as gelatiniZing agent of U. S. OGIVE: The shape of the head of the projectile,
propellants, but not used as primary base orten a convex solid of revolution generated
of U. S. propellants because its high flame by an arc of a circle whose center lies on
temperature accelerates bore erosion. the side of the axis of revolution opposite
to the arc.
NITROGEN MUSTARD GASES: Group of blister
gases similar to mustard gas with varying OPTIMUM CHARGE: Web and propellant weight
chemical properties and little or no odor; combination which produces maxi mum ve-
gases arfect eyes, nose, and lungs. loc ity at a specified pressure.
G-I2
OVERTURNING MOMENT (of a projectile in PICRIC ACID (trinitrophenol): High explosive,
flight): Couple about an axis through the more powerful than trinitrotoluene, used
center of gravity, perpendicular to the plane Widely in the form of mixtures with other
of yaw. nitro compounds.
OXYGEN BALANCE: Ratio of sell-contained PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL: Crystalline ma-
oxygen to fuel in a propellant or explosive. terial possessing the property that, when it
is mecahnically compressed or stretched
P in certain directions, electrical charges in
direct proportion to the mechanical strain
PARASHEET: Parachute-like device made appear on the crystal surfaces.
from a single flat piece of material, or as
PITCH (of rifling): Reciproc al of the twist.
few pieces as its size will permit; avoids
cost of complex gore construction of ·para- (See TWIST.)
chute. PLANFORM: Shape of plan view of fins.
PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE: Explosive which, within
PEAK PRESSURE: Instantaneous maximum
normal ranges of atmospheric temperature,
pressure developed in the gun chamber by
is capable of being molded into desired
burning propellant; pressure immediately
preceding an expanding shock wave. shapes.
PERCUSSION COMPOSITION: High-explosive PLUNGING FIRE: Gunfire that strikes the

powder that is ignited in some types of earth's surface at a high angle.
firearms by the blow of the firing pin
against the primer cap. POINT-BLANK RANGE: Distance, to a target,
that is so short that the trajectory of a
PERCUSSION FUZE: (See IMPACT FUZE.) bullet or projectile is practically a straight,
rather than a curved, line. Point-blank
PERCUSSION PRIMER: Cap or cylinder con- range is one for which no superelevation is
taining a small charge of high explosive needed.
that may be set off by a blow. A percussion
primer is used in alJ fixed and semifixed POINT DETONATING FUZE: Fuze, located in
ammunition and in certain types of sepa- the nose of a projectile, which is initiated
rate-loading ammunition to ignite the main upon impact.
propelling charge.
POWDER: Term sometimes loosely used for
PERFORATION: Passage of a missile com- "propellant" or "propelling charge."
pletely through an object.
POWDER TRAIN: (1) Train, usually of com-
PERMISSIBLE INDIVIDUAL MAXIMUM PRES- pressed black powder, used to obtain tIme
SURE: For any type gun, that value which action in older fuze types. (2) Train of ex-
should not be exceeded by the maximum plosives laid out for destruction by burning.
pressure developed by any individual round
under any service condition. PRACTICE AMMUNITION: Ammunition used
for target practice, ammunition with a pro-
PERMISSIBLE MEAN MAXIMUM PRESSURE: pelling charge, but with either an inert
For any type gun, that value which should filler or a low-explosive filler to serve as
not be exceeded by the average of the a spotting charge.
maximum pressures developed in a series
of rounds fIred under any service condi- PRECISION: The quality of having small dis-
tions. persion about the mean.
PHOSGENE: Colorless choking gas having an PRECESSION: A change in the direction of the
odor of new-mown hay or f!"esh corn; causes axis of a rotating body. In this handbook,
chokIng and coughIng, and injuries to the precession means the slow motion without
lungs. nutation.
G-13
PRESSURE, CENTER OF: The point where the ~erties suitable, to permit its use as a
resultant force caused by air resistance m- propelling charge.
tersects the axis of the projectile.
PROPELLING CHARGE: Explosive charge that
PRIMACORD: Flexible fabric tube containing a is burned in a weapon to propel a projectile
filler of high-explosive PETN (pentareyth- therefrom (see PROPELLANT). Burning of
ritetetranitrate) that is used to transmit a the confined propelling charge produces
detonation from a detonator to a booster or gases whose pressure forces the projectile
bursting charge. Primacord is the trade out.
name for the type of detonating cord cur-
rently in use. PROXIMITY FUZE: Fuze designed to detonate
a projectile, bomb, mine, or charge when
PRIMER: Device used to initiate the functioning activated by an external influence in the
of an explosive or igniter train. It may be close vicinity of a target.
actuated by friction, blow, heat, pressure,
or electricity. PYROC ELL ULOSE: Nitrocellulose containing
12.60 percent nitrogen.
PRIMER-DETONATOR: Assembly consisting of
a primer and a detonator. It may also in- PYROCOTTON: (See PYROCELLULOSE.)
clude a delay element.
PYRO POWDER: Straight nitrocellulose pow-
PRIMER SEAT: Chamber in the breech mech- der; smokeless propelling charge consisting
anism of a gun that uses separate-loading of a nitrocellulose that has a smaller nitro-
ammunition, into which the primer is set. gen content than guncotton; single-base
prope 11 ant.
PROBABLE ERROR: An error of such magni-
tude that the probability of making an error PYROTECHNICS: Ammunition containing
greater than it in any given observation is chemicals that produce a smoke or brilliant
just equal to the probability of making one light in burning, used for signalling, mark-
less than it, both probabilities being one- ing, spotting, illuminating, etc.
half.
PYROXYLIN (collodion): Nitrocellulose con-
PROCEDURE, DESIGN: Outline of steps to fol- taining 8-12 percent nitrogen.
low in designing an item.
Q
PROORESSIVE GRANULATION: Propellant
grain which burns with a continually in- QUALITY ASSURANCE: System of assuring
creasing surface until the grain is com- that material accepted is in accordance
pletely consumed. with requirements, including inspection and
test procedures, acceptance criteria, etc.
PROIECTILE: Object, such as a bullet or
shell, that is propelled from a weapon by QUICKNESS (propellant burning): Rate of
an explosive propelling charge. change of pressure within the close chamber
with respect to time.
PROOF AMMUNITION: Ammunition incorpora-
ting solid, blunt -nosed, steel or cast iron R
shot of inexpensive manufacture; used in
proof firing of guns; used to simulate the RAM: (1) To push into position. (2) To seat a
weight of projectile designed for the gun in projectile in the bore of a gun.
adjusting the charge weight of propellant.
RAMMER: (1) Device for driVing a projectile
PROPAGANDA SHELL: (See LEAFLET
into position in a gun. It may be hand- or
SHELL.)
power-operated or a part of the receiver
PROPELLANT: Explosive material whose rate mechanism. (2) Tool used to remove li"e
of combustion is low enough, and its other projectiles from the bore of a gun.
G-14
RATED MAXIMUM PRESSURE: For any type by centering the projectile, thus preventing
gun, "that value 01. the maximum pressure escape of gas, and giving the projectile its
which is specilied in the propellant speci- spin as it engages in the' rilling.
(ication as the upper limit of average pres-
sure which may be developed by an accept-
ROUND: (1) All the parts that make up the
able propellant in the form of propelling
ammunition necessary in (iring one shot
charges which will impart the specified
(also called COMPLETE ROUND). (2) One
muzzle velocity to the specilied projectile.
shot fired by a weapon.
The smokeless propellant in propelling
charges which, in the acceptance test, de-
ROUND OF AMMUNITION: (See ROUND.)
velops an average maximum pressure ex-
ceeding this value is considered as haVing
failed to pass the test. S
SABOT: (1) Lightweight carrier in which a

RELATIVE FORCE: Ratio of observed maxi-
subcaliber projectile is centered to permit
mum pressure developed by a propellant
firing the projectile in the larger caliber
under test to the maximum pressure de-
weapon. The carrier fills the bore of the
veloped by a standard propellant under
weapon from which the projectile is (ired;
identical test conditions.
and its light weight permits it to be safely
fired at very high velocities. It is normally
RELATIVE QUICKNESS: Ratio of the quickness discarded a short distance from the muz-
(dP/dt) 01 a test propellant to the quickness zle, in which case it is known as a discard-
01 a standard propellant, measured at the ing sabot.
same initial temperature and loading density
in the same closed chamber. SAFETY WIRE: Wire set into the body of a
fuze to lock all movable parts into safe
position so that the fuze will not be set off
REMAINING VELOCITY: Speed of a projectile
accidentally. It is pulled out just before
at any point along its path of flight. Remain-
loading.
ing velocity is usually measured in feet per
second.
SCABBING: Breaking elf of fragments in the
inside of a wall of hard material due to the
RICOCHET: Glancing rebound 01 a projectile impact or explosion of a projectile on the
after impact. outside.
RIFLE: (1) Any firearm that has rilling in the SCREENING SMOKE: Chemical agent which,
bore designed to give a spin to the pro- when burned, hydrolyzed, or atomized, pro-
jectile for greater accuracy of fire and duces an obscuring smoke; used to deny
longer range (not extensively used in this observation and reduce effectiveness of
manner, except for shoulder arms). (2) Cut aimed fire.
spiral grooves (rifling) in the bore of a gun
in order to give a spin to the projectile so SEMIFIXED AMMUNITION: Ammunition in
that it will have a greater accuracy of (ire which the cartridge case is not permanently
and longer range. fixed to the projectile, so that the zoned
charge within the cartridge case can be ad-
RIFLING: Spiral grooves in the bore of a weap- Justed to obtain the desired range; loaded
on designed to give a spin to the projectile into the weapon as a unit.
for greater accuracy and carrying power.
Rifling includes both the grooves and the SEMIFIXED ROUND: Round of semifixed am-
ridges between, called lands. munition.
ROTATING BAND: Soft metal band around a SENSITIVITY: Measure of the response of an
projectile near its base. The rotating band explosive material to initiation by heat,
makes the projectile fit tightly in the bore friction, or impact.
G-IS
SEPARATED AMMUNITION: Ammunitien in SHRAPNEL: Artillery projectile which contains
which the cartridge case is not fixed to the small lead balls that are propelled by a
projectile, so that the zoned charge within powder charge in the base, set off by a time
the cartridge case can be adjusted to obtain fuze. Shrapnel has been replaced almost en-
the desired range; loaded into the weapon tirely by high-explosive shells. Wounds
as a unit. called shrapnel wounds usually are due to
shell fragments rather than to shrapnel.
SEPARATE-LOADING AMMUNITION: Ammu-
nition in which the projectile, propelling SHRINKAGE: Contraction of propellant grain
charge, and primer are not held together from wet (green) dimensions (as it comes
in a shell case, as in fixed ammunition, but from the graining dye) to the dry dimensions
are loaded into a gun separately. after solvent extraction and evaporation.
SEPARATING BURST: Method of ejecting the SIDE SPRAY: (See SPRAY.)

contents of a projectile by means of a
charge of propellant that breaks the pro- SIGNALING SMOKE: Any type of smoke, but
jectile, into two approximately equal parts, usually colored smoke from a hand or rifle
along a specially designed circumferential grenade, or (rom a pyrotechnic signal, used
shear joint. for conveying a message.
SERVICE AMMUNITION: Ammunition intended SINGLE-BASE POWDER: (See SINGLE-BASE

for combat rather than for training pur- PROPELLANT.)
poses.
SINGLE-BASE PROPELLANT: Propellant
SETBACK: Rearward jerk, caused by inertia, whose principle active ingredient is nitro-
of parts of a projectile when it is fired. cellulose.
SHAPED CHARGE: An explosive so shaped and SINGLE-SECTION CHARGE: PropeUing charge

designed as to concentrate its explosive in separate-loading ammunition that is
force in a single direction. loaded into a single bag. A single-section
charge cannot be reduced or increased for
SHELL: Hollow projectile filled with explosive, changes of range, as a multisection charge
or chemical or other material, as opposed can be.
to shot, which is a solid projectile.
SMOKE SHELL: Any projectile containing a
SHELL-DESTROYING TRAC.ER: Tracer with smoke-producing chemical agent that is re-
an igniter element, placed between the ex- leased on impact or burst. Also called
plosive in an antiaircraft projectile and the smoke projectile. Smoke may be white or
tracer element, that is designed to detonate colored. (See COLORED MARKER SHELL.)
the explosive after the projectile has passed
the target point but is still high enough to be SMOKELESS POWDER: (See SMOKELESS
harmless to ground troops. PROPELLANT.)
SHOCK WAVE: Rapid expansion of the hot SMOKELESS PROPELLANT: Propellant ex-
gases resulting from detonation of an explosive from which there is a minimum
plosive charge. amount of visible smoke on firing.
SHORT DELAY FUZE: One which will burst a SMOOTH-BORE: Having a bore that is smooth
projectile on ricochet, preferably about 6 to and without rifling; shotguns and mortars
10 feet above ground. Some crater effect are commonly smooth-bore.
will be obtained on hard ground.
SPALL: Fragments broken from either surface
SHOT: (1) A solid projectile. (2) Pellets, small or an armor plate as the result of penetra-
balls, or slugs used in shotgun shells, can- tion, impact of a projectile, or detonation
isters, and some other types or ammunition. against the plate.
G-16
SPECIFIC DENSITY: Mass per unit vOlume. In STANDARD BALLISTIC CONDITIONS: Set of
interior ballistics it is usually distinguished ballistic conditions arbitrarily assumed as
from loading density and gravimetric den- standard for the computation of firing ta-
sity, which see. bles.
STANDARD DEVIATION: The root-mean-

SPIN: Angular velocity about the axis of the
square of the deviations from the mean.
projectile.
STANDARD TRAJECTORY: Path through the
SPIN-DECELERATING MOMENT: A couple air that it is calculated a projectile will
about the axis of the projectile which di- follow under given conditions of weather,
minishes spin. position, and materiel, including the par-
ticular fuze, projectile, and propelling
SPIN-STABILIZATION: Method of stabilizing charge that are used. Firing tables are
a projectile during flight by causing it to based on standard trajectories.
rotate about its own longitudinal axis.
STANDOFF: Distance between a shaped charge
SPRAY: Fragments of a bursting shell. The round and its target at the instant of func-
nose, side, and base sprays are the frag- tioning.
ments thrown forward, sideways, and rear-
ward, respectively. STAR: Pyrotechnic signal that burns as a
single light.
SQUASH-HEAD SHELL: (See HIGH-EXPLO-
SIVE PLASTIC SHELL.) STAR GAGE: Instrument for measuring the
diameter of the bore of a gun.
SQUIB: Small pyrotechnic device which may be
used to fire the igniter in a rocket or for STAR SHELL: (See ILLUMINATING SHELL.)
some similar purpose; not to be confused
with a detonator, which explodes. (See STOWAGE: (1) Method of placing cargo in a
ELECTRIC SQUIB.) vessel to prevent damage, shifting, etc. (2)
Method of placing equipment and supplies
STABILITY: Measure the ability of an ex- in a vehicle to provid~ availability and
plosive material to be stored for long peri- operating room. (3) Equipment when stowed.
ods.
STRIKER: Part of the firing mechanism of a
STABILITY TEST: Accelerated test to deter- gun, mine, mortar, etc., that hits the
mine the suitability of an explosive ma- primer; hammer or firing pin of a gun.
terial for long-term storage.
STRIKING VELOCITY:. Speed of a projectile
STABILIZER: Material added to propellent at the point of impact.
colloid to inhibit, or reduce, decomposition
in storage. SUBCALIBER: Of a caliber smaller than
standard.
STACKED CHARGE: Powder charge in which
the powder grains lie end to end within the SUPERQUICK FUZE: Fuze that functions im-
powder bag. mediately upon impact of the missile with
the target. Action of this type of fuze is the
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE: Values of tem- quickest possible: the firing pin is driven
perature and pressure determined by NACA, into the primer immediately upon first con-
based on the yearly averages at 40° N tact of the missile; functions at the surfaces
latitude. At sea level T = 59°F; P = 29.92 of the target. Also called instantaneous fuze.
in. Hg; lapse rate = 3.6°F per 1,000 ft alti-
tude. Various other standards have been SUPERSENSITIVE FUZE: Fuze that will set
defined, but this is the standard used in off a projectile when It strikes even a very
this handbook. light target, such as an airplane wing.
0-17 .
SUPPLEMENTAL CHARGE: Filler, wbich is observation and adjastmeftt m Lir~ far in-
normally TNT, used in deep cavitied pro- cendiary purposes, and for signaling. Am-
jectiles to fill void between ordinary fuze munition containing tracers is called tracer
and booster combination and bursting ammunition.
charge.
TRAJECTORY: Path of projectile, missile, or
SURVEILLANCE: Observation, inspection, in- bomb in night.
vestigation, test, study, and classification of
ammunition, ammunition components, and
explosives in movement, storage, and use TRAIECTORY CHART: Diagram of a side view
of the paths of projectiles fired at various
with respect to degree of serviceability and
rate of deterioration. elevations, under standard conditions. The
trajectory chart is different for different
guns, projectiles, and fuzes.
SWELL DIAMETER: Maximum diameter of the
ogive extended to the place where its gen- TRAUZL TEST: Method of determining relative
erating arc is parallel to the center line. energy aVailable from an explosive material
by measurement of the volume expansion of
SYMPATHETIC DETONATION: Explosion a lead test block.
caused by the shock a[ another explosion
nearby. TRIMONITE: High explosive used as a sub-
stitute for trinitrotoluene as a bursting
T charge. Trimonite is a mixture or picric
acid and mononitronaphthalene.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS: The branch of ballis-
tics which deals with the ultimate effect TRINITROPHENOL: (See PICRIC ACID.)
produced by a projectile.
TRINITROTOLUENE (TNT): High explosive
TERMINAL VELOCITY: Remaining speed of a widely used as explosive filler in projectiles
projectile at the point in the downward path and by engineers; trinitrotoluol.
of the projectile where the projectile is
level with the muzzle of the gun. The speed TRINITROTOLUOL: (See TRINITROTOL UENE.)
at the point of impact is called the striking
velocity. TRIPLE-BASE PROPELLANT: Propellant
whose principal active ingredients are
TETRYL: Sensitive explosive used especially nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitro-
in caps and boosters to detonate less sensi- guanidine. (See PROPELLANT.)
tive explosives, and as the explosive filler
in some types of projectiles. TRIPLE POINT: Intersection of the original
shock wave, the reflected shock wave, and
THERMATE: Standard incendiary agent used as the Mach stem.
filling for incendiary munitions. Mixture of
thermite (iron oxide and aluminum) and TUBE: The inner cylinder of a built-up gun,
other oxidizing agents; it burns at about usually extending from the inner face of the
4,300°F. breechblock to the muzzle.
THERMIT: Thermite, commerical welding TWIST: Inclination of the spiral grooves to the
mixture of iron oxide and aluminum; used axis of the bore or a weapon. The degree of
as an incendiary for some munitions. twist is the determing factor in the speed or
rotation or the projectile.
TNT: (See TRINITROTOLUENE.)
V
TRACER: Element of a type ci ammunition
containing a chemical composition which VACUUM STABILITY TEST: (See STABILITY
burns visibly in flight. Tracer is used (or TEST.)
G-18
W WHITE PHCSPHORUS (WP): Yellow, waxy solid
which ignites spontaneously when exposed
WAVE FRONT: Surface which is the locus of to air. It is used as a fil.1ing for various
all molecules having motion ill identical projectiles as a smoke-producing agent,
phase in a propagating wave. aDd has an incendiary effecL White phos-
phorus may be mixed with a xylene solu-
WEB; WEB SIZE; WEB TlUCKNESS: Alter- tion of synthetic rubber to form plasticized
native terms describing the minimum dis- white phosphorus.
tance between any two specified bur~
surfaces of a propellant grain. WP: (See WHITE PHCSPHORUS.)
WEB RANGE: Tolerance m web thickness to Y

