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Effects of methane concentration on the performance and
emissions of a small CI engine run on dual-fuel (diesel-biogas)
H Ambarita1,2 *and M KM Nasution3

1
Klinik Publikasi Ilmiah (KPI), Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. dr. Mansur Kampus
USU Medan 20155
2
Sustainable Energy Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera
Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU Medan 20155
3
Vice Rector for Research & Community Service and Collaboration, Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Jl. dr. Mansur Kampus USU Medan 20155
*
Email: himsar@usu.ac.id
Abstract. In this paper a small Compression Ignite (CI) is tested by fuelling it on dual-fuel
(diesel-biogas) mode. The objective is to explore the effects of methane concentration of the
biogas on the performance and emissions characteristics of the CI engine. A four stroke single
cylinder and naturally air cooled CI engine, typically used for small tractor, is used in the
experiments. The cylinder diameter, bore, and maximum output are 75 mm, 80 mm, and 4.89
kW, respectively. The CI engine is coupled with generator to generate electricity. Two type of
biogas are used, the first is biogas with 60% methane concentration and the second one is 70%.
The loads and engine speed are varied from 1000 rpm to 1500 rpm. The results show that output
power of the CI run on dual-fuel mode is higher than the engine run on pure diesel. However,
the efficiency on duel-fuel is lower and specific fuel consumption is higher in comparison with
the engine run on pure-diesel. There are no specific effects of increasing methane concentration
on the performance and the emissions. These facts suggest that it is better to operate the CI engine
in dual fuel mode with raw biogas.
1. Introduction
In order to avoid the world from the Global Warming, many countries have committed on reducing their
Green Houses Gases (GHGs) emissions. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has released its target on
reducing GHG emissions by 26% from level business as usual (BAU) by 2020 and it can be increased
up to 41% by international aid [1]. Energy is one of the biggest sectors that contribute to Indonesia
GHGs emissions [2]. This includes activities that burn fossil fuel in engines in order to produce power.
In Indonesia, the main consumption of fossil fuel is diesel oil which is used in Compression Ignition
(CI) engines [3]. The CI engines are mainly used in heavy machineries such truck, agricultural engines,
marine, and power plants. Thus reducing diesel consumption will reduce GHGs emissions. On the other
hand, in Indonesia fossil fuel (gasoline, diesel, kerosene) is still subsidized and it becomes a load for
government budget. These facts suggest that reducing diesel oil consumption in CI engines will give a
significant impact on mitigation GHG emissions and it will help the GoI in reducing fossil fuel subsidy.
Several studies on CI engine run on dual-fuel mode have been found in literature. Bedoya et al [4]
reported a study on the effect of mixing system and pilot fuel quality on diesel-biogas dual-fuel engine
performance. The simulated biogas (60% CH4-40%CO2) as primary fuel, and diesel and palm oil
biodiesel as pilot fuel. Cacua et al [5] studied experimentally the effects of oxygen enriched air on the
operation and performance of a diesel-biogas dual-fuel engine. The biogas composition was 60% CH4 -
40% CO2 and the oxygen concentration in the intake air engine was varied from 21 to 27% O 2.
Tippayong et al [6] carried out a study on electricity production for on-farm using a small CI dual-fuel
diesel-biogas. The main objective was to evaluate the effect of long-term operation on performance and
wear of the dual-fuel engine. The composition of the biogas was 65.6% CH4 and 26.4% CO2. The CI
engine was tested for 2000 hours of operation. The dual-fuel engine appeared to perform well and have
great potential for use on-farm energy utilization. Makareviciene et al [7] explored the impacts of CH4
compositions in a big CI four stoke and four-cylinders engine when operated under dual-fuel biogas-
diesel mode. The composition of CH4 in biogas varied from 65%, 85%, and 95%. The impact of exhaust
gas recirculation (EGR) was also explored. Tonkunya and Wongwuttanasatian [8] reported a study on
the utilization of biogas-diesel mixture as fuel in a fertilizer pelletizing machine for reduction of GHG
emission in small farms. In the experiment the rated power of the CI engine and the composition of the
biogas were not reported. The results showed that by using biogas as dual-fuel mode in the CI engine, a
reduction in diesel fuel of 63% was achieved. This result was equivalent to 13 ton CO2eq/year/farm in
Thailand case. Nathan et al [9] performed an experimental study on the biogas-biodiesel HCCI mode of
engine operation. The objective was to investigate the potential of the HCCI concept to utilize biogas
effectively.
The above literatures show that study on CI engine run on dual-fuel mode has come under scrutiny
in order to decrease the fossil fuel. Several modifications or parameters have been proposed such as the
effects of mixing system, oxygen enrichment of the inlet air, compression ratio, long-term operation,
etc. To the best knowledge of the authors, there is no study on the effects of the methane enrich biogas
on the small CI engine run on dual-fuel mode found in literature. Here, a small Compression Ignite (CI)
is tested by fueling it on dual-fuel (diesel-biogas) mode. The objective is to explore the effects of
methane concentration in the biogas on the performance and emissions characteristics of the CI engine.
The results are expected to supply the necessary information on development of alternative solutions for
reducing diesel oil consumption in CI engines.
Catatan: Paragraph pertama tidak menggunakan spasi tetapi paragraph kedua dst mempunyai spasi
yang sedikit menjorok ke dalam.
2. Method
In this study a CI engine which is originally used in a small tractor for agricultural will be used as a
tested engine. The specifications of the CI engine are presented in Table 1. It is a single-cylinder four
stroke CI engine fueled by diesel oil. This engine has a maximum output power of 4.86 W. It is a small
engine with a weight of 60 kg and typically found in Indonesian small farmer.
Table 1. Specification of the CI engine

