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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnanasangamamachhe, Khanapur road, Belgaum- 590 018

A PROJECT REPORT ON

IOT IRRIGATION MONITORING & CONTROLLING SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

SUBMITTED BY

Swathi Rani H (1OX15EE092)

Swathi .P (1OX15EE093)
A.V.Deekshashree (1OX16EE400)
Chandrashekar (1OX16EE404)

Under the Support and Guidance of

Mrs. Viji .K
Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE, TOCE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

The Oxford College of Engineering
Hosur Road, Bommanahalli, Bangalore – 560 068
2018-2019
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THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
HOSUR ROAD,BOMMANAHALLI, BANGALORE–560068
(Affiliated to VTU and approved by AICTE)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “IOT ITTIGATION MONITORING &
CONTROLLING SYSTEM” has been carried out by Swathi Rani H (1OX15EE092),
Swathi P (1OX16EE093), A.V.Deekshashree (1OX16EE400), Chandrasekhar
(1OX16EE404) bona fide students of The Oxford College Of Engineering, Bangalore in
partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2018-2019.
It is certified that all suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in
the Report deposited in the departmental library. The project work has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering.

Mrs. Viji.k Dr. V.S. Bharath Dr. Praveen Gowda

Assistant Professor Head of Department Principal
Dept. of EEE EEE TOCE

: :
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THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
HOSUR ROAD, BOMMANAHALLI, BANGALORE–560068
(Affiliated to VTU and approved by AICTE)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

DECLARATION
We students of Seventh semester B.E, of the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore declare that the project entitled “
IOT ITTIGATION MONITORING & CONTROLLING SYSTEM ” has been carried out
by us and submitted in partial fulfilment of the course requirements for the award of the degree
in Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering discipline of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2018-2019. Further, the
matter embodied in the dissertation has not been submitted previously by anybody for the
award of degree or diploma to any other university.

NAME USN SIGNATURE

SWATHI RANI. H (1OX15EE092) ______________

SWATHI. P (1OX15EE093) ______________

A.V.DEEKSHASHREE (1OX16EE400) ______________

CHANDRASHEKAR (1OX16EE404) ______________

Place

Date:
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CONTENTS

Sl.NO CHAPTER PG.NO

01. Abstract 0-6

02. Introduction 7-8
03. Literature Survey 9 – 13
04. Methodology 14 - 16
05. 5.1 Block Diagram & Description 17 - 31
5.2 Proposed Algorithm
5.3 Hardware Description
5.4 Software Description
06. Different Phases of Project work 32 - 35
07. Simulation Result 36 - 38
08. Implementation 39 - 41
09. References 42 - 43
10. Conclusion 43 - 44
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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig no Description Page no

5.1.1 Proposed Block Diagram 17

5.2.1 Flow Chart 19

5.2.2 DHT11 Temperature & Humidity sensor 21

5.2.3 Hygrometer sensor 21

5.2.4 D.C Geared motor 22

5.4.1 Arduino –UNO Kit 27

8.1.1 LM35 temperature sensor interfaced with Arduino 40

CHAPTER - 1
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ABSTRACT

India’s population is reached beyond 1.2 billion and the population rate is increasing day by
day then after 25-30 years there will be serious problem of food, so the development of
agriculture is necessary. Today, the farmers are suffering from the lack of rains and scarcity of
water. The main objective of this paper is to provide an automatic irrigation system thereby
saving time, money & power of the farmer. The traditional farm-land irrigation techniques
require manual intervention. With the automated technology of irrigation the human
intervention can be minimized. Whenever there is a change in temperature and humidity of the
surroundings these sensors senses the change in temperature and humidity and gives an
interrupt signal to the micro-controller.

The project aims at autonomous monitoring of irrigation system in both large and small scale
plantation estates with a view to eradicating the manual system which involves personal
liability concerns and the ignorance of the field workers. Even sometimes the experienced
people cannot assure how much fertilizers or water must be used for the maximum yield.
Hence our system will monitor the temperature, humidity, moisture content of the soil and
other physical factors like presence of major pollutants in air like PM2.5, PM10, CO, NOx
etc. The factors and the crop yield are compared with dataset of past surveys and will try to
predict is irrigation is necessary or not. With the help of this information, the rate of releasing
water from pumps is decided and fed to a microcontroller system which supervises and
controls the whole irrigation system. Besides, there is also provision to monitor plant growth
both in longitudinally and horizontally.