allow for manufacturing limitation.
YAW: Angle between the axis m the projectile
WINDSHIELD: (See BALLISTIC CAP.) and the tangent to the trajectory.
G-19
INDEX
A-3. composition. 2-157 reducing. 2-186
Abel equation of state, 4-35 water proofing, 2-186
Abe~een chronograph, 2-94 Air
Aberdeen Proving Grounds, 2-158 blast
Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Development and Proof cooling, 6-4
Services, 2-126 gage. 2-11
Absolute temperature, 4-35 calibration of, 2-11
Absorber, shock, 2-175 intensities. determiDatlon of rela1ive, 2-11
Absorption, selective, 2-177 burst
Acceleration height, optimal, 2-107
angular. 4-179 lethal area, 2-107
blU"Ding rate. 4-16 aircraft
gas,2-138 damage
due to gravity, 4-34 evaluation, 2-110
Unear, 4-179 by external blast, 2-15
Acceptable (acceptance. acceptability) by Internal blast, 2-14
of cases, 4-137 defeat of, 2-3
criteria. 5-1 eUect of blast on. 2-14
gage tolerance, 5-24 flares, 2-195
gaging. 6-44 structures, blast against. 2-13
of lot, 5-12 vulnerability. 2-111
probability of (Pa), 5-2 to external blast of, 2-16
quality level (AQL), 5-3, 8 studies, 2-111
level. establishing the (AQL). 5-4 density. 3-8
sampling, 5-2 lIDy altitude, method of calculating, 2-198
of sublot. 6-44 foil
test, 4-93 blades, rotating, 2-171
Accessory section, polygonal, 3-14
metal parts. 2-164 speed. drag coefficient, 2-196
parts design, 2-177 Algebraic sign of stress. 4-181
parts design ..\lP shell, 2-180 Alignment
Acids, occluded, 4-6 of cone and charge, 2-56
Acid wash, 6-17 Jib, 4-132
Accuracy of HEP shell, 2-157 of perforations, 6-49
A Damage, 2-110 Alkali metal salts, 4-3
Adapter Alkaline wash, 6-17
fuze, 2-175 All burnt, 4-39
nose. 2-186 position of, 4-39
steel, 2-180 equations for period after, 4-45
tapered. 2-118 Allowance (allowable)
Adiabatic flame temperature, 4-87,88 pressures, 2-118, 4-137
Advantage(s) shear stress, 2-164
of Extrusion over Forging, 6-3 wear, 5-24
of HEP shell, 2-156 Alloys, critical, 6-3
for increasing twist, 4-170 All-plastic
of wrap-up cases, 6-47 sabot, 2-138
Aerodynamic shell body, 2-175
coefficient, 3-8 Altitude
of a proJectile. estimation of, 3-8 effect on internal blast, 2-15
forces, 3-6 finding, 3-73
After burnt. 4-39. 75 Aluminum
After splintering. 4-75 carrter, 2-128
Age harden, 4-49. 6-46 cones, 2-40
,\gents explosives, 2-13
bindin~. 2-186 rnagDeslum-:L1umlnum fUels. properties of, 2-190
decopperlng.4-2 split sleeves. 2-162
GB,2-186 to-steel. closure venJUS, steel-to-steel, comp:ll'l-
gelatinizing, 4-2 son of. 2-181
moistureproofing. 4-2 Windshield. 6-35
OXidiZing, 2-186 Amatol, 2-178
1-1
Ammonium perchlorate explosive, 2-13 process, 6-41
Ammunition saltpeter, 6-39
armor-defeatlng. 2-156 stress-relief, 4-135, 6-40
armor-piercing (AP), 1-2 Antipersonnel fragmentation weapon(s), 2-103, 106
base ejection, 2-5 Antitank projectiles, 2-4, 156
with burster charges, 2-5 AP shot (shell) (see also Armor-piercing), 4-153
canister, 1-3,2-5, 150, 151 AP caps, matching and soldering, 6-33
design, 2-162.4-123 AP projectiles, effect of nose geometry of, 2-138
canister, 2-153 AP shot caps, specifications of steel for, 6-29
fixed, 4-117. 4-160 AP shot design, 2-128
items, dimensioning of. 5-13 AP and APC projectiles, comparative performance
high-explosive, 2-3 of, 2-142
antitank (HEAT), 2-4 APC shell, 4-178
plastic (HEP), 2-5 APC and AP projectiles, comparative performance
hypervelocity armor-piercing discarding sabot of, 2-142
(HVAPDS), 1-3 Application of Metal Fragmentation Characteristics
kinetic energy, 2-4, 117 Data to DeSign of Shell, 2-98
missiles for canister. 2-150 Approximating the ballistic limit, 2-126
pyrotechnic-type. 1-3 AR,2-85
recoilless, 2-153 Arc, Ogival, 3-87
semifixed, 4-117 Area
semifixed and, separate-loading, 4-160 of chamber, 4-34
separate loading, 4-117 fire effectiveness, 2-107
separated,4-117 illumination, optimum height for, 2-195
special purpose, 2-154 lethal, 2-3, 93,104,106,154
Amount of Inspection, 5-1 vulnerable, 2-101
Amplitude Arhennius function, 2-192
of nutation, 3-8 Armco iron, soft, 4-149
of precession, 3-8 Armor, 2-4, 128
Analysis, 2-106 British (CTA) cemented tank, 2-120
beam, 4-155, 158 bullet proof (BP), 2-120
boiler, 4-156 classification, 2-119
combat, 2-107 defeat of, 2-117
constrained shell, 4-154 defeating ammunition, 2-156
evaluation of present methods of, 2-91 design for defeat of, 2-4
methods of data, 2-85 face-hardened, 2-141
stress, 2-153,4-178, 179 bullet-proof, (FHBP), 2-120
stress in shell, 4-189 glass, 2-82
by statistical method, 2-126 homogcneollB, 2-36, 120, 138, 139
weapon system, 2-107 Krupp, 2-120
Angle(s) machinable quality (MQ), 2-120
of attack, 2-123. 3-11, 12 noncemented,2-120
small, 3-13 parameters, effect of varying, 2-129
cone apex. 2-53 penetration, 2-137
cone of dispersion, 2-153 perforation, 2-124, 125
of departure, 3-39 plate failure, 2-119
of fall, 2-93 types of, 2-120
of fire, 2-83 performance of, 2-125
of impact, 2-137 skirting, 2-137, 157
index, 2-77, 79 solid, 2-137
Mach,3-14 spaced. 2-49, 129, 137
of obliquity, 2-156 spalling of (HEP), 2-1
sweepback, 3-11. 14 targets. heavy, 2-145
sweepforward, 3-11, 14 thickness, effect on projectile performance, 2-129
toleranced, 5-20 U. S. Navy Class A, 2-120
of yaw, 3-2 U. S. Navy Class B, 2-120
Angular Armor-piercing (see also AP)
acceleration, 4-179 cap(s), 2-4.117,123,137,141,144,4-178
veiocity, 3-28 steel shell. 2-4
Anisotropic material. 4-149 on, tungsten Carbide cores. effect of, 2-142
Anisotropic plastic, 4-189 projectiles. 2-125, 139
Anneal(s), annealing perfonnance of, 2-126
of, cartridge case mouth. 6-44 (HVAP), shell. hypervelocity. 2-117
of cones, effect of, 2-46 shot (AP), 2-4. 117
intermediate, 6-1 comparison of HEP shell with, 2-156
operations (cartridge case manufacture), 6-39 caps, manufacture of, 6-29
1-2
HVAP, manufacture of. 6-35 Baffle plate. 2-175
Army Diophysics Laboratory, 2-102 Bags, cartridge Igniter, 1-7
Arsenal Bags, pancake, 4-85
Frankford, 2-82 Balance, oxygen, 4-3
Plcattnny, 2-82, 153 Ball(s)
Watertown, 2-139, 142 point micrometer, 6-24
Artillery ammunition, 1-1 powder process. 4-7
ammunition, design of, components of, 6-1
steel, 2-150
ammunition, muwacture of, 6-1
primer. 4-84 Ballistlc(s)
shell, 6-2 cap, 2-117
Asbestos-filled phenolic, 2-176 characteristics, uniform exterior, 2-151
As drawn, 4-123 coe£flcient (e). 3-38, 39, 64
Aspect ratio, 3-71 computing, 3-73
fins of low, 3-13 factors upon which It depends, 3-38
large, 3-12 maximum, 3-64
low, 3-13 computations, 4-24
ASN (Average Sample Number), 5-6 effect, uniformity of, 4-20
Assembly equations, 4-45
candle. 2-164,175 fundamental,4-43
of HVAP shot. 6-35 solution of. 4-36
lIluminant, 2-160,182,184 equivalence, 4-26
of projectile, 2-151 failure, 6-43,47
tail fin, 2-172
integrator. 3-85
Assessment
tank damage, 2-129 interior, 2-153, 4-1, 164
types of damage, 2-111 limit, 2-125,127, 141. 144, 145
Assurance, quality, 5-1 approximating the, 2-126
Assymetry charts for, 2-128
Assymetrlcal estimating, 2-126, 127
effects of, on velocity drop and jump of finned matching, 2 -6, 157, 177
projectiles, 3-30 method,4-26
projectiles, stability of, 3-29 mortar test, 2-23
Atmosphere potential, 4-2
Atmospheric problem, exterior, 3-38
carburizing, 6-36 research laboratories, 2-36, 39, 41, 66, 68, 70, 73,
furnace, reducing, 6-29 81,94,97,129
hydrogen, 6-36 tables, 3-39
protective, 6-36 uniformity, 4-1
moisture, 2-191 wound, 2-3, 93, 154
resistance to, 2-190 Ballot(ing), 3-30,4-178, 6-35
standard, 2-198, 3-4 forces, 4-178
Attaching band to proJectile, 4-154 of projectile, 4-164
Attachment, swivel, 2-173 Band
Attack driving, 6-17
angle(s) of, 2-123, 3-11, 12 fiyoff,4-154
Kamikaze, 2-110 land,4-155
obliqUities of, 2-145 width,4-155
Attenuation, wavelength. 2-193 wiping off of, 4-164
Attribute, 5-14 material, yield stress of, 4-157
Inspection. 5-12 outside diameter, determination of, 4-149
Austenitic, steel. 6-1 pre-engraved, 6-27
Available energy for IMR powder, 2-169 pressure, radial, 4-149, 153
Average theoretical prediction of, 4-151
bore diameter. 4-152 to projectile, attaching, 4-154
densities and compositions of explosives, 2-12 retention, 4-154
outgoing quality (AOQ), 5-3 calculation for, 4-154
outgoing quality limit (AOQL), 5-4 rotating, 1-3, 2-163,4-33, 153, 179.189.6-1,17,
web,4-21 26
Axis welded overlay, 2-5,4-149, 154
Axial seat, 4-155,6-23
moment of inertia, 3-2 cleaning the, 6-17
spin, 3-29 diameter, determination of. 4-150
of revolution, 3-84 position of, 4-158
shearing of, 4-172
turning, 6-17
1-3
UDcannelured, 4-153 Bernoulli
width,4-155 equation. 2-31
method for computing. 4-150 theorem, 2-33, 34
without grooves, 6-17 Beryllium copper cones, 2-46
Banding of shell, 6-17 Bifurcation. 2-69
Baratol, 2-176. 178 Bifurcation of jet, 2-35, 64
Bare charges. 2-10, 11, 16 Big-end-up, mold, 6-29
Barrelling, 4-119 Billet, 6-5
Basal porosity, 6-13 scale and descaling, 6-6
Base separation, 6-5
area. estimation of. (effect of drag) , 3-67 Bimetallic cones and nonconical shapes, 2-42
of case. 4-137 Binary mixtures, 2-190
contour of, 4-124 Binder metal, 6-36
cover. 1-4 Binding agents, 2-186
diameter, 3-88 Binomial probability distribution, 5-3
drag. 3-70 Birkhoff, 2-64
coefficient. 3-71 Black powder, 2-5, 168,4-1
estimation of drag. 3-71 charge, 4-84
ejection, 1-3. 2-183 ejection charge, 2-183
ammunition, 2-5 Initiator, 2-183
shell. 2-160, 161.4-1 loading density versus pressure curve of, 2-183
smoke shell. 2-176 pellet, 1-5
flange, 2 -4 5 train, 1-4
fiat. 4-182 Blanking and cupping of cartridge case, 6-37
control of, 4-126 Blnt, blasting, 2-1, 50, 93. 156
of HVAP shot, 6-35 against aircraft structures, 2-13
major, 3-87 alrcraft damage by external, 2-15
plate, 2-162, 164 aircraft damage by internal, 2-14
fastening, 6-17 aircraft, eUect of, 2-14
removable, 2-172 contours, 2-16
plug, 2-160,162,164,170 cube, 2-11
shearing, 2-169, 184 damage criteria, external, 2-16
shear stress on threads of, 2-163 determination of relative intensities, 2-11
shear threads, design of, 2-163 eUect, 2-7
pressure, 4-36 on aircraft, 2-14
reinforcement, 4-137 altitude on internal
round,4-182 of case on internal, 2-14
nqlture of steel cartridge cases, 4-133 evaluation, 2-11
of shell, finishing the, 6-16 explosives for, 2-12, 4-2
shell, square, 3-64 external damage criteria, 2-16
stress in, resulting from setback of filler, external vulnerability of an aircraft, 2-16
4-183 information to be obtained from later experimenta-
Basic tion, 2-9
angle dimensioning, 5-20. 23 measurement of, 2-10
dimension, 5-13. 23 Blast, Muzzle, 3-28, 29, 30
problems of Interior ballistics, 4-33 propagation of, 2-10
radial dimension, 5-20 reflected, 2-9
Battle salvage. 6-47 shot, 6-5, 12, 13, 15
Battlefield illumination, 2-162 tube, 2-11
BAT weapon, 2-81 wlnerability of aircraft to external, 2-16
B Daznage. 2-110 waves, 2-19
Bead, inverted, 4-134 Blended guncotton, 4-6
Beads. obturating. 4-134 Blended nitrocelluloses, 4-2
Beam analysis. 4-155. 158 Blending radius, 4-125
Bearing-mounted charges. 2-82 Blawholes, 6-1
Bearing stress of rotating band, 4-153 Blow-throughs,4..,120
Before heating, Inspection of shell. 6-13 Blunt
Before splintering. 4-76 headed shot, 2-124
Beginning of motion of projectile, 4-34 nose, 2-157
Beginning of motion. time since. 4-47 projectiles, 2-154
Behavior of filler. 4-189 shot, 2-122
Bench, draw .. 6-8 trailing edge, fins with a. 3-13
Bending stress(es). 2-124 Boat-tail, 3-8, 64, 67, 68, 6-21
Bent fina, 3-29 Boat-tail projectiles, 4-160
Benzene nucleus. resonance of. 4-90 Body
Bergmann-Junk test. 4-93 fin interference, 3-71
of HVAP shot. 6-35 method of estimating muzzle velocity of a sub-
shell, 2-170 caliber projectile, 2-138
determination of critical points In, 4-178 wear factor, 4-150
of wrapped cartridge case, 6-46 Brittle fracture, 2-123
Boiler analysis, 4-156 Bruceton, 2-34
Boller formula, 4-154 staircase method, 2-23
Bolling of mouth, 4-122 Budd Co., 2-39
Bomb, closed, 4-16, 19, 33, 88 Buffer cap, 2-144
Bombs. photo-flash, 2-178 for defeat of spaced armor, 2-144
Bondertzed, 6-24 Bulldozer(s), 6-7. 9
Bone penetration, 2-103 Bullet pull, 4-129
Boom. 2-172, 3-29 Bullet proof armor (BP), 2-120
Booster(s). 1-5,2-57,63 Bullet proof armor. face hardened (FHBP) , 2-120
black powder pellet. 1-5 Buoyancy, center of, 6-35
of charge, 2-57 Bureau of Mines test, 2-22
lead azide, 1-5 Burn, burning
reqUirements, 2-10 candle. 2-173
sensitivity test, 2-23 characteristics, 2-190
standard,2-177 cigarette. 2-170. 187
tetryl, 1-5 constant (B), 4-40
Bore control of. 4-2. 3
clearance. 3-4 dye composition. 2-183
diameter, average, 4-152 equation, 4-18
erosion. 4-1, 3 filler, 2-178
residue, 4-2. 3 flare, 2-164, 193
safe fuze, 1-5 of pressed compositions. 2-189
safety, 1-5 progressive, 4-24, 25
yaw in the, 3-28 propagatively. 2-189
effects and magnitude of Initial yaw due to. 3-28 BUrning, propellant, 4-16, 33,43
Boundry, Increment, 2-183 rate, 2-187, 189, 190, 191. 4-1, 9, 22, 33, 36
Bourrelet, 1-3, 3-4, 82, 6-29 acceleration of, 4-16
clearance between and rlfling, 4-164 burning rate. control of. 4-13
clearance, minimum, 4-178 effect of grain shape 00. 4-20
expanding, 6-23 rate equation. 4-35
finishing, 6-17 linear, 4-16. 18,20
ring gage, 6-24 proportion.al law of, 4-20
tolerances of, 6-17 regressive. 4-25
Box seven-perforated grains, 4-48
gage. 2-10 surface, 4-6
tests, 2-84 constant, 4-24, 26,27
Brass control of, 4-16
cartridge, 6-1, 37 time, 2-167
cases, manufacture of, 6-37 rotating candle. 2-162
copper and alpha, 4-160 type, smoke compositions, sensitivity of, 2-183
overworking, 4-125 zone A, 2-189
tensile strength, 4-135 zone B, 2-189
Break(-up) zone C. 2-189
nick and, 6-5 Burner, strand, 4-16
fragments, 2-109 Burnt, burned
jet, 2-32 after, 4-76
projectile, 2-129 all, 4-39
shell, 2-144 fraction. 4-21
two-dimensional, 2-94 Burst
three-dimensional. 2-94 explosive, 1-3
Breech, 4-119, 137 height, mean, 2-107
Breech pressure, 2-164,4-36,37 position of, 3-39
Bridge waves. 2-19 separating, 1-3
Brinell hardness, 6-15 Burster(s)
Brisance values. 2-187 casing, 2-180
Brisant, 2-181 extruded-aluminum. 2-180
British charge(s), 2-5, 160. 176. 178, 181
Armaments Design Department of the Ministry of ammunition with. 2-5
Supply, 4-117 determination of weight of. 2-178, 182
armor. cemented tank (CTA),2-120 smoke charge, ratio of, 2-178
practice, design of drawn cartridge cases, 4-117 column, 2-178
1-5
explosive. 2-160 shot. 2-138
materials, 2-178 soft. 2-144
tetryl, 2-178 steel armor-piercing sbell. 2-4
tube, metal, 2-160, 179 Carbide. 6-36
cored. 2-4
bwngsten.2-117,137
Carbon, unoxldlzed. 4-87,89
C-4,2-157 Carburlzing atmosphere. 6-36
"C damage", 2-110 Cardboard wadding, 2-151
Cabbages the nose, 6-21 Carnegie Institute of Technology, 2-37,45,68,72.78,80
Cable. suspension, 2-175 Carrier
Calculation of aluminum, 2-128
band retention, 4 -154 d1scarding, 2-152
deceleration, 2-166 Cartridge
density of propellant COmpoSltlOD, 4-89 bags. 1-7
geometric characteristics of projectile. 3-90 brass, 6-1,37
heat of combustion, 4-90 case(s), 1-6,4-117,6-1.2,43,44
beat of explosion (Q), 4-89, 90 blanking and cupping of. 6-37
interior ballistic, 4-9 body of, wrapped, 6-46
maximum pressure, 4-81 In chamber, clearance of, 4-122
tables for, 4-47 design, 4-117,118,125,129,137
muzzle velocity, tables for, 4-47 dimensioning of, 4-133
ogive segment, 3-85 drawing of, 6-37
thermodynamic properties of propellants, 4-87 functioning, theory of. 4-118
web,4-14 hardness requirements. 4-125,135
Caliber, 3-38 beading of. 6-37
Calibration of air-blast gages, 2-11 head machine and stamping of, 6-39
Calibration chart, standard, 4-40 Internal volume of, 4-126
Calorimetric test, 4-89 length of, 4-121.128
Cameras, Fasta:ll: hlp-speed, 2-94 machining operations on head and mouth of, 6-44
Candle, 2-170 manufacture, 4-119,133,6-1
assembly, 2-164, 175 annealing operations. 6-39
burning, 2-173 of drawn steel, 6-41 '
case(s),2-187 of perforated, 6-49
strength of, 2-176 of trapezoidal. wrapped steel, 6-46
power, 2-167 marking on bases, 4-126
minimum, 2-195 materials for, 4-132
Canister(s), 2-160. 163. 177 mouth. anneal of. 6-44
ammunition. 2-5, 150, 151 mouth, design of, 4-123
casualty, criteria for, 2-154 neck of, 4-134
design of, 2-.153 perforating of, 6-49
missiles (or. 2-150 steel, 4-133, 6-1,41,44
optimum. pellet size, 2-153 tapering of, 6-37,43
preformed missiles. 2-1 trend In specUications for, 4-129
ejection, 2-165 typical calculations for. 4-126
illuminating, 2-185 volume, 4-1
information, tactical requirement for. 2-154 wraparound,4-135
plastic. 2-183 bead space, 4-122,123
projectile, plastic, 2-152 Igniter bags, 1-7
shot, dispersion of, 2-154 Ignition, 2-172
smoke, 2-182, 183, 184 Case(s). cased. caslng(s)
Cannelure(s), 4-153. 154 acceptabillty 0(. 4-137
Canopy-first, 2-196 advantages of wrap-up, 6-47
Cans, varnish, 2-11 base of. 4-137
Capacity, chamber. 4-9.11,156,158 burster, 2-180
Cap(s). capped candle, 2-187
action. theories, mechanism of, 2-141 cartridge, 1-6.4-117,6-1.2,43,44
armor-piercing. 2-4,117.123,137,141,144 ,178 manufacture. 6-1
ballistic, 2-117 o( brass. 6-37
buffer, 2-144 chamber. clearance of In, 4-121
for defeat of spaced armor, 2-143 charges, 2-10,13,16
effect of skirting armor on. 2-143 comparison of steel and brass. 4-119
hard,2-144 design, 4-124
material, optimum weight of. 2-143 diameter. 4-137
monobloc shot, 6-29 different-length In same gun. 4-120
radius of spherical, 3-3 effect on internal blast, 2-14
I-Ii
failures due to, 4-120 burn in:.:, 2-190
hardness of, 4-125 cartriu~e case designs, 4-137
moth, thickness of, 4-124 deep-draWing operations, 6-2
necking, 4-129 fragmentation, 2-94,95,97
plastic, 2-152 of chamber des igns, 4 -137
punch, stripping from, 4-124 of high explosives, 2-22
recovery of, 4-118 of pyrotechnics composition, 2-186
stop, 4-121 required, 2-187
thin-walled, 6-1 ogive, 3-88
trapezoidal-wrapped, 6-47 operating curve (OC), 5-2
-to-case variation, 4-126 propellant, 4-93
volume of, 4-137 rotating band, 4-151
wrap-up, 6-47 target, 2-85
Casting(s) uniform ballistic, 2-151
centrifugal, 6-1 Charge(s)
versus forging of steel shells, 6-1 bare, 2-10,11,16
high-explosive shells, 6-1 bearing-mounted, 2-82
in mold, 6-1 black powder, 4 -84
notched, 2-108 ejection, 2-183
plastics, 2-152 boostering of, 2-57
Casualty burster, 2-5,160,176,178,181
criteria, 2-102 cased,2-10,13,16
for canister ammunition, 2-154 confined, 2-49
Categories of damage, 2-83 diameter of, 2-189
Cavity(ies) double-ejection, 2 -160
charges, lined, 2-31 effect of shape of explosive, 2-18
deep, 2-177 ejection, 2-160,162,170,173,184
forge, finish of, 6-1 expelling, 2-5,161
obstructions within, 2-44 fuze-ejection. 2-172
torn, 6-13 initiating,2-17i
Cell, Kerr, 2-34 length, 2-49
Center lined cavity, 2-31
of buoyancy, 6-35 maximum, 4-50
of gravity, 2-172,3-10.86 moving, 2-16
location of, 3-8 optimum, 4-9
motion of, 3-6,38 preparation, 2-62
position of, 3-81 pressure curve, 4-9
ogival are, 3-84 pressure relationship, 4-9
of pressure, 2-172. 3-7,8,10,12 propellant. 2-138,150
Centerless grinder. 6-29 propelling, 2-72,4-9
Centerless grinding, 6-17 separating, 2-175
Central ballistic parameter, 4-38 shape, 2-50,85
Centrality, 5-14 single ejection, 2-160
Centrality of holes, 5-22 spotting, 2-187
Centrifugal casting, 6-1 squash, 2-157
Centrifugal force, 2-167,4-178 static, 4-1,3
Chamber, 1-6,4-117 supplementary, 2-177
area: of, 4-34 surface charges vs internal, 2-14
capacity, 4-9,11.158 tetryl, 2-182
effective. 4-126 -to-gage distance, 2-11
estimate of, 4-126 unrotated' 2-32
designs, characteristics of. 4-137 velocity curve, 4-9.10
dimensioning of, 4-133 velocity relationship. 4-9
effective length of. 4 -37 weight of, 2-138. 4 -20
expansion, elastic, 4-120 zoned,4-134
gage Inspection, 6-44 Charts for ballistic limit, 2-128
length of, 4-137 Chase Brass and Copper Company. 6-37
pressure, 2-163,172,182, 4-93 Check(s)
conditions, 2-129 dimensional, 6-40
shape of, 4-117,124 gas, 4-189
slope, 4-137 profile, 6-24
tapers, 4-134 Chemical Corps, 2-161,172
volume, 2-128, 4-33 Chemical, chemistry
Chamberlain Corporation, 2-158, 6-26 encr~ rounds, 2-88
Chapman-Jouguet condition, 2-30 flash reducers. 4-2
Characteristlc(s), 2-95 of pyrotechnic compos itions, 2-186
1-7
reactione, exothermal, 2-189 Cocked centerllnes, 5-15
ehell (WP), eeaHng of, 2-180 Coefflclent(s), 3--64
Chlpboard,2-172 aerodynSJnlc, 3-8
ChI-llClusre teats, 2-95 ballistic (C), 3-38,39,64
Choice of method of etab1l1zatlon, 3-2 factors upon which (C) depends, 3-3-8
Chopped-glue fiber, 2-175 maximum, 3-64
Chord,3-71 base drag, 3-71
root, 3-11 cross-wind force, 3-10,12
tip, 3-11 drag (KD). 2-118,166,195,196,3-10,38,39,64,67,68,
wing, 3-11 69.70,75
Chrome nuh, 6-37 friction, 3-10
Chronograph, Aberdeen, 2-94 drag, 3-68,71
Cigarette burning, 2-170, 187 form, 4-21,23,24
Circle, tolerance, 5-18,23 lift, 3-10,12
Clrcular meplat, 3-69 moment yawing, 3-10
CircumIerentlal rupture, 6-42 normal force, 3-8,9,13
Clan B armor, U. S. Navy, 2-120 overturning moment, 3-9
Claselficatlon, 5-5 partial drag, 3-71
of ammunition, 1-2 practical drag, 3-38
fixed, 1-1 skin friction drag, 3-10
eemlfixed, 1-1 slopes, lift, 3-27
eeparated, 1-1,2 wave drag, 3-70
separate loading, 1-1 yaw-drag, 3-5,28,69
armor. 2-119 Coining, 4-122
of defecte, 5-1,5 Cold
of exploelves, 1-6 extrusion, 6-1,3,9
missiles, 2-1 HE shell, 6-21
by effect, 2-1 comparison of hot forging with, 6-24
blast, 2-1 tests of. 6-23
defeat of persolU1el, 2-3 forming, 6-25
fragmentation. 2-1 pressing, 6-36
incendiary, 2-1 shuts, 6-40,43
leaflets, 2-1 work,6-3
Hght, 2-1 hardening, 6-37
poison gasee, 2-1 steel, 6-2,43
penetration of armor (kinetic energy shot), 2-1 inIluence of hot work versus, 6-1
penetration of armor by (shaped charges), 2-1 Collapsing cone, 2-38
preformed missiles (canister), 2-1 Colloid,4-2,6,87
smoke, 2-1 Color(ed),2-178
Cleaning band seat, 6-17 cloud, 2-176,178
Clearance dye, 2-160
bore, 3-4 emission, 2-193
between bourrelet and rifling, 4-164 filters, 2-193
of case In chamber, 4-121,122 intensifiers, 2-186
estimating, 4-121 marker, 2-160
initial,4-119 shell,2-160,176,178,182
minimum, 4-121 design of, 2-179
Cleat, shroud, 2-171 tactical requirements, 2-176
Clipped-delta wing, 3-27 smoke, 2-178
Closed cloud. control of, 2-178
bomb,4-16,19,33,88 method of producing, 2-178
test, 4-16,40 screen, 2-160
pit test, 2-94 shell,2-160,182
Closing plug, 1-2,7 saturation, 2-177
Closure steel-to-steel, comparison of aluminum-to- value, 2-187
steel,2-181 Column
Cloud(s) burster, 2-178
colored,2-176,178 diameter, limits of propagation versus minimum,
control of colored smoke, 2-178 2-182
duration of, 2-177 of explosive, 2-182
pillaring of (WP), 2-181 strength, 2-185
Coating(s), coated, 6-17 Combat
nitrocellulose lacquer, 6-47 analysis, 2-107
phosphate, 6-17,21 models, 2-107
protective, 4 -134, 6-44 Combustion, heat of, 4-88,89
soap, 6-41 Compacts, sintered-iron, 4-161
1-8
Compacting and slntering of Tunpten carbide, 6-36 Computation
Comparative Computing
Comparator ballistic, 4,-24
Comparing ballistic coefficient, 3-73
Comparison of ballistic limit, 2-126
aluminum-to-steel closure versus steel-to-steel, energy of HE shell, 3-76
2-181 lethal area, 2-103
effectiveness of full-ealiber versus subcaliber momentum of HE shell, 3-76
steel shot, 2-138 for ogive, 3-82
explosives, 2-11 of vulnerability, 2-91
of HEP shell with AP shot, 2-156 Concentricity, 5-13,20, 6-13,33
of hot forging with cold extrusion shell, 6-24 symbol, 5-13,14
magnetic, 6-45 Concept of optimum height, 2-193
hardness, 6-43 Conclusions on HEP performances, 2-158
of peak pressure and Impulse, 2-13 Condenser microphone gage, 2-10
performance of AP and APC projectiles, 2-142 Condition(s), 5-24
performance of KE shot, 2-145 Chapman-Jouguet, 2-30
of properties of pyrotechnic compositions with maximum metal, 5-20,24
explosives, 2-188 minimum metal, 5-20,24
range firings, 3-68 optimum, 4-50,74
of results, 4-82 Conductive primer mixture, 1-7
of spinning shell with top, 3-2 Conductivity, electrical, 4-2,3
study of shell forging methods, 6-13 Conductivity, thermal, 2-189
of steel and brass cases, 4-119 Cone(s)
Compatible, compatibility, 2-22,177,4-94 Conic(al), 3-65,69
quantitative definition of, 2-24 aluminum, 2-40
Compensation, 2-35 angle, optimum, 2-54
rotation, 2-35 angle, effect on penetration under rotation, 2-66
spln,2-35,36,37,71,73,75,78 apex angle, 2-53
Complete beryllium copper, 2-46
ogive, volume of, 3-86 bimetallic, 2-42
round, components of, 1-1 and nonconical shapes, 2-42
solution for pressure-time trace, 4-76 and charge, alinement of, 2-56
Complex yaw, 3-3 collapse, 2-58
Component(s), 3-3 collapsing, 2-38
of, artillery ammunition, design of, 6-1 of dispersion, 2-150
of complete round, 1-1 angle of, 2-153
solids of revolution, 3-81 double-angle, 2-43
tolerances, 5-24 electroformed. 2-39
Composite rigid projectile, 2-1h copper, 2-46
Composition(s),2-13 effect of annealing of, 2-46
A-3,2-157 forcing, 4-33,121,162
composition B, 2-13,63,178 frustums, 3-88
C-4,2-157 glass, 2-38
of, average densities of explosives and, 2-12 head,3-65
burnlng of pressed, 2-189 lead,2-41
delay fuze, 2-187 liners, 2-31
dye, 2-177,178 malformed, 2-39
burning, 2-183 sharp apex, 2-55
first-fire, 2-172 steel, 2-41
flare, 2-167 tail,2-172,175
illum In ant , 2-175 wall thickness, 2-53
igniter, 2-192 zinc, 2-41
ignltibl1lty of, 2-192 Conflne(d), (ment), 2-31,57.181,4-16
photoflash,2-187 charges, 2-49
