Maths
Maths
Maths
Division Board
A
N
N
U
A
L
T
E
C
H
N
I
C
A
L
V
O
L
U
M
E
Technologies
For
Futuristic Architecture
And
Urbanism
President
Mr Sisir Kumar Banerjee, FIE
Secretary & Director General
Maj Gen (Dr) S Bhattacharya, VSM (Retd.), FIE
Editor-in-Chief
Dr D K Tripathy, FIE
Chairman, Committee for Advancement of Technology and Engineering
Consulting Editor
Mr P K Maity, FIE
Chairman, Architectural Engineering Division Board
Members of Editorial Board
Mr H K Mittal, FIE
Mr Mahavir Chopra, FIE
The Institution of Engineers (India), 8 Gokhale Road, Kolkata 700020, as a body accepts no responsibility for the
statements made by individuals in the paper and contents of papers published herein.
The Institution of Engineers (India) subscribes to the Fair Copying Declaration of the Royal Society. Reprints of
any portion of the publication may be made provided that reference thereto be quoted.
As per Bye-Law 118, copyright of each paper published in Institution Journals or Proceedings in full or in abstract
at its Centres shall lie with the Institution.
Printed at M/S Jyoti Graphics, 6-D, Ramanath Majumder Street, Kolkata 700009
Contents
Another aspect in affordable housing that needs should also need to bear in mind that recurrent
attention is the recurrent operation and costs of O&M pertaining to affordable homes are
maintenance (O&M) costs associated with minimum.
dwelling units. Thus a lot of success in providing
In this context, reference may be made to the
affordable houses in cities and towns, especially in
contribution of Mr. C V Ananda Bose, an ex-IAS
bigger ones, would depend on using low cost
officer, who had pioneered a movement for
technologies in construction of buildings and also
affordable housing using cost-effective and
the same having lower O&M costs.
environment-friendly housing units. He set up
The task ahead is highly challenging and at the Nirmithi Kendra (Building Centre) the first of its
same time laced with a great deal of opportunities kind in the country in the Kollam district of Kerala
for planners, engineers and architects. Given the and which was subsequently replicated elsewhere.
need for making housing units affordable to This initiative was adjudged by the United Nations
majority and also given scarcity of land in cities as one of the Global Best Practices in the field of
and towns, the basic issues in big cities and towns sustainable human settlement development.
would be to evolve designs that would not only Further, the Building Materials & Technology
bring down construction costs by use of innovative Promotion Council (BMTPC) under the Ministry
non-traditional building technologies and of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of
planning the dwelling units in such a manner that India, deals with innovative building technologies
maximum number of units could be having low cost of construction. What we need to
accommodated over, say, one acre of land without deeply look into is the feasibility of a technology in
sacrificing the basic amenities matching with the locality of project site and also the trade-off
lifestyles of all. The technologies to be proposed with land requirement.
Abstract
Children are the most sensitive elements of our society- The planet earth's future. For most of the children,
the real world is being replaced by a virtual one, which leading towards disconnection and lack of
appreciation towards the natural world. Numerous studies have shown that the decreased contact with
nature has a negative impact on children and their well being. The Built environment for children features
a huge range of educational buildings, from kindergartens to vast schools and university campuses in
which children spend over 1000 hours a year. The scarcity of land in urban areas has shrunk the green
spaces within these urban educational settings compared to earlier days disengaging children from
knowing nature and the natural environment. This disconnection with nature may lead to biophobia – the
fear of living things and aversion and alienation from nature as well as nature deficit disorder. Biologist E.
O. Wilson coined the term Biophilia which says that humans have the innate tendency to affiliate with
nature and nurturing this biophilia may help improve the psychological well-being and overall health of
the children. Through increased contact with nature, children can develop stronger conservation attitudes
leading towards overall environmental sustainability for the future. This research paper through literature
studies and a case study of a school tries to show the incorporation of biophilic design patterns in building
a design which can not only enhance the connection between children and nature but also build a school
building which is sustainable.
Keywords : Biophilia, Nature connectedness, School design,Sustainability
Introduction health and wellbeing.
One of the WHO Sustainable Development Goals our modern lifestyles and technological
talks about the creation of sustainable cities and advancements have led to a disconnect from our
human settlements. Sustainability can be defined natural surroundingsand we are forced to spend
as the responsible interaction with the 90% of our time indoors.Being connected to nature
environment to avoid depletion and degradation of and natural surroundings is very important for
natural resources and allowfor long-term achieving people's physical and mental well-being
environmental quality to ensure healthy lives and .This disconnection with nature is also diminishing
promote well-being for all ages.This can be the feeling of responsibility towards protecting it
attained through numerous ways and one of them andmay be one of the reasons for contributingto
is through the preservation and conservation of our planet's destruction.
nature.Many researchers have concluded that an Experiencing the natural world is important
efficient way to promote positive attitudes towards especially in children to develop love and affinity
nature conservation is through direct and concrete towards naturepreservation and
experiences with nature (Turpie, 2003) which conservation.TheBiophilia hypothesis suggests
would strengthen the emotional connection that people have an inherent love for nature and
humans share with nature as well as improve their living things which can be nurtured, enhanced and
schoolbuilt environment. School structures can experiencing the resources in site and building
support and cultivate the inhabitant's creative design. The sustainable design attempts to balance
abilities and association with themselves, peers, human needs along with the natural and cultural
and the community. ThereforeIt becomes environments and biophilic design studies the
necessary to investigate how school design impact of environmental qualities such as light,
contributes to these concerns color, space, shape, air, material and vegetation on
“School architecture needs to be radically re- human psychology and physiology.
thought, we need to design buildings and Incorporating Biophilic design patterns in school
landscapes that resonate with our biological and buildings will not only enhance the well-being of
aesthetic sensibilities because the ways students the students but will also connect them to the
experience schools will forever shape their paths natural environment and also help in sustainable
on this precious and fragile planet.” Rena Upitis practices for the school building.The built
Schools can be thought of as a place which gives an environment that is designed considering the
opportunity to reconnect children with the natural biophilic design patterns attempt to reduce the gap
world and create a future generation that values between buildings and the human needs to connect
and preserves nature.Schools help in the social with the natural world.(Sharifi&Sabernejad,
interactions, physical growth, emotional 2016)usingthe survey-based method,reviewed
development, and intellectual attainments of its and analyzedthebiophilic design
students.Children's environmental education principlesthatmet the objectives of sustainable
needs are to be designed to match children's development.
developmental needs, interests, abilities and A sustainable building incorporating biophilic
learning styles.The School building design has a design patterns will feature (daylight, views,
great potential to help children reconnect to nature. connection to nature, ambient controls) to enhance
Implementing the biophilic design patterns can the experiences of habitable
help in designing schools to foster positive spaces.Schoolbuildings can be sustainable by
connections between children and their natural incorporating biophilic design patternsand
environment. The aspects which show the respond successfully to achieve the desired
indoor‐outdoor relationships in schools are experiences.
under‐studied. In fact, there is no empirical The human-nature relationships tend to fall into
research that shows how indoor/outdoor three broad experience categories:Nature in the
relationships in school buildings affect students' Spacedepicts the presence and variety of
connection to nature. vegetation, water bodies, animal species, and
different components from nature within the built
Biophilia for Sustainability in School Buildings
environment. Natural Analogues are objects,
A school has always been the centerpiece of its materials, hues, shapes, patterns,andsystems that
community and, therefore, well positioned to take arouse nature. in architecture and design, these
the lead in influencing environmental awareness. analogues can be characterized as depictive
Incorporating sustainable practices for school artwork, ornamentation, biomorphic forms,and
construction can create an environment that young natural materials. Nature of the Spacedenotes to
students will emulate and carry into the world. different spatial configurations and related
Children in schools not only learn the cultural psychological and physiological reactions they
values but along with it, they can also learn values stimulate. (Ryan, Browning, Clancy, Andrews,
about nature.Sustainability is defined as the &Kallianpurkar, 2014).
practice of designing in a way that preserves the
Table 1 shows the three concepts of categorization
natural environment and long-term human well-
of nature and human relationship, their
being. Sustainable architecture adapts to the
psychological and physiological influence and
natural form and environment and therefore
ways of incorporating the biophilic design patterns
designed for functional harmony with the natural
into school buildings.
resources which encourages sensing and
Table (1) summarizes that a space with a good (Mahidin&Maulan, 2012). This paper tries to
Visual Linking with Nature feels complete, it can address the need to incorporate strategies that
be exciting or relaxing. It expresses a sense of time, promote a connection between children and nature
weather and other living things. during their time spent in school.This not only
enhances their health and well-being but also
All these methods will help in increasing biophilic
promotes a pro-environmental behavior. It has
levels in children, reduce their biophobia and
attempted to present the foundation necessary for
hence enable them to build an emotional
thinking more critically about children's
connection with nature which will, in turn,
connection with nature and how biophilic design
improve their conservation attitudes leading
patterns can be used as a strategy for improving
towards a more sustainable earth.
and augmenting the built and unbuilt, natural and
Discussion and Future Directions man-made connections in the built environment. It
is intended to inform a broad audience engaged
The substantial amount of scientific research on
with designingschools and forthosewhoinhabit
the topic of biophilia clearly illustrates that a
schools everyday. It is hoped that this study will
strong connection to nature can enhance student's
allow educators, architects, school
cognitive, social and psychological development.
boardadministrators,and the general public to
The purpose of defining the biophilic patterns is to
visualize how buildingdesignmight be adjusted to
articulate connections between features of the built
enhance student's relationship with the natural
and natural environments.This paper can be
world. Biophilic design patterns need not be
thought as an initial step to explore which aspects
thought as formulas for designing buildings; they
of the school built environment can nurture
are meant to inform, guide and assist in the design
children's biophilia and biophilic design patterns
process and can be considered as another tool in
can be implemented for a sustainable school
the designer's toolkit This study, tries to contribute
building.By applying this knowledge to school
to the scant research on how students respond to
architecture, architects and designers can sensibly
school architecture in subtle ways and how
manipulate space to improve children's
architecture can help them develop affection for
experiences that occur in the built environments.
the natural world.Therefore Architects and
The vital objective of using biophilicdesign designers involved in school building design need
patterns in school architecture is to outline its to design and create spaces which motivate the
attributes and learn about the importance of children to spend time outdoors in intimate daily
connection to the natural environment in building contact with nature. It is only through such positive
projects.The design patterns are tabulated and put experiences in outdoor nature that children will
them in a clear and organized format for develop their love of nature and also a desire to
developers, planners, designers, and architects protect it for their future and later generations.
which can be used as a guide in building design.