CHAPTER – 2
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INTRODUCTION

Irrigation is the method in which amount of water is supplied to plants at regular intervals for
agriculture iscontrolled by machines. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops,
maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods
of inadequate rainfall. Irrigation has other uses too. For example protecting plants from frost,
suppressing the growth of weed in grain fields and preventing soil consolidation. Incontrast,
agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain fed Irrigation is often studied
together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and subsurface
water from a given area. Irrigation has been useful in agriculture for years and is the product
of many cultures. Historically, it was the basis for economies and societies across the globe
,from Asia to the South western United States. SMART Irrigation is Sustainably Managed,
Accountable, Responsible and Trusted irrigation .SMART irrigate on aims to minimise their
environmental footprint through efficient water use,and to ensure a profitable business. This
allows them to reinvest in new and improved technologies which ensure sustainable and
responsible irrigation over time.
New irrigation technologies and support tools are regularly being innovated in New Zealand
and globally. Water use efficiency and energy us efficiency are the main focuses of these
innovations .Fortunately, efficiency is linked to better quality production and improved
profitability. Over the last two decades there has been a major change in the irrigation
technology used in New Zealand. There has been a move from manual flood irrigation to
remotely controlled spray irrigation using techniques like centrepivots, dripline and micro
sprinklers. There are three components to SMART Irrigation –The irrigation system can apply
water efficiently The use of water is justified Irrigators can provide proof of the above and are
held responsible for their actions India is an agro-based country and now-a-days the small
fields and farms are being merged with the large plantation farms .Due to the increase of 8% of
foreign direct investment (FDI) in agricultural sphere ,more and more farms are globalised.
The multi-national companies cannot bear the loss due to the farmers (who are employed as
field labourers) by means of excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides. The system N will assist
to implement optimal usage of man-power and endeavour to reduce the burgeoning
expenditure .Since ,the whole system will be integrated with a central server and will have
mobile and web-app based user interfaces ,the corporate supervisors can control the system
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from their own work-desk in offices. There will be just one-time investment for the purchase
and installation of the system in the farm leading to a long term benefit. The increase in yield
wil also benefit the consumers as the price of basic food materials will decelerate with the
supply hike as a consequence of which the inflation in field of daily
Commodities may decrease.
In today’s world the Internet plays a vital role in all domains. In the agricultural domains, the
proposed method is used to monitor the agriculture fields with the help of IoT.Sensors are used
for analyzing the various parameters in agricultural domain based on the wireless sensor
network technology. In that, the proposed system is used to collect the soil properties and then
it will be stored in the cloud database

CHAPTER – 3
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LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] In GSM Based Automated Irrigation Control using Rain gun Irrigation System.R.suresh,
S.Gopinath, K.Govindaraju, T.Devika, and N.Suthanthira Vanitha

Mentioned about using automatic microcontroller based rain gun irrigation system in which the
irrigation will take place only when there will be intense requirement of water that save a large
quantity of water. These system brings a change to management of field resources where they
developed a software stack called Android is used for mobile devices that include an operating
system, middleware and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs
necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java
programming language. Mobile phones have almost become an integral part of us serving
multiple needs of humans. This application makes use of the GPRS feature of mobile phone as
a solution for irrigation control system. These system covered lower range of agriculture land
and not economically affordable. The System Supports excess Amount of water in the land and
uses GSM to send message and an android app is been used they have used a methodology to
overcome under irrigation, over irrigation that causes leaching and loss of nutrient content of
soil they have also promised that Microcontroller used can increase System Life and lower the
power Consumption. There system is just limited to the automation of irrigation system and
lacks in extra ordinary features. In GSM based Automatic Irrigation Control System for
Efficient Use of Resources and Crop Planning by Using an Android Mobile.

[2] Pavithra D. S, M. S .Srinath - States features of their system

● The system supports water management decision, used for monitoring the whole system with
GSM (RS-232) module

● The system continuously monitors the water level (Water level Sensor) in the tank and
provide accurate amount of water required to the plant or tree (crop).

● The system checks the temperature, and humidity of soil to retain the nutrient composition of
the soil managed for proper growth of plant.

● Low cost and effective with less power consumption using sensors for remote monitoring
and controlling devices which are controlled via SMS using a GSM using android mobile.
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[3] Use of Water and Power – Laxmi Shabadi, Nandini Patil, Nikita. M, Shruti. J, Smitha. P &
Swati - Use of Water and Power

Automated irrigation system uses valves to turn motor ON and OFF. These valves may be
easily automated by using controllers. Automating farm or nursery irrigation allows farmers to
apply the right amount of water at the right time, regardless of the availability of labor to turn
valves on and off. In addition, farmers using automation equipment are able to reduce runoff
from over watering saturated soils, avoid irrigating at the wrong time of day, which will
improve crop performance by ensuring adequate water and nutrients when needed. Those
valves may be easily automated by using controllers. Automating farm or nursery irrigation
allows farmers to apply the right amount of water at the right time, regardless of the
availability of labor to turn valves on and off. They lack in a featured mobile application
developed for users with appropriate user interface. It only allows the user to monitor and
maintain the moisture level remotely irrespective of time. From the point of view of working at
remote place the developed microcontroller based irrigation system can work constantly for
indefinite time period, even in certain abnormal circumstances. If the plants get water at the
proper time then it helps to increase the production from 25 to 30 %

[4] Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor
Network Yunseop (James) Kim, Member, IEEE, Robert G. Evans, and William M. Iversen

The setup of technical system describe in this paper is broad based and is relatively one of the
efficient system that has developed windows application to monitor the field. Field is equipped
with wireless communication sensors that avails better facilitated sensor communication and
covers wider field area. Detailed description on site field sensors and Internet technology is
described briefly. The statistical data provided is measured to be efficient and used for research
work.

[5] Microcontroller Based Automatic Plant Irrigation System* Venkata Naga Rohit Guntur.