pyrotechnic, 2-191 of explosion, 2-109
of standard propellants, 4-2 Consideration of liner parameters, 2-49
tracer, 2-192 Consistent muzzle velocity, 2-152
Compression Consistent notation, 4-16
Compressive Consolidation, degree of, 2-189
force, radial, 4-178 Constant
stress, 4-181 burning (B), 4-40
test, 4-93 surface, 4-24,26,27
yield stress, 2-165 grains, 4-48
wave, 2-123 distortion (Hencky-Von Mises), 4-185,186
Compromise method of shell forming, 6-25 form function, 4-78
1-9
gas,4-35 selection of propellant materials, 4-2
Gurney, 2-98 of shaped charge effectiveness, 2-82
Constituents of pyrotechnic compositions, 2-186 Sterne's, 2-102
Constrained-shell analysis, 4-154 yield,4-181,185
Continuous-sampling plaDB, 5-10 theories, 4-185
Contour(s) utilization, 4-178
blast, 2-16 Critical
of base, 4-124 alloys. 6-3
of case, inte~,4-124 defects, 5-5
Cootrol(led), (ling) . opening velocity, 2-196
of colored smoke cloud, 2-178 points in, body of shell, determination for, 4-178
burning,4-2,3 range, 6-27
rate, 4-13 of steel, 6-1
surface, 4-16 relative humidity, 2-191
of flatness of base, 4 -126 temperatures, 6-12 ,14
fragmentation, 2-3 ,107 ,108 ,109,111 velocity,2-126
methods of, 2-108 Cropping, 6-13
ring, ~-110 Cross, 3-3
scale, 6-42 rolls, 6-7
web dimensions, 4-13 slide. 6-27
Cook, 2-93,106 wind force, 3-3,5,7,10,29,30
Cooling, air-blast, 6-4 coeffiCient, 3-10.12
Coordinates, toleraoced, 5-17 damping factor, 3-6,10
Copper . Crusher gage, 4-94
and alpha brasses, 4-160 Crush-up of nose, 2-5
cones, electroformed, 2-41 Crush-up, shell, 2-157
gage pressure, 4-40 Cryolite, 4-2
gasket, 6-27 Cube, blast, 2-11
liners, 2-32,46 Cumulative probability, 2-154
Coppering,4-3 Cup(ping),6-1,7,8,41
Cord,4-23 of, cartridge case, blanking and, 6-37
propellant, 4-~4 and draw, 6-37,47
equations for. 4-27 expanding, 4-150
Core(s), 6-36 glazed-board, 4-122
high-explosive, 2-160,176 preparation for, 6-41
tungsten carbide. 2-123,128, 6-35 obturating, 2-173
Comer form coefficient, 4-21 Curve(s)
Comer's tre3tment, 4-21 Curvature
Corps, Chemical. 2-161 charge-pressure, 4-9
Cost of shell manufacturing plant, 6-24 charge-velocity,4-9,10
Cover, base. 1-4 design, 4-10
Covolume, 4-17,37,47,88 normal error, 2-100
Crack(s), (ing), 2-123, 6-17 probability, 2-126,127
season, 6-40 radius of longitudinal, 3-81
she:ll'ing, 6-5 stress-strain. 4-118, 6-2
"Cranz, law of", 2-32 of trajectory, 3-11
Crimp(ing), 4-33,132, 6-44 web-velocity,4-10
effect of method of, 4-132 web-charge, 4-10
groove, 4-132 Cutting
design, 4-122 off base of HEP shell, 6-27
press-type,4-132 flame, 6-5,14
rubber-CUe,4-132 Cyclotol, 2-40,178
Criteria Cylinder(s)
Criterion Cylindrical. 3-69
acceptance, 5-1 liner, 2-69,71
for, canister ammunition casualty, 2-154 right circular, 3-1
casualty, 2-102 tapered,6-46
damage, 2-93
external blast damage, 2-16
Hencky-Von Mises, 4-187
homogeneity, 5-1 Damage, 2-36,82,129
incapacit:ltion, 2-104 assessment, types of, ~-111
lethal area, 2-154 tank,2-129
lethality, 2-93,101,111 categories of, ~-83
protection, 2-128 A, 2-110
sampling plan, 5-2 B,2-110
1-10
C,2-110 classirication of, 5-1,r.
F,2-83 critical, 5-5
K,2-83,110 major, 5-5
1OC,2-110 minor, 5-5
M, 2-83 surface, 6-41
criteria, 2-16,93 Deficiency, oxygen, 4-89
external blast, 2-16 Dcfinition
region I, 2-16 of lots, 5-1
region n, 2-16 of perforation, 2-125
region m, 2-16 Dencction dispersion, 2-107
evaluations, 2-129 Deformation
aircraft, 2-110 elastic, 4-150,178
external blast to (aircraft), 2-15 during nosing, 6-17
fuel, 2-111 pcrmanent, 4-185,178
to gun, 4-178 plastic, 4-133,178,186, 6-43
internal blast (aircraft), 2-14 projectile, 2-141
probablUty of, 2-108,111 of shell, 4-178
estimates, 2-88 Degree of consolidation, 2-189
qualitative description of shaped charge, 2-84 Degree' of nitration, proper, 4-6
structural 100A, 2-15 Degressive, 4-9
test ranking, 2-13 degressive shapes, 4-23
threshold, 2-16 Delay fuze, 1-4
Damping factor(s), 3-4,6,30 composition, 2-'187
cross-wind force, 3-6,10 Degreasing, washing and, 6-17
magnus moment, 3-6,10 Delta wing, 3-27
spin-decelerating moment, 3-6 Demarrc formula, 2-125,137
yawing moment, 3-6 Density(ties), 4-87
Danger air, 3-8
of resonance between pitching period and rolling average compositions of explosives and, 2-12
period, 3-29 compositions of explOSives and average, 2-12
of too much spin (magnus moment), 3-29 fragment, 2-106
Data gas,4-35
Datum Jet, 2-38
dimensions, 5-13 loading, 2-11,14,4-1,33
fragmentation, 2-105 function, 4-48
hole, 5-20 Ordnance Corps standard, 3-38
method of dimensioning tapers, 5-24 of propellant coU!position, calculated, 4-89
required to design cartridge caae, 4-120 relative, 2-198
surface, 5-14 Departure, o.ngles of, 3-39
symbol, 5-13 Dependent locatlonal symbol, 5-15
Dead metal, 6-42 Dependent locational tolerance(s), 5-13,17 ,19
Decarburization, 6-36 Deployment methods, parachute, 2-166,196
surface, 6-33 Depth of cannelure, 4-154
Deceleration Depth of penetration, 2-78
calculation of, 2-166 Derivation of equations, osno 6468 method, 4-42
efficiency, 2-165 Derivation of optimum beigbt, 2-193
parachute, 2-166 Derivative. time, 3-6
design of small, 2-166 Deriving sbell stress formulas, 4-178
Decelerotor, 2-164,165,166 Descent rates, 2-171
Decompose ln, storage (must not), 4-2 Description
Decomposition rate, 4-2 of notcbed casings, 2-109
Decoppering agent, 4-2 of notcbed-wire method, 2-109
Decreaae hygroscopicity, 4-2 of test methods, 2-22
Deep cavity, 2-177 , Design, 2-6
Deep-drawing operations, characteristics, 6-2 accessory parts, 2-177
Defeat AP shot, 2-128
of aircraft, 2-3 ammunition, 2-162,4-123, 6-1
of armor, 2-117 of canister, 2-153
of spaced buffer caps for, 2-144 of base plug (optimum), 2-162
of spaced caps for, 2-143 of base plug shear threads, 2-163
of fortification, 2-4 cartridge case, 4-117,118,124,129
of personnel, 2-3 data reqUired, 4-117,120
of shaped charge weapons, 2-82 mouth Qf, 4-123
of tank, 2-129 of colore.:! marker shell, 2-179
of target, 2-93 crimping groove, 4-122
Defects curves, 4-10
1-11
for defeat of armor, 2-4 Deterrent material, 4-3
of dies, 4-7,13 Detonation
of drawn cartridge case, 4-117 Dctonator(s). 1-6
British practice, 4-117 electric, 1-6,2-57
ejection charge, 2-167,181 front, 2-30,31
equipment (new), 4-121 high ortier, 1-5
flller, 2-177 lead aZide, 1-5
flange, 4-122 low order, 2-183
graln,4-13 mercury fulminate, 1-5
gun,4-119,124 premature, 2-180,4-178,6-13
chamber, 4-117 propagation, 2-24
of llluminating sbell, 2-162 rate, 2-24
of mortar-type, 2-172 tetryl, 1-5
and use of, factors affecting the, 2-162 velocity. high, 2-157
of liqUid-filled shell burster, 2-186 wave, 2-30,81,182
mortar ammunition, problems of, 2-172 Development and Proof Services. Aberdeen Proving
optimum, 2-93 Grounds, 2-126
parameters, effect on penetration, 2-39 Development of fundamental equations, 4-34
parachute, 2-162 Development of HEP sbell, 6-26
small deceleration, 2-166 Deviation
pyrotechnic, 2-193 from mean, 4-137
parallel, 5-11 standard. 2-127,3-8,10,5-12
pin plates, 4 -13 Diagrams, vulnerability, 2-141
for precislon,- 3-1 Dial indicator, 5-13,14
primers, standard, 4-84 Diameter
procedure;'2-3 base, 3-88
proJectile, 2-2,128,129 case, 4-137
for gun already made, 3-1 of charge, 2-189
for Q. F. guns, German, 4-123 flange, 4-137
rifling, 4-169 nose, 3-87
rotating band, 4-149,153,180 pin circle, 4-14
of shaped charge missile, 2-47 rifling, 4-152
of shell, application of metal fragmentation char- swell,3-69,81,84,87,88
acteristics data to, 2-98 Dlametral
shell metal parts, 2-162,177 taper, 3-83
propaganda shell, 2-184 tolerance, 5-13.19,20
signal smoke shell, 2-182 Dibutylphthalate, 4-2
split-sleeve, 2-164 Die(s), 4-14, 6-9
vlslbility,2-193 deSign of, 4-13
for volume, 4-117 piercing, 6-7
of web dimensions, 4-9 ring, 6-7,8,9
WP shell. 2-180 tapered, 6-8
accessory parts, 2-180 tungsten carbide, 6-37
wraparound, 4-135 Differential expansion, 2-181
Desirable properties of liner, 2-38 Different-length cases in same gun, 4-120
Desired bullet pull, methods of achieving, 4-132 Difficulties, extraction, 4 -132 ,134
Detection of gun battery, 4-3 Difficulties, ignition, 4-50
Deterioration in penetration, 2-78 Dimension(s)
Deterioration of propellant, 4-93 basic, 5-13,23
Determlne(atlon), (ing) , 2-129 angular, 5-20
of band outside diameter, 4-149 radial, 5-20
of band-seat diameter, 4-150 chamber,4-133
critical points in body of shell, 4-178 datum, 5-13
of effective width of band, 4-150 reference, 5-13
effect of yaw, 3-75 of shell forgings and shapes, 6-5
grain design, 4-9 Dlmenslonal(ing)
internal volume of cartridge case, 4-126 of ammunition Items, 5-13
initial velocity factors, 3-72 basic angle, 5-23
lethality, 2-106 of cartridge case, 4-133
of maximum forces acting on shell during firing, mouth, 4-124
4-178 of chamber, 4-133
of rlning twist, 4-173 checks, 6-40
of relative air-blast intensities, 2-11 control, 5-13
of web range, 4-10 of grain, 4-7
of weight of burster charge, 2-178,182 radial, 5-20
weight of tetryl burster required, 2-178 of rifling, 4-169
1-12
tapers, datum method of, 5-24 estimation of, 3-71
Dimensionless factor (K), 2-178 minimum, 3-64
Dimensionless parameter, 4-39 variation in, 3-67
Dinitrotoluene, 4-2 base, 3-70
Diphenylamine, 4-2,6 estimation of, 3-71
Direction of future designs, 2-170 coeffiCient, 3-71
Disadvantage(s) coefficient (KD)' 2-118,166,195,196,3-10,38,39,64,
of HEP shell, 2-156 67,68,69,70,75
for Increasing twist, 4-170 estimating, 3-74
Dlsca.rding of fin-stabilized projectiles, 3-70
carrier, 2-152 partial, 3-71
method of releasing, 2-119 practical, 3-38
petal, 2-119 versus air speed, 2-196
sabot, fin-stabilized, 2-4 friction, 3-68,70
sabot, shot, 2-4,118 estimation of, 3-71,
Discussion of fragmentation patterns, 2-100 coeffiCient, 3-71
Disking, 2-122,124 force, 2-195,196
Dispersion, 2-39,4-137 formula, 2-196
of canister shot, 2-154 skin friction, 3-10
cone of, 2-150 coeffiCient, 3-10
,angle of, 2-153 stabilize, 2-4,5
deflection, 2-107 wave, 3-70
excessive, 4-129 estimation of, 3-70
of fragments, 2-137 coefficient, estimating the, 3-76
of filler, 2-178 Draw(ing)
fuze, 2-107 Drawn, 4-124,132,6-1,8,42
gases, nonperlstent, 2-185 bench, 6-8
gases, persistent, 2-185 of cartridge case, 6-37
missile, 2-152 design of, 4-117
radial, 2-150 British practice, 4-117
range, 2-107 steel, manufacture of, 6-41
of smoke signal, 2-183 copper liners, 2-68
Displacement, water, 2-180 cup and, 6-37,47
Dissociative equilibrium, 4-87 number of, 4-125
Distance insufficient, 4-125
charge-to-gage, 2-11 pierce and, 6-7,8
standoff, 2-49 successive, 6-1
wadding, 1-7 taper, 4-135
Distortion, (Hencky-Von Mises) constant, 4-185 Drift firings, 3-10
Distribution Driving
area method, 2-88 band, 6-17
binomial probability, 5-3 face force - (no friction), 4-153
error, 2-110 face force - (with friction), 4 -153
fragment weight, 2-93 Drop(s)
hypergeometrlc, 5-2 tear, 6-13
poisson, 5-3 velocity, 3-5,28,30
Diverging yaw, 3-4 Dry-soap lubricated, 6-37
Double Ductile(ity)
angle cones, 2-43 failure, 2-120
angle nose, 2-124 good, 6-4
base propellant, 1-6, 4-1,93 jet, 2-52
ejection charge, 2-160 perforation, 2-129
ejection system, 2-171 Du Pont, 2-37,60
sampling, 5-5 Duration of cloud, 2-177
wedge profile, 3-71 Dye(s)
wedge, symmetrical, 3-71 composition, 2-177,178
Drag, 2-58, 3-5,7,10,11,38 colored, 2-160
estimation of, 3-64 organic, 2-178
effect of base area, 3-67 for smokes, 2-186
effect of head curvature, 3-65
effect of head length, 3-65
effect of meplat diameter, 3-67
effect of shell length, 3-68 Ears, 6-37
effect of yaw, 3-69 Ease of extraction, 4-121,134,6-1
Increase in, 3-67 Eccentric, 5-13,21
Interference, 3-70 loading forces caused by, 4-178
1-13
of mouth, 4-124 yaw, determining, 3-75
of projectile, 4-137 EHective
ramming,4-178 chamber capacity, 4-126
shell,3-30 ejection pressure, 2-163
Economics of shell forging, 6-12 fragments, 2-107
Edge. 6-37 length of chamber. 4-37
leading, 3-11.13.14 mass of projectile, 4-36
trailing, 3-11.13,14 width of band (determination of), 4-150
Effect(s) of Effectiveness
altitude on internal blast, 2-15 area fire, 2-107
annealing of cones. 246 comparative. fulJ-caliber VB subcaliber steel shot,
armor-piercing caps on tungsten carbide cores. 2-138
2-142 pyrotechnic composition radiation, 2-193
armor thickness on projectile performance, 2-129 shaped charge, 2-48
blast, 2-7 against tanks, 2-82
on aircraft, 2-14 weapon, 2-106
case on internal blast, 2-14 wounding,2-98
classification of missiles by. 2-1 Efficiency, deceleration, 2-165
cone angle on penetration under rotation, 2-66 Efficiency, point of optimum. 4-75
design parameters on penetration, 2-39 Eichelberger. 2-32
estimation of drag Ejection
base area on, 3-67 base. 2-183
head curvature on, 3-65 canister, 2-165
head length on, 3-65 charge. 2-160.162.170.173,184
meplat diameter, 3-67 design. 2-167.181
shell length, 3-68 black-powder, 2-183
yaw, 3-69 powders, 2-171
erosion. 4-163 pressure, 2-169
of gage tolerance on component tolerance. 5-24 effective, 2-163
of grain shape on burning rate, 4-20 second, 2-164.166
gun on extraction, 4-119 velocity, 2-163,164
initial yaw due to bore clearance, 3-28 Elastic
effect of liner chamber expansion. 4-120
material on penetration under rotation, 2-68 deformation, 2-9, 4 -150,178
shape on penetration under rotation. 2-69 expansion of gun, 4-119
thiclmess on penetration under rotation, 2-67 limit, 6-43
method of crimping, 4-132 modulus of. 2-165
moisture, protection against, 2-192 recovery, 4-118. 6-43
moisture on shell life, 2-191 setback,4-125
effect. Munroe, 2-110 streRS state, 4-187,188
nose, 2-157 stress waves. 2-157
geometry of AP projectiles, 2-138 Electric
geometry of tungsten carbide cores. 2-139 conductivity, 4-2,3
on HEP shell performance, 2-157 detonators. 1-6. 2-57
obliquity, 2-123 fuze, 2-57.63
rotation, 2-34 primer, 1-7
on penetration, 2-66 End squeeze. 6-6
on shaped charge jets, 2-6J Enamel seam sealer, 2-151
scale, 2-125 Electroformed cones, 2-39,41.46
second order, 4-33,36 Element, perCUSSion, 4-84
secondary, 2-156 Eliminating spin degradation. 2 -81
shaped charge, 2-18,57,59 Elliptic integral. 3-27
shock wave, 2-9 Elongation
skirting armor on cap, 2-143 factor, 2-178
skirting plate, 2-137 pcrcen~e, 4-136. 6-43
spaced armor on HEP shell, 2-157 low, 6-44
spec Hic surface of reactants, 2-190 Emission
spit-back (flash-back) tubes, 2-46 color. 2-193
standoff on penetration under rotation. 2-68 fragment. 2-101
tapered walls on penetration, 2-43 Energy
thick-thin. 2-72 available IMR powder, 2-169
transport, 2-72 balance equation, 4-33.35,36,37.43
varying armor parameters, 2-129 com" Iting of HE shell, 3-76
varying projectile paramcters. 2-137 equation. 4-37
velocity, 2-123 allowing for friction, 4-37
water sprays on hot forgings, 6-12 including hcat loss, 4-37
[-14
maximum, 4-185 drag, 3-64
of motion, 4-43 coefficient, 3-74
muzzle, 3-38,72 fin-stabilized projectiles, 3-70
of propellant, 4-87 effect of. 3-69
propellant gases, 3-73 base area, 3-67
radiant, 2-187,189 head curvature, 3-65
relative, 4-88 head length, 3-65
specific limit, 2-124 meplat diameter, 3-67
strain, 2-182 shell length, 3-68
Engines, peripheral jet, 2-82 yaw, 3-69
Engraving, 2-152, 4-151,152,153 friction drag, 3-71
pressure, 4-150 interference drag, 3-71
rifling, 4-153 wave drag, 3-70
rotating band, 4-164 coeffiCient, 3-76
Equation(s) Ethyl centralite, 4-2
ballistic, 4-45 Eutectic, 6-36
solution of, 4-36 Evaluation
Bernoulli's, 2-31 blast, 2-11
burning, 4-18 damage, 2-129
rate, 4-35,43 aircraft, 2-110
for cord propellant, 4-27 fragmentation effectiveness (parameters required),
derivation of OSRD 6468 method, 4-42 2-93
energy balance, 4-33,35,36,37,43 of present methods of analysis, 2-91
allowing for friction, 4-37 Example by Le Duc system, 4-81
Including heat loss, 4-37 Example for optimum loading density, 4-50
form-function, 4-43 Excessive dispersion, 4-129
Hill-Mott-Pack, 2-33 Exothermal chemical reactions, 2-187,189
of interior ballistics, 4-22,33,35 Expansion
Lame, 4-182 bourrelet, 6-23
of motion, 4-36,38,42 cups, 4-150
modified, 4-37 differential, 2-181
projectile, 4-34 of gun (elastic), 4-119
of shell, 3-4 permanent, 4-118
Mott, 2-94,98 wrapped cartridge case (rough rolling and), 6-39
for multiperforated grain, 4-28 Expelling charge, 2-5,161
for period after all powder burned, 4-45 Experiment(al, 2-73
for single-perforated propellant, 4-27 case design (notes on), 4-136
solution of RD38, 4-37 to determine penetration, 2-102
for specific surface, 2-190 firings, 4-84
for strip propellant, 4-27 results with fluted liners, 2-73,76
of state, 2-30, 4-33,34,42,43,88 shell (ring-type), 2-97
Abel,4·-35 Explosion
van der Waals, 4-35 confinement of, 2-109
virial, 4-34 heat of, 4-2,3,87,89
Equilibrium, dissociative, 4-87 premature, 6-17
Equipment, designing new, 4-121 temperature test, 2-23
Equivalence, ballistic, 4-26 Explosive(s)
Equivalent rotating band geometry, 4-155 average densities and compositions, 2-12
Erratic pressures, 4-11 for blast, 2-12
Erosion, 4-162,163 blasting, 4-2
bore, 4-1,3 burst, 1-3
causes of, 4-164 shell, 2-160
effects of, 4-163 burster, 2-160
methods used to control, 4-169 classification of, 1-6
of rifling, 4-162 high, 1-6
Error distribution, 2-110 low, 1-6
Establishing acceptable quality level, (AQL) , 5-4 cohurn of, 2-182
Establishing web size, 4-13 comparison of, 2-11
Estimate(s) pyrotechnic compositions with, 2-188
aerodynamic coeUicients of projectile, 3-8 filler, pinching of, 2-158
ballistic llmit, 2-127 fluting of, 2-81
base drag, 3-71 initiation of, 2-61
chamber capacity, 4-126 liquid, 2-62
minimum, 4-125 pellets, 2-82
clearance, 4-121 plastic, 2-156
damage probability, 2-88 pressed, 2-95
1-15
ratios, 2-178 design and use of Illuminating shell, 2-162
react with, 6-17 freedom of extraction, 4-118
in shaped charges, 2-59 initial velocity, 3-72
solid, 2-63 lincr performance, 2-36
train,2-177 luminous intensity, 2-189
primer, 1-6 parachute design, 2-195
types penetration of subcallber projectUes, 2-137
aluminum, 2-13 pyrotechnic compositions, 2-18 7
ammonium perchlorate, 2-13 range, 3-38
HBX,2-13 time of night, 3-38
Medina, 2-13 FaJlure
MOX, 2-13 armor plate, 2-119,120
PentoUte, 2-13 ballistic, 6-43,47
RDX,2-13,14 ductlle, 2-120
Silas Muon, 2-178 due to case, 4-120
TNT,2-13 due to gun causing hard extraction, 4-120
Torpex, 2-13 the gun tube, 4-162
Tritonal, 2-13 to pentrate, 2-123
wave propagation, 2-7 of shell under stress, 4-178
Extension, plastic, 4-118 Fall, angle of, 2-93
Exterior ballistics False ogive, 2-117
problem, 3-38 Fastax high-speed cameras, 2-94
sample of, 3-73 Fastening base plate, 6-17
of sabot, 2-119 Felt wadding, 2-172
External blast FFAR (shell), 2-85
damage criteria, 2-16 Fiber, chopped-glass, 2-176
vulnerabiUty of aircraft, 2-16 Field interchangeability, 2-182
Extraction, 4-119, 6-40 Figure of merit, 2-103,106
difficulties, 4-132,134 Filler(s), 2-5,150
ease of, 4-121,134 behavior of, 4-189
effect of gun, 4-119 burning of, 2-178
free, 4-117 design,2-177
factors influencing, 4-118 propaganda shell, 2-184
grooves, 1-7 dispersion of, 2-178
stiff, 4-119 nechette-type, 2-150
Extractor(s) liQ.uid, 2-6,161,185
gun,4-117,122 loading (WP), 2-180
pockets, 4-119 pinching of explosive, 2-158
Extruded-aluminum burster casing, 2-180 setback (Sa), 4-179,181,182,189
Extrusion, 4-6,6-3,21 Fillets, rotation of, 3-81
over, advantages of forging, 6-3 Fillet, volume of partial, 3-85
cold, 6-1,3,9 Film, protective, 2-192
to length, 6-21 Filters, colored, 2-193
process, French, 6-7 Fin(s)
rearward, 6-8 bent, 3-29
for shell manufacture, 6-2 with blunt traUing edge, 3-13
interference, 3-71
low aspect ratio, 3-13
rectangular, 3-12,71
F damage, 2-83 stablllze(d), 3-1
Fabric, tensile strength of, 2-198 discarding sabot, 2-4
Face, 6-27 hyperveloclty, 2-4
hardened armor, 2-119,141 shell, 2-82,175, 3-10,28,70,4-189
bullet proof (FHDP), 2-120 estimation of drag coeUicients of, 3-70
Factor 11ft of, 3-12
damping, 3-4,6,30 ensure static stab1l1ty, lift of, 3-11
dimensionless (K), 2-178 at subsonic velocities, 3-12
elongation, 2-178 sweptback, 3-13
form, 3-38,39,65,66,69,4-23 supersonic speeds, thin, 3-12
overturning couple, 3-2 supersonic speeds, three-dimensional, 3-12
overturning moment, 3-8 thin, pointed, short, 3-13
righting moment, 3-30 wedge-type, 3-71
shock-load, 2-198 Final head, 6-43
stability, 3-2,5,6,8 Final inspection, 6-39,44 ,45
Factors (affecting) Finding
ballistic coeCClclent, 3-38 altitude, 3-73
1-16
borizontal range, 3-73 chrome. 6-37
maximum range, 3-73 first, 4-3
Finlab(ing), 6-20 metal dust, 2-187
base of sbell, 6-16 muzzle, 4-3
bourrelet, 6-17 - less propellant, 1-6
cavity, forge, 6-1 radiographs, 2-69,73,93
REP sbell, 6-27 reducers, cbemical, 4-2
macb1n.1ng, 6-15 second,4-3
microsurface, 2-180 tube, 2-183
surface, 8-27 Flasblessness, 4-2,11
Fire(s) Flat
angles of, 2-83 bue, 4-182
closed-chamber, 4-40 proJectiles, 4-160
drift, 3-10 plate, 2-166
effectiveness, area, 2-107 spin,3-30
experimental,4-84 Flatness of base, control of, 4-126
first, 2-192 Flattening of lands. 4-'178
forces during, 4-178 Flecbette(s), 1-3,2-150
determ1nation of maximum forces acting on loading of, 2-150
sbell,4-178 type fWer, 2-150
low-temperature, 4-129 Flight
percussion, 4-128 stability in, 4-170, 6-35
range. 3-65 time of, 3-4
tables, 2-177 minimum, 3-38,64
terminal balllat1c, 2-83 spin, versus, 3-10
Fireman, 2-34 wbipping of casing in, 2-185
Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.. 2-38,37,88,78,81 Flow, plastic, 2-120,123,143,4-118
First, 2-3,4 Flute(s)
fire(s),2-192 liner, 2-35,69.71,72,75.82,108,109
composition, 2-172 experimental resulte with, 2-73,76
nonbygroscopic, 2-192 mecbanism of spin compensation by, 2-72
flasb,4-3 methods for manufacturing, 2-80
bit, 6-21 performance of, 2-80
moment about plane, 3-81 tolerances of, 2-80
order theory, 2-34 nonideal, 2-78
round bit, 2-47 nonlinear, 2-80
round probablUty of kill, 2-4 types of. 2-76
Fit Fluting, 6-43
interference, 4-121 of explosive, 2-81
least-square, 4-20 spiral. 2-36
press, 4-132,180 Flyoff, band, 4 -154
web to gun. 4-9 Foilmeter. 2-10
Fixed ammunition. 4-117,160 Force(s).4-87
Five-second incapacitation, 2-102 act1ng on sbell, 4-178
Flame during fir1ng, 4-178
action primer. 1-6 summary of, 4-181
cutting. 6-5,14 determiDation of maximum, 4-178
temperature, 4-35 1n handling, 1-8
adiabatic, 4-87,88 propellant gas pressure, 4-179,181
isobaric, 4-88 aerodynamic, 3-6
laocboric, 4-88 balloting, 4-178
Flange centrifugal, 2-167, 4-178
base. 2-45 cross-W1nd,3-3.5,7,10,29,30
design, 4-122 coefficient. 3-10,12
diameter, 4-137 damping factor, 3-6,10
stepped,4-123 drag, 2-195,196
thickness, 4-123,133 driving face (no friction), 4-153
types of, 4-122 driving face (with friction), 4-153
roller, 6-46 eccentric loading,4-178
Flare(s), 2-160,187 1nertial,4-178
aircraft, 2-195 normal,3-7
burnlng,2-164,193 coefficient, 3-13
composition, 2-167 propellant, 4-88
paracbute, 2-161 radial compressive, 4-178
Flareback, 1-7 relative, 4-16.19
Flasb,4-1,3,11 setback. 2-108,109,162, 4-178,179
1-17
shear, 2-162 data, 2-105
in shell wall resulting from rotation (tension), effect, secondary. 2-5
4-181 effectiveness. parameters needed to evaluate, 2-93
stresses in shell. resulting (rom, 4-181 Kirkwood-Brinkley's theory, 2-9
tangential, 4 -179 nature of, 2-93
inertia, 4-178 patterns, 2-93
on rotating band, 4 -181 discussion of, 2-100
at given section of shell, 4-181 tests, 2-23,94,106
Forcing cone, 4-33,121,162 weapons, antipersonnel, 2-103,106
slope of, 4-126 Frankford Arsenal, 2-82, 4-129,133,134,137,160.169
Forging, 6-3 Franklin mstitute. 4-137
advantages of extrusion over, 6-3 Free
finish of cavity, 6-1 body stress analysis, 4-188
heat, 6-9 extraction, 4-117.118
hot, 6-1,25 flight system, 2-195
Inspection of shell after, 6-13 run projectile, 4-164
shell, 6-4,6 space, initial, 4-38
steel, casting versus, 6-1 Free Flight Aerodynamics Branch of the Exterior
French extrusion method, 6-9 Ballistics Laboratory, 3-65
thlck-and-thln, 6-7 French extrusion method of Corging shell, 6-7,9
upsetter, 6-9 Friction
Form, 4-21 coefficient, 3-10
coefficient, 4-21,23,24 drag, 3-68,70
corner, 4-21 estimation 0(, 3-71
factor, 3~38,39,65,66,69,4-23 coeffiCient, 3-68,71
function, 4-16,18,21,23,25,26,27 projectUe, 4-33
constants, 4-78 sensltlvlty,2-23,187
equation, 4-43 Front
for seven perforated propellant (stm.pltfted), 4- detonation, 2-30,31
25,26 shock, 2-7
of nitrocellulose, 4-2 Frustums, 3-81
Formation conic, 3-88
heat of, 4-89 volume of, 4-126
of nitrocellulose, 4-90 Fuel damage, 2-111
jet, 2-31,32 Fuel tank vulnerability, 2-112
Forming Function
cold, 6-25 Arhennlus, 2-192
punch,6-26 density of loading, 4-48
tool, 6-16 form, 4-16,18,21,23,25,27
Formula pressure, 4-48
boiler, 4-154 of rotating band, 4-149
Demarre, 2-137 of skirting plate, 2-137
drag, 2-196 of special purpose shell, 2-160
Gurney, 2-98 of stability factor, 3-31
of interior balllstic s , 4 -39 travel,4-48
COl' maximum pressure, 4-41 velocity, 4-48
penetration. 2-125 Functional
Ritter's, 2-165 Functioning
simple beam, 4-154 parachute, 2-163
solids of revolution, 3-81 premature, 4-162,164
stress (deriVing), 4-178 tests, 4-129,137
stress (summary 01), 4-184 theory o( cartridge case, 4-118
thick-cylinder, 4-180 time, fuze, 2-157
two-dimensional,3-12 Fundamental
Formulation, 4-1 ballistic equation, 4-43
Fortification, defeat of, 2-4 equations of interior balUstics, 4-33