References
Given these points, this literature analysis 1. Bento, G., & Dias, G. (2017). The importance of outdoor
concludes that school buildings can be designed to play for young children’s healthy development. Porto
mediate children's relationship with the natural Biomedical Journal, 2(5), 157–160.
world when they are inside them and also make the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbj. 2017.03.003
children aware of the sustainable practices and the 2. Bixler, R. D., & Morris, B. (1997). The role of “outdoor
benefits from them.The study also reminds us that capital” in the socialization of wildland recreationists.
Proceedings of the 1997 Northeastern Recreation Research
designing schools that enable, students, to interact Symposium, Bolton, {NY}, 1(January 1997), 237–242.
with the natural world make a critical difference in
children's lives. 3. Browning, W., Ryan, C., & Clancy, J. (2014). 14 Patterns
of Biophilic Design. Terrapin Bright Green,LLC, 1–60.
Conclusion 4. Chawla, L. (2012). The Importance of Access to Nature for
Young Children. Early Childhood Matters, 48–51.
It is important to explore children's relationship
with the natural environment because children are 5. Dutt, I. (2012). School Design and Students’ Relationships
with the Natural World. Children, Youth,and
the future guardian of our planet earth
Abstract
Vernacular architecture can otherwise be called architecture without an architect. Architecture by the
people, for the people and of the people. Vernacular architecture is a term to categorize methods of
construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs. Laurie Baker:
The use of local materials with consideration to local climate and participation of the people leads to a
holistic design approach. India has a long history of varied cultures, traditions, languages, rules and
religions. This has resulted in a multitude of architectural ideas, influences and styles that have developed
from different parts of the country. Natural ventilation and daylighting are two prime elements in building
design. Both are important for providing a comfortable indoor environment and help reducing the amount
of electrical energy and thereby conserving energy used in a building. The purpose of this study is to list
out the various passive strategies used for natural ventilation and daylighting that has been inherited from
the ancient vernacular architecture and how they have found a space and are making an impact even in
modern homes. And as a result how sustainability can be achieved to an extent by conserving energy for
the purpose of lighting as well as natural ventilation.
Keywords : Vernacular architecture, Daylight, Natural ventilation, Passivestrategies, Energy
conservation
Introduction standard of living, the consumption of energy in
buildings are progressively rising. With respect to
The main purpose of buildings is to provide a this context, the conservation of energy in
comfortable living environment protected from buildings through proper construction, operation
the extremes of climate. In this regard vernacular and maintenance practices assume prime
b u i l d i n g s e v o l v e d g r a d u a l l y t o m e e t importance.
environmental, socioeconomic, and sociocultural
characters of the society to meet the needs of the For providing a perfect comfortable indoor
local people and has evolved gradually to meet the environment, ventilation and daylighting are the
changed lifestyle over a period of time. Most of the two prime factors in building design. In the present
buildings during the ancient times are still intact, scenario, where the energy consumption and
which shows these buildings obtained deep depletion of renewable resources is an issue it is
harmonization with site surroundings and had a necessary to follow the traditional methods
minimal environmental impact. The concept of wherever possible. Now the Architects are more
sustainability, which arose during the 1980s, into sustainability and it is evolving rapidly from
evolved very rapidly from an ecologically friendly an ecologically friendly approach to a series of
approach to a series of rather high-tech and i n n o v a t i v e i d e a s . V e r n a c u l a r
expensive responses. Nevertheless, vernacular Architecturethroughout the world is very much in
heritage throughout the world was, and is, very practice and actively participating in the present
much alive and still plays an active role in present society as a measure for sustainability in
society and its architecture. Architecture.
Energy is the basic requirement for the existence What is Vernacular Architecture?
and development of human life. According to IEA, The word vernacular Architecture is very
40 % of the total energy produced is consumed in effectively defined in the book, Built to meet the
the construction sector. With the changing mode of needs, by Paul Oliver. In which it is explained as,
the word Vernacular being derived from there existed a harmony between the
“ Ve r n a c u l u s ” m e a n i n g “ N a t i v e ” a n d environment,climate, building and people's
“Architecture” being the “Science of Building”. lifestyle.
With this definition we can have a very deep
As a result a number of passive solar techniques
understanding of the same.
developed in various parts of the world in
“Architecture without Architects”.It was the vernacular architecture where climate, culture and
building science that evolved naturally by the local materials were the prime factors considered. In
people from their basic needs, with local course of time with the technological advancement
construction methods and techniques and locally people have failed in maintaining the harmonious
available materials. Which have sustained the behavior of buildings, climate and their lifestyle.
ravages of time and passed on through generations. Modern buildings are built in sucha way that they
It has a positive response to the climate, places, are designed with an exuberantly ornate façade
culture, materials and local skills. with super looks and the interiors are made
comfortable with artificial devices. Where in the
Principles of design in Vernacular Architecture
major drawback is that, such buildings consume an
Vernacular Architecture was based on certain enormous amount of energy.
principles and is a result of factors that are,
As a matter of fact a major worldwide concern for
Region specific – Site, landform, topography and conservation of energy has reawakened as a result
climate for the need to build sustainable buildings, thereby
conservingenergy. These have led to the evolution
Culture Specific- Living style, activity pattern,
of “energy conscious building”.
customs and traditions.
Lifetime energy requirements of a building include
Underlying Principles of Design
the energy used in that building right from the
• Axis construction stage to its occupancy and also
include the energy that is necessary to sustain and
• Symmetry
maintain the building throughout its life which is
• Hierarchy dependent on selection of site, orientation of
building, building material, shading devices,
• Rhythm
façade treatments, openings, windows, form and
• Datum space utilization, courtyard planning, skylights,
structure etc. Hence, incorporating these methods
• Transformation
with passive solar techniques will help reduce the
• Form & Space lifetime energy requirement of a building
substantially. The combination of various passive
Vernacular Architecture and Sustainability
heating and cooling techniques in order to achieve
Vernacular Architecture can be associated with comfortable thermal temperature conditions has
sustainability as their common goal is to produce always been visible in vernacular architecture.
sustainable environment friendly buildings that
Principles of Energy Conscious Design
are compatible with the surrounding conditions
and that can be habitable and is adaptable for a The energy conscious design approach helps
considerable number of years. architects and occupants toeconomically reduce
building operating costs, while at the same time it
Traditional buildings had many built in
helps improving the indoor environment quality.
architectural features for achieving comfortable
The energy consumed by a building depends on its
indoor environment. They were built in such a way
use (whether residential, commercial or
as to make maximum advantage of the climate and
industrial), the type of building (air-conditioned or
the surroundings. As time went by newer
otherwise), the interaction of spaces, and the
construction methods and materials came into
climate. It is the duty of the architect to ensure the
existence and vernacular built forms evolved and
design of the built form suits the intended use of the
building and the specific needs of the taking into replacement of stale air by fresh air. It also
consideration the prevailing climatic conditions. provides cooling by air movement.Hence, it would
The parameters of architectural design are based be appropriate to define the term ventilation as the
on need, context and form and the relationships supply of outside air to the interior for air motion
between them. Appropriate combinations of these and replacement of vitiated air. An indoor air speed
parameters lead to savings of energy required for of 1.5 – 2.0 m/s can cause comfort in warm and
maintaining healthy and comfortable indoor humid regions where the outdoor maximum air
environment conditions. temperature does not exceed 28 –
32oC.Ventilation moves outdoor air into a
Passive solar techniques involve methods of building, and distributes the air within the
collecting, storing, distributing and controlling building. The general purpose of ventilation in
thermal energy flow by means of natural principles buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by
of heat transfer, where there are no separate both diluting the pollutants originating in the
devices for collecting and storing energy, nor any building and removing the pollutants from it. If
mechanical means for transporting heat. They well installed and maintained, there are several
make use of the energy available in the immediate advantages of a natural ventilation system,
environment and produce energy exchanges compared with mechanical ventilation systems.
through natural processes. Passive systems offer a Natural ventilation can generally provide a high
number of advantages thatafford large savings of ventilation rate more economically, due to the use
energy; they are also easy to incorporate into of natural forces and large openings. Natural
buildings at little or no additional cost. Further, the ventilation can be more energy efficient,
simplicity of design, operation and maintenance particularly if heating is not required. Well-
invite interest. Common materials can be used in designed natural ventilation could be used to
constructions and the systems subsequently access higher levels of daylight.
maintained by laypersons. However, as passive
systems are dependent on natural forces, it would Ventilation can generally be defined as the
be incorrect to compare their performance with replacement of stale air by fresh air. It also
that of air-conditioning systems. When rooms are provides cooling by air movement.Hence, it would
required to be maintained at a constant temperature be appropriate to define the term ventilation as the
and humidity, it is still advisable touse supply of outside air to the interior for air motion
conventional systems. and replacement of vitiated air. An indoor air speed
of 1.5 – 2.0 m/s can cause comfort in warm and
In this study I will be further discussing about the humid regions where the outdoor maximum air
passive strategies used for day lighting and natural temperature does not exceed 28 –
ventilation used in vernacular architecture, and 32oC.Ventilation moves outdoor air into a
how they have been inherited by architects in building, and distributes the air within the
modern buildings, listing out few of the methods building. The general purpose of ventilation in
used for the same. buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by
Ventilation both diluting the pollutants originating in the
building and removing the pollutants from it. If
Ventilation can generally be defined as the well installed and maintained, there are several
advantages of a natural ventilation system,
compared with mechanical ventilation systems.
Natural ventilation can generally provide a high
ventilation rate more economically, due to the use
of natural forces and large openings. Natural
ventilation can be more energy efficient,
particularly if heating is not required. Well-
designed natural ventilation could be used to
access higher levels of daylight.
Figure 1: Ventilation methodology
Figure 4a) : The altar that is well lit Figure 4b) : The Choir area with abundant natural light
with natural light through clerestorey with the presence of clerestorey light.
lights and long windows and roof lighting
why the building is still functioning and is intact their major function as well.
and will be so for many more years.
Daylighting is also available adequately in the
Clerestorey windows were pesent enhancing the spaces around it, as courtyard is planned at the
daylighting effect naturally.Bellfry had a purpose central core. The long verandahs were another
of windtower in directly. method of letting free flow of air circulation
throughout the buildings.The relatively static
Few common elements in Kerala Vernacular
cooling system used in a courtyard house can
Architecture used for passive solar techniques
provide the basis for understanding modifications
Courtyards
that can generate air movement by convection. In
In vernacular architecture, they for the central core hot dry zones, air temperature drops considerably
of the plan. The rest of the house is planned on the after sunset from re-radiation to the night sky. The
sides of the courtyard, so that there will not be a air is relatively free of water vapor that would
problem for lighting or ventilation naturally. They reflect the heat or infrared radiation back toward
were surrounded by long verandahs in Nalukettus the ground, as occurs in warm humid
which formed the gathering space for the regions.Verandah
occupants.