The main aim of this paper is to provide automatic irrigation to the plants which helps in
saving money and water. The entire system is controlled using 8051 micro controller which is
programmed as giving the interrupt signal to the sprinkler. A wireless application of drip
irrigation automation supported by soil moisture sensors Irrigation by help of freshwater
resources in agricultural areas has a crucial importance. Traditional instrumentation based on
discrete and wired solutions, presents many difficulties on measuring and control systems
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especially over the large geographical areas. If different kinds of sensors (that is, temperature,
humidity, and etc.) are involved in such irrigation in future works, it can be said that an internet
based remote control of irrigation automation will be possible. The developed system can also
transfer fertilizer and the other agricultural chemicals (calcium, sodium, ammonium, zinc) to
the field with adding new sensors and valves. Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System, Advance
in Electronic and Electric Engineering.

[6] Cost effective solar power can be the answer for all our energy needs. Conserves electricity
by reducing the usage of grid power and conserves water by reducing water losses.

Advantages:

 Discourage weeds,
 Saves water and time,
 statistical data can be used to control diseases and fungal growth,
 simplest model.

Disadvantages:

 This system is just limited to the automation of irrigation system and lacks in extra ordinary
features

[7] Sanjay D.Sawaitul et al. have proposed a novel method for Classification and Prediction of
future weather by using Back Propagation Algorithm and the weather parameters like speed
of the wind, wind direction, rainfall, temperature and forecasting the climatic conditions are
recorded.
The artificial neural network back propagation algorithm is used to predictthe weather
conditions. The Author has tried three models to predict the weather conditions. The first
model is used to collect the weather forecasting techniques. The second model is used to
introduce the WSN tool kit for collect the data and then third model is used the Back
Propagation Algorithm can be applied on different parameters of weather forecast.

[8] The author , have projected her research work in agricultural field using decision tree
algorithm. This algorithm is used to increase the productivity of soybean crop. They collected
the climatic factors data from Bhopal District of Madhya Pradesh State on the kharif and rabi
season. They use the temperature and rainfall factors are used for the paddy crop yield
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prediction based on the Navies Bayesian classification algorithm. The productivity of the
wheat crop based on the climate conditions the result is identified.

[9] Wen-Yaw Chung et al. have presented their work in agricultural field combine the cloud
and wireless sensor techniques. They use the sensors to monitor and collect the information in
the agricultural field the information’s are temperature, humidity, pH value etc. The sensor
nodes are used for very faster for collect the data. The system includes the hardware and smart
devices are at reasonable storage capacities and monitor the land information from anywhere
through the cloud service

[10] The Authors have presented their work in Agro cloud. It is used to store the details of the
farmlands, farmers, vendors and e-governance. The agricultural products cost are used to
stored in the cloud. The Beagle black bone sensor tool kit is used to collect the soil properties
and environmental attributes. Use the data mining techniques to predict the data need.

ADVANTAGE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

• Simple and efficient

• Conserves water used for irrigation
• Accurate sensing
• Low maintenance cost
• Acknowledging user about the field

MODULES

 Parameter sensing

 Analysis and decision making

 User Acknowledgement

PARAMETER SENSING
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This module deals with the sensing unit of the project, where the sensors like soil moisture
sensor, temperature sensor and electrical conductivity sensor are placed in contact with the soil
which is to be cultivated. These sensors are interfaced with the controlling unit via wired or
wireless connections. The soil moisture sensor can measure the dryness of the soil with the
maximum measure of 1023 units. his measure defines the complete dry soil. The temperature
sensor can detect with the maximum of 150 degree Celsius. The EC value ranges from 1-14.

ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING

Based on the sensed values, decision is made by the microcontroller. As an initial step, the
software for the controller must be configured. Before reading the analog inputs from the
sensors, the threshold values for each parameter must be predefined. The moisture threshold
value is set to 800 units in this project. The threshold temperature value is 24 degree Celsius.
The EC value ranges from 5.5 to 6.5 units. These values are defined by complete analysis of
the soil in prior.
The sensors are connected to the respective pins of the arduino microcontroller. The software
implementations include simple coding in C language. The controller first checks for the
moisture value. When the moisture goes above 800, then it checks for the temperature. When
the temperature is below the threshold value it means that plant can sustain for few more days
without water. But if it goes above the threshold value, the plant must be irrigated.

USER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

User acknowledgement is included as a module in this project. This enables the user/farmer to
have complete awareness about the field and cultivation. This project is mainly useful for
farmers who depend on labours to cultivate the land. They need not visit their land often.
Instead they can use this smart project and get useful suggestions and warnings about the field.
GSM communication is used for sending the text message to the farmer's mobile phone. GSM
SIM900 module is used in this project for acknowledging the user. Any GSM module type can
be used based on our requirements. It uses AT commands for sending the message. It also

CHAPTER – 4
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METHODOLOGY
Our life is turning into more smart and simple because of the IoT technologies and applications
gradually. From the literature it is clear that in the agriculture field the IoT, cloud
and big data concepts are used separately to predict the crop yields. As a novelty, a smart
agricultural model is proposed by integrating the above concepts to deliver the prediction
attributes to the farmers through the mobile computing technology. IoT leads to the
development of the numerous applications in all domains like medical, manufacturing,
industrial, education, governance, transportation etc .
This technology is used in the agriculture field to collect the data through the sensors and
stored in the cloud database through the internet. Then using the big data predictive analytics
techniques toanalyze and predict the crop and cost of the fertilizers Cloud database is used in
the agriculture sector. It is an efficient and well defined application

Cloud based system is integrated with the mobile phone aims as follows:

Cloud database is used to store and share the crop information’s, prices of the fertilizers and
crop prices.

