Environmental Science Project

Amity School of Engineering and Technology

Topic – Carbon Footprint

Group Members – Anubhav Singhal (Group Leader)

Himanshu Gupta
Hans Gogia
Utkarsh Shakia
Kannav Mahajan
A carbon footprint is "the total set of greenhouse gases (GHG)
emissions caused by an organization, event, product or person". It is
often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide, or its
equivalent of other GHGs, emitted.

An individual, nation, or organization's carbon footprint can be

measured by undertaking a GHG emissions assessment. Once the size
of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to reduce it,
e.g. by technological developments, better process and product
management, changed Green Public or Private Procurement (GPP),
Carbon capture, consumption strategies, and others.

The mitigation of carbon footprints through the development of

alternative projects, such as solar or wind energy or reforestation,
represents one way of reducing a carbon footprint and is often known
as Carbon offsetting.

In the last few decades man has come to realize that the pollutants
released from the industries, automobiles etcetera are harming our
environment severely due to which ultimately we will suffer.

Therefore many talks and conferences were held for the reduction of
carbon footprint globally. Kyoto protocol, which was held in Kyoto,
Japan on December 11, 1987 is the most important conference related
to the objective of reduction of carbon footprint.
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at
fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international
environmental treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate
system."

The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto,

Japan. As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the
protocol.

Under the Protocol, 39 industrialized countries and the European

Union(called "Annex I countries") commit themselves to a reduction
of four greenhouse gases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases
(hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) produced by them, and all
member countries give general commitments. Annex I countries
agreed to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2%
from the 1991 level. Emission limits do not include emissions by
international aviation and shipping, but are in addition to the
industrial gases, chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are dealt with
under the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the
Ozone Layer.

Each Annex I country is required to submit an annual report of

inventories of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from
sources and removals from sinks under UNFCCC and the Kyoto
Protocol. These countries nominate a person (called a "designated
national authority") to create and manage its greenhouse gas
inventory. Virtually all of the non-Annex I countries have also
established a designated national authority to manage its Kyoto
obligations, specifically the "CDM process" that determines which
GHG projects they wish to propose for accreditation by the CDM
Executive Board.
The Protocol allows for several "flexible mechanisms", such
as emissions trading, the clean development mechanism (CDM)
and joint implementation to allow Annex I countries to meet their
GHG emission limitations by purchasing GHG emission
reductions credits from elsewhere, through financial exchanges,
projects that reduce emissions in non-Annex I countries, from
other Annex I countries, or from annex I countries with excess
allowances. These mechanisms have been described further:

Emission Trading
Emissions trading (also known as cap and trade) is a
market-based approach used to control pollution by
providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the
emissions of pollutants.
A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit
or cap on the amount of a pollutant that can be emitted. The
limit or cap is allocated or sold to firms in the form of emissions
permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific
volume of the specified pollutant. Firms are required to hold a
number of permits (or carbon credits) equivalent to their
emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap,
limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase
their emission permits must buy permits from those who require
fewer permits .The transfer of permits is referred to as trade. In
effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller
is being rewarded for having reduced emissions. Thus, in
theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do
so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to
society.
There are active trading programs in several air pollutants.
For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union
Emission Trading Scheme. In the United States there is a
national market to reduce acid rain and several regional
markets in nitrogen oxides. Markets for other pollutants tend to
be smaller and more localized.

The overall goal of an emissions trading plan is to minimize the

cost of meeting a set emissions target. The cap is an
enforceable limit on emissions that is usually lowered over
time — aiming towards a national emissions reduction target.