To enhance thermal comfort, this phenomenon has
The courtyards of ancient homes played a very been used in the architectural design of houses by
important role in conserving rain water and hereby employing the courtyard concept.
saving water. Rainwater harvesting was one of
Nature is hostile at ground level in these zones,
especially in the deserts. People learned to close
their houses to the outside and open them inwardly
onto internal courtyards called sahn, which are
open to the sky. This arrangement provides drops
in air temperature of 10-20 C° (18-36 F°) at night.
Figure 6 : Kerala Vernacular Architecture Figure 7 : Rate of illumination with respect to time
Atriums and Skylights Factory buildings are often built with clerestory
windows; modern housing designs sometimes
An atrium is an open-roofed part of a building,
include them as well.Modern clerestory windows
though now it more commonly has a glass roof.
may have another especially important role,
Although the atrium has evolved throughout the
besides daylighting and ventilation: they can be
centuries, the basic design has remained the same.
part of passive solar strategies, in very energy
The word atrium (also called 'cavaedium') is Latin
efficient buildings .They are used in conjunction
and refers to an open central court. Just as the left
with stone, brick, concrete and other high mass
and right atria in our heart are central chambers, an
walls and floors, properly positioned to store solar
atrium in architecture is a central part of buildings
heat gains during the hotter parts of the day –
Atrium allowing the walls and the floor to act as a heat
bank during the cooler parts of the day.
Skylighting types include roof windows, unit
Clerestories – in passive solar strategies – should
skylights, tubular daylighting devices (TDDs),
be properly located (typically in the sunny side of
sloped glazing, and custom skylights. Uses
the building) and protected from the summer's sun
include:daylighting elements used to allow direct
by rooflines, overhangs, recessed thick walls or
and/or indirect sunlight, via toplighting,providing
other architectural elements, in order to prevent
a visual connection to the outdoor environment to
overheating during the cooling season.
interior occupants,sustainable building — passive
solar heating, and with operable units; ventilation
for passive cooling and fresh air exchange.
Clerestorey light and Gable windows
Modern clerestories are often defined as vertical
windows, located on high walls, extending up from
the roofline, designed to allow light and breezes
into a space, without compromising privacy.
Figure 17 : Working principle of wind tower Figure 19 : Skylighting types include roof windows
was the passive space of comfortable squatting. Its shape grammer having sound philosophical basis.
desirable minimum dimension was the active The creative principles of a shape design are
space for stretching out. The desirable dimensions identified as bhogam (function) saukhyam
of any activity dependant spaces can be derived in (comfort) and ramyam (aesthetic), synthesized
terms of these units. In this manner, the concept of into a whole. Spaces are to have all these
Mandala was given flexibility to cover all design requirements and simple shapes are defined for
situations. this need as square, octagon and circle. They are
combined in varied order to create complex forms
Concept of Grid Analysis of any scale. Any shape could be so generated
Traditional system distinguishes two types of starting from simple shapes by a process of
analyses for mandala in planning process: 1) Grid accretion or from a complex shape by a process of
analysis (pada vinyasa) and 2) Spatial envelope deletion.
analysis (vithi vinyasa). In both cases the focus of Tradition of Silpins
the mandala (nabhi) is identified first. Point
(bindu) is the starting point of the design according In traditional texts any creation is called 'silpa' and
to Pippalada. In the grid analysis the Mandala is the creator is 'silpin'. The hierarchy of silpin
divided into cells (padas). The spatial quality of represents different grades or levels of craftsmen
each cell is assumed based on many considerations working a medium like stone, wood or metal. The
such as, air flow, light, energy, divinity etc. and the conceptual bases of silpi tradition are incorporated
functional areas in a design job are allocated to in different treatises like
these spaces on a preferential basis. Certain areas Vishnudharmotharapurana and
are to be kept open; certain areas are to have semi Vastusutraupanishad. The textual traditions are
open nature, yet others can be covered. Even in the meticulously followed by silpins. A craftsman gets
covered spaces preferential patterns are prescribed initiated into the trade practice at very young age
for activity location. and into the conceptual basis as he ascends to
higher levels.
Concept of Veethi Analysis
Concept of Universality
The scheme of planning symbolic facilities is
based on the spatial envelope analysis. The The principles (sastra) of traditional architectural
essential feature of these facilities is the dynamic system are all derived from philosophical basis
nature, the growth potential starting from a simple (darsana) and its practices (prayoga) are
focus to ever expanding regions. For practical incorporated as eternal duty (dharma).
purposes, the number of enveloping paths may be Consequently the principles are free from the
defined depending on the growth potential of the limitation of space, time and material medium.
source point. Vastuvidya treatises generally cover This characteristic gives it a universal nature. One
the concept of four, five, seven or nine Veethis to can indiscriminately copy the style, fancifully
cover the whole set of design situations. Of these provide interpretation and blatantly misrepresent
the concept of four Veethis is specially applied for the traditional style. This is what is being done
static Mandalas as well and hence colaese with the presently in post modernism in architecture. The
cell (pada) system of Mandala analysis. The alternative is to ardently study the concept,
higher order Veedhis are to cover symbolic understand the theory in the light of practice and
(prasada) uses. imaginatively apply this knowledge. The return to
tradition is not to be taken literally; it is a return
Concept of Shape Grammer from the fashions of style to the philosophy of
The spatial design scheme is evolved based on a design.
Neoliberalism. This approach led to open and of commerce and activities, where people live,
competitive market policy driven by increased work, shop and play, meeting needs of economic
privatisation of social functions to achieve optimal production and social reproduction and also
socio-economic development.This has led to become seats of power. Traditional cities were
major policy changes thus resulting in compact often walled cities following a basic city
transformations in the process of urban structure. The pattern in the urban forms defined
development especially in the developing the various functional zones that would
countries like India. distinguish the city type. In modern times with the
advent of modernisation and urbanisation cities
The process of urban development is the path
have expanded at a glacial pace leading to
which determines the direction of future
scattered and disorganised urban forms. Thus the
development of an urban area or a city. This
new cities departed from having a single urban
process can be either planned or an unplanned. The
centre to a multiple centre model. This aided the
planned path of development is known as Urban
growth and prosperity o Commercial centres in the
planning. Various concepts of urban planning have
process of Urban Development of a city.
dominated the process of Urban Development.
The process of urban development results in Relationships
changes in rate of urbanisation, relative increase or
Commercial Centres and Urban Development
decrease in per capita income of the population,
growth and spatial allocation of the population. Changes to any city morphology are primarily
One of the biggest drivers for urban development influenced by urban growth. According to
has been economic development which is Christopher Alexander urban development is a
manifested physically in the growth of process similar to growth of cells in an organism.
commercial centres. The impetus of such With evolution of technological and knowledge
development shifted towards Third World economy, civilisations have advanced in different
countries like India. "The global market of buyers, parts of the world.
ease in cost of production and availability of
The history of urban development in a city is
labour forces has created new production centres
understood by amount of complexity present in
and markets and in turn generated instability by
urban fabric. Economic trajectories of urban
creating various peripheries in successive order. '
development like capitalist, socialist or modern all
The old leaders, which are now small centres in
have distinct influences on immediate physical
Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, the effort
form of city. Another characteristic of urban
moved to a second circle which includes Malaysia,
development is the natural process of
China, attempts in India, to the Philippines, and
transformation that occurs over time. This can be
Indonesia and starting in a third circle with Sri
though natural progression, in and out migrations
Lanka and Bangladesh' (3).All major urban
or sudden emergency events causing mass shifts o
centres of the world have strived to build a similar
population from one place to other.The existing
image, reflecting trend of becoming global
physical structure and activities are also a result of
villages which tends towards establishment of a
years of culture and traditions followed by its
single global tribe, rather than merely concerning
people.
themselves with individual communities.
Strategicplacement of commercial centres and
City can be defined as an urban settlement which
their ancillary functions have determined their
has a population of more than 5 lakh people. Lewis
importance and gradually established them in city
Mumford Described the city to be the greatest
fabric.Weinstein (1974) postulated three
work of human civilisation. The Latin word for
dimensions as being important contributors in a
city is civitas, which referred to the social body of
conceptual model for the social segregation of an
the cives, or citizens, united by law. Cities have
Indian city.
always exerted immense influence in all spheres of
human endeavour. Cities have always been a These three dimensions were
complex mixture of diverse connections, centres
• Socio-economic dimension symbolised by the
Figure 3: Parallel processes of transformation resulting in Commercial centres in earlier times was a public
economic development development initiative. Especially after
colonisation in India, the British Government set
bazaars or central marketplace. up markets as an aid to their flourishing economy
• Political dimension represented by an and trading activities. Post independence, public
administrative symbol. markets were developed both at city level and
neighbourhood levels in cities across India. In the
• Prestige dimension derived from the religious recent past, this public function has increasing
function of a temple. shifted to become privatised and the market
The bazaar or marketplace has always acted as a centres have eventually taken the shape of
hub of economic activity for a city. Since civilised privately owned shopping malls. A significant
society has learned to trade, the bazaar or shift in the process of Urban development has
marketplace has been the hub of all transactions brought about this change. 'The transformations
and interactions for people. As trade and that are taking place in contemporary India and
commerce flourished, the marketplaces Kolkata in particular today are being driven, to a
transformed gradually large scale commercial large extent, by the logic of neoliberal urbanism in
centres. A hierarchy in scale was also introduced. which city services are becoming increasingly
As a result, the types pf commercial centres in privatised, public space is captured or corroded
India range from being Central Business Districts and the desire to (re)build a global city trumps
like Burra Bazaar, wholesale markets and considerations of social justice or equity' (5).
distribution centres like Chandni Chowk, From the above discussion, it is postulated that
Kolkata, Community level shopping centres economic development has been made possible by
which can be traditional like rapid urbanisation which has caused
Gariahatmarket,Kolkata or Shopping Malls like decentralisation of market centres. The urban form
City Centre, Saltlake; to neighbourhood level of the commercial centres has consequently
markets which range from street markets to the changed from local markets to shopping malls.
local corner shop. This market typologies Examples of drastic development drive for
mentioned above also have undergone building large scale shopping malls in the past
transformation over the years due to changes in decade, has made them an important building
the process of urban development of the city. typology to define commercial centres. This has
Transformation of Commercial centres and been a response towards redefining cities into local
process of Urban Development and City development platforms. But on the contrary, it has
led to loss of local identity and transformed
The past two decades have seen massive shifts in development patterns for such cities, giving rise to
the trajectory of Urban development in cities unsustainable development, stark inequalities,
especially in countries of the Global South. The mass poverty and urban sprawl.