In an agriculture sector, the cloud computing gives thesmartness with flexibility,

predictability, scalability, and optimization.

It gives the information for farmer in an economical and reasonable cost.

In an agriculture filed, IoT plays a very important role to collect the data.

In the agricultural development, the cloud computing plays a vital role to store the data. The
farmers will get the cloud storage by requesting the cloud services. The cloud service
provider gives the storage place on the cloud to the farmer to store the agricultural data and
they allow permission to access and analyse the data. Big data technology used in Customer
Relationship Management, Fraud detection, healthcare, Insurance, Financial prediction
analysis, and Medical decision support system and the predictive analytics for analysing data is
done with the help of data mining concepts. Map Reduce concept is easy to handle the data and
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process the multiple nodes. In this model, the process can be divided Into map and reduce. Map
function is used to perform filtering
and sorting and reduce function is used to perform a summary operation. So, that the Map
Reduce technique is used in the predictive analysis concept to predict the data .
Data mining concept is used to find out the interesting information from the given input data
and the volume ofdata is limited to Giga Byte. So, the data is processed and analyzed with the
help of big data Map Reduce technique .From the literature, the problems are identified and the
solution was proposed to select the cloud based big dataanalytics concept to analyze the data in
the agricultural field.
They are also reprogrammable; hence facilitate scalability of the setup. Sensor inputs are
received from the field, the ladder logic is executed, and the outputs are updated based on the
input measurements. Soil moisture sensor is a dielectric moisture sensor that measures
volumetric water content with Time Domain Transmission (TDT) technology. Soil fertility
meter shows the level of soil nutrients by measuring the soil-water electrical conductivity. it
measures the combination of NPK (nitrogen phosphorus potassium) values.
Both sensors are connected to Arduino UNO board for transmission of the measured values.
The values are sent and received through RF transmitter and receiver which is connected to the
PLC through control relays. Based on the values of moisture sensor and soil fertility meter the
PLC makes the decision of supplying water and fertilizer to plants by controlling the pump of
respective tank. The water level in the water tank is monitored by PLC using float switch in the
tank. Irrigation scheduling is done based on the weather reports provided by weather stations in
their websites.

ARDUINO is the heart of the irrigation control system. The controller will work in 3 different
modes-
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1. Automatic mode:
In this mode, the PLC has ability to make decisions. In this mode, the system works without
any human intervention. The controller controls the process using the sensory inputs and the
IOT data.
2. Timer Mode:
In this mode basically works based on the time. The schedule of irrigation is entered by the
user using a Graphic Operating Terminal (GOT).
3. Manual Mode:
In this mode, operation is based on user needs. This mode is neither time based nor sensor
information is used

CHAPTER – 5

BLOCK DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION

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This system is a combination of hardware and software components. The hardware part
consists of different sensors like soil moisture sensor, photocell sensor, etc whereas the
software part consists of an android based application connected to the arduino board and other
hardware components using Internet of Things (IoT). The android based application consists of
signals and a database in which readings are displayed from sensors and are inserted using the
hardware. The improvement in irrigation system using wireless network is a solution to achieve
water conservation as well as improvement in irrigation process. This research tries to
automate the process of irrigation on the farmland by monitoring the soil water level of the soil
relative to the plant being cultivated and the adaptively sprinkling water to simulate the effect
of rainfall.

Figure 5.1.1 - Proposed Block Diagram

A. Moisture Sensor
The Soil Moisture Sensor is used to measure the volumetric water content in the soil. This
makes it ideal for performing experiments in plants by having constant information about the
amount of water currently present in soil and accordingly providing water to the plants for
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proper nourishment. This includes constant checking of moisture content in soil and sending
the readings to the android application. If the moisture content is less than the threshold value
(which is pre-fed into the arduino board), a prompt message is sent to the device and
automatically a sprinkler connected to the arduino will start sprinkling water on the affected
area.

B. pH Sensor
pH sensor checks alkalinity and acidity of the soil. It is important to maintain a hydroponic
nutrient solution at a pH level where the nutrients are consistently available to the plant. If the
content of the soil solution is too acidic or too alkaline it can cause lock up – a situation which
restricts certain elements essential for growth from being absorbed by the root structure.
Deficiencies in the required elements become apparent in the plants growth and can lead to
plant death. Additionally the pH of the water we drink is crucial to our health.

C. Photocell Sensor
Photocell sensor picks up the light readings. These readings will be transferred to arduino
where they will be compared with the threshold value. If it is less than the threshold value we
can provide some artificial light to the plants.

D. Arduino
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project and user
community. It is the best board to get started with electronics and coding.The system can be
operated in two modes - i) manual and ii) autonomous. The rate of irrigation, physical factors
etc are continuously uploaded in the server. The manual mode gives option to select the rate of
releasing water by pumps, duration of irrigation etc .In the first phase the autonomous mode
decides the rate of irrigation according to the present physical parameters by the analysis of
previous standard surveys uploaded initially in server.