Fouling, metal, 4-149 development 0(, 4-34
Four-wheeled planimeter, 3-85 Furnace
Fraction burned, 4-21 induction, 6-33
of powder, 4-47 reducing atmosphere, 6-29
of web, 4-17 Future designs, direction of, 2-170
Fracture, brittle, 2-123 Fuze(s),1-1,4
Fragments, 2-14,85,95,112,154 adapter, 2-175
Fragmentation, 2-1,50,93,94 .156 black powder train, 1-4
characteristics, 2-94 ,95,97 boresafe, 1-5
control(led), 2-3,107,108,109,110,111 delay, 1-4
1-18
dispersion, 2-107 persistent, 2-186
ejection charge, 2-172 dispersion, 2-185
electrical. 2-63 celative energy in. 4-87
functioning time. 2-49,157 temperature. 4-47
impact, 1-4 volume. 4-87
magnetic, 2-57 calculated for organic chemical constituent, 4-87
nondelay, 1-4 calculated for propellant composition, 4-87
point-detonating. 1-4.5. 2-177 wash,4-120
proximity (VT). 1-4.2-177.184 Gasket. copper, 6-27
for'shaped charge missiles. 2-63 GB agents. 2-186
spitback (flash-back), 2-63 Gelatinizing agents, 4-2
superquick. 1-4 General form functions, 4-26
time, 1-4,4-1 Generator, pie zoe lectric. 2-63
mechanical, 2-177,183.184 Geometric
VT, 1-4,2-177,184 components of projectile, 3-89
Fuzing calculatiol18 of, 3-90
of high-velocity rounds, 2-63 density of loading, 4-46
of low-velocity rounds. 2-63 Geometry
grain. 4-3.9.26
nose, 2-140
projectile. 3-69.81
Gafarian,3-14 German designs for Q. F. guns. 4-123
Gsge, 2-10. 6-20 Gilding-metal, 2-152, 4-149.160
acceptance, 6-44 Glazed-board cup. 4-122
air-blast, 2-11 . Glass
calibration of, 2-11 armor. 2-82
blast cube, 2-11 cones, 2-38
blast tube. 2-11 filled phenolic, 2-175
bourrelet ring, 6-24 GO and NOT GO gaging, 5-5,12,24. 6-20
box, 2-10 Good ductility, 6-4
condenser microphone. 2-10 Gilvernment inspection
crusher, 4-94 intermediate, 6-44
dial indicating. 5-13 and marking of shells, 6-24
distance, charge-to-, 2-11 Graham,3-12,13
follmeter. 2-10 Grain. 4-20
GO,5-5,24 design, 4-13
NOT GO, 5-5,12 determination of, 4-9
head thickness, 6-45 dies. design of, 4-7
icosahedron, 2-100 dimenSioning of, 4-7
inspection. chamber, 6-44 geometry, 4-3.9,26
mechanical, 2-10 green, 4-7
NOT GO, 5-5,24 (seven-perforated). multiperforated, 4-13,21.24.26.
papter blast, 2-85 36,48
meter, 2-10 shape. 4-7
peak-pressure, 2-10 burning rate, effect of, 4-20
piezoelectric, 2-10,4-16.94 shrinkage of, 4-13
pressure, copper, 4-40 single perforated. 4-22,23
pull-over. 4-163 propellant. 4-16,20.93
resistance, 2-10 surface, 4-6
snap, 6-24 constant-burning. 4-48
thread, 6-24 Granulation. 4-1
tolerances, 5-24 propellant, 4-9,16
varnish cans. 2-11 Gravity. acceleration due to, 4-34
Gain twist, 4-170 Gravity, center of. 2-172. 3-10,86
Gas(es) Green grains. 4-7
acceleration, 2-138 Gregg, 2-102
check,4-189 Grinding, centerless. 6-17,29
constant. 4-35 Grommet, 1-4
denslty,4-35 Groove(s)
evolution. 4-1 bands without, 6-17
Internal energy of, 4-35 crimping, 4-132
kinetic energy of, 4-36 extracting. 1-7
muzzle. 4-3 rifling. 4-155
nonpersistent, 2-186 rings, 2-3.108
dispersion, 2-185 wire, 2-108
obturate, 2-172 Ground
1-19
burst (lethal area), 2-106 of explosion, 4-2,3,87,89
impact, 2-177 calculation of (Q), 4-89,90
Gun for orgiLnic chemical constituent, 4-87
battery, detection of, 4-3 for propellant composition, 4-87
chamber design. 4-117 forging. 6-9
damage to, 4-178 of formation. 4-89
design of. 4-119.124 of nitrocellulose. 4-90
extractors, 4-117,122 loss, energy equation including, 4-37
high-pressure, 4-125 of reaction, 2-189,4-89
of infinite length, 4-80 sensitivity to, 2-187,192
and mount, weight of, 3-72 of pyrotechnic compositions, 2-192
optimum. 4-50 specific, 04 -35
separate loading, 4-117 test (100 0 C), 2-22
shell, recoilless. 6-4 test (115 C), 4-93
stress limits. 4-1 treatment. 6-3,4,14,33,43
tank,4-50 none reqUired. 6-47
tapered-bore, 2-4,118 sidewall, 6-43
tube. failure of. 4-162 HEAT shen. 2-32.58, 3-70,85
Guncotton, 4-2,6 Heavy armor targets, 2-145
blended, 4-6 Height, 3-64
Gurney, 2-93.94.106 of ogive, 3-65
constant, 2-98 optimum, 2-195
formulas, 2-98 HE shell, 4-153
Sarmousakis scaling formula, 2-95 cold extrusion of, 6-21
Gyration, radius of, 2-165, 4-153 computing energy of, 3-76
computing momentum of, 3-76
forging of. 6-4
machining of, 6-14
Half-weight, 2-98 HEP shell, 1-3,2-5,156,158
Handling, forces acting on projectiles in, 1-8 accuracy of, 2-157
Hangfires, 4-84 action, 2-158
Hard advantages and disadvantages. 2-156
caps, 2-144 comparison of with armor-piercing shot, 2-156
extraction (failures due to gun causing). 4-120 cutting-off base of, 6-27
spot. 4-125 development of, 6-26
Hardening theory, status of. 2-158
age. 4-149, 6-46 finishing of. 6-27
strain, 6-21 fuZing requirements, 2-157
work, 4-119, 6-24 hardness of, 6-27
cold, 6-37 one-piece, 2-158
Hardness, 4-119 performance, 2-157
Brinell,6-15 conclusions on, 2-158
of cartridge case, 4-125 effect of nose on, 2-157
requirements, 4-135 effect of spaced armor on, 2-157
of HEP shell, 6-27 theory of. 2-156
loss of, 6-43 principles of, 2-157
test for, 6-15 spalling of armor, 2-1
magnetic comparator, 6-43 Hexagonal planform, 3-14
Harvard tables (use of). 3-85,86,87,88,89 High
HBX,2-13 detonation velocity, 2-157
Hencky-Von Mises criterion. 4-187 explosive(s), 1-6
Hencky- Von Mises theory (constant distortion or). characteristics of, 2-22
4-185.186 core, 2-160,176
Head shell, 1-2,2-3,3-10,6-7,17
conical. 3-65 antitank (HEAT), 1-2.2-4
final,6-43 casting, 6-1
machining and stamping of cartridge case, 6-39 plastic (HEP), 2-5,156
ogivai,3-65 notch sensitivity, 4-129
Olivo-conical, 3-64 obliquity, 2-124
thiclmess, 4 -133 order detonation, 1-5
gage, 6-45 pressure guns, 4-125
Heading of cartridge case, 6-37 pressure, sporadic, 4-84
Heat speed cameras (Fastax), 2-94
capacity. mean. 4-87,88 speed jet, 2-31
of combustion. 4-88,89 sulfur steel, 6-2
calculated, 4-90 (objections to), 6-4
1-20
velocity rounds, fuzing of, 2-63 Igniter sticks, 4-84
yleld,6-44 IgnlUblllty, 2-191,192
HI1l-Mott-Pack equation, 2-33 Ignition
Hlrschfelder interior ballistic system, 4-18,20,21 cartridge, 2-172
solution by, 4-48 charges, 1-7
Hitchcock, 3-9,10 difficulties, 4-50
Hit, first, 6-21 Interval, 4 -84
HIt, second, 6-21 temperature, 2-187,189
Hole(s) tlme-to-, 2-192
centrality of, 5-22 mumlnant
datum, 5-20 assembly, 2-160,182,184
primer, 6-43 composition, 2-175
vent, 4-84 mumtnatlng
Hollow jet, 2-64 canister. 2-185
Homogeneity criteria, 5-1 shell, 2-160,161,164 ,182,185,187 ,195
Homogeneity of lot, 5-2 design of, 2-162
Homogeneous armor, 2-36,120,138,139 elements of mortar-type, 2-172
Hoop stress, 4-179 factors affecting use of and, 2-162
tensional, 2-163 metal parts of, 2-162
Horizontal range, finding, 3-73 optimum height of. 2-162
Hospitalization of shells. 6-18 mumlnatlon
Hot battlefield, 2-162
-and-cold water tested, 6-29 Intensity, 4-3
-forged stock. 6-2 maximum, 2-195
-forging, 6-1,25 Immediate Incapacitation, probability of, 2-102
comparison with cold extrusion of shell, 6-24 Impact, 2-117
effect of water sprays on, 6-12 -angle of. 2-137
pressing. 6-36 fuze. 1-4
tops, 6-29 ground. 2-177
work versus cold work on steel, !.nfluence of, 6-1 resistance, 6-4
Howitzers. obturating problem in, 4-134 sensitivity to, 2-187
HVAP rifle bullet, 2-23
shot, 2-128, 6-35,36 test, 2-22
assembly of. 6-35 velocity, 2-5,93
base of, 6-35 Impaired penetration, 2-38
body of. 6-35 Implied requirement, 5-15,22
windshield of, 6-35 Importance of slow roll, 3-29
projectiles, 4-153 Improper heat treatment, 2-123
HVAPDS Impulse, 2-16,72
round, 2-137 comparison of peak pressure and, 2-13
shot, <'-118. 6-36 positive, 2-7,9,10,11,13.14,19
projectile. 2-138 IMR powder, 2-158
HVAPDSFS available energy for, 2-169
projectiles. 2-128 Incapacitation
shot. 2-119 criterion, 2-104
Hydraulic piercing, 6-7 probability of immediate, 2-102
Hydrogen atmosphere, 6-36 types of, 2-102
Hydrostatic pressure, 4-186 A.2-102
HydrOXide, metal, 2-191 B, 2-102
Hygroscopicity, 2-22 K,2-102
decrease, 4-2 five-second, 2-102
test. 4-94 Incendiary, 2-1
Hypergeometrlc distribution, 5-2 Incident wave, 2-8,9
Hyperveloclty. 2-4.118 Incipient plastic flow, 4-186
armor-piercing shell (HVAP), 2-117 Incipient plastic stress state, 4-188
manufacture of. 6-35 Increase In drag, 3-67
discarding sabot ammunition (HVAPDS), 1-3 Increasing twist, 4-172
fln-stabllized shot (HVAPDSFS), 1-3 advantages, 4-170
discarding sabot, fin-stablllzed shell. 2-4 disadvantages, 4-170
projectiles, 2-123 Increment(s), 1-7
Hypothetical shell. lethality of, 2-106 boundary, 2-183
propellant, 2-172
Indentation pressure, 4-152
Independent
Icosahedron gage, 2-100 locatlonal tolerance, 5-13
Igniter compositions, 2-192 symbol, 5-15
1-21
tolerance, 5-21 fit, 4-121
Index, 2-77 minimum, 2-180
angle, 2-77,79 ratio, 4-152
lethality, 2-103,106,107 recommended,4-123
of satisfactory Ignition, 4-84 zero,4-169
Indicator, dial, 5-14 Interior ballistics, 2-153, 4-1,164
Induction furnace, 6-33 basic problems of, 4-33
Inertia(l) calculations, 4-9
forces, 4-178 equations of, 4-22,33,35
tangential,4-178 summary of, 4 -39,46
moments of, 3-86,89 properties, 4-16
polar, 4-179 systems of, 4-18,33
of shell, 3-4 Intermediate anneals, 6-1
Influence of hot work versus cold work on steel, 6-1 Intermediate inspection, govern.ent, 6-44
. Information-bearing leaflets, 2-183 Internal
Infrared. 2-189 contour of case, 4-124
Initial contour of shell, 2-185
clearance, 4-119 energy of gas, 4-35
free space, 4-38 mouth diameter, 4-124
shot start pressure, uniform, 4-149 volume of cartridge case (determlne),4-126
0
velocity, 3-38 international heat test (75 C). 2-22
factors determining, 3-72 Interpolator, transparent, 4-17
fragment, 2-106 interpolation, linear, 3-88
prediction of, 2-98 Iriterval of burning of propellant. 4-43
yaw, 3-5,28,4-164,178 Interval, ignition, 4-84
magnitude and effects 0(, due to bore clearance, Inverted bead, 4-134
3-28 Inverted piercing, 6-8
Initiating charge, 2-177 Iron
Initiation powder, 4-161
of explosive, 2-61 sintered, 4-149,161
peripheral, 2-62 sulfide, 6-4
Initiator Isobaric adiabatic flame temperature, 4-88
black powder, 2-183 Isochoric adiabatic flame temperature, 4-88
test, 2-23
Inspection, 6-5,18
amount of, 5-1
chamber gage, 6-44 Jaeger, 3-13
final, 6-39,44,45 Jet. 2-58
government :lJId marking of shells. 6-24 bifurcation of, 2-35
methods of. 5-1, 6-40 breakup, 2-32
by attributes, 5-5,12 density, 2-:18
lot-by-Iot sampling, 5-1 ductility, 2-52
100-percent, 6-44 engines, peripheral, 2-82
by variables, 5-12 formation, 2-31,32
Visual. 6-20,24 high speed, 2-31
persoMel reqUired, 6-47 hollow, 2-64
In process of m:lJlufacture, 6-13,19,23 radiographic studies, 2-68
of shell forgings, 6-13 shaped charge, 2-38,85
of wrapped case, 6-48 velocity, 2-63
Insufficient number of draws, 4-125 water, 6-6
Integral, elliptic, 3-27 Jib, aIining, 4-132
Integrator, 4-126 Joint press, 6-17
ballistic, 3-85 Joint, shear, 2-160
Intensifiers, color, 2-186 Jominy tests, 6-29
intensity Jump, 3-6,28,30
tlluminatlon, 4-3 finned projectiles, assymetry effects on, 3-30
luminous (candlepower), 2-187,190,191 measurement of, 3-6
factors affecting, 2-189
Intensities, determination of relative air-blast, 2-11
Interacting wave front theory, 2-157
Interchangeability, field, 2-182 K damage, 2-83,110
Interference(s) KK damage, 2-110
drag, 3-70 Kamikaze attack, 2-110
estimation of, 3-71 Kelley, 3-12
fin, 3-71 Kent, 4-36
body, 3-71 Kerr cell, 2-34
1-22
Kl-starch test, 4-93 criteria. 2-93,101,111
Kill, 2-110 determination, 2-105,106
first-round probability of, 2-3,4 of hypothetical shell, 2-106
Kinetic energy index, 2-103,106,107
ammunition, 2-1,4,85,117 Lieberman, 2-69
of gas. 4-36 Lift(ing)
of powder, 2-137 coeffiCient, 3-10,12
of projectile, 4-9,33,35 slopes, 3-13.27
shot, comparative performance of, 2-145 of fins to ensure static stability, 3-11
shot, penetration of armor, 2-1 of finned projectile. 3-12
Kirkwood-Brinkley's theory, 2-9 plug, 1-4
Knurllng rollers, 6-16 Light, 2-1
Krupp armor, 2-120 characteristics of pyrotechnic compositions (fac-
tors which affect), 2-187
output, 2-170
signal color, 2-193
Labyrinth seal, 4 -134 Limit(s)
Lagerstrom. 3-12,13 ballistic, 2-125,127,141,144,145
Lame, equations by, 4-182 approximating the, 2-126
Lamellar pearlite, 6-29 elastic, 6-43
Laminae, 2-192 to length of shell, 3-1
Land(s), 3-4, 6-35 pressure, 4-1,9,11
band,4-155 of propagation vs. minimum column diameter,
width, 4-155 2-182
nattening of, 4 -178 signal smokes (terminal effects), 2-182
rlning, 4-155 tolerance, 5-11,18
wear 0(, 4 -164 velocity, 2-125
Lapin,3-14 web,4-11
Late collapse, 2-69 Linear
Law(S) acceleration, 4-179
of Cranz, 2-32 burning rate, 4 -16 ,18,20
o( mass action, 2-190 Interpolation, 3-88
Newton's, 4-34 -shaped charges, 2-82
scaling, 2-9,16,65 Liner(s), 2-108
Lead conical, 2-31
azide, 1-5 copper, 2-32,46
carbonate, 4-3 drawn, 2-68
cones, 2-41 cylindrical,2-69,71
Leading edge, 3-11,13,14 deSirable properties 0(, 2-38
Leanets, 2-1 nutcd, 2-35,69,71,72,75,82,108,109
information-bearing, 2-183 materials, 2-85
Leaflets, propaganda, 2-184,185 effect on penetration under rot:ltion, 2-68
rolls, 2 - Ifl4 selection of, 2-50
method of reinforcing, 2-184 method o( attaching, 2-55
surrender, 2-183 paramcters, consideration 0(, 2-49
warning. 2-183 performance, 2-36
Leakage, 2-6 factors affecli' ~,2-36
propellant gases, 2-180 measures of, '. 36
Least-square fit, 4-20 shape, 2-52
Le Duc system, 4-33,80,81 effect on penetration under rotation, 2-69
Length shaped charge, 2-52
cartridge case, 4-121,128 soft porous, 2-109
tolerance of, 4-121 steel,2-32,61
of chamher, 4-137 thiclmess, effect on penetration under rotation,
extrusion to, 6-21 2-67
gun of infinite, 4-80 trumpet-shaped,2-69
ogival, 3-87 Lined caVity charges, 2-31
arc, 3-82 Lines-first, 2-196
of swell diameter, 3-85 Lines, Lueder's, 6-44
Lessells' :lnd Associates, 2-158 Linfoot, 2-94
Lethal area, 2-3,93,104,106,154 Liquid
air-hurst, 2-107 explosives, 2-62
compUt:ltion, 2-10'3 fillers, 2-6,161,185
criteria, 2-154 -filled shell, 2-160,185
ground-burst, 2-10G burster, design 0(, 2-186
Lethality, 2-4,36,71,119,153 saltpeter, 6-37
1-23
Litmus-paper test, 6-40 operations on mouth of cartridge case, 6-44
Loaded, press, 2-156 Magnaflux test, 6-33
Loading Magnesium-aluminum fuels, properties of aluminum
density, 2-11,14, 4-1,33 and,2-190
maximum, 4-50 Magnetic
optimum, 4-50 comparator, 6-45
vs, pressure curve of black powder, 2-183 hardness, 6-43
of propellant, 4-164 fuzes, 2-57
flechettes, 2-150 hardness test, 6-43
geometric density, 4-46 Magnitude of Initial yaw due to bore clearance, 3-28
mortar shell, 4 -178 Magnus moment, 3-8,29
tool,6-41 damping factor, 3-6,10
WP filler, 2-180 Main body taper, 4-1.21
Location of center of gravity, 3-88 Major base, 3-87
Locatlonal tolerance symbols, 5-13 Major defects, 5-5
Longitudinal stress, 4-182,189 Malformed cones, 2-39
Longitudinal tens ile stress, 4 -179 Malfunctions, 6-47
Long-term surveillance, 2-175 caused by twisting of shroud lines, 2-166
Loose rotating bands, 6-26 Mandrel, 6-9
Loss Manganese sulfide, 6-4
of hardness, 6-43 Manufacture
In obturation, 4-163 armor-piercing shot and caps, 6-29
In penetration, 2-57 artillery ammunition, 6-1
In shot-start pressure, 4-163 cartridge case, 4-119,133
Lot annealing operations, 6-39
acceptability of, 5-1.2 brass, 6-37
definition of, 5-1 perforated, 6-49
homogeneity of, 5-2 steel, drawn, 6-41
-by-lot sampling Inspection, 5-1 trapeZOidal-wrapped, 6-46
size, sample-size-to-, 5-6 of HEP shell, 6-26
tolerance percent defective (LTPD), 5-3 of hypervelocity armor-piercing shot (HVAP), 6-35
Low inSpection In process of, 6-23
aspect ratio, 3-13 of shell during closing, 6-19
explosives, 1-6 of nitrocellulose, 4-6
notch toughness, 6-4 progress in techniques, 6-1
order detonation, 2-183 of propellants, 4-6
oxygen balance, 4-3 steel shells, pierce-and-draw process of, 6-2
percentage elongation, 6-44 of tungsten carbide cores. 6-36
-temperature firing, 4-1.29 Marker, colored, 2-160
-temperature stress relieVing. 6-43 Marking
-velocity rounds (fuZing of), 2-63 on bases of cartridge cases, 4-1.26
Love, 4-36 of shells, 6-18
Lueder's lines, 6-44 government Inspection and, 6-24
Luminous Intensity (candlepower), 2-187,190,191 Martens ite structure, 2-143
factors affecting, 2-189 Mass
Lupersol, 2-192 action, law of, 2-190
Luther, 3-13 fragment, 2-109,111
presented area, relation between, 2-99
of projectile, 3-38
Matching
M damage, 2-83 ballistic, 2-6,157
Ml propellant. 4-1 and soldering AP caps, 6-33
M2 propellant, 4-2 weight, 2-180
MIS propellant, 4-2 Material(s)
Mach anisotropic, 4-149
angle, 3-14 burster, 2-178
number, 3-4.9,1.2,13,39,65,68,71 for cartridge cases, 4-132
stem, 2-9 deterrent, 4-3
wave, 2-9,19 liner. 2-85
Machinable quality armor (MQ), 2-1.20 rotating bands, 4-149
Machining, 6-1 properties required of, 4-149
finish, 6-15 stabilizing, 4-1
of HE shells, 6-14 Mathematical statement of Von Mises yield condi-
outside of, rough, 6-14 t1on, 4-187
preparation for, 6-14 Matrix, use of, 2-150
operations on head of cartridge case, 6-44 Maximum
1-24
ballistic coeffic ient, 3-64 fragmentation characteristics data to design of
charge, 4-50 sbell. application of, 2-98
energy, 4-185 gilding, 2-152, 4-149,160
theory, 4-185 hydroxide, 2-191
illumination, 2-195 oxide, 2-191
likelihood, method of, 2-95,127 parts
loading density, 4-50 accessory, 2-164
metal conditiollS, 5-20,24 of illuminating shell, 2-162
pressure, 4-16,19,20,26,39,40,48,94,188 signal-smoke shell design, 2-182
attainable, 4-33 setback of, 4-181
calculate, 4-81 sabots, 2-138
tables for, 4-47 salts. alkali, 4-3
formula for, 4-41 Metallurgy, powder, 6-1
position of, 4-45,47 Meter. paper blast. 2-10
propellant, 4-180,188 Method(s),4-149
rated, 4-11,50 analysis
ratio of, 4-88 of data, 2-85
time of, 4-45,48 evaluation of present, 2-91
range, 3-38,64 by, statistical, 2-126
finding, 3-73 of arming, 1-5
shear ballistic, 4 -26
stress, 4-185 Bruceton staircase, 2-23
theory, 4-185,187 bullet pull, of achieving desired, 4-132
(Tresca's rule of flow), 4-185 of producing colored smoke, 2-178
sky brightness, 2-193 comparative study of shell forging, 6-13
square, 6-8 of computing
velocity, 4-9,50 air density at any altitude, 2-198
permissible, 4-156 ballistic limits from firing data, 2-126
muz2.le, 2-128 band Width, 4-150
McMillen, 2-102 muzzle velocity of a subcaliber projectile,
Mean, 5-12 British, 2-138
burst height, 2-107 of crimping (effect of), 4-132
deviation from, 4-137 of controlling fragmentation, 2-108
dimension of ogive, 3-2 of dimensioning mouth of case, 4-124
heat capacity, 4 -8 7,88 distributed area, 2-88
calculated for organic chemical constituent, 4-88 used to control erosion, 4-169
calculated for propellant compoSition, 4-88 of forging shell, French extrusion, 6-9
Measurements of imparting rotation, 2-119,4-149
of blast, 2-10 of Inspection, 5-1
of jump, 3-6 liner, of attaching, 2-55
of liner performance, 2-36 liners, for manufacturing fluted, 2-80
piezoelectric, 4-94 of maximum likelihood, 2-95,127
of presented area of fragment, 2-100 of reinforcing leaflet rolls, 2-184
of sensitivity, 4-93 of releasing and discarding carrier, 2-119
of stability, 4-93 test, 4-93
wind tunnel, 3-9,71 description of, 2-22
Mechanical gage, 2-10 of shell forming (compromise), 6-25
time fuze, 2-177,183,184 shock velocity, 2-11
Mechanism of stabilization, 3-1
of cap action (theories). 2-141 stochastic, 2-107
recoil, 3-72 up-and-down, 2-127
of spalling, 2 -157 vulnerable area, 2-88
of spin compensation (by fluted liners). 2-72 of weight control (shell manufacture), 6-17
Medina explosives, 2-13 Methyl violet test, 4-93
Meplat (flat nose), 3-67 Micrometer, ball point, 6-24
circular, 3-69 Microsurface finish, 2-180
diameter, effect on estimation of drag, 3-67 Midwest Research Laboratories, 2-82
Mercury fulminate, 1-5 Minimum
Merit, figure of. 2-103,10li bourrelet clearance, 4-178
Metal candlepower.2-195
binder, 6-36 chamber capacity (estimating), 4-125
burster tube, 2-160,179 clearance, 4-121
case, solid-drawn, 4-120 drag, 3-64
dead,6-42 Interference, 2-180
dust flashes, 2-187 metal conditions, 5-20,24
fouling. 4 -149 permissible yield stress, 4-156
1-25
stress In shell wall, 4-158 illuminating, design elements of, 2-172
time of night. 3-38 ,64 loading,4-178
Minor defects, 5-5 special design problems of, 2-172
Misfires, 4-84 spin-stabilized, 2-173
Missile(s),2-150 Motion
for canister ammunition. 2-150 of center of gravity, 3-6.38
classification of, 2-1 energy of, 4-43
effect by, 2-1 equation of. 3-4.4-36,38 ,42
design of shaped charge, 2-47 of projectile. 4-33
dispersion, 2-152 of spinning shell. 3-2
preformed. 2-1 start of. 2-73. 4-43
secondary, 2-4 Mott,2-93.94,106
Mixed zone, 2-127 equation, 2-94 ,98
Mixtures, binary, 2-190 reliability of. 2-95
Mixture, pyrotechnic. 2-192 scaling formula, 2-95
Models, combat, 2-i07 Mouth
Modifications of shape of sbell, 3-64 anneal of cartridge case. 6-44
Modified equation of motion, 4-37 bolling of. 4-122
Modulus diameter. Internal. 4-124
elasticity, 2-165 eccentricity of, 4-124
rigidity,4-186 thickness at, 4-133
Young's, 4-118 Moving charge, 2-16
Moisture MOX explosives, 2-13
atmospheric. 2-191 Mullins Manufacturing Corporation, 6-21
proofing agents, 4-2 Multichek gage, 6-24
protection against effects. 2-192 Multiperforated grain (seven-perforated), 4-13,21,24
on shelf life, effect of. 2-191 (equations for), 4 -28
Mold. big-end-up, 6-29 Multiple
Mold casting in, 6-1 punching, 6-49
Moles of gas, number of, 4-87 sampling, 5-6
Molybdenum disulfide, 2-181 wall shell, 2-108,109
Molykote, 2-181 Multipurpose shell, 2-161
Moment Munk's theoretical values, 3-9
inertia, 3-86,89 Munroe effect, 2-110
axial,3-2 Murphy, 3-9,10
polar, 3-81,89,4-179 Murray-Ohio Corporation, 6-46
of shell, 3-4 Must not decompose In storage, 4-2
transverse, 3-2,10.28,81,90 Muzzle
first about plane, 3-1 blast, 3-28,29,30
Magnus, 3-8,29 energy, 3-38,72
damping factor, 3-10 rotational, 4 -150
overturning, 3-2,7,10,11,29 Dash,4-3
coefficient, 3-9 reduce, 4-2
factor, 3-8 gases, 4-3
righting, 3-7,10,11 momentum, 3-38,72
factor, 3-28,30 pressure, 4-11
spin-decelerating, 3-8 velocity, 2-118,129,153, 3-39,72, 4-26,40,48,129,
coefficient, 3-10 137,173,189
damping factor, 3-6 consistent, 2-152
transverse, 3-89, 4-178 of subcaliber projectile (British method of es-
yawing, 3-3,8,10 timating), 2-138
coefficient, 3-10 tables for calculation of, 4-47
damping factor. 3-6
Momentum
of HE shell (computing), 3-76
muzzle. 3-38,72 National Defense Research Council. 2-37
of projectile, 3-72 National Pneumatic Company. 6-29
of propellant gases, 3-72 Nature of fragmentation. 2-93
recoil, 3-72 Naval Ordnance Labor:ltory, 2-60
Monobloc Naval Ordnance Test Station, 2-37
projectiles, 2-141 Navy star shell, 2-173
shot, 2-117,138 Neck of cartridge case, 4-134
capped, 6-29 Necking case, 4-129
Morikawa, 3-14,27 Newton's bws. 4-34
Mortar ammunition Nick and break, 6-5
forgings. 6-4 Nitration, proper degree of, 4-6
1-26
Nitrocellulose. 1-6,4-1,2,6,13 amplitude of, 3-8
blended, 4-2 angular velocity, 3-29
forms of. 4-2 yaw, 3-6
heats of formation of, 4-90 Nylon shroudS, 2-167
lacquer coatings, 6-47
manufacture of, 4-6
NitroglyceriD,4-1,2
propellants, 4-1,84 Objections to high sulfur content steel, 6-4
Nitroguanldlne. 1-6, 4-2 Objectives in shell forging, 6-7
propellants. 4-93 Obliqu1ties of attack. 2-145
Nomograph. 4-17 Obliquity, 2-125,137,138,141
No heat treatment required, 6-47 angle of, 2-156
Non- effect of, 2-123
cemented armor, 2-120 high,2-124
deformable projectiles, 2-137 Obscuration, target, 4-3
delay fuze, 1-4 Obstructions within the cavity, 2-44
hygroscopic first-fire, 2-192 Obturation, 1-7. 2-152, 4-117.134,149.150,152, 6-1,
ideal flute, 2-78 40
linear flutes, 2-80 beads, 4 -134
persistent gas, 2-186 cup, 2-173
dispersion, 2-185 gases, 2-172
undercut seat, 4-154 loss In, 4-163
Normal problem In howitzers, 4-134
error curve, 2-100 Obtura1ors, rubber, 2-152
force, 3-7 Occluded acids, 4-6
coefficient, 3-8,9,13 Office of SCientific Research and Development, 2-66,
stresses, 4-181 68
Nose OSRD 6468 method. derivation of equations, 4-42
adapter, 2-186 Offsets. 2-36
blunt. 2-157 Ogival
cabbage of, 6-21 arc,3-87
charge, single, 2-175 center of, 3-84
crush-up of, 2-5 length of. 3-82
diameter, 3-87 radius of. 3-69
double-angle, 2-124 heads. 3-65
geometry, 2-140 length, 3-87
AP projectile (effect of), 2-138 radius, 3-8,67
tungsten carbide cores (effect of), 2-139 solid of revolution, 3-87
notching,6-17 zone, volume of, 3-86
polnted,2-124 Ogive, 1-3, 2-49,128, 3-64,69,81
radius of projectile, 3-82 arc, radius of, 3-82
truncated conical, 2-139 characteristics, 3-88
truncated ogtval, 2-124 computations for, 3-82
tapping,6-16 faise, 2-117
Nosing, 6-23 height of, 3-65
deformation during. 6-17 mean dimension of. 3-82
of shell, 6-14 pointed, 3-87
NOT GO gage, 5-24 radius of, 2-139
NOT GO, GO-and-, 6-20 secant, 3-64,65,81,87
Notation, consistent, 4-16 segment, 3-85
Notch(es), (ed), (ing), 6-41 calculation of, 3-85
casings, 2-108 shape,2-58
castings (description 01), 2-109 shell. volume of thin. 3-86
(or grooved) rings, 2-108 tangent. 3-65,81,87.88
(or grooved) wire, 2-3,108,109 volume of complete, 3-86
nose, 6-17 Ogivo-eonical head, 3-64
Notch sensitivity, 4-129,133, 6-43 Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, 4-7
Notes on cartridge case designs, 4-125,126 ODe, 6-7
Nubbin, 6-27 -piece REP shell, 2-158
Number, 3-4 -shot method, 6-7
of draws, 4-125 -shot piercing process, 6-7