URDPFI Guidelines 2014 (4) states that 'since
1996, in India many changes have taken place in Accordingly in this paper, an attempt has been
the field of urban development especially in view made to establish the relevance of research work,
of emerging needs and requirements of urban in a structured and sequential manner. However,
settlements due to rapid population growth and the paper has been restricted only to understanding
the potential to spread across all the stipulated process of urban development has emerged as an
smart cities. important area of inquiry in the recent years
The retail sector in India also is one of the largest throughout the world as it has become a common
employers of people in the last decade. The phenomenon across all cities especially in the
investment in commercial centres like malls in the Global South. This transformations have impacted
Tier II ans Tier III cities as a result of the Smart city not only the economic development but also has
Initiative is more viable as land is cheaper and resulted in massive physical changes in urban form
there is ample manpower with supporting and character of cities. This has led to tremendous
consumer market. Implications of such social changes which has seen modulations in the
development has not yet been charted and preferred kind of shopping based on experiential
analysed to determine the conducive urban form factors, availability and quality of goods and
of the transformed commercial centres in relation services and accessibility of multiple functions.
to the said urban development process. The research work will theoretically study
transformation of commercial centres and process
In this perspective the said research work would
of urban development in a city and would identify
be undertaken and an attempt would be made to
the related parameters and sub-parameters, would
explore transformation of commercial centres and
identify related parameters and sub-parameters,
process of urban development from an urban
based on secondary exploration. This in turn
design viewpoint and thereby establishing a
would identify the inter-related parameters and
parametric relationship between them.
sub-parameters and would establish a parametric
Based on this further exploration would be carried relationship between them. In due course the
out of similar transformation of selected research work would define the city of Kolkata, its
commercial centres and corresponding process of commercial centres and its urban development and
urban development, in the city of Kolkata, would initiate site surveys of selected commercial
applying the above relationship thereby centres and corresponding urban developments,
formulating relevant guidelines for the future applying this relationship. The analysis from
ensuring desired spatial/ physical environment. observations of the survey would formulate
guidelines to guide such transformation of
The research objectives for such a studywouldbe
commercial centres and related process of urban
as follows :
development in desired direction, in future. The
• To study transformation of commercial centres outcome of this entire exercise is expected to result
and process of urban development in a city. in exploring the subject matter of research work in
a holistic manner, especially with respect to
• To establish parametric relationship between
selected commercial centres of Kolkata, as case
transformation of commercial centres and process
study.
of urban development based on this study.
In future, it would help to undertake necessary
• To study similar transformation of selected corrective interventions, in similar existing
commercial centres and corresponding process of situations, so as to guide them in desired
urban development in the city of Kolkata, directions. It would also help to develop
applying this relationship. anticipatory plans with alternative proposals, in
• To formulate guidelines for future such similar upcoming situations, so that proper gains
transformation of commercial centres and related can be acquired from them. Subsequently, the
process of urban development, based on this study. ultimate outcome would result in improving
overall spatial/ physical environment of such
Conclusion commercial centres in particular and overall
Transformation of commercial centres and quality of life of such cities in general.
ii) Some examples of Integrated Design, sustainable aspects into the design process. The
client is often afraid of new technologies and
iii) Engineering Connection, iv) Conclusion and techniques. Sometimes the need for consultancy to
v) Recommendation thermal analysis or environmental systems
requires additional budget. However, the
Existing barriers to integrated design perception and believe that passive technologies
1. Environmental issuesare usually not part of the and environmental strategies are still expensive
overall design concept and philosophy. These measures is also a cultural problem. Though
issues are simply additional systems for energy admittedly the capital outlay is still more
savings or production or options which are there expensive. But on the long run it has been proved
just to conform the regulations requirements, often to be cheaper.
introduced at a final stage during the detailing Some Examples of Integrated Design
design phase. The problem of integration of
sustainable concepts into design depends mainly Passive ventilation system created by using wind
from the architect's background, approach and towers all along the building to the top. The wind
practice, but it is also a cultural problem, in tower works by creating a pressure differential.
particular regarding the lack of awareness on the The wind blowing over the top of the tower creates
demand side. The architect's background is related a lower pressure than the atmospheric pressure
to his or hers professional education and level of inside the building. This difference in pressure
knowledge on building physics and environmental causes the air to flow naturally up and out of the top
sciences. of the building. Stack effects created with wind
towers is an old concept that has improved over the
2. Some architects believe that technical issues are years with better technology and electronic
servant to the project, they are usually developed controls. Modeling systems have further enhanced
in a second stage of the design, and therefore their the usefulness of natural ventilation through the
potential and integration are not fully exploited. use of a wind tower. Very common in most of the
3. Unfortunately, there are still many architects Gulf Countries.
for whom technical issues are seen as a limitation 1. An open atrium area is used in the center of the
to creativity and freedom rather than a challenge in building mass to create an area for air to flow
the design process. The main reason for this freely. By using this design, the objective is a
attitude is a consequence of their academic building which is architecturally interesting with
education. an energy conscious ventilation system, and
4. The lack of awareness on the demand side is includes day-lighting.
another barrier to the integration of the various A closed atrium can act as a buffer zone between
the interior climate and the outside climate. More human comfort levels and expels energy when the
control over the temperature of the used space is temperature drops.
gained when using a closed atrium and the cost is
Benefits:Flat slabs can be designed with a good
lower. Concrete can be used because of its ability
surface finish to the soffit, allowing exposed
to collect and hold energy more efficiently than
soffits to be used. This allows exploitation of the
other materials such as metals. This is another way
building's thermal mass in the design of heating,
that the HVAC system may be integrated into the
ventilation and cooling requirements, increasing
architectural design of the building.
energy efficiency.
Hollow-core slabs
Construction
Another system used to create natural ventilation is
Construction of flat slabs is one of the quickest
the hollow flooring used on the second, third and
methods available. Lead times are very short as
fourth floors. These flooring systems allow
this is one of the most common forms of
additional natural airflow through the mass of the
construction.
building.Also used in buildings are materials that
absorb energy when the temperature exceeds Procurement
features. Another factor is the systems that were space. These principles highlight some of the most
used in the past. An owner may be more inclined to informative ideas found within Acoustics and
use what has been chosen in the past, rather than Sound Systems in Architectural Design for best
selection a more innovative building. aural experience.
Glazing: The glazing used can differ based on the 1) Watch out for Sound Reflections. Straight
needs of the building. General glazing can be a surfaces reflect sounds back into the central space
simple double pane window with a low-e coating. making sound clarity muddy.
Factors that change what glazing is used can be the
2) select acoustical treatment carefully. Different
aesthetics needed or the light and heating that
materials absorb sound frequencies differently.
needs to be allowed or reflected from the building.
Make sure your acoustical treatments are
Heat gain versus heat loss can change the coating
absorbing the right sound frequencies.
options or insulating gap of the glazing.
3) diminish echoes when necessary. Be aware that
Control of Climate: Integration can be controlled
sounds traveling within 30 milliseconds of each
automatically, manually or a hybrid of the two. If it
other are perceived without echo. Sounds traveling
is controlled automatically, the system is
after the 30 millisecond threshold become echoes
monitored by a computerized detection system.
of the original sound.
This system monitors a building according to
zones and can open and close vents and windows 4) don't let other building systems get in the way.
according to ventilation needs. A manually Noise control is important to keep in check as other
controlled system allows freedom of those inside building systems (like hvac systems) operate.
to open and close windows freely. A hybrid system Keep such clashing noises to a minimum.
can have controls such as a display showing when
5) keep objects or other obstructions out of the
the windows can be opened and closed yet still
way. Objects that obstruct a sound path can block
allows for the inhabitants to override the
high frequency sounds. (low frequency sounds can
suggestions made by the computer.
bend around objects.)
Integrated design refers to the use of multiple
6) get good pattern control. Make sure sound
building systems working together. In our case the
systems for a room get good sound coverage. This
integrated design refers to the functionality of the
will prevent feed-back and other sound distortions.
engineering aspect working in conjunction with
the architectural appeal and usefulness of the 7) for out-of-the-way listening areas get
building. distributed sound systems. Such “delay-fill”
speakers operate with an electronic delay so the
Acoustics
sound matches and is synchronized.
Architectural acoustics (also known as room
In the end, it is important to make sure that the
acousticsand building acoustics) is the science and
architectural acoustics match the architectural
engineering of achieving a good sound within a
function and aesthetic value of a particular project.
building and is a branch of acoustical engineering.
I remember visiting a hospital where the tv sound
Architectural acousticdesign is usually done by
was obstructed by an hvac vent. That simple sound
acoustic consultants.
collision can make for quite an uncomfortable
Architectural design requires that acoustics be hospital stay. Similarly, you should make certain
well thought out and coordinated. The sound that sound travels only when you want it to. Office
spectrum must remain clear without portions conversations that needlessly travel to employee
distorted or missing. Architectural design requires office spaces can be quite a distraction.
that acoustics be well thought out and coordinated.
Involve your acoustician early and coordinate
The sound spectrum must remain clear without
design efforts to avoid uncomfortable and
portions distorted or missing.
sometimes painful aural sensations. Architectural
The following are 7 additional design tips to acoustics are important beyond auditoriums,
achieve the best architectural acoustics within a theaters and religious spaces.
Abstract
Energy efficient retrofit represents an opportunity to improve the energy performance and lower the
environmental impact of an existing housing stock. Thermal retrofit of the existing buildings is an
effective and economical solution to improve the environmental performance of the building, to reduce
the energy use and to provide comfortable interiors. A major source of heat ingress into buildings located
in tropical climates is through their roofs. An energy efficient thermal retrofit of the existing roofs can
bring significant reduction of cooling load and its related electricity use. This paper illustrates the existing
scenario of the housing stock of Kerala in terms of its physical structure and energy consumption profile. A
case study conducted in three residential buildings with RCC roof slabs reveals the indoor thermal
comfort conditions in these houses. Importance and benefits of thermally retrofitting the RCC roof slabs
of existing individual houses are discussed.
Keywords : Energy efficient, Thermal Retrofit, RCC roofs, Energy Consumption, Thermal comfort.