5.2 PROPOSED ALGORITHM

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Figure 5.2.1 - Flow Chart

In this paper, we are using a Mesh topology in which sensor nodes are placed in the farm area.
Sensors in our proposed topology are mobile where as the base station is stationary and it
collects the data from sensor nodes and process them. This work proposes that how to deploy
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the sensed data to the base station in Wireless Sensor Networks. For this purpose firstly set the
farm area [5]. pH sensor checks whether the soil is alkaline or acidic. Soil should have proper
proportion of nutrients which is essential for the plant growth. Also, with help of pH we can
determine for what type of plant the soil is feasible. In this project, we have added a pH sensor
to check the acidity of the soil and give constant updates to the android application about the
same. Sprinkler Algorithm The moisture sensor gives the water content level in the soil and
sends it to the arduino. It will process this data by comparing it with the threshold value if it is
less than the predefined threshold value then start the irrigation.

Reading<Threshold value Start the irrigation System Photocell Algorithm Light is very
important for the plants. Plants convert light energy into their own building material. The
photocell sensor measures the level of availability of the lights to the plants. Arduino compares
the level of light with the predefined threshold value if it is less than the threshold value then
we can provide artificial lights for the plants so that the plants can get appropriate level of light.
Reading<Threshold value Start the artificial light

The product possesses a vertical track along which an ultrasonic sensor traverses to and from to
measure the longitudinal plant growth. Another sonar moves in horizontal track in to map the
distance between the crops(in a particular plot or area) and the product itself to monitor the
secondary growth. When the implementation of fertilizers and pesticides is executed the
system administrator will have the option to switch on to a special mode where the whole
system becomes dedicated in supervising the change in moisture content ,acidity of the soil and
the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration in a more precise way for studying how the plants
react immediately to the fertilizers. It also observes how the Air Quality Index(AQI) is
changing for the application of fertilizers.

1. Sensors:-
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A. Temperature and humidity sensor DHT11 will measure the ambient atmospheric
temperature and humidity. There is a control unit in DHT11. The output of the control units
used to control the irrigation system by switching it on and off depending on the soil moisture
contents. If the moisture value obtained is less than the pre set value then the motor will be
automatically turned ON. The change in moisture is proportional to the amount of current
flowing through the soil.

Figure5.2.2 - DHT11 Temperature Humidity Sensor

B. Hygrometer sensor Measures the soil moisture content

Figure 5.2.3 - Hygrometer sensor

C. PH meter sensor calculates the acidity of the soil

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D. MQ135, MQ131, MQ2, MQ 9 sensors are used to measure the pollutants in air to evaluate
AQI.
E. Ultrasonic sensors are used for pest control and also to monitor the plant growth.
F. Water level indicators are used to fill the field with water upto the required level.

2. MCUs and wireless communication modules:-

 MCU plays the vital role in making judgements and taking vital decision. and is the
main apparatus for interfacing the sensors and connecting to network.
 Wi-Fi-module is used to upload the sensor data to web-cloud.
 . GSM module is used to control the pump.

3. DC Geared Motor: - The device is divided into two parts one the transmitterand other is the
receiver. The transmitter part is attached with sensors is placed in the field to detect various
parameters like temperature, humidity etc. The transmitter portion senses the parameters from
the field through its sensors and sends it to the other part that is the receiver .The receiver
portion in turn sends it to the server through the GSM Module that is attached with it. The
server is where centrally all the data related to the various parameters that is sensed from the
field is saved. Water pumps is placed at various portions of the field that supply water in a
concerned area if required so as a result of analysis on the various data of various parameters
that is saved in the central server at various time from the field conditions. Water pumps
operate through the transmitter portion that sends commands for its operation. The data that is
saved in the server is taken into consideration to analyze the field condition and predict if
irrigation is necessary or not.

Figure 5.2.4 – D.C Geared motor

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4. Apps and dedicated web server and APIs:-These willbe required to analyse the data and
develop various GUIs.

5. Miscellaneous: - DC geared motors will be used to control the movement of ultrasonic

sensors. Stepper motors are used to move the water level indicator sensor to the required
height.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL:

Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measurement of the dissolved material in an aqueous solution,

which relates to the ability of the material to conduct electric current through it. EC is
measured in units called Siemens per unit area. Higher the dissolved materials in the soil,
higher the EC will be in it.
Similar to EC, pH of the soil measures the acidity of the soil based on hydrogen ion
concentration in it. The pH of the soil ranges on a logarithmic scale from 1-14, where pH 1-6
are acidic, pH 7 is neutral, pH 8-14 are basic. The optimum pH range for most of the plants is
between. Based on the pH value the soil nutrient level can be defined.

TEMPERATURE:

Temperature is another parameter that is measured in this project. This value helps in
conservation of water used for irrigation. Even though the soil moisture is less, if the
temperature is not too high then the irrigation to the crop can be limited. This is because many
plants can withstand low moisture conditions when the temperature is moderate

CONTROLLING UNIT:

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. The board can be activated by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. The Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the
Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing must be used for implementation.
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The moisture and temperature sensed by the sensors are processed in the arduino uno
microcontroller. When the values are beyond the threshold value, then the controller does the
defined job.

MOISTURE SENSOR:

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. Since the direct gravimetric
measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and weighting of a sample, soil
moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property
of the soil, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a
proxy for the moisture content. The relation between the measured property and soil moisture
must be calibrated and may vary depending on environmental factors such as soil type,
temperature, or electric conductivity. Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil
moisture and is used for remote sensing in hydrology and agriculture.