of fragments, 2-93 -shot press. 6-7
Mach,3-4,9,12,13,39,65,68,71 100-percent inspection. 6-44
of moles of gas. 4-87 Opening of parachute. stages In. 2-196
Reynolds, 3-68 Opening velocity, critical, 2-196
Nutation, 3-3 Operating characteristic, curve (DC). 5-2
1-27
Operations, characteristic deep-drawing, 6-2 Parachute, 2-160,173
Operatlol18 in the machining of shells, sequence of, deceleration, 2-166
6-14 deploYTfient, 2-166
Optimum methods, 2-196
air-burst height, 2-107 design, 2-162
base plug, design of, 2-162 factors affecting, 2-195
charge, 4-9 pyrotechnic, 2-193
cone angle, 2-54 flares. 2-161
conditions, 4-50,74 functioning, 2-163
design, 2-93 shaped. 2-195
efficiency, point of, 4-75 sto.ges in opening of, 2-196
gun,4-50 standard flat, 2-195
height, 2-195 suspension system, 2-196
for area illumination, 2-195 types of, 2-195
concept of, 2-193 ParaDel axis (or plane) theorem. 3-89
derivation of, 2-193 ParaDel design, 5-11
of Uluminating shell, 2-162 Parallelism, symbol for, 5-14
ignition, requirement for, 4-85 Parameter(s)
loading density. 4-50 central ballistic, 4-38
example for, 4-50 dimensionless, 4-39
pellet size (canister ammunition), 2-153 needed to evaluate fragmentation effectiveness,
standoff distance, 2-38,49 2-93
visibility, 2-177 Parasheet, 2-195
warhead size. 2-14 Partial drag coefflclents, 3-71
web,4-10,l1 Partial randomness of sampling, 5-2
weight of cap materi:L1. 2-143 Particle size, 2-106,189
Ordnance Particle velocity, 2-7,30
Ammunition Command, 4-7 Parts design, accessory, 2-177
Board,4-119 Parts design, shell metal, 2-177
Committee Minutes (OCM), 2-2 Patterns, fragmentation, 2-93
Corps standard density, 3-38 Peak,4-20
Department, 4 -7 ,169 penetration, 2-68
Organic pressure. 2-7,9,10,11,13,14,16,19, 4-1,20,38
chemical constituent, gas volume (n) calculated gage, 2-10
for, 4-87 impulse and comparison of, 2-13
mean heat capaclty:Y calculated for, 4-88 Pearlite, lamellar. 6-29
heat of explosion (Q) calculated for an, 4-87 Pearlltlc structure, 2-143
relative energy In gas calculated for, 4-88 Pellet
dye, 2-178 black powder, 1-5
Origin of rifling, 4-173 explosive, 2-82
Oscillatory projectile motion, 3-2 size, optimum (clnister ammunition), 2-153
Output, light, 2-170 Penelrate, failure to, 2-123
Ovallty, 4-122. 5-13 Penetrated, thickness of plate, 2-137
Overcoming deficiencies of conventional long artil- Penetration, 2-32,34 ,35 ,36,40,41,45 ,46 ,49,53 ,58 ,60,
iery primers (pro,osals made for), 4-84 62,63,66,71.74,80,81,83.117,122,128,138
Overby bands, we Ided, 6-17 ,26 armor, 2-137
Overturning kinetic energy shot, 2-1
couple factor, 3-2 by shaped charges, 2-1
moment, 3-2,7,10,11,29 bone, 2-103
coeffiCient, 3-9 depth of, 2-78
factor, 3-8 deterioration In, 2-78
Overworking brass, 4-125 effect of design parameters on, 2-39
Oxidations, exothermal, 2-187 effect of rotation upon, 2-66
Oxide, metal, 2-191 experiments to determine, 2-102
Oxidizing agents, 2-186 fall-off, 2-64
Oxygen balance, 4-3 formula, 2-125
Oxygen deficiency, 4-89 impaired, 2-38
loss In, 2-57
peak,2-68
performance, 2-70,137
Painting of shells, 6-19 power, 2-78
Pancake bags, 4-85 rate of, 2-33
Panel test, 2-94 rotational, 2-68
Panzerfaust, 2-83 effect of cone angle on, 2-66
Paper blast gages, 2-85 effect of liner shape on, 2-69
Paper blast meter, 2-10 effect of standoff, 2-68
J-28
effect of liner thickn(:ss on, 2-67 Pierce-and-draw process of manufacturing steel
spin versus optimum, 2-4 shells, 6-2,5,7,8,29
subcaliber projectiles. factors limiting, 2-137 Piercing
sufficient residual, 2-85 die, 6-7
Pentolite, 2-13,40 drawing after, 6-8
Percentage elongation, 4-136, 6-43 hydraulic, 6-7
Percentage oxygen deficiency, 4-89 Inverted, 6-8
Percussion press, 6-7,8
element, 4 -84 primer hole, 6-43
firLng,4-126 process, one-shot, 6-7
primer, 1-7,2-172 progressive, 6-9
Perforate, 2-125 punch,6-7
Perforated cartridge cases, manufacture of, 6-49 Piezoelectric
Perforation, 2-82,85 gage, 2-10,4-16
alignment of, 6-49 generator, 2-63
armor, 2-124,125 measurements, 4-94
of cartridge case, 6-49 Pl1larlng of v,rp cloud, 2-181
definition of, 2-125 PIn(s)
ductile, 2-129 circle diameter, 4-14
probability of, 2-88 plate, 4-14
punching type of, 2-129 design of, 4-13
Performance shear, 2-5,160,161,164,172,175,184
of armor plate, 2-125 size, 4-13
of armor-piercing projectlles, 2-126 twist, 2-161
of, AP and APe proJectlles, comparative, 2-142 Pinching of explosive filler, 2-158
of fluted liners, 2-80 Pipe, 6-13,17
HEP shell, 2-157 Pit
effect of nose, 2-157 sand,2-94
theory of, 2-156 sawdust, 2-94
of kinetic energy shot, comparative, 2-145 water, 2-94
liner, 2-36 Plane detonation wave, 2-31
factors affecting, 2-36 Plane of yaw, 3-7
penetration, 2-70, 137 Planform, hexagonal, 3-14
shaped charge, 2-62 Planlmeter, four-wheeled, 3-85
of wrapped case, 6-47 Plans sampling, continuous, 5-10
Peripheral initiation, 2-62 Plastic
Peripheral jet engines, 2-82 anisotropic, 4-189
Permanent deformation, 4-178,185 canister, 2-183
Permanent expansion, 4-118 projectlle, 2-152
Permissible tolerance zone, 5-17 casings, 2-152
Perpendicularity, 5-21 deformation, 4-133,178,186, 6-43
of surface, 5-15 explosives, 2-156
symbol for, 5-14 extension, 4-118
Persistent gas, 2-186 flow, 2-120,123.143, 4-118
dispersion of, 2-185 incipient, 4 -186
PersolUlel, defeat of, 2-3 phenolic-type, 2-175
PersolUlel needed, inspection, 6-47 plug, 4-122
Petal, discarding, 2-119 rotating bands, 4-154
Petal, retained, 2-119 sabot, 2-119
Petalling. 2-120 shell, manufacture of high-explosive, 6-26
Phenolic strain,4-118
asbestos-filled, 2-176 stress state, 4 -188
glass-filled,2-175 Plasticity theory, 4-150,187
type plastic, 2-175 Plate
Phillips, 3-14 bame, 2-175
Phosphate coating, 6-17,21 base, 2-164
Phosphate, zinc. 6-3 flat, 2-166
Photoflas h bombs, 2-178 skirting, 2-129
Photoflash composition, 2-187 pin,4-14
Phthalates, 4-6 vibrations, 2-123
PicatilUlY Arsenal, 2-82,153,176,4-16,137,182 Plug(s), 2-124
PicatilUlY test, 2-22 base, 2-160,162,164,170
Plcklcd,6-21 closing, 1-2,7
Pickled, shot-blasted, 6-3 lifting, 1-4
Pickling, 6-41 plastic, 4-122
Pidduck, 4-36 white metal. 4-122
1-29
Plugging, 2-122 of shell for machining, 6-14
Pockets, extractor, 4-119 of slug, 6-21
Pocket, primer, 6-43 Presented area of fragment, measurement of, 2-100
Polnt(ed) Press(ed), (ing)
-detonating fuze. 1-5,2-177 cold, 6-36
of maximwn pressure, 4-47 compositions, burning of, 2-189
noses, 2-124 explollives. 2-95
og1ve, 3-87 fit, 2-180, 4-132
of optimum efficiency, 4-75 suriace, 2-180
at which powder all burned, 4-45 hot, 6-36
stagnation, 2-31,33 loaded, 2-156
triple, 2-9 one-shot, 6-7
V-O, 2-126 piercing, 6-7,8
V-50, 2-126 type crimping, 4-132
V-I00, 2-126 Pressure, 4-47
yield, 2-153,4-118,6-23 acting on projectiles dur1Dg f1r1Dg (summary of),
Po18on gases, 2-1 4-181
Poisson d18tributlon, 5-3 allowable. 2-118,4-137
Po18son's ratio, 4-155 base, 4-36
Polar moment of inertia, 3-81,89,4-17' breech, 2-164, 4-36,37
Polygonal airfoil section, 3-14 center of, 2-172, 3-7,8,10,12
Poor velocity uniformity, 4-34 chamber, 2-129,163,172, 4-93,182
Porosity, 2-196 curve of black powder, loading density va. 2-183
basal,6-13 ejection, 2-163,169
Position engraving,4-150
of all burnt, 4-39 erratic, 4-11
of band seat, 4-158 force resulting from propellant gas, 4-179,181
of burst, 3-39 function, 4-48
of center of gravity, 3-81 hydrostatic, 4-186
of maximum pressure, 4-45 identation, 4-152
under head, 4-122 limitations, 4-1,9,11
Positive Impulse, 2-7,9,10,11,13,14,19 maximum, 4-16,19,20,26,39,40,48,94
Potassium sulfate, 4-2 allowable, 4-188
potential, bal1lstic, 4-2 attainable, 4-33
Powder(s} propellant, 4-180,188
all burned, point at which, 4-45 rated, 4-9,50
black, 2-168,4-1 muzzle, 4-11
burned, fraction of, 4-47 peak, 2-7,9,10,11,13,14,16,19,4-1,20,38
ejection, 2-171 propellant, 4-189
gas, kinetic energy of, 2-137 relative, 4-94
IMR,2-168 setback, 2-164
iron, 4-161 on shell wall resulting from rotation of filler,
metallurgy. 6-1 4-180,181
process, Ball, 4-7 space average, 4-36,76
smokeless, 4-1 stagnation, 2-34
Power. penetrating, 2-78 Prevailing shell steel specifications, 6-4
Practical drag coefficient, 3-38 Prime requirement, 5-15
Precession, 3-3 Primer(s}, 1-1,7,4-33
amplitude of, 3-8 artillery, 4-84
yaw, 3-6 conductive mixture, 1-7
Precision, design for, 3-1 design, standard, 4-84
Precup, 6-41 electric, 1-7
Prediction of initial fragment velocity, 2-98 explosive train, 1-6
Pre-engraved rotating band, 2-152, 6-27 name action, 1-6
Pre-engraved Ithells, 3-10 hole, 4-133, 6-43
Preignition zone, 2-189 piercing, 6-43
Preformed fragments, 2-108 percussion, 1-7,2-172
Preformed missiles, 1-3, 2-1,150 pocket, 6-43
Preheading, 6-43 stab action, 1-6
Premature(s}. 2-183 tube, 4-84
detonation, 4-178,180, 6-13 Principle(s)
explosion, 6-17 of HEP shell, 2-157
functioning, 4-162,164 separating burst, 2-174
Preparation shearing stresses, 4-185
charge, 2-62 of similitude, 2-125
for cupping, 6-41 slretlses of shell, 4-182,185
1-30
,
Probability kinetic energy, 4-9.33.35
of acceptance (Pa>. 5-2 mass of, 3-38
cumulative, 2-154 effective. 4-36
curve, 2-126,127 momentum of, 3-72
damage, 2-108,111 monobloc, 2-141
of Immediate lncapacilation, 2-102 motion of, 4-33
of kill, first-round, 2-3,4 begtnning of, 4-34
of perforating, 2-88 oscillatory, 3-2
single-shot, 2-106,107 nondeformahle, 2-137
Problem(s) nose radius of, 3-82
exterior ballistic, 3-38 parameters, effect of varying, 2-137
sample, 3-73 performance of armor-piercing, 2-126
of interior balltstlcs, basic, 4-33 performance, effect of armor thickness on,2-129
of propellant ignition, 4-84 requirements for gun, 2-2
sample, 3-31 sbattered, 2-123
Procedure(s) skirted, 2-118, 4-124
design. 2-3 solid geometry. 3-85
Inspection, 6-40 spin-stabilized. 3-64
tcst, 6-5 squeeze-bore. 2-4
Process subcaliber. 1-3,2-4,118,137
anneal,6-41 T33 (FAP), 2-138
Ball powder. 4-7 T33 (FAPT), 2-138
of manufacture, tnspection in. 6-23 tapered back. 4-189
one-sbot. 6-7 torque (T) applted to, 4-179
plerce-and-draw, 6-5,29 total volume behind, 4-34
Producing colored smoke. method of, 2-176 travel of, 4-44,47
Profile tumbling of, 4-164
check,6-24 typical. 3-39
double wedge. 3-71 velocity of, 4-20,35,44
of finisb-macbined rotating buds, 4-154 weight of. 4-50
of rifling. 4-155.169 weight distribution In, 4-189
single wedge. 3-71 yaw of Inside gun, 4-149
Progress in manufacturing techniques. 6-1 Propaganda. 2-160
Progressive, 4-9 disseminating sbell, 2-5,160,161,183,185
burning, 4-24,25 filler design. 2-184
piercing, 6-9 shell metal parts design, 2-184
sbapes, 4-23 leaflets, 2-184.185
stress, 4-163 Propagate. 2-178
cracks. 4-162 Propagation
Projectile, 1-1 of blast, 2-10
antitank, 2-4.156 detonation, 2-24
armor-piercing, 2-125.139 dillicultles, 2-181
assembly of, 2-151 explosive wave, 2-7
balloting of. 4-164 vs. minimum column diameter, ltmits of, 2-182
blunt-nosed, 2-154 Propagatively, burn, 2-189
boat-tail, 4-160 Propellant(s). 1-6,4-1
breakup, 2-129 M1,4-1
calculations of geometric characteristics. 3-90 M2.4-2
composite rigid, 2-117 MI5,4-2
deformation, 2-141 burning of. 4-16.33
design, 2-2,128,129 calculation of thermodynamic properties, 4-87
intended for gun already made. 3-1 gas volume (n), "-87
eccentricity of. 4-137 heat of explosion (Q), 4-87
equation of motion, 4-34 mean heat capacity, 4-88
fin-stabilized, 4-189 relative cnergy, 4-88
during firing. forces and preSS\lres acting on characteristics, 4-93
(summary of), 4-181 charge, 2-138,150
Oat-base, 4-160 composition, calculated density of, 4-89
free run, 4-164 cord,4-24
!riction, 4-33 double base. 1-6,4-1,93
geometric components of, 3-89 deterioration of. 4-93
geometry. 3-69,81 energy of. 4-87
hypervelocity, 2-123 flasblcss, 1-6
HVAP,4-153 force, 4-88
HVAPDS,2-138 ~es, energy of. 3-73
HVAPDSFS, 2-128 galle'S, lenkage of. 2-180
1-31
pael, momentum of, 3-72 Punch(ing), 6-9
pa pressure, force resulting from, 4-179,181 forming, 6-26
.,am. 4-16,20,93 multiple, 6-49
puulation, 4-9,16 piercing, 8-7
tpitlon, problems of, 4-94 type of perforation, 2-129
IDcrements, 2-172 Purdue University, 4-161
loading density of, 4-164 Pyramid rolls, 4-136
Dlmufacture of, 4-6 Pyrocellulose, 4-2,6
relative costs of, 4-7 Pyroxylin (collodion), 4-2,6
materials, criteria for selection of, 4-2
DJtrocellulose, 1-6
DJtroglycerine, 4-1,84
nltroguanidine, 1-8,4-93 Qualitative description of shaped charge damage,
pressure, 4-189 2-84
maximum, 4-180 Quality
released at muzzle, unburnt. 4-76 assurance, 5-1
residue, 4-1 average outgoing (AOQ), 5-3
single base, 1-6,4-1,93 level acceptable, 5-8
slow-burning, 2-175 level acceptance (AQL), 5-3
smokeless, 1-6 limit average outgoing (AOQL), 5-4
strip, 4-24 Quantitative deflnltlon of compatib1llty, 2-24
thermochemlcal,characterlstlcs of, 4-89 Quench, 6-43
triple base, 1-6, 4-2 Quenching, 6-14
Pyrotechnic Qulckmateh,2-172,183
compositions, 2-191 Quickness, relative, 4-9,16.18
characteristics of, 2-186
required,2-187
chemistry of, 2-186
constituents of, 2-186 RDX, 2-13.14
with explosives, comparison of properties. 2-188 Radial
factors affecting, 2-187 band pressure, 4-149,153
heat sensitivity of, 2-192 reduction of, 4-169
properties of typical, 2-187 compressive force, 4-178
radiation effectiveness of. 2-193 dimensioning, 5-20
mlxture, 2-192 dispersion, 2-150
reaction mechanism of, 2-192 stresses, 4-182
parachute design, 2-193 Radiant energy, 2-187,189
solid-state chemistry of, 2-190 Radiation effectiveness of pyrotechnic compositions,
type ammunition, 1-3 2-193
Propelling charge, 1-1,6,4-9 Radiographs, flash, 2-69,73,93
Proper degree of nitration, 4-6 Radiographic jet studies, 2-68
Properties Radius
of aluminum and magnesium-aluminum fuels, 2- blending, 4-125
190 of gyration, 2-165, 4-153
interior ballistic, 4-16 of longitudinal curvature, 3-81
rheological, 4-189 ogival, 2-139, 3-8,67
of rotating band materials, 4-149,160 arc. 3-69,82
of sintered iron, 4-161 of spherical cap, 3-83
of typical pyrotechnic compositions, 2-187 toleranced, 5-20
Proportional law of burning rate, 4-20 Raisers, stress, 6-41,43
Proposals made for overcoming deficiencies of con- Raketenpanzerbuchse, 2-83
ventionallong artillery primers, 4-84 Ramming, eccentric, 4-178
Protective Randomness, of sampling. 5-2
atmosphere of hydrogen, 6-36 Range
coatings, 4-134, 6-44 critical, 6-27
criterion, 2-128 steel, 6-1
fllm,2-192 disperSion, 2-107
against moisture, 2-192 finding horizontal, 3-73
Proving ground tests. 6-40 firings, 3-65,68
ProKimity fuze (VT), 1-4 maKimum, 3-38,64,73
Pseudo-ratio of specific heats, 7, 4-47 spark, 3-67,70
Psychological warfare, 2-183 and time of flight, factors governing, 3-38
Psychological Warfare Service, 2-184 web. 4-9.11
Pugh, 2-32,34 ,8 1 Ranking, damage test, 2-13
Pull, bullet, 4-129 Rarefaction wave, 2-7
Pull-over gage, 4-163 Rate(s)
1-32
burning, 2-187,189.190,191,4-1,9,22,33,36 weak shock, 2-6
equation for, 4-43 Region I, 2-16
decomposition. 4-2 Region D, 2-18
descent, 2-171 Region m, 2-18
detonation, 2-24 Regression of surfaces, 4-35
reaction, 2-189,190,192 Regressive burning, 4-25
penetration, 2-33 Reuuorcement, base,4-137
of yawing, 3-8,10 Relation
Rated maximum pressure, 4-9,11 charge-pressure, 4-9
Ratio charge-velocity, 4-9
aspect, 3-71 between mass and presented area of fragment,
of burster charge to smoke charge, 2-178 2-99
explosive, 2-178 Relative
Interference, 4-152 costs of propellant manufacture, 4-7
of maximum pressures, 4-88 density, 2-198
Poisson's, 4-155 energy, 4-88
of specific heats, 4-88 calculated for propellant composition, 4-88
t/d,2-122,125 In gas, 4-87
RD38 system, solution by, 4-33,36,48 calculated for organic chemtcal constitueDt,
sample solution by use of, 4-40 4-88
React with explosive, 6-17 force, 4-16,19
Reactants, effect of specific surface of, 2-190 humidity, critical, 2-191
Reaction pressure, 4-94
heat of, 2-189, 4-89 quickness, 4-9,18,18
mechanism of pyrotechnic mixtures, 2-192 Release wave, 2-45
rate, 2-190,192 Releasing and discarding carrier, method of, 2-119
temperatures, 2-187 Reliability of Mott equation, 2-95
time to, 2-192 Relief, stress, 6-44
Rearward extrusion, 6-8 anneal, 6-23
Recessed, 6-27 Remaining
Recoil velocity. 3-4
mechanism, 3-72 of fragments, 2-99
momentum, 3-72 web. 4-23
system, 3-72 Removable base plate, 2-172
Reco1lless Repose, yaw of, 3-2,4
ammunition, 2-153 Representative shrinkage data, 4-14
gun shell, 6-4 Reproducibll1ty of results, 2-126
rifles, 2-5,156 Req\l1red characteristics of pyrotechnic composi-
weapons, 2-157, 6-49 tlons.2-187
Recommended interferences, 4-123 Requirement(s)
Recovery booster, 2-10
of case. 4-118 for canister uuormation, tactical, 2-154
elastic, 4-118, 6-43 colored marker shell. tactical, 2-176
solvent, 4-7 for gun projectiles, 2-2
Recrystallization, 6-43 HEP fuzing, 2-157
temperature, 6-41 Implied, 5-15,22
Rectang\llar for optimum ignition, 4-85
fln,3-12,71 prime, 5-15
wing, 3-13,27,71 secondary, 5-15
Red shortness, 6-4 WP shell, sealing, 2-186
Reduce Residual velocity, 2-126
bore residue, 4-2 Residue, bore, 4-3
muzzle nash, 4-2 Residue propellant, 4-1
radial band pressure, 4-169 Resistance
smoke,4-2 to atmospheric moisture, 2-190
velocity, 2-169, 4-48 gage, 2-10
viscosity, 4-6 Impact, 6-4
Reducing agents, 2-186 to setback, 2-184
Reducing-atmosphere furnace, 6-29 Resonance, 3-29
Reefing, 2-196 of benzene nucleus, 4-90
Reference dimension, 5-13 between pitching period and rolling period (danger
Renect(-ion) of), 3-29
blast, 2-9 Results
shock,2-31 comparison of, 4-82
wave, 2-8.9 reproducibility of, 2-126
strong shock (Mach Waves), 2-8 zone of miXed, 2-125
i-33
RebUned-pebU,2-119 design of, 4-149,153.180
Retardants, 2-186 engraving of, 4-164
Retardation, 3-38 fuDction of, 4-149
Retention, band, 4-154 geometry, equivalent, 4-155
Revolution loose, 6-26
axis of, 3-84 materials, properties of, 4-149,160
solid of, 3-88 materials OlSed for, 4-149
surface of, 3-69 plastic, 4-154
Reynolds number, 3-68 pre-engraved, 2-152
Rheological properties, 4-189 profile of finish-machined, 4-154
Ricochet, 2-124 shearing of, 4-153,172
Riel, R. H., 2-128 tangential force on, 4-181
RiDe bullet impact sensitivtty, 2-23 wear of, 4-150
RiDes, recoilless, 2-5,156 welded overlay, 2-5
RiflJng width of, 4 - J24
des1gD, 4-169 candle, burning time of, 2-162
diameter, 4-152 shaped charges, 2-32,65
dimensiooiDg of, 4-169 Rotation
engraved,4-153 compensation, 2-35
erosion of, 4-162 effect of, 2-34
grooves, 4-155 of filler, pressure on shell wall resulting from,
land,4-155 4-180,181
origin of, 4-173 of filler, stress in base resulting from, 4-183
profile of, 4-155,169 of filler, stress in shell wall resulting from, 4-183
standard forms, 4-169 of fillets, 3-81
twist of, 4-169,170,179,189 methods of imparting, 2-119. 4-149
determination of, 4-173 muzzle energy, 4-150
typical values of, 4-172 penetration, 2-66,68
uniform, 4-153 of wall, stress resulting from, 4-182
wear of, 4-149 tension in shell wall resulting from. 4-180,181
worn, 4-162 Rough
Right circular cylinders, 4-81 machining outside of shell. 6-14
Righting moment, 3-7,10,11 rolling and expanding wrapped cartridge case, 6-39
factor, 3-28,30 turning, 6-12
Rigidity, modulous of, 4-186 Roughness. surf3ce, 6-16
Ring Round(s)
die(s),6-7,8,9 base shell, 4-182
gage, bourrelet, 6-24 chemical energy, 2-88
grooved,2-3,108 fin-stabilized,2-82,175
method of codrolllng fragmentation, 2-110 HVAPDS,2-137
notched, 2-108 kinetic energy, 2-85
sabot, 2-119 va. square slugs, 6-8
shear, 2-175 Rubber-die crimping, 4-132
split, 2-162 Rubber obturators, 2-152
type experimental shell, 2-97 Rupture, circumferential. 6-42
Risks, s:lDlpling, 5-2
Ritter's formula, 2-165
Rockets, 3-10
Rolled strip, 6-1 S:1bot, 1-3, 2-4,138
Roller, fl:mging, 6-46 all-plastic, 2-138
Rollers, kourling, 6-16 discarding, 2-118
Rolling, 4-6 exterior ballistics, 2-119
Rolls metal,2-138
cross, 6-7 plastic, 2-119
leaflet, 2-184 ring, 2-1.19
pyramid,4-136 Sachs' theory, 2-9
serrated,6-6 Safety, bore, 1-5
Root chord, 3-11 S:Lltpeter aone:J.1a, 6-39
Root thickness, 3-71 Saltpeter, liquid, 6-37
Rostoker, 2-32 S:J.lvage, 6-4-1
Rot:l.ry trim, 6-42 battle, 6-47
Rotating, 2-32 Sample
airfoil blades, 2-171 problems, 3-31
band, 1-3, 2-163, 4-33,153,179,189, 6-1,17,26 of exterior b::L1listlcs, 3-73
bearing stress of, 4-15:1 by use of RD38 system, 4-10
chnr:lcteristics, 4-151 randomness of, 5-2
1-34
size to lot size, 5-6 test, 2-22
Sampling,6-5 riDe bullet, 2-23
acceptance, 5-2 measure of, 4-93
double, 5-5 notch, 4-129.133, 6-43
inspection, staDdard tables, 6-44 to static, 2-187
multiple, 5-6 Separate loading ammunition, 4 -117 ,160,178
plan criteria, 5-2 Separate loading gun, 4-117
risks, 5-2 Separated ammunition, 4-117
single, 5-5 Separating
by variables, 5-12 burst, 1-3
Sand principle, 2-174
pit,2-94 shell, 2-160
test for liquids, 2-23 charge, 2-175
test for solids, 2-23 Separation, billet, 6-5
Sarmousakis, 2-93,94,95 Sequence of operations in machining of shells, 6-14
Satisfactory ignition, index of, 4-84 Serrated rolls, 6-6
Saturation, color, 2-177 Service ammunition, 1-2
Sawdust pit, 2-94 blank,l-2
sawing, 6-5 drill, 1-2
Scale practice, 1-2
control, 6-42 proof,l-2
and descaling, billet, 6-6 Service velocity, 4-9,10
effect, 2-125 Setback, 2-5,150,176, 4-189
Scaling, 2-75 elastic, 4-125
formula, Gurney-SarmoWlakis, 2-95 filler, 4-179,181,182,189
formula, Mott, 2-95 stress in base resulting [rom, 4-183
laws, 2-9.16,65 stresll in shell wall resulting from, 4-183
Schmidt, 3-9.10 forces, 2-108,109,162,4-178,179
Schroedter, 3-13 of metal parts, 4-181
Scoop, 2-124 stress in shell wall resulting from, 4-183
Screen, colored smoke, 2-160 pressure, 2-164
Screen, velocity, 2-94 resistance to, 2-184
Screening, 5-12 of shell walls, 4-179,189
Seal, labyrinth. 4-134 stresses, 2-119
Sealing of chemical (WP) shell, 2-180,186 weight, 2-164,175,185
Sealing lip, short, 4-150 Setter, tire. 6-17
Seam sealer, enamel, 2-151 Seven-perforated propellant grains, 4-26,36,48
Season cracking. 6-40 burning of. 4-48
Seat, band,4-155, 6-23 form functions for, 4-25,26
nonundercut,4-154 Shape(s)
undercut, 4-154 of chamber, 4-117,124
Secant ogive, 3-64 ,65,81,87 charge, 2-50
. Second degressive, 4-23
ejection, 2-164 ,166 and dimensions of shell forgings, 6-5
flash,4-3 of explosive charge, effect of, 2-18
hit, 6-21 grain,4-7
order effects, 4-33, 4-36 liner, 2-52
3econdary ogtve, 2-58
effect, 2-5,156 paraChutes, 2-195
missile, 2-4 progressive, 4-23
requirement, 5-15 of shell, modifications of, 3-64
Section of shell, tangential force at given, 4-181 Shaped charge(s), 2-85
Segment, ogive, 3-85 ammunition, 2-1
Selection of damage, qualitative description of, 2-84
liner material, 2-50 effect, 2-57,59
propellant materials (criteria for), 4-2 on explosive, 2-18
weapon type and size, 2-47 effectiveness, 2-48
Selective absorption, 2-177 criterion of, 2-82
Semi-anneal, 6-37 against tank.J, 2-82
Semifixed ammunition, 4-117,160 explosives in, 2-59
Sensitivity, 2-23 jet, 2-38,85
of burning-type smoke compositions, 2-183 effect of rotation upon, 2-63
friction, 2-23,187 lincar-, 2-82
heat, 2-187.192 liners, 2-52
pyrotechnic compositions, 2-192 missile, dcsi~ of, 2-47
to impact, 2-187 missiles, fuzes for, 2-63
1-35
performance, 2-62 forming, compromise method of. 6-25
penetration of armor by, 2-1 high-explosive (HE), 1-2.3-10,4-153,6-7,17
rotating, 2-32.65 high-explosive antitank (HEAT). 1-2. 2-32.58,85,
weapons, defeat of. 2-82 3-70
Shaping, wave, 2-61 high-explosive plastic (HEP). 1-3,2-156.158
Shapiro. 2-95 hardness of, 6-27
Sharp apex cone, 2-55 hospitalization of, 6-18
Sharp-nosed shot. 2-122 hyper-velocity, armor-piercing (HVAP). 2-117
Shatter, 2-123,126,144 Incendiary, 2-1
gap, 2-4 1lIumlnatlng. 2-160,161,164,182,185,187,195
Shattered proJectile, 2-123 internal contour of, 2-185
Shear leaflet distributing, 2-1
force, 2-162 lethality of hypothetical, 2-106
Joint, 2-160 IIght-produclng. 2-1
plns,2-5.160.161,164.172,175,184 limit to length of, 3-1
rings. 2-175 length, estimation of drag effect of, 3-68
stresses, 2-31,4-181,183 liqUid-filled, 2-160.185
allowable. 2-164 machining of HE, 6-14
maximum, (Tresca's rule of flow). 4-185 manufacture, extrusion for, 6-2
rotating band, 4-153 manufacture of HEP, 6-26
on threads of base plug, 2-163 manufacture. methods of weight control, 6-17
threads. 2-5.160,164.184 manufacture, pierce-and-draw process of, steel.
design of base plug, 2-163 6-2
Shearing, 2-120, 6-5 Ir.anufacturlng plant, cost of, 6-24
base plug, 2-169,184 marking of, 6-18
cracks,6-5 metal parts design. 2-162,177
of rotating band. 4-172 moments of Inertia, 3-4
stresses, principal, 4-185 motion of spinning, 3-2
Sheet, trapezoidal, 6-39 multipurpose, 2-161
Shelf IUe, effect of moisture on, 2-191 multiple-wall, 2-109
Shell, 2-160, 3-1. 6-1.2 nosing of, 6-14
APe, 2-4,4-178 painting of. 6-19
banding of. 6-17 performance, HEP, 2-157
base-eJection. 2-160.161. 4-1 poison gas, 2-1
smoke, 2-176 pre-engraved. 3-10
body, 2-170 propaganda disseminating, 2-5,160,161,183,185
all-plastic, 2-175 fUler design. 2-184
breakup, 2-94,144 metal parts design, 2-184
capped steel armor-piercing, 2-4, 4-178 ring-type (experimental), 2-97
casting high-explosive. 6-1 rough machining outside of, 6-14
colored marker, 2-160,176,178.182 round base, 4-182
colored smoke, 2-160.182 separate-loading, 4-178
crush-up, 2-157 separating burst, 2-160
deformation of, 4-178 shape modifications of, 3-64
development of, HEP, 6-26 smoke, 2-1,161
