Critical Thinking Workbook
Critical Thinking Workbook
Critical Thinking Workbook
Everyday. Everywhere.
Think about it!
Not long ago, most American Critical thinking is now more important than ever. With globalization and the increased
speed of business, employees at every level are facing a complex flow of information.
workers performed pretty much the
Good decisions require focusing on the most relevant information, asking the right
same task all day, every day. If they questions, and separating reliable facts from false assumptions—all elements of critical
encountered a problem, they would thinking. Without each of these elements, the decision is likely to fall short. And the entire
enterprise may suffer.
consult a manual, or perhaps their
supervisor. But as the modern world Crucial decisions, such as where to cut costs, which job candidates to hire, and what
features should go into your flagship product, are also being made at a faster pace and
has migrated from a manufacturing to by people at every level of an organization. To meet this growing need, more employers
a service-based economy, employees are taking steps to help their employees develop critical thinking skills through training
are increasingly being asked to make programs. Such programs can have as high as 17X ROI, and because critical thinking
underlies problem solving, planning, creativity, and other skills, an employee’s performance
quick, well thought-out decisions— can soar.
often on their own, with limited
By providing your employees with critical thinking training, you’ll empower them to make
direction. good decisions. And good decisions equate to jobs well done—and a company’s success.
When you consider the challenges that businesses face today... competition, technology, the
speed of change... it has simply made business more complicated. This has reduced layers of
bureaucracy and passed responsibility further down the organization. We now expect the people at those
levels to act with a sense of understanding, agility, and critical thinking.”
Ed Reilly, American Management Association
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All Jobs Today Require
Critical Thinking
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What is Critical Thinking?
Critical • Thinking logically with clarity and precision so that you can RECOGNIZE ASSUMPTIONS
Thinking can • Using an approach that is objective and accurate to EVALUATE ARGUMENTS
be defined as:
• Focusing on information that is relevant to DRAW CONCLUSIONS
Source: 2009/2010 Trends in Executive Development Report, Executive Development Associates and Pearson
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Train Yourself to Think Better
with the RED Model®
Pearson’s RED critical thinking model provides individuals with a framework for “thinking about their
thinking.” The RED model® is based on three keys of thinking critically. Each of the skills fits together in a
process that is both fluid and sequential.
RECOGNIZE ASSUMPTIONS
R ecognize Assumptions It is deceptively easy to listen to a comment or presentation and assume the
information presented is true even though no evidence was given to back it
up. Noticing and questioning assumptions helps to reveal information gaps
E
Keys to or unfounded logic. We also need to examine assumptions from different
viewpoints.
CRITICAL valuate Arguments
THINKING EVALUATE ARGUMENTS
D
The art of evaluating arguments entails analyzing information objectively
and accurately, questioning the quality of supporting evidence, and
raw Conclusions understanding how emotion influences the situation. Common barriers
include confirmation bias, or allowing emotions to get in the way of objective
evaluation.
DRAW CONCLUSIONS
Bringing diverse information together to arrive at conclusions that logically
follow from the available evidence is crucial when making a decision. People
who can do this are careful to inappropriately generalize beyond the
evidence and they can change their position when the evidence warrants
doing so. They are often characterized as having “good judgment.”
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CASE STUDY:
Electronic Shareholder Notifications
Shortly after she was promoted to Senior Financial Analyst, Jennifer realized that
her company could save money if it emailed notifications to shareholders, rather
than send them by regular mail. It seemed a simple move—but if Jennifer had not
questioned her assumptions about electronic notifications, she might have made a
big mistake.
Because Jennifer understood the importance of critical thinking, she Next, Jennifer evaluated the quality of those assumptions. She did a cost
decided to evaluate all her assumptions before making any decisions. analysis, and found that the company could save more than $50,000. She
Among those assumptions: researched electronic shareholder notification programs, and concluded
that the project was feasible. But her last assumption—that shareholders
would prefer email—hit a snag.
THE ASSUMPTIONS
Jennifer asked the company’s largest shareholders about receiving
e-notifications and found that many still preferred a paper copy. She also
• The cost savings would be significant. learned the SEC had strict regulations around online forums associated
with many e-notification systems. So while she implemented the new
• An effective electronic notification system could be
system—and saved her company money—she made the new service
readily purchased or developed.
available on an opt-in basis and ensured that legal guidelines were
• Since she preferred electronic notifications from followed.
other companies, others would too.
Checking her assumptions and adjusting in the face of new
information was the key to making e-notifications a success.
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Critical Thinking:
What Will You Do With It?
Research shows that critical thinking serves as a solid foundation for building a variety of other important skills. For
example, good critical thinkers tend to suspend judgment early, which is important in the creative process. They
also consider problems from multiple perspectives and grasp the “big picture” by seeing how parts of a system work
together. So what problem will you solve today?