Water Sensor Module:

It is a simple to utilize water sensor/detector compatible with Arduino, raspberry pi and

microcontrollers. Simply embed the sensor in the water or dirt and it can quantify moisture or
water content in it. It gives an advanced yield of 5V when moisture level is high and 0V when
the dampness level is low in the dirt. The sensor module transmits output signal of a logic
HIGH or LOW Based on moisture level as set per the potentiometer sensitivity adjustment.
The sensor module incorporates a potentiometer to set the vary the moisture sensitivity limit.
At the point when the sensor measures more moisture than the set edge, the computerized yield
goes high and a LED shows the output. At the point when the dampness in the dirt is less than
the set edge, the yield stays low. The computerized yield can be associated with a miniaturized
scale controller to detect the dampness level. The sensor additionally yields a simple yield
which can be associated with the ADC of a miniaturized scale controller to get the correct
dampness level in the solid. This sensor is best used for making water planting systems, water
detecting, and so forth
 25

5.3 Hardware descriptions:



• Arduino kit AT-mega328P

• ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
• Water Sensor Module
• Relay
• Relay Driver IC
• Vtg Regulator IC
• IC Socket
• LCD’s
• Crystal Oscillator
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Transistors
• Cables & Connectors
• Diodes
• PCB
• LED’s
• Transformer/Adapter
• Push Button

 26

5.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

Arduino - Uno kit

Figure 5.4.1 – Arduino UNO kit

1. Power USB
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you need to
do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).

2. Power (Barrel Jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to
the Barrel Jack (2).
 27

3. Voltage Regulator
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

4. Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate
time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino
crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

Arduino Reset
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can reset
the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can
connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

5V (7): Supply 5 output volt

Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.

GND (8)(Ground):
There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.

Vin (9):
This pin also can beused to power the Arduino board from an external power source, like AC
mains power supply.

10.Analog pins
The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it into
a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor
 28

11. Main microcontroller

Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of your
board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from board to board.
The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your
board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you
can refer to the data sheet.

12. ICSP pin

Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of MOSI,
MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are
slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.

13. Power LED indicator

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to indicate that
your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then there is something
wrong with the connection.

14. TX and RX LEDs

On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They appear in two
places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins
responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes
with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

15. Digital I / O
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic
values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The
pins labelled “~” can be used to generate PWM.
 29

16. AREF
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

FEATURES OF ARDUINO:

• Microcontroller: ATmega328

• Operating Voltage: 5V

• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

• Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V

• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM Output)

• Analog Input Pins: 6

• DC Current per I/O Pin: 40mA

• DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50mA

• Flash memory: 32KB of which 0.5KB used by bootloader

• SRAM: 2KB (ATmega328)

• EEPROM: 1KB (ATmega328)

• Clock speed: 16MHz

ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module:

ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is an integrated TCP/IP protocol stack with an independent SOC with
that can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The chip at first grabbed the
attention of western makers in August 2014 with the ESP-01 module, made by a third-party
manufacturer, Ai-Thinker. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-customized with an AT command
set firmware, which means, you can basically attach this to your Arduino gadget and get about
as much WiFi-ability as a Wi-Fi Shield offers (and that is simply out of the case)! The
 30

ESP8266 module is a to a great degree savvy board with a tremendous, and consistently
developing, group. This module has a sufficiently effective on-load up preparing and storage
capability that enables it to be integrated with the sensors and other application particular
devices through its GPIOs with insignificant improvement in advance and negligible loading
amid runtime. Its high level of on-chip coordination takes into consideration negligible outer
hardware, including the front-end module, is intended to involve insignificant PCB territory.
The ESP8266 underpins APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth coexistence interfaces, it
contains a self-aligned RF enabling it to work under every single working condition, and
requires no outside RF parts.
 31

CHAPTER – 6

DIFFERENT PHASES OF PROJECT WORK

Irrigation project is an agricultural establishment which can supply controlled amounts of water
to lands for growing crops. Irrigation projects mainly consist of hydraulic structures which
collect (from a source), convey and deliver (to farm fields) water for irrigation. A small
irrigation project may consist of a small diversion weir (or a pumping plant) with small
channels and some minor control structures.
A large irrigation project includes a large storage reservoir created by a huge dam (or a long
weir or barrage), hundreds of kilometres of canals, branches and distributaries, control
structures and other works. Large irrigation projects are generally built as multipurpose
projects which also serve to generate hydropower, control floods, and meet water supply and
other demands.

Assuming other factors (such as enlightened farmer, availability of good infrastructure

for supplying input material and marketing the agricultural production) reasonably
favourable, the following are the essential conditions for the success of any irrigation
project:
(i) Suitability of land (with respect to its soil, topography and drainage features) for the purpose
of agriculture.

(ii) Favourable climatic conditions for proper growth and yield of the crops.

(iii) Adequate and economic supply of suitable quality of water.

(iv) Good site condition for the construction and operation of engineering works.

A small irrigation project can be developed in a relatively short time. For example, a farmer
can develop his own tube well irrigation system by securing bank loan and, soon after, getting
the engineering works constructed. However, development of a large irrigation project is more
complicated and time-consuming due to the associated organisational, financial, legal, ad-
ministrative, environmental and engineering problems.
 32

The main stages of a large irrigation project are:

(i) The promotional stage,

(ii) The planning stage,

(iii) The construction stage, and

(iv) The settlement stage

The planning stage itself consists of three sub-stages:

(i) Preliminary planning, including feasibility studies,

(ii) Detailed planning of water and land use, and

(iii) The design of irrigation structures and canals.