design of colored marker, 2-179 WP,2-179
design of illuminating. 2-162 special purpose, 2-160
design of liquid-filled burster, 2-186 function of, 2-160
design, wp, 2-180 spin-stabl11zed. 2-35. 3-39
during clOSing (manufacture) inspection of, 6-19 spinning. 3-4
during firing, determination of the maximum forces square basp.. 3-64
acting on. 4-178 squash-head. 2-157
eccentric, 3-30 steel, military specification for. 6-5
equatioN! of motion of, 3-4 stress In, 2-153,4-177,184.185
explosive-burst, 2-160 resulting from forces. 4-181
fin stabilized, 3-10,28,70 under stress. failure of, 4-178
finishing of HEP, 6-27 thin-walled, 4-154,6-26
forces acting on, 4-178,181 unsatisfactory, 6-15
forging. 6-6 velocity relative to air velocity of, 3-10
economics of, 6-12 volume of thin ogtve, 3-86
inspection of, 6-13 wall pressure on resulting from rotation of filler.
after, inspection of, 6-13 4-180,181
methods. comparative study of, 6-13 walls, setback of, 4-179
mortar. 6-4 wall, stress in minimum, 4-158
objectives in, 6-7 wall stress in resulting from rotation of filler,
shapes and dimensions of, 6-5
1-36
wall stress in resulting from setback of filler, Simple beam formula, 4-154
4-183 Simplified form function for seven-perforated pro-
wall stress in resulting from setback of metal pellant, 4-26
parts, 4-183 Simulated fire, 1-2
tension in wall resulting from rotation, 4-180 Single
weight of, 3-64 -base propellants, 1-6,4-1,93
white phospho:r::ous (WP), 2-160,161,179,186 ejection charge, 2-160
Shock, 2-156 -ejection system, 2-171
absorber, 2-175 nose charge, 2-175
front, 2-7 perforated grains, 4-22,23
-load factor, 2-198 equations for, 4-27
reflection, 2-31 sampling, 5-5
surface, 2-30 -shot probability, 2-106,107
velocity method, 2-11 wedge profile, 3-71
wave, 2-7,14,19,72,93,156,157,177 Singleton, 2-95
effect of, 2-9 Sintered iron, 4-149,161
reflection of strong (Mach Waves), 2-8 compacts, 4-161
reflection of weak, 2-8 properties of, 4-161
veloc ity, 2-11 Slnter1ng, 6-36
Short sealing lip, 4-150 of tungsten carbide (compacting and), 6-36
Shortness, red, 6-4 Size
Shot particle, 2-106,189
armor-piercing (AP), 2-4,117,153 pin,4-13
blasting, 6-5,12,13,15 web,4-22
pickled, 6-3 Sizing-the-slug, 6-21
blunt headed. 2 -124 Skin friction drag, 3-10
blunt-nosed,2-122 coeffic ient, 3 -10
capped. 2-138 Skirting
monobloc, 6-29 armor, 2-137,157
discarding sabot, 2-4 on cap, effect of, 2-143
hypervelocity armor-piercing (HV AP), 1-2, 2-128, -banded projectiles, 2-118, 4-124
6-35,36 plate, 2-129
base of, 6-35 effect of, 2-137
body of, 6-35 function of, 2-137
manufacture of, 6-35 Sky brightness, maximum, 2-193
windshield of, 6-35 Sleeves, split, 2-164,166,171,175,185
hypervelocity armor-piercing discarding sabot Slide, cross, 6-27
(HVAPDS), 2-118, 6-36 Slope
hypervelocity armor-piercing discarding sabot chamber, 4-137
fin-stabilized (HVAPDSFS), 1-3,2-119 of forcing cone, 4-126
monobloc, 2-138. 6-29 l1!t-eoefficient, 3-13
sharp-nosed, 2-122 start of fOIWard, 4-137
solid,2-117 of tangent lines connecting two arcs, 3-83
start pressure, loss in, 4-163 Slow-burning propellant, 2-175
truncated-nosed, 2-117 Slow-roll, importance of, 3-29
Shrinkage, 4-7 Slug, 2-31,58,150, 6-1,3,5.7
data, representative, 4-14 preparation of, 6-21
of giain, 4-13 sizing the, 6-21
Shroud Small angles of attack, 3-13
cleat, 2-171 Smoke(s), 2-1,187,4-1,3
lines, malfunctioning caused by twisting, 2-166 canister, 2-182,183,184
line, tensile strength or. 2-198 charge, ratio of burster charge to, 2-178
nylon, 2-167 compositions, sensitivity of burning type, 2-183
Shuts, cold, 6-40,43 compositioDs, typical, 2-179
Side spray, 2-106 dyes for, 2-186
Sidewall heat treatment, 6-43 reduce, 4-2
Sidewall stress, 2-153 shell, 2-161
Signal(s), 2-187 base-p.jection, 2-176
color lights, 2-193 colored, 2-182
smokes, 2-182 signal, 2-182
shell, meb.l parts design, 2-182 dispersion of, 2-183
b.ctical use, 2-182 screen, colored, 2-160
terminal effects limitations, 2-182 Smokeless propellant, 1-6,4-1
Silas Mason explosive, 2-178 Snap gage, 6-24
Similltude, principle of, 2-125 Soapcoated, 6-41.42
Simmons, 3-9 Soap lubric:mt, sod1um stearate, 6-3
1-37
Sodium orthosilicate wash, 6-21 damplng factor, 3-6
Sodium stearate soap lubricant, 6-3 degradation, ellmlnatlng. 2-81
Soft flat, 3-30
(Armco) iron, 4-149 stab1l1zation, 3-1
caps, 2-144 -stab1l1zed shell, 2-35, 3-39,64
porous liner, 2-109 mortar, 2-173
Solem, 2-95 va. flight time. 3-10
Solid vs. optimum penetration, 2-4
armor, 2-137 ~1nnlng shell, 3-4
-drawn metal case, 4-120 with a top, comparison of, 3-2
explosives, 2-63 Spiral flutl.ngs, 2-36
geometry of proJectUes, 3-85 Spiral wrapping, 4-135, 6-1
of revolution, 3-88 Splintering, after, 4-76
component, 3-81 Splintering, before, 4-76
formulas for, 3-81 Splinters, unburned,4-25
ogival, 3-87 Spit-back (flash-back)
volume of, 3-81 fuze, 2-63
shot, 2-117 tube, 2-37,54
-state chemistry of pyrotechnics, 2-190 effect of, 2-46
Solution Spllt
of ballistic equation, 4-36 rl.ngs, 2-162
after burnt, 4-39 sleeves, 2-164,166.171,175,185
for pressure-time trace (complete),4-76 aluminum, 2-162
by RD38 system (Hirschfelder), 4-37,40,48 design, 2-164
Solvent recovery, 4-7 . steel tubes, 2-5
Sources of terminal ballistic data, 2-83 Spongtness, 6-17
Space average pressure, 4-36.76 Sporadic high pressures, 4-84
Space, cartridge head, 4-122.123 Spotting charge, 1-2, 2-187
Spaced armor, 2-49,129,137 Spray, side, 2-106 .
caps for defeat of, 2-144 Sprays on hot forgings, effect of water, 6-12
on HEP shell, effect of, 2-157 Spreiter, 3-13
Spall(lng), 1-3,2-120,121,156 Square
of armor (HEP).2-1 base shell, 3-64
mechanism of. 2-157 maximum. 6-8
Span, 3-11,71 slugs, round va.. 6-8
Spark range, 3-67,70 Squash charge, 2-157
Spatial distribution. fragments. 2-101 Squash-head shell, 2-157
Speclal Squeeze-bore proJectlle, 2-4
design problems of mortar ammunition, 2-172 Squeeze, end, 6-6
purpose shell, 2-154,160 Squeezing, 6-1
function of, 2-160 Squ.ldding, 2-195
treatment steel (STS), 2-120 Stab-action primer, 1-6
~ecific Stah1l1ty. 1-8, 2-157,191,4-2,189
heat, 4-35 of asymmetrical project1les, 3-29
ratio of, 4-88 condition, statement of. 3-4
pseudo-ratio of, 4-47 factor, 3-2,5,6,8
limit energy, 2-124 functions of, 3-31
surface, 2-190,192 in flight, 4-170, 6-35
reactants, effect of, 2-190 measure of, 4-93
equation for, 2-190 of pyrotechnic compositions (factors whJch affect),
volume, 4-37 2-187
Specifications, 4-137 static, 3-10
for cartridge cases, trend in, 4-129 va. standoff. 2-4
speclflcations Cor shell steel. 6-4,5,29 of symmetrical shell, 3-11
Spheroldlzed, 6-41 . Stabtlizatlon, 4-6
Spin, 3-8,4-149,173 methods of, 3-1,2
axial,3-29 drag, 2-4,5
compensation, 2-35,36,37.71,73,75,78 fin,3-1
by fluted liners (mechanism of). 2-72 spin,3-1
other than fluted liners, 2-81 Stabtlizlng materlals, 4-1,2
lawnmowers, 2-81 Stages in opening of parachute, 2-196
shear-formed liners, 2-81 Stagnation point, 2-31,33
spiral staircases, 2-81 Stagnation pressure, 2-34
danger of too much (Magnus Moment). 3-29 Staircase method, Bruceton, 2-23
-decelerating moment, 3-8 Stamping of cartridge case, head machining and, 6-39
coefficient, 3-10 St:1ndard
1-38
atmosphere, 2-198, 3-4 hardening,6-21
boosters, 2-177 plastic, 4-118
calibration chart, 4-40 stretcher, 6-44
deviation, 2-127, 3-8,10, 5-12 Strand burner, 4-16
flat parachute, 2-195 Strength
primers design, 4-84 of candle case. 2-176
propellants, compositions of, 4-2 column, 2-185
rifling forms, 4-169 ultimate, 6-41
sampling inspection tables, 6-44 yield, 4-134,149,6-2,41
Standoff, 2-33,34 ,35 ,36,38,40,41,49,66,82 Stress(es), 2-153
optimum, 2-38,49 algebraic sign of, 4-181
on penetration under rotation, effect of, 2-68 bending, 2-124
stability vs., 2-4 in base resulting from rotation of filler, 4-183
time of flight v~ 2-4 in base resulting from setback of filler, 4-183
StaDford Research Institute, 2-158 compressive, 4-181
Star shell, Navy, 2-173 failure of shell under. 4-178
Start of forward slope, 4-137 formulas, deriving shell, 4-178
Start of motion, 4-43 formulas, summary of, 4-184
State hoop. 4-179
of deformation, elastic, 4-178 limits. gun, 4-1
equation of, 2-30.4-33,34 ,42 .43,88 longitudinal,4-182,189
of stress, elastic, 4-187 normal,4-181
Statement of stability condition, 3-4 principal,4-182,185
Static progressive. 4-162,163
charge, 4-1,3 radial,4-182
sensitivity to. 2-187 raisers, 6-41,43
stability. 3-10 relief, 6-44
lift of fins to ensure, 3-11 anneal, 4-135, 6-23.40
tests. 2-16 low-temperature, 6-43
compression, 2-165 taper, 6-43
yield stress, 4-185 setback, 2-119
Statistical method, analysis by, 2-126 shear. 2-31, 4-181,183
Status of HEP shell development and theory, 2-158 maximum, 4-185
Status of wound ballistics, 2-102 in shell (analysis of). 2-153,4-177,178,179.188,189
Steady-state suspension. 2-195 principle, 4-181,185
Steel resulting from rotation, 4-182
adapter, 2-180 summary of, 4-184
austenitic, 6-1 wall resulting from rotation of filler, 4-183
balls. 2-150 wall resulting from setback of filler, 4-183
cartridge cases, 4-133, 6-1,41.44 wall resulting from setback of metal parts,
base rupture of, 4-133 4-183
trapezoidal-wrapped, 4-135 sidewall, 2-153
cold-worked, 6-2,43 -strain curves, 4-118, 6-2
cones, 2-41 state, elastic. 4 -188
critical range of. 6-1 state, plastic, 4-188
liners. 2-32.61 tangential. 4-182
high sulfur content, 6-2 tensile, 4-181
objections to, 6-4 ultimate. 2-178
shells, casting va forging of, 6-1 yield; 2-178, 4-119
special treatment (STS), 2-120 Stretcher strains, 6-44
specifications, shell, 6-4,29 Striking velocity, 2-126,128,137
-to-steel, compariBon of aluminum to steel closure Strip propellant, 4-24
VlL, 2-181 equations for, 4-27
Stellite, 6-27 Strip, rolled, 6-1
Stem, Mach, 2-9 Stripping case from punch, 4-124
Stepped flange. 4-123 Structural damage (lOOA), 2-15
Sterne's criterion. 2-102 Structure, martensite. 2-143
Sticks, igniter, 4-84 Structure, pearlitic. 2-143
Still extraction. 4-119 Studies, aircraft vulnerability, 2-111
Stochastic methods, 2-107 SUbcaliber projectile, 1-3, 2-4,118,12!S,137,165
Stock, hot-forged, 6-2 factors limiting penetration of, 2-137
Stop, case, 4-121 subcaliber steel shot. comparative effectiveness
Storage, 1-8 of full-callber v~ 2-138
must not decompose in, 4-2 Sublot, acceptability of each, 6-44
Strain(s) Subsonic velocities, finned projectiles at, 3-12
energy. 2 -182 SUccessive draws, 6-1
1-39
SUfficient residual penetration, 2-85 T33 projectile (FAP). 2-138
SUmmary, T33 projectile (FAPT). 2-138
of CB11Ses of case failure, 4-120 T34/85 Russian tank (vulnerable areas), 2-89
of equations, interior ballistics, 4-39,46 TID ratio. 2-122.125
summary of streues BCtlDg on proJectlle clur1Dg TNT. 2-13
flrlDg,4-181 Tables
of stress In shell, 4-184 balllat1c, 3-39
of tabulated values. 4-87 for calculation of maximum pressure, 4-47
Superquick fuze. 1-4 for calculation of muzzle velocity, 4-47
SUpersoDic speeds, thin fins at, 3-12 firlDg, 2-177
Supersonic speeds. three-dlm8D8loD&1 fins at. 3-12 Harvard. 3-85,87.88,89
Supersonic velocity, 3-9 standard sampllDg inspection. 6-44
Supplementary charges, 2-177 Tabulated values, summation of. 4-87
Surface Tack-welded. 6-46
bunling,4-6 Tactical
charges vs.lnterDal charges, 2-14 requirement for canister information, 2-154
datum. 5-14 requirements. colored marker shell. 2-176
decarburlzatlon. 6-33 requirements, WP smoke shell, 2-180
defects. 6-41 use, s\gD.al smokes, 2-182
finish, 6-27 Tail
graln,4-6 boat. 3-64.67,68, 6-21
perpendicularity of, 5-15 cone. 2-172.175
press-fit, 2-180 fin assembly, 2-172
0
regression of. 4-35 TallaD1 test (110 e). 4-94
of revolution. 3-69 Tangent
rouglmess. 6-16 oglve.3-65.81.87,88
shock, 2-30 lines cOD.Dectlng two arcs (slope 01), 3-83
spec!flc, 2-190,192 Tangential
equation for. 2-190 (inertia) forces. 4-178.179
Surrender leaflets, 2-183 at given section of shell, 4-181
Surveillance, long-term, 2-175 on rotatlDg band, 4-181
0
Surveillance test (65 e), 4-93 stresses, 4-182
Suspension Tank
cable, 2-175 damage assessment. 2-129
steady-state, 2-195 defeat of. 2-129
system, 2-170 guns. 4-50
parachute, 2-196 Taper(s)
Sweepback angle, 3-11.14 chamber. 4-134
Sweepforward angle, 3-11,14 datum method of dimensioning, 5-24
Swell diameter. 3-69.61,84,87,88 dlametral. 3-83
length of, 3-85 draw, 4-135
Sweptback fins, 3-13 main body. 4-121
Swivel, 2-164 ,166 stress relief, 6-43
attachment, 2-173 Tapered
Symbol adapter, 2-118
concentricity. 5-1.1,14 back projectlles. 4-189
datum surface, 5-13 -bore gun, 2-4.118
dependent locatlonsl. 5-15 cylinder. 6-46
Independent, 5-15 die. 6-8
locatlonal tolerance, 5-13 walls, effect on penetration of, 2-43
for parallelism. 5-14 Tapering. 4-124,6-43
for perpendicularity, 5-14 of cartridge case. 6-37,43
Symmetrical double wedge, 3-71 TapplDg, nose. 6-16
Symmetrical shell. stability of, 3-11 Target(s)
Symmetry, 5-14 characteristics. 2-85
System defeat of, 2-93
double-ejl!ction, 2-171 heavy armor, 2-145
free-flight, 2-195 obscuration, 4-3
of interior ballistics, 4-33 Tasch~, 2-196
Le Duc, 4-80 Tear drops. 6-13
RD38 (Hlrschfelder), 4-20,33,36 Temperature
recoil, 3-72 absolute. 4-35
single-ejection. 2-171 critical. 6-12,14
suspension, 2-170 flame. 4-35
two-shock. 2-9 Ignition, 2-187.189
recrystallization. 6-41
1-40
reaction, 2-187 required. determJn1Jlg weight of, 2-178
tempering,6-1" charge, 2-182
Te~ringte~ra~e8.6-14 Tetrytol, 2-181
Tensile Theory
strength brass. "-135 Bernoulli's. 2-'33,84
strength of fabric. 2-198 of cartridge case functioning, "-118
strength of shroud line, 2-198 constant distortion, of Hencky-Von MiBes. "-186
stress. "-181 first-order, 2-84
longitudlnal,4-179 of HEP shell performance, 2-156
Tension status of HEP shell development and. 2-158
In shell wall resulting from rotation, "-180,181 Interacting wave front. 2-157
test, "-185 Kirkwood-Brlnkley's. 2-9
hoop stress, 2-163 maximum energy, 4-186
Terminal maximum shear. "-185.187
ballistic data, sources of, 2-83 mechanIsm of cap action, 2-1U
ballistic firings, 2-83 parallel BJds (or plane), 3-88
effects' limitations of stgnal smokes. 2-182 plasticity. 4-150.187
velocity, 2-195 Sachs'. 2-8
Test(s) thJD-walled shell, 4-156
acceptance, 4-93 yield criteria. "-185
ballistic mortar, 2-23 zero-order, 2-31
Be~ann-Junk,4-93 Theoretical prediction of radial band pressure. "-lSI
booster sensitivity. 2-23 Theoretical values, Munk's, 3-9
box. 2-84 Thermal conductivity, 2-189
Bureau of Mines. 2-22 Thermochemical characteristics of propellants, "-89
calorimetric. 4-89 Thermodynamic properties of propellants, calcula-
chi-square. 2-95 tion of, 4-87
closed bomb. 4-16 Thick and thin, 6-37
closed-pit, 2-94 Thick(ness)
of cold-extnlded shell, 6-23 of case mouth, 4-124.133
compression, 4-93 cone wall, 2-53
explosion temperature, 2-23 -cylinder formula, 4-180
fragmentation. 2-23,94 .106 o.ange, 4-123
fwlctional,4-129,137 of plate penetrated, 2-137
hardness, 6-15 root. 3-71
heat (75 0 C international). 2-22 -thin effect. 2-72
0
heat (100 C), 2-22 -and-th1n forgtngs, 6-7
heat (115" C), 4-93 web. 4-11.21.24
hygroscopicity, 4-94 Thin
impact sensitivity. 2-22 finS at supersonic speeds, 3-12
initiator. 2-23 pointed. short flns. 3-13
Jominy, 6-29 thick and. 6-37
KI-starch, 4-93 -walled case, 6-1
litmus-paper. 6-40 wall shell. 4-154.6-26
magnaflux, 6-33 -walled theory. 4-156
magnetic hardness, 6-43 Thompson. 2-125
methods. 2-22,4-93 Thread(s)
methyl violet. 4-93 gage. 6-24
sand for liquids. 2-23 shear. 2-5,160.164.184
sand for solids, 2 -23 Three-dimensional breakup of shell. 2-94
static, 2-16 Three-dimensional fins at supersonic speeds. 3-12
compression. 02-165 Threshold. damage. 2-16
surveillance (65 C). 4-93 Thresholds. visibility, 2-193
0
Taliani (110 C). 4-94 Throner. 2-37
tension. 4-185 Time
Trauzl, 2-24 since beginning of motion, 4 -4 7
total volatiles, 4-94 burning. 2-167
panel, 2-94 derivative. 3-6
Picatinny.2-22 of flight. 3-4
test procedures, 6-5 factors governing. 3-38
proving ground. 6-40 minimum. 3-38.64
up-and-down. 2-126 vs. standoff. 2-4
vacuum stability. 2-22,4-94 fuzes. 1-4.4-1
velocity measurement. 2-94 functioning. 2-49.157
Tetryl, 1-5.2-178.181 -to-ignition. 2-192
burster, 2-178 of maximum pressure. 4-45,48
1-41
-to-reaction, 2-192 Truncated
Tin,4-3 conical nose, 2-139
Tip chord, 3-11 -nosed shot, 2-117
Tire-setter, 4-154, 6-17 ogival nose, 2-124
Toggle joint press, 6-17 Tube, 4-23
Tolerance(s),2-39 blast, 2-11
acceptance gage, 5-24 Dash,2-183
of bourrelet, 6-17 metal burster, 2-160
circle, 5-18,23 primer, 4-34
component, 5-24 spit-back, 2-37,54
dependent loeational, 5-13,17,19 effect of, 2-46
diametral,5-13,19,20 split steel, 2-5
gage, 5-24 Tuck,2-64
effect of on component, 5-24 Tumbling (veloelty retardation), 2-166
of fluted liners, 2-80 Tumbling of projectile, 4-164
Independent loeatlonal, 5-13,21 Tungsten.carbide, 2-117,137
of length of case. 4-121 compacting and sinterlng of, 6-36
limits, 5-11,18 core, 2-123,128, 6-35
percent defective lot (LTPD), 5-3 effect of armor-piercing caps on, 2-142
weight, 2-152 effect of nose geometry of, 2-139
work gage. 5-24 manufacture of, 6-36
zone. 5-24,25 dies, 6-37
Toleranced Turning, band, 6-17
angle. 5-20 Turning, rough, 6-12
coordinates, 5-17 TwIst, 2-173
radius, 5-20 gain,4-170
Tolerancing. 5-13 Increasing, 4-172
Tool pin, 2-161
forming, 6-16 rifling,4-169.170,179,189
loading, 6-41 uniform, 4-170
waving, 6-16 zero, 4-172
Torn caVities, 6-13 Twisting of shroud lines, malfunctioning caused by,
Torpex, 2-13 2-166
Torque (T) applied to projectile, 4-179 Two
Total ~imensional breakup of shell, 2-94
radial stress, 4-182 -dimensional fragment breakup, 2-106
volatiles test, 4-94 -dimensional formula, 3-12
volume behind projectile, 4-34 -shock system, 2-9
Toughness, low notch, 6-4 Type(s)
Tracer(s), 1-4,2-187 of armor plate failure, 2-120
compositions, 2-192 of damage assessment, 2-111
Trailing edge, 3-~1.13,14 of flanges, 4 -122
Train, explosive, 2-177 of flutes, 2-76
Trajectory, curvature of, 3-11 of incapacitation, 2-102
Transparent interpolator, 4-17 A,2-102
Transport effect, 2-72 B,2-102
Transverse K,2-102
moment, 3-89,4-178 of parachutes, 2-195
of inertia, 3-2.10,28,81,90 of perforation, punching, 2-129
wave, 2-123 of projectiles. 1-2
wealmess, 6-4 Typical
Trapezoidal sheet, 6-39 calculations for cartridge case, 4-126
Trapezoidal-wrapped cases, 4-135, 6-47 smoke compoSitions, 2-179
Trauzl test, 2-24 projectiles, 3-39
Travel function. 4-48 of rtfllng twist, 4-172
Travel of projectile, 4-44,47
Treatment, heat, 6-3,4,14,33,43
improper, 2-123
Trcsea's rule of Dow (maximum shear), 4-185 mtimate strength, 6-41
Triacetin, 4-2 mtimate stress, 2-178
Trim, rotary, 6-42 Unburnt propellant released at muzzle, 4-76
Trimming. 6-42 Unburned splinters, 4-25
Triple base propellant, 1-6,4-2 Uncannelured band, 4-153
Triple point, 2-9 Undercut seat, 4-154
Trltonal, 2-13 Under bead position, '4-122,125
Trumpet-shaped liners, 2-69 Uniform
1-42
balllBtlc characteristics, 2-151, 40-1,20 striking, 2-128.128
lI11tlal (shot start) presBUre, 40-1408 supersonic. 3-8
twist rUling, 4-153,170 terminal, 2-185
U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, 2-85 llDiformity (poor), 4-84
U. S. Navy "Class A" armor, 2-120 Vent holes, 4-840
U. S. standard sieve, 2-180 VibraUoDB, plate. 2-123
UaolddJzed carbon. 4-87,88 Vlrlal equation, 4-34
Unrotated charges, 2-32 Viscosity reduction, 4-8
Unsatisfactory shells, 8-15 VlsibUity
Unyawed symmetrical wtDp, 3-140 design for, 2-183
Up-and-down method, 2-127 optimum, 2-177
Up-and-down testing, 2-128 threshhoLds, 2-193
Upsetter forging, 8-7,8 VlsuallD8pectlon, 8-20,24
Use' of Harvard tables. 3-88 Volume
Use of matrix, 2-150 cartridge cue, 4-1,137
Utilization of yield criteria, 4-178 chsJnber, 2-128,4-33
of complete ogIve. 3-88
designed for, 4-117
gas,4-87
V-o point, 2-128 of frustums, 4-128
V...50 point, 2-128 of ogIva1 zone, 3-88
V-I00 point, 2-128 of partial flUet, 3-85
Vac1llUD stablllty test, 2-22,40-84 soUd of revolution, 3-81
Value, color, 2-187 specific, 4-37
Values, brlssnce, 2-187 of thin ogIve shell, 3-86
Van der Walls equation, 4-35 Von MlBes yield condition. mathematical statement
Variables, samplJDg by, 5-12 of,4-186,187
Variation, case-to-case, 4-128 VT fuze, 2-177.184
Variation In drag, 3-87 VulnerabUlty,2-14,88,110
Vanl1sh C8D8, 2-11 a1rcraft, 2-111
Vector yaw, 3-2 to external blast, 2-16
Velocity, 3-8, 4-47 area, 2-101
angular, 3-28 method,2-88
critical, 2-128 computation of, 2-91
opening, 2-198 diagrams. 2-141
drop, 3-5,28.30 fuel tank, 2-112
drop and jump of flnDed projectiles (uymmetry
effects of on), 3-30
effect of, 2-123
ejection, 2-163.184 WaddJDg
function, 40-48 cardboard,2-151
fragment. 2-93,99.111 distance, 1-7
htgb detonation, 2-157 felt, 2-172
ofl'lmpact. 2-5,93 Walls,3-12
initial. 3-38 setback of, 4-189
jet, 2-83 multiple. 2-108
limit. 2-125 Warfare, psychological, 2-183
maxlmum, 4-8,50 Warhead size, optimum, 2-14
permissible, 4-158 Warning leaflets, 2-183
measurement test, 2-94 Wash,6-6
method. shock, 2-11 acid, 6-17
muzzle, 2-118,128,153, 3-39,72, 4-28,40,48,129, alkaline, 8-17
137,173,189 gas,4-120
maximum, 2-128 sodium orthosUlcate, 6-21
consistent, 2-152 Wuhlng and degreaslng, 6-17
nutational angular. 3-28 Water
particle. 2-7,30 displacement. 2-180
projectile, 4-20,35,44 jets, 6-8
reduction. 2-168, 4-48 pit,2-84
remaining. 3-4 proofing agents, 2-186
residual, 2-126 Watertown Arsenal, 2-139,142,152, 4-150,151
retardation (tumbling), 2-186 Wave(s),2-30
screen, 2-84 blast, 2-19
service, 4-9,10 bridge, 2-19
of shell relative to air, 3-10 compression, 2-123 ,
,shock-wave, 2-11 detonation. 2-30,81.182
1-43
p1a.De. 2-31 Weiss, 2-93
drq.3-70 Welded overlay rotatlDl bands, 2-5, 4-149,154, 6-"17,
estimation of, 3-70 26
coefficient, 3-70 Welded, tack. 6-48
estimating, 3-76 WhJpplDI of cu1nlin night. 2-185
elastic stress, 2-157 White metal plug, 4-122
front theory, interactlDl, 2-157 WP shell (white phosphorous), 2-180,181,179,186
incident. 2-8,9 cloud, pillaring of, 2-181
Mach, 2-9,19 shell design. 2-180
propqatlon, explosive. 2-7 accessory parta deslgD, 2-180
rarefaction, 2-7 sealing reqUirements. 2-186
reflected. 2-8,9 tactical requirements, 2-180
of strong ,hock (Mach Waves), 2-8 fUUer loading, 2-180
of weak shock. 2-8 Width of rotating band, 4-124,155
release, 2-45 Windshield, 2-117, 3-88,4-178
shaping,2-61,70 aluminum, 8-35
shock, 2-7,14,19,72,93,156,157,177 of HVAP shot, 6-36
effect of, 2-9 Wu.t tunnel meuurements. 3-9,71
Iransverse, 2-123 Wing(s), 3-13
Wavelength attenuation, 2-193 chord,3-11
Waving tool. 6-16 clipped-delta, 3-27
Weakness, transverse, 6-4 delta, 3-27
Weapon(s) rectangular,3-13,27.71
antipersonnel fragmentation. 2-103.106 unyawed symmetrical, 3-14
BAT,2-81 Wiping off of band lands. 4-164
effectiveness. 2-106 Wire. notched. 2-3.108
rec01lless, 2-157, 6-49 Withdrawal easy, 6-1
system analysis, 2-107 Wood. 3-9
type and size, selection of, 2-47 Work
Wear cold,6-3
allowance, 5-24 gage tolerances. 5-24
factor, British. 4-150 -hardening. 4-119, 6-24
of lands. 4-164 Worn rifling. 4-162
of rifling, 4-149 Wound ballistics, 2-3,93,154
of rotating band, 4-150 status of, 2-102
Web, 4-7.9.20,24.36.43 Wounding effectiveness, 2-98
averqe, 4-21 Wrapped cartridge case(s), 4-135, 6-47
calculations, 4-9.14 body of, 6-46
-charge curve, 4-10 design. 4-135
dimensions, control of, 4-13 rough rolling and expanding, 6-39
dimensions, design of, 4-9 inspection of, 6-48
to gun, fitting, 4-9 performance of, 6-47
limits, 4-11 spiral, 4-135. 6-1
optimum, 4-10,11 trapezoidal, 4-135. 6-47
range, 4-9.11 steel, manufacture of. 6-46
determination of. 4-10 Wrinkles, 6-43
remaining, 4-23
size, 4-22
establishing, 4-13
thiclmess, 4-11,21,24 Yaw. 3-7,8,12,69
-velocity curve, 4-10 angle of, 3-2
Wedge, symmetrical double, 3-71 in bore, 3-28, 4-149
Wedge-type fins. 3-71 complex, 3-3
Weight determining effect of. 3-75
of burster charge, determination of. 2-178.182 diverging, 3-4
of tetryl burster required, determining, 2-178 -drag coefficient, 3-5,28,69
charge, 2-138.4-20 initial, 3-5,28,4-164,178
weight control, methods of (shell manufacture), nutational, 3-6
6-17 plane of-. 3-7
distribution in proJectile. 4-189 precessional, 3-6
of gun and mount, 3-72 of repose, 3-2.4
matching, 2-180 vector, 3-2
of proJectile, 4-50 Yawing
setback. 2-164.175,185 moment, 3-3,8,10
of shell. 3-64 coefficient. 3-10
tolerances, 2-152 damping factor, 3-6
1-44
rate of, 3-8,10 Zero
Yield interference, 4-169
condltlon, mathematical statement of Von Misel. order, 2-32
4-187 U1eory, 2-31
criteria, 4-181,185 twlat, 4-172
theories, 4-185 Ztne
utlUzation of, 4-178 alloy, Zamac 5, 2-37
functlon, Von Mt8el, 4-186 cones, 2-'1
htgh,8-44 pbo.phate,8-3
point, 2-153, 4-118, 6-23 Zobel,3-10
Itrength, 4-134,149, 8-2,41 Zone
stress, 2-178,4-119 A (burn1ng), 2-189
of band material, 4-157 B (burninl), 2-189
compressive, 2-186 C (burntng), 2-189
minimum permlaalble. 4-1.66 charges,4-134
static, 4-185 firing, 1-2.7
YOUDI's modulus. 4-118 mized. 2-127
of mixed resultl. 2-125
pre-ignition. 2-189
tolerance. 6-24 .26
Zamac 5 (ztne alloy), 2-37 permt8slble. 6-17
1-45
.,
\
i
/
/
1
,
ARTILLERY AMMUNITION - GENERAL
O--<Xi<.,
TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLETE 0..-00.-."'..
.........,,,,., ou.tI>'
ROUNDS M--IO'T A 1'INC IoUCI
'--CftW
............!I COYH
1-1. Complete Rounds. The term "artillery ........c.un-..DCiot CASt
ammunition" refers to ammunition. excepting L--I'I'OI'fLLlJ<i~

