GERUND

Gerund is Verb + ing that function as a noun.

The gerund may occur in the following function :
1. As a subject
 Advertising needs an attractive art.
 Smoking is dangerous for our health
 Swimming in Brantas river is dangerous
2. As an object of certain verbs
 My father avoids drinking coffee
 Do you mind answering the phone.?
 Ms. Tyas loves dancing very much.
 Tono enjoys singing classic song.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND :
 Admit He admitted stealing the money
 Advise She advised waiting until tomorrow
 Anticipate I anticipate having a good time on vacation.
 Appreciate I appreciated hearing from them.
 Avoid He avoided answering my question.
 Complete I finally completed writing my letter.
 Consider I will consider going with you.
 Delay He delayed leaving for school.
 Deny She denied committing the crime.
 Discuss They discussed opening a new business.
 Dislike I dislike driving long distances.
 Enjoy We enjoyed visiting them.
 Finish She finished studying about ten.
 Forget I’ll never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb.
 Can’t help I can’t help worrying about it.
 Keep I keep hoping he will come.
 Mind Would you mind helping me with this?
 Miss I miss being with my family.
 Postpone Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow.
 Practice The athlete practiced throwing the ball.
 Quit He quit trying to solve the problem.
 Regret I regret telling her my secret.
 Remember I can’t remember meeting him a year ago.
 Risk She risks losing all of her money.
 Stop She stopped going to classes when she got sick.
 Suggest She suggested going to a movie.

3. As Nominal predicate (complement)

 Alice’s favorite hobby is playing badminton.
 Dewi’s duty is writing and answering business letter.
 My bad habit is sleeping in the morning.
 The best experience for our health is taking a walk in the morning.
 My hobby is singing dangdut song
4. As a noun modifier (Compound noun)
The ing-form in noun modifier is used to tell the function of noun and noun itself does not
do anything.
Examples :
Nominal
 The meeting hall is clean after the students have cleaned it.
 The waiting room is full people.
 The living room is not beside my room.
 The antique measuring-jug is advertising in today newspaper
Verbal
 Richard was waiting for me in the waiting room at 07.00 o’clock.
 The drinking water doesn’t contain bacteria when it’s sold at the market.
 Did my grandfather buy the walking stick at the shop yesterday?

To - infinitive
It is used to express purpose.
e.g. He went to Jakarta to find a job.
We met the director to ask for a salary rise
They agreed to help us
It is often used after adjectives or nouns
e.g. I’m very glad to meet you.
It is very important to study hard.
I don’t have time to read newspaper in the morning.
I have a lot of money to treat all of you

It follows certain verbs

e.g. I want to stay at home today.
Are you planning to get married this year?
VERBS FOLLOWED BY TO INFINITIVE :
Afford I can’t afford to buy it
Agree They agreed to help us
Appear She appears to be tired
Arrange I’ll arrange to meet you at the airport.
Ask He asked to come with us
Beg He begged to come with us
Care I don’t care to see that show
Decide I have decided to leave on Monday
Demand I demand to know who is responsible.
Deserve She deserves to win the prize
Expect I expect to enter graduate school in the fall
Fail She failed to return the book to the library
Forget I forgot to mail the letter
Hesitate Don’t hesitate to ask for my help.
Hope Jack hopes to arrive next week
Intend We don’t intend to hurt you.
Learn He learned to play the piano
Manage She managed to finish the work early.
Mean I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings
Need I need to have your opinion
Offer They offered to help us
Plan I’m planning to have a party
Prepare We prepare to welcome them
Pretend He pretends not to understand
Refuse I refuse to believe the story
Regret I regret to tell you that you failed.
Remember I remembered to lock the door.
Seem That cat seems to be friendly
Swear She swore to tell the truth
Try I try to understand you.
Wait I will wait to hear from you.
Want I want to tell you something
Wish She wishes to come with us.

Several verbs can be followed by either an ing – form or an invinitive.

-forget - regret - begin
- go on - stop - love
- like - try - dislike
- remember - begin - intend
- start - hate
- continue - can’t stand

 Forget I’ll never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb.

I’ll never forget to visit Napoleon’s tomb
 Like She likes reading novels
She likes to read novels

VERBS FOLLOWED BY NOUN (PRONOUN) + TO INFINITIVE

Advise She advise me to wai until tomorrow.
Allow She allowed me to use the car.
Ask I asked John to help us.
Beg They begged us to come.
Challenge She challenged me to race her to the corner.
Encourage He encourage me to try again.
Forbid I forbid you to tell him this secret.
Invite Henry invited Johnson to come to his party.
Permit He permitted the children to stay up late.
Persuade I persuaded him to come for a visit.
Remind She reminded me to lock the door.
Want I want you to be happy.
Warn I warned you not to drive too fast.

COMPLETE WITH GERUND OR TO – INFINITIVE

1. Have you finished ……… (clean) the kitchen?
2. Do you enjoy ……(visit) other countries?
3. The weather was nice, so I suggested …….. (go) for a walk by the river.
4. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind ……. (wait).
5. I was very upset and started …….(cry).
6. What do you want …….(do) tonight?
7. Good bye! I hope ….. .. (see) you again soon.
8. I tried (read) my book but I was too tired.
9. It’s not very late. We don’t need …… (go) home yet.
10. My father avoids …….. (drink) coffee.
11. Adinta isn’t interested in …….. (look) for a new job.
12. Hendy finally completed ……. (write) his composition.
13. I expect ……… (know) what happened to him yesterday.
 14. Everybody participate on …….. (search) for the lost child.
15. (climb) ……. To the top of the mountain is not easy.
16. Did you remember ……. (lock) the door?
17. I’m sorry for ……. (be) late.It was good of you …… (wait) for me.
18. The manager urged us …….. (work) faster.
19. If we take a taxi, we might reach the shop before ……. (close) time.
20. Mr. Handoyo wants to buy a …….. (wash) – machine for his wife.

IDENTIFY THE UNDERLINED WORD OR PHRASE THAT SHOULD BE CORRECTED

1. The boy wear blue jeans works as a mechanic
A B C D
2. There are someone coming in a hurry
A B C D
3. Speak English is important
A B C D
4. Most people spend their free time read good books
A B C D
5. We see a big truck carry a lot of goods
A B C D
6. Have dressed, the girl stood in front of the mirror
A B C D
7. I hear the child crying last night
A B C D
8. The students spends their vacation going to the mountain
A B C D
9. We stood in the top of the hill admiring the beautiful scenery
A B C D
10. Let’s go fish along the river
A B C D
11. Many people gets rich by invest their money on land
A B C D
12. I watched the repairman fix my TV
A B C D
13. The man were busy arranging the books on the rack
A B C D
14. There is somebody knock the door
A B C D
15. Farmers produce the most food crops will receive a reward
A B C D