The feasibility of an irrigation project is decided on the basis of preliminary estimates of:
(i) Area of land suitable for irrigation,

(ii) Water requirements,

(iii) Available water supplies,

(iv) Productivity of irrigated land, and

(v) Required engineering works.

An irrigation project is considered feasible if the total estimated benefits of the project exceed
its total estimated cost. Adequate planning of all aspects (organisational, technical, agricultural,
legal, environmental and financial) is always essential for a feasible irrigation project.

i) Preliminary planning, and

ii) Detailed planning

 33

Preliminary plans, usually based on available information, are generally approximate, but set
the course for detailed planning. Based on preliminary planning, the accurate measurements are
taken and, thus, more accurate detailed plans are prepared. The detailed plans may, however,
have to be altered at different stages of the project.

The following are the main factors which must be determined accurately during the
planning stage of an irrigation project:
i. Type of project and general plan of irrigation works.

ii. Location, extent and type of irrigable lands.

iii. Irrigation requirements for profitable crop production.

iv. Available water supplies for the project.

v. Cultural areas which can be economically supplied with water.

vi. Types and locations of necessary engineering works.

vii. Needs for immediate and future drainage.

Viii. Feasibility of hydroelectric power development.

ix. Cost of storage, irrigation, power and drainage features.

x. Evaluation of probable power, income and indirect benefits.

xi. Method of financing the project construction.

xii. Desirable type of construction and development.

xiii. Probable annual cost of water to the farmers.

xiv. Cost of land preparations and farm distribution systems.

xv. Feasible crops, costs of crop production and probable crop returns.
 34

The preliminary planning of an irrigation project consists of collecting and analysing all
available data for the purpose, securing additional data needed by limited field surveys and
determining the feasibility of the proposed development by making preliminary study of major
features in sufficient detail.

For detailed planning, accurate data on all aspects of the proposed irrigation project are needed
to prepare plans and designs of various components, and also to determine their most suitable
site locations. There can be different feasible plans and designs possible for a particular project.
Merits and demerits of all such possible alternatives must be looked into before arriving at a
final plan for the project.
 35

CHAPTER – 7

SIMULATION RESULT

What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based
on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,
artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of
great help to novices and experts alike.Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design
Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in
 36

electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board
started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-
bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded
environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build
them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is
open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

Blink example

Power LED (red) and User LED (green) attached to pin 13 on an Arduino compatible board
Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a current limiting resistor
connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and
program functions.[61] A typical program used by beginners, akin to Hello, World!, is "blink",
which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED integrated into the Arduino board. This program
uses the functions pin Mode (), digital Write (), and delay (), which are provided by the internal
libraries included in the IDE environment. This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino
board by the manufacturer.

#define LED_PIN 13 // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a digital
output.
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second.
}
 37

VOID SETUP ( )

The function, setup(), as the name implies, is used to set up the Arduino board. The Arduino
executes all the code that is contained between the curly braces of setup() only once. Typical
things that happen in setup() are setting the modes of pins, starting

You might be wondering what void means before the function setup(). Void means that the
function does not return information.

Some functions do return values – our Dog Wash function might return the number of buckets
it required to clean the dog. The function analogRead() returns an integer value between 0-
1023. If this seems a bit odd now, don’t worry as we will cover every common Arduino
function in depth as we continue the course.

Let us review a couple things you should know about setup()…

1. setup() only runs once.

2. setup() needs to be the first function in your Arduino sketch.

3. setup() must have opening and closing curly braces.

VOID LOOP( )

You have to love the Arduino developers because the function names are so telling. As the
name implies, all the code between the curly braces in loop() is repeated over and over again –
in a loop. The loop() function is where the body of your program will reside.

As with setup(), the function loop() does not return any values, therefore the word void
precedes it.
 38

CHAPTER - 8
IMPLEMENTATION

In the proposed irrigation system IoT (The Internet of Things) plays a major role. The purpose
of the IoT in this system is, it has to share the data to the users. Thus the IoT server is
connected with the Wi-Fi module. The information of the soil is transmitted to the Wi-Fi
network through the signal conditioning circuit of the various sensors. The IoT technoartista is
the open source IoT server through which the signal is shared to the user. The physical
information of the soil such as soil moisture, humidity, temperature are send to the Wi-Fi, then
it is shared to the user using IoT. The height of the crops and information of chlorophyll of the
plant is also shared to the user personal computer with internet connection orsmart phone. If
the moisture content of the soil is lesser than the reference value then the command from the
user device is transmitted to the field section through IoT server then the irrigation system is
activated and the water is supplied to the field. Whenever it reaches the span value if moisture
content of the soil then the irrigation system is deactivated, that information is also transmitted
to the user. This is the chain process of this particular proposed irrigation system.

HARDWARE CONNECTIONS

The proposed system involves many sensors and controlling unit. They all must be
integrated in such a way that the performance is not affected for any cause. Any wrong circuit
connection may lead to failure of the entire system.The soil moisture sensor and the Arduino
uno board is interfaced as follows. Moisture sensor consists of four pins, Analog and digital
pin, vcc and ground.