No Parameter Value
1 Commercial name/model Tiger Diesel Engine R175 AN
Single-cylinder/4 strokes and
2 Number of cylinder/stroke
Horizontal
3 Cooling system Air cooled
4 Bore  Stroke 75 mm  80 mm
5 Maximum output 4.86 kW
6 Rated output 4.41 kW
7 Rated speed 2600 rpm
8 Engine weight 60 kg
9 Commercial name/model Tiger Diesel Engine R175 AN
Catatan: Tabel selalu berada di tengah kolom dan tidak menggunakan garis vertical. Nama table di
atas diberi titik dan bold. Huruf yang digunakan adalah 11, tetapi jika isi tabel terlalu padat hurufnya
dapat diperkecil.
2.1. Experimental apparatus

In order to perform the study, an experimental apparatus has been designed and developed as shown in
Figure 1. It consists of a unit of CI engine, generator, series of lamps, biogas tank, gas mixer, and
measurements apparatus. In single fuel mode (pure diesel oil only) the CI engine will be tested without
modification. In dual-fuel mode, a gas mixer has been designed and developed in order to mix the fresh
air with biogas. The mixture of the fresh air and biogas will be injected into the CI engine. To simulate
the load, the CI engine will be coupled with a single phase synchronous generator using pulley.
Figure 1. Experimental apparatus
Catatan: Gambar dibuat ditengah halaman dan caption gambar ditulis (Figure 1.) atau jangan
disingkat jadi “Fig 1”.
2.2. Problem formulation

In order to perform the analysis, several parameters are used and formulated here. The objective of
introducing biogas into the engine is to reduce the diesel mass flow rate in comparison with single diesel
mode. In order to present the percentage of diesel fuel replaced by the biogas, the replacement ratio [ r
] is calculated by
mdiesel  mdual
r 100% (1)
mdiesel
where m  diesel (kg/s) is the diesel mass flow rate in diesel mode and m dual (kg/s) is the diesel mass flow
rate in dual-fuel mode.
Catatan: Persamaan ditempatkan di tengah baris dan diberi nomor seperti “(1)”.
3. Results and Discussions

The results will be discussed in 5 subsections, they are output power, total efficiency, specific fuel
consumption, exhaust gas emissions, and diesel replacement ratio
3.1. Output power

Here, the output power is defined as the electric power resulted by the generator. The voltage and the
current are measured and the electric power is calculated using equation (1). The electric power as a
function of engine rotation speed is shown in Figure 2. The load is fixed at 1500 W. The figure shows
that for all cases the output power increases as the engine speed increases. The output power of the CI
engine run on dual-fuel is slightly higher than pure diesel at the same speed. The results from other loads
show the same trend. It can be said that CI engine can be run on dual-fuel mode perfectly and shows a
better output power in comparison with pure diesel.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Output power of the CI engine at (a) load 900 W and at (b) load 1500 W
3.2. Total efficiency

Lanjutkan di sini
3.3. Specific fuel consumption (scf)

Lanjutkan di sini
3.4. Exhaust gas emission

Lanjutkan di sini
4. Conclusions
Lanjutkan di sini
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge that the present research is supported by Ministry of
Research and Technology and Higher Education Republic of Indonesia. The support is under
the research grant BP-PTN USU of Year 2016 Contract Number XXX/XXX.
Reference
[1] Bedoya ID, Saxena S, Cadavid FJ, Dibble RW, Wissink M 2012 Applied Energy 618-629.
[2] Cacua K, Amell A, Cadavid F 2012 Biomass and Bioenergy 45 (2) 159-167.
[3] Tippayawong N, Promwungkwa P, Rerkkriangkrai 2007 Biosystem Engineering 98 26-32.
[4] Makareviciene V, Sendzikiene E., Pukalskas S, Rimkus A, Vegneris R 2013 Energy Conversion
and Management 75 224 – 233.
[5] Tonkunya N, Wongwuttanasatian T 2013 Energy for Sustainable Development 17 240 – 244.
[6] Nathan SS, Mallikarjuna JM, Ramesh A 2010 Energy Conversion and Management 51 1347 –
1353.
Referensi tidak memuat judul tulisan hanya nama jurnal dan vol dan tahun serta halamannya

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Effects of methane concentration on the performance and

emissions of a small CI engine run on dual-fuel (diesel-biogas)

H Ambarita1,2 *and M KM Nasution3

Table 1. Specification of the CI engine

2.1. Experimental apparatus

Figure 1. Experimental apparatus

2.2. Problem formulation

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Output power

3.2. Total efficiency

3.3. Specific fuel consumption (scf)

3.4. Exhaust gas emission

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