Building sector has been identified with immense of the building roof and can bring in significant
potential for delivering long term and significant cost and environmental benefits.
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. A thermal
References
retrofit equips the existing building with the
capacity to meet and comply with the energy and 1. ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code., BEE India.
environmental performance demands of the 2. B. Jha and B. Bhattacharjee, Retrofitting Building Roof for
future. Economic benefits arise from the reduced Energy Efficiency Retrofitting Building Roof for Energy
capital investment for retrofitting when compared Efficiency, in 71st RILEM Annual Week & ICACMS 2017,
Chennai, 2017, no. September.
to constructing a new energy efficient building,
and the reduced energy bills with long payback 3. CBERD, [Online]. Available: http://cberd.org/building
envelopes/. [Accessed: 13-Sep-2018].
periods in the remaining life of the building. User
comfort and satisfaction in these buildings are 4. A. Kumar and B. M. Suman, Experimental evaluation of
insulation materials for walls and roofs and their impact on
another important social benefit. Significant indoor thermal comfort under composite climate, Building
improvement in the indoor quality can be assured and Environment, vol. 59, pp. 635–643, Jan. 2013.
through sustainable retrofit techniques. 5. A. S. Dili, M. A. Naseer, and T. Zacharia Varghese, Passive
Conclusion control methods for a comfortable indoor environment:
Comparative investigation of traditional and modern
In buildings of tropical warm humid climates heat architecture of Kerala in summer, Energy and Buildings, vol.
transfer through building envelopes especially 43, no. 2–3, pp. 653–664, Feb. 2011.
through the exposed roof surface pose serious 6 . C e n s u s I n d i a L i b r a r y. ” [ O n l i n e ] . Av a i l a b l e :
concern. Main purpose of thermal retrofit of http://censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/2011publicationRes
ult.aspx. [Accessed: 04-Sep-2018]
building roof is to reduce the heat gain into the
interiors through the roofs of existing buildings. It 7. Department of Economics and Statistics Kerala, 69th
Round of National Sample Survey.pdf. p. 21, 2012.
reduces the cost and wastage incurred if the
building were to be demolished and rebuilt as an 8. K. S. E. B, Power System Statstics, p. 15, 2017.
energy efficient building. The review of the current 9. World's Hottest Market: Air Conditioners For India And
scenario of housing stock in Kerala reveals that Hundreds Of New Electric Plants To Power Them. [Online].
there exists a large housing stock with more than Available:https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2017/
05/01/worlds-hottest-market-air-conditioners-for-india-and-
30 yearsof remaining lifespan, and most of the hundreds-of-electric-plants-to-power-them/#467d209d532b.
houses in Kerala use mechanical means to make [Accessed: 11-Sep-2018].
the indoor environment comfortable. Thermal 10. P. Goyal, 24X7 POWER FOR ALL, Minister of
retrofit of RCC roofs of individual residences can State(Independent Charge) for Power, Coal and New &
reduce heat ingress through the roof and provide Renewable Energy, February, 2016.
comfortable interior conditions without the use of 11. CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE-55. [Online].
mechanical conditioning systems. Energy usage of Available: http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/. [Accessed: 10-
these buildings for indoor conditioning can be Oct-2018].
considerably reduced through better performance
Introduction
From times immemorial we have been building
compound walls to protect our properties from
trespass by animals, encroachment by neighbors,
enemies etc.
The earliest compound walls built were with
random rubble stones loosely packed. These we
remainly built to protect our fields from trespass by
animals. Later they were improved by constructing
walls in Random Rubble / Coarse Rubble Stone
masonry. These R. R / C R S walls we rebuilt
initially in mud mortar. Later they were built in
lime mortar and after the invention of cement they
were built in cement mortar. Figure 3: Coarsed Rubble Stone Masonry
on show in Figures 5-11. d) They can be completed in very short time as the
precast elements are readily available in the
The RR/CRS masonry walls are costlier than Brick
market being manufactured and supplied by many
Masonry walls because of the quantity involved
local firms.
due to higher thickness.
e) Architectural features can also be incorporated
Incase if the wall is to be shiftedor realigned for
on the panels to add beauty.
any reason, the total wall should be dismantled and
rebuilt. In such cases the RR/CRS stones can be f) Pre cast compound wall can be dismantled and
reused , but bricks from brick masonry walls re-erected at a new location without any much loss
demolished cannot be reused. of material.
The concept of building compound walls with The precast RCCcompound wall consists of RCC
precast RCCelements has come into use very vertical posts of size 6”x6” andheights ranging
recently and it is picking up well due to various from 5 to7ft,with groves on either side to insert
advantages detailed below. horizontal panels
a) The cost of these precast elements put together This vertical post is fitted into ground ina pit of
is around Rs 100/ sq.ft. of wall area, which is size 2'x2'x2' and filled with concrete all around to
highly economical when compared to the hold it firmly into the ground.
conventional construction using bricks, stones.
The horizontal elements will be of 1' wide, 5to10ft
b) The space occupied by the precast wall is only long and 75 mm thick made of RCC. These plates
75 mm when compared to 230 mm required for will be inserted in the grooves of the vertical posts
brick wall. till the required height is reached as shown the
photographs below.The gaps in the vertical
c) No separate plastering is needed for the precast
grooves and joints in the horizontal panels will be
compound walls.
neatly finished with cement mortar.
Abstract
The main aim of the project is to develop Pichavaram as an eco-tourist recreational space and also increase
the economic standards of people through sustainability. This project focuses to instigate an ecologically
sensitive architecture, which serves to replenish the mangrove cover and to provide Low Environmental
impact and Green design through sustainability. Modification of the limiting factors would result in
detrimental effects to the mangrove forest ecosystem. It can accommodate resort development with
sustainable technology, when proper site planning and small-scale architecture are introduced into the
ecosystem in Pichavaram. This project dealt with the present condition of Pichavaram and future
development needed without affecting the natural ecological system. Rejuvenation of mangrove
ecotourism at Pichavaram is identified and focused towards sustainability. Considering the sensitivity of
the Pichavaram area many factors are included in this project.
Keywords : Ecology, Eco-tourism, Mangrove, Sustainable, Pichavaram
Table 1: A total number of 12 true mangrove species are present in the Pichavaram mangrove wetland
Presence of tall trees of Rhizophora in large mangroves which belong to 15 orders and 41
numbers is important from the standpoint of families. The period between November and
biodiversity.The population of Rhizophora in the January witness the maximum population of
other mangrove wetlands of India, except in winged members. Local migrants from breeding
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is very less another grounds of India and others from distant countries
interesting point is the presence of natural hybrid arrive in the ecosystem in large number during this
of Rhizophora species. This hybrid species born period. Varied habitat types are found here
out of cross-pollination between including mud flats, gullies, creeks, channels, sand
Rhizophoraapiculata and Rhizophoramucronata. flats and nearby sea shore. This variety serves as
This hybrid is highly vigor in growth and tall trees ideal habitat for a vast species of fauna.
of this species are found all along boarder of the Fishery Resources
tidal creeks and canals.
The Pichavaram mangrove wetland has vast areas
Fauna of Pichavaram Mangrove Forest of open but shallow brackishwater bodies and a
Pichavaram Mangrove Forest shelters about 100 number of tidal creeks and canals. According to the
species of diatoms, 200 species of fishes, 30 local people, at one time there were some 3,000
species of molluscs, 30 species of crabs, 30 species creeks in the mangrove wetland; siltation has
of prawns, 30 species of copepods, 40 species of reduced this number to barely 100 or 150. The
tintinnids and 20 species of dinoflagellates. A average depth of the open water associated with
number of rare and economically significant shell mangrove forest varies from 0.8 m during summer
and fin fishes are the inhabitants of Pichavaram to about 1.5 m during the peak monsoon season.
Mangrove Forest. A variety of magnificent avian Hydrology
population also flock around Pichavaram
Mangrove Forest which include both native as ThePichavaram mangrove wetland is
well as migratory ones. Prominent birds found interconnected with theestuaries of the Vellar river
here include Pelicans, Spoonbills, Herons, Storks, in the north, the Coleroon River in the south and the
Egrets, Cormorants, Water snips and others. Uppanar river in the west. The large open water
Around 177 species of bird's dwell in these body found associated with the Pichavaram
wasteMinimization Programme; Asses according low emission vehicles are at an advanced stage
to energy efficiency; Waste Reduction; Select ofdevelopment. Rapid urban transit systems are
materials using recycled components; Design for starting to reappear, which would reduce the
re-use and recycling control and reducewaste and dependence on private transport.The cities worthy
packaging; Reduceresource consumption. of the new millennium will be energy and
Eco-Technology resources efficient, as well as culturally rich and
socially responsible. In our major cities, inward
Today we have a unique opportunity to use a whole investment in resource efficiency will contribute
new range of environment friendly technologies in significantly to achieve higher levels of
our cities. Efficient energy systems, such as employment. The investment in infrastructure will
combined heat and power generation, fuel cells make a vast difference to health and living
and photovoltaic modules are now available. New condition in cities.
materials and concepts of architectural design
allow us to greatly improve the materials and Recommendation
concepts of architectural design allow us to greatly This study will give recommendation to the Tamil
improve the materials used in buildings. Recycling Nadu Tourism development corporation (TTDC)
technologies can facilitate greater efficiency in the to increase the income by attracting more visitors
urban use of resources. Transport technologies are to Pichavaram. Presently the hotel is leased to a
so undergoing a major overhaul. Fuel efficiency private sector with minimum facilities. More than
five lakh visitors are visiting Pichavaram per year. in movement and it enhance the benefits of
Based on the data collection and the present mangrove ecosystem.
facilities available the following proposals are
recommended to rejuvenation of Mangrove
Ecotourism at Pichavaram. 1.Resort development,
2. Aquarium,3. Bird watch tower,4.Green house,5.
Interpretation centre, etc.,
By implementing the above facilities, the
ecological system will be maintained a well as
more income will be generated to the Government.
Proposed Site Plan
Design Ideas
To develop Pichavaram as an eco-tourist
recreational space, which serves to replenish the
mangrove cover and to provide Low
Environmental Impact and green design through
sustainability. The following ideas are given Figure 9 : Deluxe Room
below:
An arched colonnade is provided for free flow and
to create open space and semi-open space.
Mangrove bridge is proposed to construct above
the water, while visitor's can walk through bridge,
they enjoyed the scenery of mangrove trees.