............
rockets and shotgun shells, used in weapons ~NC"t1.JG
G--CIO-<"
~ii
haVing a bore diameter of more than 0.60 ,--eom. "'IPoI WTTIoI f'\.IJ D'IIG
O--~"tl
inch. A complete round of artillery ammuni- I-U.S(D IlI04"tWHC 01.a.1Gl
tion comprises all of the components necessary ~()5a><, ... uc;
to fire a weapon once and to cause the projec-

tile to function at the desired time and place. M
These components are, in general, the projec-

tile, the fuze, the propelling charge, and the
primer. Dependent upon both the type of pro-
pelling charge and the method of loading into
the weapon. complete rounds of artillery am-
munition are known as fixed, semifixed, sepa-
rate loading, or separated. Figure 1-1 illus-
trates these types of ammunition and their
component parts.
1-2. Components of a Complete Round.
Projectile. The projectile is the effect-

producing assembly which is ejected from the
weapon by the gas pressure developed by the
burning propelling charge. Other terms used
in specific nomenclature of certain items, in
place of "projectile," are "shell" and "shot."
Fuze. A fuze is a mechanical or electrical

device assembled to a projectile to cause it to
function at the time and under the circumstances
--- --
.........
Figure 1-1. Ammrmitioft terms-
_ .... r m ~
..... lID ID6o"II
desired. co~plete 7O~s
Propelling Charge. The propelling charge 1-3. Fixed Ammunition. Complete rounds in
consists of a quantity of propellant in a car- which the propelling charge Is fixed, that is,
tridge case, cloth bag, or both. not adjustable, and which are loaded into the
weapon in one operation. are known as "fixed"
Primer. A primer is used to initiate the ammunition. As usually designed, the pro-
burDi.ng of a propelling charge. It consistg pelling charge is loose in the cartridge case,
essentially of a small quantity of sensitive which is crimped rigidly to the projectile.
explosive and a charge of black powder. In a few cases, however, the charg,?! is contained
1-1
til a bag inside the cartridge case. For cer- 1-10. Blank Ammunition is provided in small
tain calibers, rounds of fixed ammunttioD are and medium calibers for saluting and simulated
termed "cartridges." fire. This ammunUton has no projectile.
1-11. Drill Ammunition Is used for training in