PROBLEM OPENNESS
SOLVING
CRITICAL
CREATIVITY
THINKING ORGANIZATION/
PLANNING
THE RAW
MATERIAL
FOR:
DECISION STRATEGIC
MAKING THINKING
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CASE STUDY:
Launching a Telecommuting Program
He never fully explained his reasons to the employees, and never delved The president decided to challenge those assumptions. He tracked
into them himself. He just didn’t like the idea. But to his credit, after some down studies on telecommuting and consulted with colleagues at
time, the president realized he had certain unexamined assumptions and other companies. He also learned that some of his accountants weren’t
personal biases about telecommuting. Among them: working seamlessly with global colleagues because they felt pressure
to keep to a 9 to 5 schedule that valued face time over results. To help
reach a conclusion, he built a decision matrix where he listed possible
alternatives (e.g., no telecommuting, company-wide telecommuting,
telecommuting for select jobs only, etc.) and carefully evaluated each
THE ASSUMPTIONS
according to criteria deemed critical to business success and employee
morale.
• Employees get less work done at home.
Based on his careful evaluation, he concluded that telecommuting
• There would be resentment among employees who, would not cause the problems he expected, and would likely increase
because of the jobs, would not be candidates for productivity because accountants would be happier.
telecommuting. He implemented a trial program, which was a success, and a year later
made it permanent.
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Critical Thinking Gone Wrong
Critical Thinking Done the Right Way
WRONG
Circuit City Schlitz
In 2007, Circuit City fired thousands of employees Schlitz beer was the #2 beer in the nation in the 1970s. In
who were being paid an above average salary for their order to cut costs, the company replaced barley malt with
position. The retailer assumed that firing these employees corn syrup and added a foam stabilizer. The result was a
would help the company remain competitive with Best beer with a drastically different taste and a gooey sediment
Buy. Unfortunately, many customers boycotted the store coating the bottom of the can. While they saved money
because of its shabby treatment of employees. Sales upfront, within just a few years the company’s Milwaukee,
plummeted and the company closed its doors in 2009. Wisconsin plant was closed and ultimately the company
was sold.
RIGHT
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Training Your Staff to Think Critically
Is a No Brainer
Perhaps more than any other business skill, critical thinking can make the difference between success and
failure as every dollar an organization spends or receives is a direct result of a decision.
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Critical Thinking Flash Cards
21 “RED” Questions to Ask
R RECOGNIZE
ASSUMPTIONS E EVALUATE
ARGUMENTS D DRAW
CONCLUSIONS
1. What is the key issue/ 1. What are the pros and cons 1. After evaluating all of the
problem that you are trying of the solution you are facts, what is the best
to solve? proposing? possible conclusion?
2. What information and facts 2. What are your biases? 2. What specific evidence is
do you have about this driving your conclusion?
3. Is there someone who
issue?
has a different opinion 3. Is there new evidence that
3. What are your ideas and that you could run your ideas would impact your decision?
assumptions that support by?
4. What does your common
your strategy or plan?
4. What impact will your sense and experience tell
4. Is there solid evidence to decision have on others and you to do?
support those assumptions, how will you handle this?
5. What is the timeline for
and what might be some
5. What will be the financial making a decision (e.g.,
gaps in your reasoning?
impact of your decision? would your decision be
5. Who are the key different in a month)?
6. Who would disagree with
stakeholders and what are
your proposed solution and 6. What opportunities does
their viewpoints?
what is the rationale that your conclusion provide?
6. What other ideas should be supports their viewpoint?
7. What risks are associated
explored?
7. What key points or with your conclusion?
7. What else do you need perspectives do you need to
to know? keep in mind as you evaluate
the options?
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Join the Conversation
Visit Pearson’s Critical-Thinkers.com blog Skepticism and Making Every Day April Fool’s Day
for tips & articles to improve your thinking! We all have at least one friend who consistently shares satire articles and obviously
false memes on social media and believes that they are true. Have you ever wondered
about that person’s thought process?
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50 Ideas for Improving Your Thinking
1. Assign a Devil’s Advocate in meetings 26. Ask someone to evaluate your thought process
2. Disagree 27. Stay engaged
3. Ask Why 28. Practice
4. Use the RED Model of Critical Thinking 29. Accept ambiguity
5. Try a Brain Teaser 30. Listen
6. Test a hypothesis 31. Think like a genius
7. Learn from others’ failures 32. Define objective data
8. Don’t blindly trust statistics 33. Assess risk
9. Find a mentor 34. Ignore the distractions
10. Assess your skills with Watson-Glaser 35. Don’t waste time if you have no control
11. Reflect on your decisions 36. Watch “smart” television
12. Learn about logical fallacies 37. Try something new
13. Don’t censor your brainstorming process 38. Reflect
14. Imagine the Worst-Case-Scenario 39. Play strategic games
15. Wait… 40. Ask the “4 most important words”
16. Look for the spin 41. Analyze cause-and-effect
17. Check your emotions 42. Have a few friends with big heads
18. Tear apart your own idea 43. Be curious
19. Evaluate source credibility 44. Question everything
20. Ask the RIGHT questions 45. Watch the news
21. Challenge hierarchy 46. Get a great education
22. Mind Map 47. Take on a tough debate
23. Check gut feelings 48. Defend your position
24. Recognize assumptions 49. Don’t smoke
25. Accurately define the problem 50. Do more research
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Critical Thinking
CRITICAL THINKING
It’s all thinking. It’s all critical.
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