Landscape Interpretation centre which is free flow
Figure 10 : Villa
According to Census 2011, India's population was KW or 600 KVA. The energy performance index of
over 1.22 billion, more than a sixth of the world's the code is set from 90 kwh/sqm/year to 200
population. India is projected to be the world's kwh/sqm/year, where any buildings that fall under
most populous country by 2050 reaching 1.6 the index can be termed as "ECBC Compliant
billion, surpassing China (BBC News, 2004). Building".
India's current rate of urbanization at 31 percent is
estimated to touch 50 percent by 2050. It can be In order to encourage private builders to go for
easily visualized as to what it would take to feed so more and more of green buildings, many State
many people and also to address the urban Governments of India have extended incentives in
planning and development issues. In this context, different forms, granting of additional FAR/FSI
the major challenges, however, would be to bring being one very common one.
about development in a manner that conserves As for environmental protection, the Union
natural and exhaustible resources, protects the Cabinet of the Government of India approved a
physical environment and diminishes social and National Environment Policy in May 2006. It was
economic inequality – ably supported by followed up by a comprehensive guidelines issued
appropriate governance. in September 2006 through a Notification by the
Addressing Challenges Ministry of Environment & Forests under the
provisions of Environment (Protection) Act 1986
There have been a number of initiatives to address and Rules 1986 thereto. This Notification called
the above challenges. On the conservation of for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of
natural and exhaustible resources, India has projects of certain nature and sizes, including large
embarked on promoting construction of Green real estate projects. Subsequently, there have been
Buildings. A green building is a building that uses amendments to the guidelines for ease of doing
less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves business but not at the cost of sacrificing
natural resources, generates less waste and environmental protection. The responsibility of
provides healthier spaces for occupants, as carrying out EIA has been delegated to State level
compared to a conventional building. The Indian agencies, with the central government dealing with
Green Building Council (IGBC), formed by the big projects above certain sizes. The EIA lays
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in 2001, is down certain conditions that builders would have
leading green building movement in the country. to comply with during construction and violations
IGBC signed a Memorandum of Understanding of the same are liable to punished.
(MoU) with the US Green Building Council
(USGBC) in 2004 to indigenize the Leadership in The issue of social and economic inequality has
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED- been tried to be tackled through both direct and
INDIA) rating programme, suiting local indirect plans and programmes. Various central
conditions and address national priorities. The schemes supported by budgetary provisions have
vision of IGBC is to enable 'Sustainable built been taken up across the length and breadth of the
environment for all'. IGBC certifies the green country. Mahatma Gandhi National Employment
projects which are conceptualized, designed, Guarantee Act (MNERGA) supported programme
constructed and operated as per IGBC Ratings, is one of the very big initiatives towards removing
namely, Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum (in economic inequality. There are many other
ascending order of achieving indices of green programmes directly targeted at socially and
projects). economically disadvantaged people of the country.
The Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), As for governance related to environment in
under the Ministry of Power, Government of India, particular and also covering real estate
has introduced the Energy Conservation Building development, the Government of India enacted
Code (ECBC) that sets out energy efficiency National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act 2010. It draws
standards for design and construction of any inspiration from the India's constitutional
building with minimum conditioned area of 1000 provision of Article 21, which assures the citizens
Sq mts and a connected demand of power of 500 of India the right to a healthy environment. The
establishment of NGT was aimed at effective and A major milestone in urban planning and
expeditious disposal of cases relating to governance happened in 1992 when the 74th
environmental protection and conservation of Constitutional Amendment Act was promulgated
forests and other natural resources including to empower urban local authorities with powers,
enforcement of any legal right relating to inter alia, of planning and developing local areas in
environment and giving relief and compensation a sustainable manner, including therein of course
for damages to persons and property and for the real estate development.
matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Another initiative of the Government of India
Any real estate project causing environmental especially aimed at a healthy and sustainable
degradation can be taken up before the NGT by the development of the real estate sector has been the
affected general public. The NGT is armed with enactment of Real Estate (Regulation &
judicial powers. Development) Act 2016. Although it is central
Another area of governance directly related to model act, each state government is obliged to
sustainable development of urban areas including adopt it at the state level. Even though the primary
real estate development was the drafting by the of object of the Act is to protect interests of
Central Town and Country Planning Organization buyers/customers of real estate products, the
(TCPO) of the Model Town and Regional Planning provisions of the Act, inter alia, would help
and Development Law in 1962, which formed the regulate real estate development with a view to
basis for various States to enact Town and Country invoking transparency and efficiency in real estate
Planning (T & CP) Acts, with modifications to suit development.
local conditions. This model Law was revised by Concluding Remarks
TCPO in year 1985 as “Model Regional and Town
Planning and Development Law” to enact a All the efforts mentioned above have undoubtedly
comprehensive urban and regional planning resulted in sustaining the overall development
legislation in all the States and UT's. Many states activities and the real estate development in
had enacted their respective state T&CP Acts from particular. One needs to visualize what would have
time to time. been the situations if the initiatives on the various
fronts were not there.
Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal, the resources, costs etc.), and sequencing the project
picture of GB is bleak compared to the rest of the schedule. The major FM tools used are computer-
country. Not only in terms of number of certified aided facility management (CAFM),
buildings (4.3% of national GB stock), but also in computerised maintenance management system
poor professional attitude as reflected in the (CMMS), enterprise resource planning (ERP), and
restricted usage of BIMand absence of regional integrated workplace management system
chapter of International Facility Management (IWMS)
Association(IFMA)- the only national level
Building-related information plays a very vital
professional organisations for facility managers.
role in efficient FM. The concept of whole building
However, the GB scenario is expected to improve
design process and the criteria of GB rating
with the recent mandatory enforcement of Energy
systemswere integrated to identify the different
Efficient Building Code (ECBC) 2017 by Govt. of
categories of relevant information. While
Indiaas a top-down approach coupled with
addressing any part of a building, a facility
bottom-up approach of economic growth resulting
manager faces numerous challenges such as
into increase in energy demand in commercial
flawed buildings services due to lack of
sector.
coordination between designer and contractor,
Thus, there is a need to investigate the outlook of insufficient information, cost of acquiring the data,
FM team in GB context. This study explores the tracking the changes, variation in users'
underlying reasons responsible for performance requirements, changing in building type (e.g.
deviation during O & M phase as perceived by the residential unit converted to commercial
owners, designers and facility managers from establishment), and occupants blaming the facility
Eastern India. It also provides insight to the FM managers for performance failure though it is
trend adopted, challenges faced during O&M primarily due to poor design.
phase. For this study only large commercial
A building undergoes various changes throughout
buildings under purview of ECBC 2017 were
its lifespan to adopt the ever-changing demand.
considered.
The causes which affect building performance are:
Literature Review variation in the operation area, changes in
occupancy density, deviation in usage pattern,
This section covers the services, tools and
mishandling of equipment, non-availability of
techniques used for FM; types of data and
trained personnel and change in management
information required during O&M of a building;
policies. These factors create pressure on the
and the changes a typical commercial building
existing efficiency of the building systems, thus
undergoes over time. The information was collated
depriving it from achieving the proposed results.
from available literature such as books, journals,
These major affected building systems are heating-
and white papers from some of the leading FM
ventilation-air-conditioning (HVAC), lighting
organizations OfficeSpace, Planon and iOffice.
system, building management systems (BMS),
The list of typical FM services includes cleaning,
water supply and sanitation system, power supply,
security, asset management(e.g. HVAC
information and communication technology
equipment, building components etc.), preventive
(ICT), waste management system, and elevators
maintenance, management of annual maintenance
and escalators.
contract (AMC), energy and environmental
management(e.g. waste water management), Methodology
health (e.g. medicines, gas tank)and safety(e.g.
The methodology adopted was to analyse the
firefighting), space management(e.g. spatial
factors responsible for performance deviation in
layout), move management(e.g. packers &
GB from facility management perspective. After
movers), room scheduling(e.g. scheduling events
defining the sampling framework, survey
in room), occupancy management(e.g. allotment
questionnaire was designed. Next the survey was
of parking space in a public parking space),
conducted and the results were analysed.
resource allocation(e.g. management of human
Respondent selection But IFMA does not have any local chapter for
Eastern India indicating that FM services might
The sampling frame was initially chosen as the
not be an established profession in this part of the
listed members of the International Facility
country. Hence, using snowball sampling method
Management Association (IFMA) India – the only
from the IFMA members, contact details of their
professional body of facility managers in India.
peers working in Eastern India was collected.
Tabl 1: Ratings with explanation used in the questionnaire survey
Additional list was prepared through LinkedIn for FM services, eight major causes and effects of
'facilities management' group. These facility the causes on nine building systems were collated
managers along with other key players, namely, from literature review. They were graded in 5-
owners / developers and architects of the same point Likert scale from Stage 1 and were analysed
projects constituted this respondent group. The statistically in IBM SPSS Statistic 22 software. For
second and third group of respondents were further each entity weighted average ¯X was calculated.
requested for their other projects availing FM If xi is the number of responses for the rating wi ,
services – either in-house or outsourced. But no then ¯X is given by Equation 1 as:
new name of FM service provider was found.
5 5
While forming the respondent group, each
organisation was represented by a single member å
X=xi wi / å
i=
1
wi
i=
1
(1)
i.e. multiple employees from same organisation
was not included. 'P-value' or calculated probability at 95%
confidence level by using Z test (for sample size >
Questionnaire design 30) or t-test (for smaller samples) with respect to
The questionnaire was designed with an aim to critical mean value of 3 (median of 5-point scale)
provide insight of FM trend in GBs for Eastern was found. An entity was considered as
India along with the design consideration for FM. statistically significant for p<0.05 and t-value
Therefore, based on literature review, a higher than the critical t-value. As only the higher
questionnaire was developed. It has five sections values were under consideration, values
as follows: corresponding to one-tailed distribution were
noted.
• Respondent profile and typical FM services, FM
tools, its connection to BIM. This section was Unlike designers, owners and facility managers
omitted by the designer group. are involved in O&M phase; the respondents were
grouped into owner and facility managers as FM
• Difficulty level to obtain building performance group and the designer group consisting of
related information. architects, civil engineers, and MEP engineers. To
• Significance of FM challenges other than find, if there is any significant difference in
obtaining building-related information opinion of these two respondent groups, Mann-
Whitney (M-W) U test was applied. It is a non-
• Level of severity of effect of poor O&M on parametric “one-way ANOVA on ranks" test
building systems applicable to two independent data sets. It is
• Recommendations for bridging the performance assumed that there lies a significant difference in
gap. opinion for p<0.05.