1-4. Semiflxed Ammunition is characterized by
handling and loading. It ts completely inert.
an accessible propelling charge, which may be
adjusted for zone firing. Like fixed ammuni-
1-12. Proof Ammunition. Proof ammunition is
tion, It is loaded into the weapon as a unit. The
used for testing of guns and propellant charges.
cartridge case is a free fit over the projectile.
The projectile is ordinarily a blunt-nosed solid
The propelling charge ts divided toto bagged
steel shot of the same weight as the hlgh-
sections, each containtng a definite quantity 01
explosive -projectile which is to be fired from
propellant.
the gun. The propellant charge weight is ad-
justed to give the pressure desired for the test
1-5. In Separate-Loading Ammunition, the that the round is designed for.
separate components - proj~ctile, propelling
charge, and primer - are loaded into the weap- TYPES OF PROIECTILES
OD separately, because the ammwt:tion is too
heavy and bulky to be handled as a unit. Am- 1-13. High-Explosive (HE) Shell have projec-
munition larger than 105-mm caliber falls into tiles of forged steel, comparatively thin walls,
this category. and a large bursting charge of high explosive.
HE shell are used against persoMel and ma-
1-6. Separated Ammunition Is charactertzed by teriel targets, prodUCing blast effect and frag-
the arrangement of the propelling ('harge and mentation at the target. HE shell may have a
the projectile for loading tnto the gun. The time-, tmpact-, inertta-, or proximity-type
propelling charge, contained tn a primed car- fuze, according to the action destred.
tridge case that ts sealed with a closing plug,
and the projectile, are loaded tnto the gun in 1-14. High-Explostve Antitank (HEAT) Shell.
one operation. Separated ammunttlon ts used This is a special shell used agatnst armored
when the ammunition ts too large to handle targets. Its effect Is dependent upon the for-
u a fixed unit. mation of an ultra-htgh-velocity jet of metal
caused by the action of the hollow charge on
1-7. Classification of Ammunition. Ammuni- the metal ltner.
tion may be classlIled according to use as ser-
vice, practice, blank, or drill. In addition, It 1-15. Armor-Piercing (AP) Ammunttlon. The
may be classified according to type of fUler armor-piercing projectUe has a nose of forged
as explosive, chemical, or inert. high-carbon nickel-chrome steel, and Is in-
tended to penetrate the armor of a tank by the
1-8. Service Ammunition is used in combat. energy of Impact. The nose :nay be ogtval,
Dependent upon the type of projectile, it may be or blunt truncated, and must be hard enough
high-explosive (HE), high-explosive antitank to penetrate armor, yet tough enough to with-
(HEAT), armor-piercing (AP), armor-piercing stand cracking or shattering upon impact; it
capped (APC, with or Without explosive fUler), may have an aluminum windshield to provtde
hypervelocity armor-piercing (HVAP, HVAPDS, better balltstic characteristics. The body of
or HVAPDSFS), high-explosive plastic (HEP), an AP shot must be capable of Withstanding
tncendiary, illuminating, marking, propaganda, bending stresses, and also the gouging action
chaff, or liquid-filled shell. of the edges of the hole. The base must have
enough strength to smash through the plate if
1-9. Practice Ammunition is fired for effect caught by the side of the hole, or should be so
in simulated combat, and is also used in train- designed that it wUl break off from the body
ing in marksmanship. The projectile in this wtthout injuring the forward parL
type of ammunition may have a small quantity
of low-explosive filler to serve as a spotttng 1-16. Hypervelocity Armor-Piercing (HVAP)
charge, or the filler may be inert. The pro- Shot ts ltghter than the other armor-pterctng
jectUe may be an empty cast-tron shell. projectlle of the same caliber, and it Is ftred
1-2
at higher veloc lties. The HVAP shot has a 1-20. Caiiister Ammunition consists of slugs
pointed cylindrical core of tungsten carbide. (small cyllnders from bar stock), steel balls,
The core has great density and hardness. or flechettes (stabUtzed fragments with pointed
This type of projectile is obsolescent and nose and finned tall), contained by various
is being replaced by more modern types, methods within the shell. The canister pro-
such as HVAPDS. jectile consists of a heavy steel base, designed
to Withstand the firing stresses, and a thin
steel tube packed with preformed missiles. As
1-17. Hypervelocity Armor-Piercing Discard-
the canister projectile leaves the weapon, the
ing Sabot (HVAPDS) Ammunition. This type of
steel case containing the missiles is split
ammunition consists of a subcaliber projectile
open by centrifugal force, and the missiles
comprising a carbide core in a light alloy or
are distributed in a random pattern. The
steel sheath. The subcaliber projectile is placed
missiles infllct damage, since a velocity is
inside a full-caliber carrier (called a "sabot")
designed to impart velocity and spin to the imparted to them by a propellant charge. A
more complete description of canister packing
projectile. As it leaves the gun, the sabot
and design is given in Section 2.
is discarded by the action of centrifugal force,
air resistance, or both, allowing the projectile
1-21. Pyrotechnic - Type Ammunition com-
to proceed toward the target unimpeded. Gen-
prises a group of shells which perform varied
erally made of aluminum, magnesium -zirconium
functions, but possess certain design sim-
alloy, or plastic, sabots are of three types:
ilarities. These shells, which are fired from
pot type, petal type, and latch type. (See
mortars, howitzers, or guns, are made to
Section 2.)
function by base ejection, separating burst, or
explosive burst. In general, they are modi-
1-18. Hypervelocity Armor-Piercing Discard- fications of the HE shell of the same caliber.
ing Sabot Fin-Stabilized (HV APDSFS) Shot. The Pyrotechnic -type ammunition, grouped together
HVAPDSFS shot is a fin-stabilized kinetic by design similarity, include: illuminating shell,
energy projectile designed for extremely high propaganda shell, colored smoke shell, and
muzzle velocities. It is characterized by an chaff shell; WP shell, and liqUid-filled shell;.
extremely high length-over-diameter ratio. Its and colored marker shell. The complete des-
long thin appearance has led to its being cription and design of these shells is given
referred to as the "arrow" projectile. It may in Section 2.
be fired from either rifled or unrifled barrels
by means of a sabot. It is currently in the I-ROIECTILE COMPONENTS
development stage and has given some very
promising results. 1-22. The Ogive is the curved portion of the
projectile from the point to the bourrelet. The
1-19. High-Explosive Plastic (HEP) Shell are curve of the ogive is usually the arc of a
unique in antitank warfare, as they attempt circle whose center is located in a line per-
to defeat tank~ without penetrating the armor. pendicular to the axis of the projectile, and
The explosive is made In a molded plastic whose radius generally is 6 to 11 calibers in
form and flattens out when the projectile strikes length.
the target. The detonation of the explosive
on the face of the armor causes a rupture 1-23. The Bourrelet is an accurately machined
on the opposite side. This ruptured portion cylindrical surface, of diameter slightly larger
is known as a spall, which causes damage than the body, that bears on the lands of the
inside the tank, dependent on the velocity and bore. The bourrelet centers the projectile in
mass of the spall. The mass and velOCity the bore and guides it in its travel through
of the spall depends on the quality and thick- the bore.
ness of the ar mor and the mass, type, and
I
shape of the explosive filler. This shell has 1-24. The Rotating Band is a cylindrical ring
not yet been fully developed, and little of the of comparatively soft material, usually copper,
theory is known. A more complete description gilding metal, or sort iron, pressed into a
of available theory and design is given in knurled or roughened groove near the base of
Section 2. the projectile. When the gun is fired, the
1-3
rotating band is engraved by the rifling and 1-30. Time Fuzes usually contain a graduated
imparts spin to the projectile. The band may time element in the form of a compressed
also be welded to the projectile by the ''welded black powder train, or a mechanism with a
overlay" method. gear train like a clock, which may be set to
function at a predetermined time after firing.
1-25. Base Cover. Shell containing high ex-
plosives usually are prOVided with a base 1-31. Impact Fuzes are classirted according to
cover to prevent the hot gases of the pro- the quickness of action after impact as super-
pelling charge from coming in contact with quick, nondelay, or delay. See figure 1-2 for
the explosive filler of the projectile through action of ammunition at the target according
possible flaws in the metal of the base. to the quickness of action. Superquick fuzes
produce a burst immediately upon impact,
1-26. ~ The main portion of the pro- before any penetration occurs, thus giving
jectile ordinarily is called the body. The maximum surface effect. Nondelay fuzes are
term "body diameter," however, is used to inertia-operative, and burst the projectile on a
designate the dimension of the cylindrical por- hard surface before complete penetration or
tion of the projectile between the bourrelet ricochet. Delay fuzes allow penetration of
and the rotating band. In order to prevent material targets before bursting, or allow air
contact with the bore, the body diameter is bursts in ricochet fire. The time of action of
smaller than the diameter of the bourrelet impact fuzes is measured from the instant of
or the rotating band. its impact on a target, whereas the time of
action of time fuzes is measured from the
1-27. Tracer. For observation of fire, some instant the weapon is fired. An impact fuze
shell are fitted with a tracer in the base. intended to function on impact with a very
In some antiaircraft gun projectiles, the tracer light material target, such as an airplane
ignites a pellet that, after burning a prescribed Wing, is called supersensitive.
number of seconds, detonates the explosive
filler, should the fuze fail to operate against 1-32. Proximity (VT) Fuzes. In effect, VT
a target. This type of tracer is known as (Variable Time) fuzes are automatic time fuzes.
"shell destroying" (SD). Without "setting" or adjustment, they detonate
the missiles that carry them on approach to
"1-28. Lifting Plug and Grommet. The lifting the target. Artillery VT fuzes are essentially
plug and grommet do not play any part in the combination sell -powered radio transmitting
firing of the projectile but are included on the and receiving units. In flight, the armed fuze
larger caliber shell merely for shipping and broadcasts radio ·waves. Unlike radar waves,
handling purposes. The lifting plug is an eye the radio waves are sent continuously and are
bolt that fits into the threaded fuze cavity in nondirectional. The radio wave fronts, which
the nose of the shell and permits the shell to are reflected back from airplane, ground, or
be handled by means of a winch. The grommet water to the moving missile, interact with the
is a rubber-lined steel covering placed over transmitted wave. When this interaction of
the rotating band to protect it from damage transmitted and reflected waves, which results
resulting from rough handling. Both are re- in ripples or beats, reaches a predetermined
moved before the projectile is used. intensity, it trips an electronic switch. The
switch then permits an electric charge that is
FUZES, BOOSTERS, AND DETONATORS stored in the firing capacitor to flow through
an electric firing squib. The VT fuzes can be
1-29. Introduction. A fuze is a device used used only in deep-cavity shell.
with ammunition to cause it to function at
the time desired, and under the circumstances 1-33. General Description of Fuzes. In general,
desired. Artillery fuzes are classified ac- modern fuzes consist of a connected series
cording to their location on the projectile as (train) of small explosive charges, together with
base detonating or point detonating. They also a striker or firing-pin device for initiating the
are classified according to their method of action of the first charge in the train. The
functioning, as time, impact, or proximity mechanism and explosive elements are held in
(VT), or may be a combination of these. a body or housing. In modern point-detonating
1-4
,
burns slowly, the rate of combustion decreas-
ing as the density increases. In the functioning
of a fuze, eacb charge by its action initiates the
next charge in the train. The final charge in
the fuze causes the detonation of the booster,
which in turn detonates the burstiJig charge
of the shell.
1-34. Bore Safety. To prevent accidental arm-
~'9i.1" ...• :=:"-.. -. log during handling and sbipping, safety devices,
-". '-.
sucb as a safety wire or a cotter pin, are used
when required. In certain types of fuzes, the
mechanisms are arranged so that the fuzes
are said to be ''boresafe'' (detonator-safe).
A boresafe fuze is one in whicb the explosive
train is interrupted so that, wbile the pro-
jectile is still in the bore of the weapon, pre-
mature action of the bursting charge is pre-
vented if any of the more sensitive elements
(primer or detonator) function.
1-35. Methods of Armtog. A fuze is said to be
armed when it is ready to detonate the shell,
....RMOR PLA~TE
that is, when all parts are in, or are free to
OR. CONCRETE '/.,.
/1.
move to, their proper positions in order that
o'_-~-'--
, the fuze may operate in its intended manner.
,
..,..
. The principal forces used in arming fuzes are
.'
I"~T"'~
---··~
"'. iDertia and centrifugal force. In some fuzes,
both of these force~ are. used to activate
, I
safety devices; in others, only one is used.
Centrifugal force occurs in spinning projectiles.
I.,
This force may be utilized to actuate gear
• Le
RA PO 9769'10
trains and to move safety devices into their
proper positions in fuzes and boosters.
Figure 1-2. Action of ammUJ'lition at 1-36. Boosters. Since the burstiDg charges of
the target high-explosive shell lire relatively insensitive
to shock, a comparatively large detonating
(PD) fuzes, the housing is shaped for best charge is necessary to ensure a high order
ballistics. In impact fuzes DOW in use, the detonation of the bursting charge. The use of
explosive train usually consists of a small more sensitive explosives, such as mercury
but bighly sensitive explosive cbarge, such as fulminate or lead azide, in the quantities re-
lead azide, in turn followed by a stUl larger quired for the purpose would create excessive
and still I"!ss sensitive explosive charge, sucb hazards in handling and firing; therefore, such
as tetryl. Sucb charges function by successive explosives are used only in small amounts as
detonation -bence the term detonating fuzes. initiating and intermediate detonating charges.
A separate charge of somewhat less sensi-
When delay action is desired by the use of a tiVity, usually tetryl. is provided for detonating
black powder pellet, the initial charge is a the high-explosive charge of the shell Because
primer mixture, wbich passes a flame to the its function is to increase or ''boost'' the
black powder and, in turn, toa detonator. effectiveness of the explosive train, this charge
Black powder is used exclusively in the time is known as a booster charge. The booster
train of powder-train time fuzes, aDd for the charge may be incorporated in the fuze itself,
magazine charge of both poWder -train aDd or may be encased in thin metal or plastic
mechanical types of time fuzes. Black poWder wbicb is screwed permanently to the fuze and
that has been compressed to great density bandIed as a unit with the fuze.
1-5
1-37. Detonators. A detonator is used in the 1-41. High Explosives, because of their ex-
explosive train to create or transmit a detona- tremely rapid rate of detonation, have a powe"-
tion wave to the booster charge, booster lead, ful disruptive action. The high explosives that
or burster. Three types ,of detonators are are most sensitive to impact are used as initia-
used. One contains a primer mixture as the tors in primers or detonators, wbereas th~
upper layer, for initiation by stab action of a high explosives less sensitive to impact are
firing pin. Another contains lead azide as the used as bursting charges in shell.
upper layer, for initiation either by flame
action from a separate primer, delay pellet, PROPELLING CHARGES
time-train ring, or by detonation of a separate
detonator. The third type contains a fine wire 1-42. General. Propelling charges consist of
or other high-resistance electric circuit in the propellant (essentially nitrocellulose plus
contact with a heat-sensitive primer mixture. other ingredients) with an igniter of black
Passage of an electric current through the re- powder, assembled in a suitable container.
sistance circuit generates heat, which initiates Generally, in fixed, semifixed, and separated
detonation in the primer mixture. Most detona- rounds, the full igniter charge is present in a
tor 'cups and disks are made of aluminum. tube attached to the percussion element of the
primer. In certain cases, however, such as
ammunition for the 75-mm rifle, a supplemen-
EXPLOSIVES FOR AMMUNITION
tary igniter charge is located in the forward
end of the cartridge case. In separate-loading
1-38. General. To deliver the projectile at the
rounds, the igniter charge is assembled in a
target, and to cause it ,to function properly on
bag sewed to the base end of the propelling-
arrival, it is necessary to employ different
charge bag, and in some cases includes a core
kinds of explosives, each of which has a speci-
running through the center of the propelling-
fic function in a round of ammunition. The
characteristics of the various types of explo- charge bag. See figure I-I for representative
types of propelling charges.
sives are given in Section 2. The arrangement
of a series of explosives, beginning with a
To control the burning of propellant powder to
small amount of sensitive explosive and ending
obtain the desired performance in a particular
with a large amount of comparatively insensitive
weapon, the powder is manufactured in several
explosive, is called an explosive train.
types of grains. For a complete description of
the various propellants, their grain types and
1-39. Classification of Explosives. Explosives their characteristics, refer to Section 4.
are divided into two basic groups - propellants
(low explosives) and high explosives. The 1-43. Flashless and Smokeless Characteris-
propellant reacts by burning, at a rate which tics. Whether the ammunition upon firing has
depends upon such factors as pressure, grain flash less or smokeless characteristics, or both,
form, grain size, and composition. The high depends chiefly upon the chemical composition
explosive is used for its detonating properties, of the propellant, the design of the ignition
which result from the motion of a detonation system, and the characteristics of the weapon
wave traveling through the high - explosive in which the ammunition is fired. Variable'
charge at an extremely high velocity. factors that must be allowed for in the original
deSign of the flashless':'smokeless ammunition
1-40. Propellants are used to eject the pro- are firing temperature, degree of wear of
jectile from the weapon at a prescribed veloc- weapon, and weather conditions.
ity. Those currently used have a nitrocellulose
and/or nitroguanidine base. These propellants 1-44. A Cartridge Case, made of drawn brass
are distinguished by such terms as single base or steel, serves as the container for the pro-
(those with nitrocellulose), double base (With pelling charge in the instance of fixed and semi-
nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin), or triple base fixed artillery ammunition. The case has a
(nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguani- profile and design to conform to the chamber
dine). Propellants may be called flashless of the weapon for which the case is intended.
and/or smokeless, but these terms are relative, The head of the case is relatively thick and has
not absolute. a flange to permit mechanical extraction and to
1-6
seat the round in the gun. These rounds used 1-49. Cartridge Bags form a suitable and con-
in automatic guns usually have cartridge cases venient means of containing the smokeless
witil extracting grooves instead of flanges or powder charge in separate-loading ammunition.
rims. The cartridge case holds the primer, Cartridge-bag cloth normally is made of silk;
the propelling charge, and the projectile (except bags made of rayon sometimes are used to
for separated types), so that the assembly can replace silk. Only certain ash-free grades of
be inserted lnto the weapon in one operation. this fabric are suitable; other grades might
A secondary function is to prbvide for obtura- leave smoldering fragments in the bore of the
tion. The case is sufficiently thin to be ex- cannon after firing. The products of combus-
panded by the pressure of the burning gases tion of smokeless powder are inflammable
to a tight fit against the side of the weapon when mixed with the requisite amount of air.
chamber, thereby preventing the escape of A reignition of gases known as a "flare back"
gas to the rear. could occur in the presence of these smoldering
particles.
1-45. The Propelling Charge in a Round of
Fixed Ammunition is usually loose powder in Cartridge igniter bags are made of silk, and the
the cartridge case. In some instances, where cloth is similar to cartridge -bag cloth, except
the charge is not large enough to fill the case that it is more closely woven in order to prevent
completely, a distance wadding, usually a card- the black ignition powder from sifting through.
board disk and cylinder or felt pads, is inserted To date no suitable substitutes for silk have
in the neck of the cartridge case, between the been found.
powder charge and the base of the prOJectile.
In some instances, the same function' may be For a further discussion of the propelling
served by enclosing the charge in a cloth bag charges, and a desc ription of propelling charges
inside the case. Where the primer charge is for particular guns, refer to Section II, chapter
insufficient for satisfactory ignition of the 3, of reference 3, and also Section 4 of this
propelling c h a r g e, a supplementary igniter handbook.
charge of black pOWder may be attached to the
distance wadding to supplement the primer 1-50. Primers and Ignition Charges. A primer
ignition. is used in a propelling-charge explosive train
1-46. The Propelling Charge in a Round of as the component that initiates burning of the
Semifixed Ammunition is in cartridge bags in propelling charge by a flame. Such primers
the cartridge case. Since the cartridge case vary in size and complexity, depending upon
is loosely fitted to the prOJectile, some of the their type and the quantity of propelling charge
bags of poWder may be removed prior to firing to be ignited. For example, the propelling
to prOVide for zone firing. charge of 20-mm rounds is so small, rela-
tively, that the primer is merely a sensitive
i-47. The Propelling Charge in Separated Am- element assembly that is inserted directly into
munition. In "separated" ammunition, the sep- the primer pocket of the cartridge case. In
arately loaded propelling charge is loosely larger caliber rounds, the primer contains a
contained in a cartridge case, which is closed sensitive element of primer mixture or other
by a "closing plug" made of palmetto pulp, explosive, plus a primer charge of black pow-
plastic, or cork. An igniter may be placed der to ensure proper ignition of the larger pro-
around the primer to ensure proper ignition. pellant charges. Where sufficient black powder
1-48. Mortar Prope lling Charges are made up cannot be loaded into the primer body to ensure
of several removable parts or "increments" to proper ignition, a separate bag of black pow-
prOVide for zone firing. Each increment con- der, c'alled an igniter charge assembly, is
sists of a charge of smokeless propellant en- placed with the propellant.
cased in a cotton bag. The bag has a buttonhole
at each end to enable it to be fastened to the Primers may be classified by method of ig-
cartridge housing of the mortar round. The nition as percussion, initiated by a sharp blow
round, as received in the field, has the maxi- from a firing pin in the weapon; or electric, in-
mum number of increments f~stened to it. itiated by sending a small electric current
The gunner adjusts for zone firing by removing through a resistance wire embeddedinanexplo-
the increments that are not desired. sive, or through a conductive primer mixture.
1-7
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 1-53. Forces Acting on Projectiles in Handling.
Normally, projectiles are subject to rough
1-51. Unique Functioning. The unique function handling. Thgy may be dropped, or they may
of ammunition must be considered in the design roll and tumble against each other, both in
of complete rounds and their components. shipment and in use. Some of the areas of the
Practically.all ammunition items are required projectile that may be subject to damage as a
to function only once. This one time, they must result of this handling are listed below, to-
function as intended, with a very high degree gether with the nature of the damage that might
of certainty. Usually, they are used without be expected.
any previous preparation or adjustment, after 1. Rotating bands - indentations or scars.
subjection to handling and storage that may 2. Fins - breaking or bending.
have gone on for periods of years, sometimes 3. Setback arming devices becoming armed.
under very adverse conditions. 4. Explosive elements - primers and detona-
tors are liable to detonation if subjected
This peculiarity of function imposes certain
to severe shock deformation or move-
design requirements of a restrictive nature,
ment.
such as:
5. Chemical fillers - leakage.
1. Ruggedness
2. Corrosion prevention Such damage can be minimized by proper choice
3. Prevention of deterioration of materials. of materials, by the avoidance of sharp corners
or edges subject to breakage, and by proper
On the other hand, this peculiarity makes it packing.
possible to neglect certain other factors that
ordinarily must be given conSideration, such as:
1-54. Design Considerations From Storage Re-
1. Wear
qUirements. Since ammunition may be stored
2. Fatigue
for long periods of time, under adverse condi-
3. Permanent deformation of certain parts as
a normal consequence of its functioning. tions of temperature and humidity, the follOWing
factors must be considered.
1-52. Quantity Production Reg u ire men t s . 1. Malfunctioning or loss of accuracy caused
Another general characteristic of nearly all by extremes of temperature.
ammunition components is that tbey are made in 2. Malfunctioning or loss of accuracy re-
large quantities. Coluantity production makes it sulting from exposure to dust or sand.
economical to provide special tools, automatic 3. Malfunctioning or loss of accuracy re-
or semi-automatic machines, and other special sulting from exposure to rain or snow,
mass production equipment for their manu- and immersion in water.
facture, loading, assembly, inspection, testing, 4. Stability of explosives and other chemi-
and the like. In the design of ammunition com- cally reactive material.
ponents, their forms, dimensions, and toler- 5. Resistance of metal parts to corrosion.
ances must be kept in mind for mass produc- 6. Resistance of nonmetallic materials to
tion purposes. deterioration.
BIBLIOORAPHY
1. Hayes, T.J., "Elements of Ordnance," John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1938.
2. Ammunition, General, TM 9-1900, War Department Technical Manual,

June 1945.
3. Artillery Ammunition, TM 9-1901, Department of the Army Technical

Manual, September 1950.
1-8
cu. S. GOVERNMENT PRl:NTING OFF1CE ; 1967 a ~ 255-009 (Po O. 7129A)
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK SERIES
1":be EAilneerinl DellI" Handbook Series h 1ntended to provide a compilation of princlpln and (undamental data to
.upplement experience in asshUnl en.lneers in tAe evoluUon of new designs wbJch will meet tactical and technical
nuila ..Ia.lle aho emhodying utlsfactory produclbllity and malntainabUity.
Li.t.d below are tAe Handbooqwhlch have been pubUshedor submitted forpubllcation. Handbooks ",itA pUbllcaUon
dat. . pzoiozo to 1 Ausust 1961 were publlsh.d u lO-uri. . Ozodnanc. Corps pamphleU. AMC Cizocular 310-38, 19 July
1963. ndnipl.at.d thOle publlcationa a. 706·uZ'in AMC pamphlets (i. e., ORDP ZO-138 'II"
redesignated AMCP 706.
UB). All n .... npzointed, ozo reviled handbook. an being published as 70b-seri . . AMC pamphlets.
Cien.nl and MI.c.l1aneou. Subj.ct. Balll.tk Mi.aile Series
Numbezo Title Nwnbezo T,He

~ £lemeat. of Azo~at EDilnenin•• Put One, l81(S-RD) Weapon Sy.tem Effectivene •• (UI
SoUZCel of Enn,y l8Z PropulBion and Propellants
107 E1emeDh of AZ'mameatEl:IIln•• zoin,. Pazot Two. 284(C) Trajectories (U)
Balli.tics 286 Structures
108 Elem.ats of AZ'mam.nt Enaln"zolna, Part Thr.e.
Weapon Syst.m. a.ad Component. Balli.tics Serie.
110 Ezperimeatal Statletlc., Section I, Basic Con- 140 Trajectorie •• Differentid E,oects, ano ::...t ...
cept. and Analyli. of Mea.urement Data for ProJeCtile8
111 Ezperimental Statistic •• Section 2, Analysl. of 160(5) Elements of Term;" .. l L-<l:"et':s. Part O::e,
Enum.zoative &Zld C1aeelflcatozoy Data intzooduction, Kill Mechaniem., and
112 Expezoimeata1 Stati.tlc s, Section 3. P1anain, and Vulnerability (UI
Analy.i. of Compazoative EzperimenU Ibl(S) Elements o( Terminal Balli.hcs, Part Two,
113 Ezp.rim.ntal Stati.tic., Section 4, Special Collection and Analysis of Data Concern-
Topic. iog Target. (U I
114 Ezperimental Stati.tic., Section 5, Tabl. . 162(S-RD) Elem.nt. o! Terminal Ballistic •• Part Thzo.e,
134 Maintenance Engineering "Guide (or Ordnance AppHcahon to Missile and Space Target. (U)
Deli,n
U5 Inve::ltion., Pat.at., and Related Matte zo. Carriages and Mount. Serie.
136 SeZ'Vom.chaniam•• Section 1, Theory 341 Cradles
137 Sezovomechaaism•• Section 2, Mea.ur.ment 34~ Recoil Sy.tems
and,' Si,naJ CO:1vert.re 343 Top Carriage.
138 Sezovom.chani'm., Section 3, Amplification 344 Bottom Carriages
139 SeZ'Vomechani'm., Section 4. Powezo Elements 345 Equilibrators
and Sy.tem De.i,n 346 Elevating Mechani.m.
170(C) AZ'mozo and It. Application to Vehicl. . (UI 347 Traversing Mechani.",...
270 Pl'op.llant Actuat.d Device.
290(C) Warh.ad.--Cienezoal (U) Materials Handbooks
331 Compen.atinl Elemeat. (Fir. Control Serie.1 301 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy.
355 The Automotlv~ A8Iemb1y (Automotive Sezoi. . ) 302 Copper and Copper Alloy.
303 Magnesiwn and Magnesiunl Alloy1l
Ammuo.ltion and Explosive. Serle. 305 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
175 Solid Pl'opellaat., Part ODe 306 AdheSive.
1 i 6(CI Solid Propellaat., Part Two (U) 307 Ciuket Materiale (Nonmetallic)
177 Propertl•• of Explo.iv •• of Millta!"y Inter. . t. 308 Cila..
Section 1 309 Plaatics
17B(C) Prop.rU. . of Explo.ivel of Military !Dterest, 310 Rubber and Rubber-Like Matenal.
Section 2 (U) 311 Corro.ion and Cozozoo.ion Protection of Metal.
210 Fuze •• Cien.ral and Mechanical
211(C) Fuzel. Proximity, El.ctrical, Part ODe (U) Surface-to-Air Miuile Series
212(5) Fuzee. Proximity. Electrical, Part Two (UI 291 Part One. System inte,ration
213(5) Fuze•• Proximity, Electrical. Part Three (U) 29l Part Two, Weapon Control
214 (51 Fuze •• Proximity, E1.ctrical, Part Fouzo (UI 293 Part Three. Computer.
215(C) Fuze., Pl'oximity, Electrical, Part Fiv. (U) 294(5) Part Four, Missile Armament \U)
244 SeCtiOIl 1. Artill.!"y Ammu.o.ition- -Cie:1eral, 295(5) Part Flve, Countermeaaures (U)
.... itA Tabl. of Cont.at •• Ciloeeary and 196 Part Six, Stru<:ture. and Powezo Souzoce •
Index fozo Ser ie. 297(51 Part Seven, Sample Probl~m (UI
245(CI Sectioll 2. De.ign for T.rminal EUecU (UI
246 Section 3, De.iln for Coatrol of nilht Chazo-
act.zoi.tic.
247 (C) Section 4. Design for Projection (U)
248 Sectio:1 5. In.pectlon ~pect. of Artillery
Ammu.o.ition D. . igll
249(C) Section 6, Manufactur. of M.tallic Compollellte
of Artillery Ammunition (U)
I
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AD830290 - Artillery Ammuntion

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AD830290 - Artillery Ammuntion

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AMC PAMPHLET AMCP 706·244

THIS IS A REPRINT WITHOUT CHANGE OF OROP 20.244

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

HEADQUARTERS. U. S. ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND SEPTEMBER 1963

AMCP 706- 244, Section I, Artillery Ammunition--General,

FOR THE COMMA~~ER:

SELWYN D. SM! TH, JR.

Material for this series was prepared by the Technical Writing

The following were responsible for the conception and direction of

ARTILLERY AMMUNITION SECTION, ARTILLERY AM-

Alfred F. Teitscheid Chief, Artillery Ammunition Branch

Wilder R. Carson Chief. Artillery Ammunition BraDch

Roy B. Wood Chid. ArtiUery Ammunition Laboratory A

George Demitrack Picatinny Arsenal Interior Ballistics,

Lars Enequist Ballistics Research Lethality Criteria

. Henry P. Hitchcock Ballistics Research Exterior Ballistics

Dr. Robert H. Kent Ballistics Research Exterior Ballistics

Charles Lenchitz Picatinny Arsenal Thermodynamics of

Prof. Arthur F. Prof. of Mechanical Manufacturing

Arnold O. Picatinny Arsenal Physical Testing of

Richard E. Todd Picatinny Arsenal Quality Control

Col. Herman U. General Contributor

Murray Weinstein Picatinny Arsenal Physical Testing of

Dr. Lewis Zernow Ballistics Research Shaped Charge

Col. Herman H. Ordnance Specialist

Kenneth H. Abbott Watertown Arsenal Kinetic Energy

Theodor Advokat Picatinny Arsenal Special Purpose

Norman E. Beach Picatinny Arsenal Chemical Testing of

Donald R. Beeman Picatinny Arsenal Head Ammunition

WUlard R. Benson PicaUnny Arsenal Lethality Theory

WUliam Byrne Frankford Arsenal Cartridge Case

J'OOn E. Capell PicaUnny Arsenal Ammunition Design

Herbert N. Cohen PicaUnny Arsenal Pyrotechnics

CorWin S. Davis Picatinny Arsenal Chief Propellant

Abraham L. Dorfman Picatinny Arsenal Pyrotechnics

Cy rus G. Dunkle Picatinny Arsenal Shaped Charge

Leonard H. Eriksen Picatinny Arsenal Explosives Chem-

Harold N. Euker Frankford Arsenal AP Shell

Patrick Falivene Picatinny Arsenal Propellant Ignition

Arthur P. Field PicaUnny Arsenal Inspection

Al Fox Frankford Arsenal Manufacturing

LeoJ'. Frey, J'r. PicaUnny Arsenal Special Purpose

Robert Frye Picatinny Arsenal Head Chemical

Andrew J'. Galko Picatinny Arsenal GB Shell

Thomas Hall Picatinny Arsenal HEP Shell

Dr. David Hart Picatinny Arsenal Head Pyrotechnics

Floyd Hill Ballistics Research Tank Vulnerability

Sidney Jacobson PicatiMY Arsenal Kinetic Energy

William losephs Picatinny Arsenal Propellants

Kurt Kupferman Picatinny Arsenal Shaped Charge

Robert G. Leonardi Picatinny Arsenal Primer Ignition

William L. Lukeas Formerly in charge

Ulysses S. Picatinny Arsenal Inspection

lames R. McKay Picatinny Arsenal Special Purpose

Harold Markus Frankford Arsenal AP Shell

Anthony Muzicka Watervliet Arsenal Rifling and Gun

lacob H. Niper Picatinny Arsenal Inspection

Karl G. Ottoson Picatinny Arsenal Asst. Chief, Chem-

Lawrence W. Pell Picatinny Arsenal High Explosives