It operates at the voltage of 5V. The analog pin is interfaced with any of the analog input pins
in the arduinouno board. The sensor is then placed in the soil for sensing the moisture content.
 39

The temperature sensor LM35 is interfaced with the controller in the same way as the moisture
sensor. LM35 has three pins, one for voltage, one for ground and other for analog input read.
The voltage of 5V is required for its effective functioning. The following figure provides the
circuit connection for the LM35 and Arduino interface. LM35 temperature sen

Figure 8.1.1 - LM35 temperature sensor interfaced with Arduino

SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The software implementation requires the Arduino software IDE to be installed in the system.
Microcontroller involves simple coding that can uploaded into the board for execution. Here is
the screenshot of coding that was uploaded into the Arduino Uno board for soil moisture
sensing.

The threshold moisture value is defined to be 800. When the sensed moisture is greater than
800, it means the moisture is low and the soil must be irrigated. When the sensed value is less
than 800, it means the soil has enough water
 40

CHAPTER - 9
REFERENCES

[1] Joaquin Gutierrez Jaguey et al., “Smartphone irrigation sensor”, Sensors Journal, vol. 15,
NO. 9, September- 2015.

[2] David Chaparro, MerceVall-llossera, Maria Piles, Adriano Camps, Christophe R¨udiger and
Ramon Riera-Tatch, "Predicting the Extent of Wildfires Using Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture
and Temperature Trends", IEEE journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and
remote sensing, VOL. 9, NO. 6, June 2016.

[3] Joaquin gutiérrez et al., “Automated irrigation system using a wireless sensor network and
gprs module”, IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, vol. 63, no.1, January
2014.

[4] G.nisha, J.megala, “wireless sensor network based automated irrigation and crop field
monitoring system”, sixth international conference on advanced computing (icoac), 2014.

[5] Aravind Anil et al., “Project HARITHA - An Automated Irrigation System for Home
Gardens”, 2012

[6] JunjinRuan, Peng Liao, Chen Dong., "The Design and Research on Intelligent Fustigation
System", 2015 7th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and
Cybernetics.

[7] Santosh Kumar and Uday Kumar R.Y, "Development of WSN System for Precision
Agriculture", IEEE Sponsored 2nd International Conference on Innovations in Information
Embedded and Communication SystemsICIIECS’15

[8] Nelson Sales and Arthur Arsenio," Wireless Sensor and Actuator System for Smart
Irrigation on the Cloud", In Agricultural Communications Documentation Centre, 2015
 41

[9] SabrineKhrij , Dhouha El Husain, Mohamed WassimJmal, Christian Viehweger, Mohamed

Abid, OlfaKanoun, "Precision irrigation based on wireless sensor network", IET Science,
Measurement and Technology, Jan 2014.

[10] Ibrahim Mat; Mohamed Rawidean Mohd Kassim; Ahmad Nizar Harun; Ismail Mat Yusoff
IoT in Precision Agriculture applications using Wireless Moisture Sensor Network 2016 IEEE
Conference on Open Systems (ICOS) Year: 2016 Pages: 24 – 29

[11] Sanbo Li Application of the Internet of Things Technology in Precision Agriculture

Irrigation Systems, 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Service System
Year: 2012 Pages: 1009 – 1013

[12] Tianfeng Liu; Yongsheng Ding; Xin Cai; Yifeng Zhu; Xiangfei Zhang Extreme learning
Machine based on particle swarm optimization for estimation of reference evapo transpiration,
2017 36th Chinese Control Conference (CCC) Year: 2017 Pages: 4567 – 4572

[13] Shrinidhi Rajagopal; Vallidevi Krishnamurthy OO design for an IoT based automated
plant watering system, 2017 International Conference on Computer, Communication and
Signal Processing (ICCCSP) Year: 2017 Pages: 1 – 5

[14] N. Kabilan; M. Senthamil Selvi Surveillance and steering of irrigation system in cloud
using Wireless Sensor Network and Wi-Fi module, 2016 International Conference on Recent
Trends in Information Technology (ICRTIT) Year: 2016 Pages: 1 – 5.

[15] Gayathri Natarajan and Dr. L. Ashok Kumar, Implementation of IoT Based Smart Village
for the Rural Development, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology
8(8), 2017, pp. 1212–1222.
 42

CHAPTER -10
CONCLUSION

The smart irrigation system implemented is cost effective for optimizing water resources for
agricultural production. The proposed system can be used to switch on/off the water sprinkler
depending on the soil moisture levels thereby making the process simpler to use. Through this
project it can be concluded that there can be considerable development in irrigation with those
of IOT and automation. Thus this system is a solution to the problem This project presents the
design of an IoT based automatic irrigation system. The proposed system can reduce the efforts
of farmers and provides high yield. It also conserves water for irrigation by locating the sensor
at the right position above the soil level. This work has shown that plants can still sustain at
low moisture level when the temperature is moderate. Analysing more than one parameter has
made this system an efficient one for managing the field. lens faced in the existing process of
irrigation. Here we will show the pump turn on or off by an LED . you can drive an motor from
a signal we are giving to a LED by using a driving mechanism. ( ex- turn on the relay using
this signal in turn to start the pump).