The responses were collected in two phases i.e. Results and Discussion
online questionnaire survey and semi-structured Respondent profile
interviews. The first part covered all items except
the last one. Various difficulty levels to obtain A total of 74 responses were collected for the first
information; significance level of FM challenges phase for which the demographic profile is shown
and severity level of effect of poor O&M practices in Table 2. Five of the facility managers have
on building systems. The items under each of recently shifted abroad but they answered the
these categories were collated from thorough survey questions based on their Indian experience.
literature review and a 5-point Likert scale was In addition to it, 17 semi-structured experts'
derived to grade the quantitative responses as interviews were conducted. This includes five
shown in Table 1. architects, three civil engineers, two real estate
developers, and seven facility managers. The study
Data analysis being focused on eastern zone, snowball sampling
The responses on 21 types of building information and extra effort of repeated attempt of
based on five categories, seven major challenges communication yielded higher number of
responses in Eastern India.
these two vital topics go down in the priority list. is not well-defined. Drawings or specification
The supporting FM tools were also reviewed for sometimes undergo several changes even during
their frequency of use. It was found that CMMS construction and the updated (as –built) drawings
(58%) is the most preferred tool whereas IWMS may not become a part of handover document
(38 %) is the least used one. Similarly, in case of which gives hardship during O&M.
linkage to BIM, the highest and lowest responses
Apparently 'well-documented' GBs showed a
belonged to CAFM (23%) and ERP (8%)
similar trend in difference in opinion though at
respectively (Figure 2). It meant that commonly
lesser extent. In eight cases there was difference in
FM tools are not linked to BIM which adds
opinion. FM team felt compared to NGB, the data
hardship in achieving the building performance
acquisition is easier (61.90% easy cases) and,
goal.
designers commented that all data are easily
Building performance related information available because they believed that GBs
parametrically designed and lifecycle phases are
Level of difficulty in obtaining building related
seamlessly integrated. However, data pertaining to
information as reported by the FM group and
the parameters not contributing to the GB
Designers for both green building (GB) and
certification process directly (such as structure and
conventional or non-green building (NGB) is
its material specification, acoustics, indoor
shown in Table 3.From the statistical analysis of
pollutants, carbon monitoring, acoustics,
ratings, it was noted that for NGB, FM group and
environmental change makers and energy
designer group differed in opinion in 16 out of 21
behaviour) were difficult. The reasons are two-
(76.19%) cases. FM group opined that in 66.67%
fold: (a) not well documented unlike other
(14 out of 21) cases information are difficult to
parameters contributing to the energy analysis and
acquire, while designers felt almost reverse.
secondly, technically feasible but no extra O&M
According to them, all data are easily available
budget is allotted for the work. Though many of
except the energy audit. In fact, NGB seldom
these parameters especially, energy behaviour and
undergoes any energy audit on regular basis and it
environmental change makers are dictating factors
proves the point that designers are really not aware
of building performance. FM groups for both GB
of the O&M activities. Neither they are actively
and NGB agreed for 71.42% cases about difficulty
involved in energy analysis – usually outsourcing
in data collection. In most of the cases, the data is
the work to ESCos. Similarly, data related to
needed for GB certification at initial phase, but at
energy or water usage, health& comfort or
later stage data acquisition becomes difficult
automation, are not in vogue of FM services of
because of limited O&M budget and lack of trained
NGB. But because it is technically or rather
personnel.
theoretically possible to extract the information,
designers marked the process as not difficult. Also From the previous analysis it was apparent that
it is clear that conventional documentation process designers are not well aware of O&M practices
even for a more co-ordinated GB where building
performance during O&M is the main design aim.
Hence it was decided for subsequent data related to
challenges for FM services and its effect on
building services should be interpreted based on
the opinion of FM team only. However it was noted
that among 41 of them, six candidates have no
practical experience of handling GB, hence the
response number was further reduced to 35 though
this sample size is large enough for statistical
analysis. These people have experience of both GB
and NGB and hence responded for both types of
buildings.
Figure 2: Usage rate of common FM tools
Table 3 : Statistical analysis of responses for difficulty level for obtaining building performance related information
• Cost of getting NGB data is more because changes such as updating software or installing
people need to start from scratch, while for GB new set of equipment are very common and
documentation is better. existing FM tools may not be capable of
addressing these changes. In case of NGBs,
• Tracking changes in GBs is difficult because
Table 4: Statistical analysis of responses for challenges in FM services
changes are less relatively less in numbers as building type is also limited for GBs, but an issue
proved by the challenge of up gradation of building for NGBs.
standards. • Lack of O&M fund is a common phenomenon,
• Though about 60% of building defects roots but in case of GB after the certification is over,
back to faulty design, FM teams get blamed for it. except energy audit no extra fund is usually
In case of GB, due to higher user expectations, available for predictive maintenance. Hence, for
such complaints are more intense. high-end systems it becomes an issue.
• Any change in number of occupants influences • Mishandling or misuse of installed equipments
the buildings energy load much more than other either by users or unskilled FM personnel creates
parameters such as structural loading, regular wear trouble. But GBs with more sophisticated
–and- tear. Hence GBs are worse sufferer than its instruments, the chances of such incidents are
counterparts. Also there is limited scope to track higher.
this effect for NGBs. • In spite of the fact that BMS is usually installed in
• Variations in usage pattern or in operational area GBs to monitor the performance, the lack of
are more commonly found in NGBs. GBs are trained persons manifolds the level of difficulty to
spared from such issues because of stricter control appreciate the generated building information.
from the owners or fellow tenants. Thus change in Likewise, in addition to lack of BMS, NGB suffers
similar fate.
Table 5 : Statistical analysis of responses for building systems affected by poor O&M practices
• Change in management policies are critical both on an almost finalized design scheme and facility
the building types. However, it affects GBs more managers are seldom invited as a member of
when regular FM services get priority pushing design team. There is an urgent need to ensure
behind the performance parameters. collaboration among team members and seamless
information interchange in order to achieve the
In brief, O&M of GBs are equally rather more
targeted performance. In this regard, BIM can be
challenging as of NGBs and the nature of
one of the feasible solutions. The knowledge
challenges are related to hindered flow of
elicited from this study is helpful in designing
information from design stage itself and they affect
suitable strategies for the key players of building
the fundamental aim of the building i.e. the energy
industry in Eastern India as well as in rest part of
performance. The information is not structured and
the country for embracing the recent green surge
seamless where using BIM can be one possible
of implementing ECBC for large commercial
solution.
building projects.
Effect of poor O&M practice on building systems
Bibliography
Thirty five respondents graded the overall effect of 1. Mayouf M, Boyd D, Cox S. Different perspectives on
poor O&M practises on nine major systems in a 5- facilities management to incorporate in
poimy Likert scale (1=cosmetic, 5= critical). It was BIM. In: Proceedings of CIB Facilities Management
interesting to note that except elevator and Conference Using Facilities in an Open
escalator system all other systems get affected in World – Creating Value for All Stakeholders. ; 2014:144-153.
GB while for NGB not only lesser (6 out of 9) get
2. Kwok AWL, Warren CMJ. Optimisation of performance in
affected, but the intensity of impact is lesser (Table facilities management. Pacific Rim
5). This is due to the fact that GB systems are
Real Estate Soc Conf. 2005;(January):1-15.
sophisticated and gets affected more, unable to
meet higher benchmark of performance unless 3. Janda KB. Buildings don’t use energy: people do. Archit
proper O&M is carried out. Sci Rev. 2011;54(1):15-22.
doi:10.3763/asre.2009.0050.
Conclusion
4. Yudelson J, Meyer U. Lessons from the case studies. In:
The current study scrutinized the GB scenario in The World ’ s Greenest Buildings
Eastern India from the facilities management point Promise versus Performance in Sustainable Design.
of view. While exploring the underlying reasons Routledge; 2013:198-207.
responsible for performance deviation of GBs 5. Menezes AC, Cripps A, Bouchlaghem D, Buswell R.
during O&M phase, it was revealed that the myth Predicted vs. actual energy performance
of GB as a synchronized system with flawless of non-domestic buildings: Using post-occupancy evaluation
design and documentation is challenged by the data to reduce the performance
truth that maintaining GB can be more demanding
g a p . A p p l E n e r g y. 2 0 1 2 ; 9 7 : 3 5 5 - 3 6 4 .
due to poor design coordination, hindered
doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.075.
information flow across the building lifecycle
phases, higher user expectation, heightened rate of 6. Ceranic B, Dean A, Faulkner M, Latham D.
functional obsolescence, non-existing concern for Case study based approach to integration of
maintainability etc. The systems and its
sustainable design analysis, performance and
components are sophisticated, but they get more
building information modelling. July 2016.
affected in terms of energy profile due to
undesirable challenges faced by FM team. The http://derby.openrepository.com/derby/handle/10
dynamic nature of GB is seldom perceived by the 545/582957. Accessed February 5, 2016.
design team and they erroneously believe that 7. Kriegel E, Nies B. Green BIM� : Successful Sustainable
building related information for GB is easy to Design with Building Information
obtain, analyse and use for implementing changes. Modeling.; 2008.
However, in reality the design process is highly
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=
fragmented as building energy analysis is imposed intitle:Green+BIM+:#1.
9. Mokhtar Azizi NS, Wilkinson S, Fassman E. Management 20. Śliwiński B, Gabryelczyk R. Development of process
practice to achieve energy-efficient modelling for facility management. In:
performance of green buildings in New Zealand. Archit Eng Hansen HR, Karagiannis D, Fill H-G, eds. 1st CEE
Des Manag. 2014;10(1-2):25-39. Symposium on Business Informatics.
Level.; 2017. http://indiaenergy.gov.in/roadmap-to-fastrack- 26. Valle R, Junghans A. Mind the Gap between Sustainable
adoption-and-implementation-ofecbc- Design and Facilities Management.
at-the-urban-and-local-level/. Accessed July 8, 2018. In: Ardeshir Mahdavi, Martens B, Scherer R, eds. EWork and
EBusiness in Architecture,
15. EIA. Buildings Energy Consumption in India is Expected
to Increase Faster Than in Other Engineering and Construction ECPPM 2014. ; 2014:8.
doi:10.1201/b17396-40.
Regions. EC� : Energy Collective.
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=33252. 27. Tan W. Research Methods� : A Practical Guide for
Students and Researchers.; 2017.
Published 2017. Accessed July 22, 2018.
28. Delzendeh E, Wu S, Lee A, Zhou Y. The impact of
16. Deb K, Appleby P. India’s Primary Energy Evolution: Past occupants ’ behaviours on building energy
Trends and Future Prospects.
analysis� : A research review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev.
www.ncaer.org. Accessed August 30, 2018. 2017;80(May):1061-1071.
1 7 . P r o d u c t F e a t u r e s . doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.264.
https://www.officespacesoftware.com/features. Accessed
July 27, 2018. 29. Das S, Chew MYL. Generic Method of Grading Building
Defects Using FMECA to Improve
18. Market leading Real Estate and Facility Management
software | Planon. Maintainability Decisions. J Perform Constr Facil.
2011;25(December):522-533.
https://planonsoftware.com/uk/. Accessed July 27, 2018.
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000206.
19. Facilities Management Software | iOFFICE.
5. Centre of gravity of excavation and the high rise more compressible layer of very soft to soft silty
structure coincide clay with decayed and decomposed vegetation
ranging between -5.00m and -10.75m (Fig.1) on
6. Centroid of the bearing pressure coincides with an average. For a shallow raft foundation system,
the line of the resultant forces of all loads acting on net load that will be transferred on to the subsoil
the mat. below the basement raft at -3.50m worked out to
7. Effects of wind load and seismic load in the 8.2 t/m2, where as ultimate bearing capacity,
form of lateral and moment loading have been working on least cohesive value at -3.50m, was
incorporated into the assessment of bearing 8.25 t/m2 providing a factor of safety as low as
pressure. 1.01.Even with the average 'c' value( 2.44t/m2) of
this layer, safety factor against ultimate bearing
Study Area and Sub Soil Profile capacity is 1.67 which is less than 1.7,the
The site that was earmarked for a bus terminal minimum allowable limit for a raft foundation[ 3].
complex at Ultadanga, Kolkata. was found to be a Besides the above, the effect of net foundation load
flat terrain, Sub soil profile as obtained by (8.2 t/m2) from the basement raft on -5.00m i.e. on
necessary site investigation and laboratory tests, the next layer(Fig. 2, Layer 3) having very soft to
contains the following layers: soft cohesive soil, works out to 7.61 t/m2 .In this
layer, as well, it was observed that ultimate bearing
Discussion capacity, even using average cohesive value ,failed
Basement depth, as already fixed by the client, for to provide sufficient factor of safety. Here, factor
the proposed B+G+11 storied high rise building of safety that could be achieved was 1.49.
was -3.50m.Therefore, the raft slab was to be In view of the above it became obvious that it was
placed within the soft to medium silty clay layer not possible to achieve a safe foundation system
(Fig.1, Layer 2) having an average thickness of for the proposed multistoried structure on a
2.5m .This clayey layer is followed by a softer and
shallow 3.5m deep basement raft. Therefore, the ground stress due to the structure will be reduced
conventional solution to the foundation problem and consequently the settlement and differential
was considered in the form of a piled basement raft. settlement of the foundation will also be decreased.
Necessary analysis was made for the same and the When the resulting foundation transfers nil or
required chart (Table 1) in respect of safe pile negligible/acceptable net load on the ground below
capacity for different diameters of bored cast in situ the basement raft it is termed a compensated
23.5m long concrete piles was furnished, the tip of foundation or buoyant foundation [2].
piles resting on dense to very dense sandy soil and A number of trial analyses with different basement
effective length of the piles being 20m. depths were, therefore, made. It was observed that
It was also contemplated to apply the concept of a 6.25m two level deep basement can provide
compensated foundation or buoyant foundation [2] sufficient discount to the oncoming foundation
and study the results to check whether the high rise load of 15.5t/m2 from the 2B+G +11 storied
building can be safely founded on the soft to building to achieve the net load reduced to 4.25
medium (Fig.1,Layer 1) or very soft to soft t/m2 providing a factor of safety of
(Fig.1,Layer 2) clayey subsoil only by increasing 2.24(Appendix 2) against ultimate bearing
the basement depth and without using any pile capacity as 9.54 t/m 2 (Appendix 2) at - 6.25m,
below the basement raft. using least 'c' value. Total settlement was also
found to be within allowable limit [5].
The concept of compensated foundation system is
based, principally, on the reduction of net load Eventually, after a series of discussions between
from the structure to be founded [2] where the structural designer and the geotechnical
construction for a basement raft involves engineering consultant this alternative
excavation of the soil prior to construction of the recommendation for a foundation system having
foundation and the superstructure. By reduction of two level basement raft was approved by the client,
the stress in the underlying ground caused by in view of the fact that the solution was cheaper,
excavation for the basement, the net increase in less time consuming and comparatively easier to
construct than a piled basement raft. Besides the possible, by providing only a shallow basement
above the extra space to be obtained from second raft foundation when a tall building is constructed
level basement can be used for various effective on very soft/soft clayey soil.
purposes such as storage and car park [2]. Reduction of net bearing pressure on the subsoil
underlying the foundation base also reduces the
However, due to some administrative reasons, .the
settlements below allowable limits enabling the
proposed B+G+11 storied office building was
basement raft to have a safe foundation base on the
finally designed, and construction for the same
very soft clayey soil. Use
started ,as a tall building having 6.25m deep two
of the concept of compensated foundation is also
level deep basement raft with G+ 7(seven) floors
beneficial as it results in shallow basement raft
as superstructure .
which involves less construction cost and time
It was later noted that, after satisfactory than those required for a piled raft foundation.
completion of its construction for two level The extra space thus obtained from the second
basements with raft foundation system ,the level basement can also be suitably utilized to cater
construction work of the tall office building had to the need of high rise buildings often requiring car
be stopped abruptly for an indefinite period due to parking and/or commercial, storage and retail
a litigation in respect of the land. space.
Conclusions References
Tall buildings pose some initial challenges to the 1. H. G. Poulos, E. H. Davis, Pile Foundation Analysis and
Design, Wiley, New York, USA, 1980,
engineering consultants from geotechnical point of p250
view. Although a piled raft foundation is
conventionally considered in respect of a solution 2. M. J. Tomlinson, 'Foundation Design and Construction',
Fourth Edition, The English Language Book Society and
to the foundation system for tall buildings, on soft Pitman, ELBS edition reprinted 1981, pp215, 216,270-282
clays, without or with basement, alternative option
3. J.E.Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design, Fourth
to utilize the concept of compensated foundation Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA,
in terms of shallow raft with basement should 1988, table 4.9, p 232.
always be looked into, analysed with trials on 4. IS: 6403 – 1981, 'Indian Standard Code of Practice for
different basement depths and discussed to check Determination of Bearing Capacity of shallow Foundations',
whether the same can provide sufficient reduction Indian Standard Institution, Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah
of building load, by excavation of the subsoil for Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002,November 1981.
the said basement, so that the discounted net load 5. IS 1904- 1986 , Code of Practice for Design and
a c h i e v e s r e q u i r e d f a c t o r o f s a f e t y. Construction Foundations in Soils-General Requirement,
Present study shares the experience where the Third Edition),Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak
Bhavan,,9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi
concept of compensated foundation was utilized 110002,Table1,p23
and a shallow raft foundation with a deep two level
6. IS: 2911 (Part I/Sec 2) – 1986, 'Indian Standard Code of
basement provided a safe foundation system for a Practice for Design and Construction
tall building on very soft to soft clayey soil without of Pile Foundations', Part I:Concrete Piles, Section 2: Bored
the need for construction of piles below the raft .It Cast in-situ Concrete Piles (Second Revision),Bureau of
can, thus, be satisfactorily effective to utilize the Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar
concept of compensated foundation, wherever Marg, New Delhi110002,
Appendix 1
::
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
done or not? Subdivision & amalgamation of plots are located on internal roads of the colony.
is not allowed as per MPD – 2021.
• Stilt area: In area like Delhi parking is a big
• Shape of the plot – Value of land depends upon problem. Stilt area for parking available in the
shape of the plot i.e. Square, Rectangle, building is a positive factor.
Trapezoidal, irregular shape, Gomukhi or
• Age of building – whether it is a old building or
Shermukhi.
new building. Year of construction effects the
• Demarcation Whether property is demarcated or value of the property.
not. Whether entry to the plot is from North or
• Map: Whether Building is as per Approved map
South or East or from West side. Whether it is one
or not.
side or two side or three side open plot. Properties
facing park have more value. • FAR permissible & FAR utilized: Permissible
FAR for construction of building depends upon the
• Road width in front: Properties which are located
Plot Size.
in internal narrow lanes of residential colonies
have less value as compared to properties which Commercial plots meant for service center with
FAR of 100 will have less price as compared to view what % of land is likely to be acquired for
same size of plot meant for commercial complex / Road widening purpose.
shopping Mall with FAR 150 • Environmental Factors: (a) Use of environment
• Freehold or Leasehold: Terms & Conditions of friendly building materials, Green building
Lease Deed & Remaining lease period. techniques if any.
• Use Factor: Residential, Commercial, Industrial, (b) Provision for rain water harvesting.
Institutional, Agricultural (c) Use of solar heating and lighting systems, etc.
Minimum land rates for Commercial, Industrial Presence of environmental pollution in the vicinity
and other uses: of the property in terms of industries, heavy traffic,
etc.
The following multiplicative use factors shall be
employed to the minimum land rates for residential • Payment terms for Sale Purchase. In Delhi
use while calculating the cost of land under majority of the properties are Registered at Circle
different uses: Rate Value which is normally lower then the
Market Value of the property. Properties in Delhi
• Acquisition: Notification for acquisition & road are normally sold on Cheque + Cash basis.
widening if any. Plots located on State Roads / Properties which are sold on 100 % cheque
National Highways shall be valued keeping in payment, normally fetch lower price than the
properties sold on Cheque + Cash basis. comparatively less value as new / additional
construction cannot be done. Even for carrying out
• Area to be Sold: Whether complete Land +
alterations / renovations, permission from
building will be sold or only floor of the building
Archeological Survey of India is required.
will be sold.
• Property located near the Railway line have
• CLU: In case of factory constructed on
comparatively less value as no construction is
agricultural land whether CLU has been obtained
permitted within 30 m from the Railway line
or not ?
• Properties which are in un-authorized area have
Marketability of the property
less value then the properties in authorized area.
Factors which have –ve impact on value of the
• Reputation of the owner of the property. Whether
property
property to be sold is disputed or not. If there are
• Property located near the Heritage structure have any other claimants for the property.
Table 3 : Power distination • Plots located below high tension wires have
comparatively less value because of restrictions of
construction as no construction is permitted within
5.5 m to 25m from the different type of power line
structure.
Information Tools for finding out the land rates
• Property portals.
• Local enquiry
• Property dealers of the area.
• Property section of News Papers.
• Valuer's own data bank & his professional
judgement
Mr P K Maity, FIE
Chairman