The overall goal of an emissions trading plan is to minimize the

cost of meeting a set emissions target. The cap is an
enforceable limit on emissions that is usually lowered over
time — aiming towards a national emissions reduction target.
Economists have urged from a long time the use of "market-
based" instruments such as emissions trading to address
environmental problems instead of prescriptive "command and
control" regulation. Command and control regulation is
criticized for being excessively rigid, insensitive to geographical
and technological differences, and for being
inefficient. However, emissions trading require a cap to
effectively reduce emissions, and the cap is a government
regulatory mechanism. After a cap has been set by a
government political process, individual companies are free to
choose how or if they will reduce their emissions. Failure to
reduce emissions is often punishable by a further government
regulatory mechanism, a fine that increases costs of
production. Firms will choose the least-costly way to comply
with the pollution regulation, which will lead to reductions where
the least expensive solutions exist, while allowing emissions
that are more expensive to reduce.

The nature of the pollutant plays a very important role when

policy-makers decide which framework should be used to
control pollution.
CO2 acts globally, thus its impact on the environment is
generally similar wherever in the globe it is released. So the
location of the originator of the emissions does not really matter
from an environmental standpoint.
The policy framework should be different for regional
pollutants (e.g. SO2 and NOX, and also mercury) because the
impact exerted by these pollutants may not be the same in all
locations. The same amount of a regional pollutant can exert a
very high impact in some locations and a low impact in other
locations, so it does actually matter where the pollutant is
released. This is known as the Hot Spot problem.

Another significant, yet troublesome aspect

is enforcement. Without effective enforcement the value of
allowances is diminished. Enforcement can be done using
several means, including fines or sanctioning those that have
exceeded their allowances. Concerns include the cost of
enforcement and the risk that facilities may be tempted to
mislead rather than make real reductions or make up their
shortfall by purchasing allowances or offsets from another
entity. The net effect of a corrupt reporting system or poorly
managed or financed regulator may be a discount on emission
costs, and a (hidden) increase in actual emissions.
Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of
the "flexibility" mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol. It is
defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, and is intended to meet
two objectives:
(1) To assist parties not included in Annex I in
achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the
ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is to prevent
dangerous climate change
(2) To assist parties included in Annex I in achieving
compliance with their quantified emission limitation and
reduction commitments (greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
caps). "Annex I" parties are those countries that are listed in
Annex I of the treaty, and are the industrialized countries. Non-
Annex I parties are developing countries.
Objective (2) is achieved by allowing the Annex I countries to
meet part of their caps using "Certified Emission Reductions"
from CDM emission reduction projects in developing countries.
This is subject to oversight to ensure that these emission
reductions are real and "additional." The CDM is supervised by
the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance
of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
The CDM allows industrialized countries to invest in emission
reductions wherever it is cheapest globally. Between 2001,
which was the first year CDM projects could be registered, and
2012, the end of the Kyoto commitment period, the CDM is
expected to produce some 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide
equivalent (CO2e) in emission reductions. Most of these
reductions are through renewable energy, energy efficiency,
and fuel switching.
The purpose of the CDM is to promote clean development in
developing countries, i.e., the "non-Annex I" countries
(countries that aren't listed in Annex I of the Framework
Convention). The CDM is one of the Protocol's "project-based"
mechanisms, in that the CDM is designed to promote projects
that reduce emissions. The CDM is based on the idea of
emission reduction "production". These reductions are
"produced" and then subtracted against a hypothetical
"baseline" of emissions. The emissions baselines are the
emissions that are predicted to occur in the absence of a
particular CDM project. CDM projects are "credited" against this
baseline, in the sense that developing countries gain credit for
producing these emission cuts.

The economic basis for including developing countries in efforts

to reduce emissions is that emission cuts are thought to be less
expensive in developing countries than developed
countries. For example, in developing countries, environmental
regulation is generally weaker than it is in developed
countries. Thus, it is widely thought that there is greater
potential for developing countries to reduce their emissions
than developed countries.
From the viewpoint of bringing about a global reduction in
emissions, emissions from developing countries are projected
to increase substantially over this century. Infrastructure
decisions made in developing countries could therefore have a
very large influence on future efforts to limit total global
emissions. The CDM is designed to start off developing
countries on a path towards less pollution, with industralized
(Annex B) countries paying for these reductions.
There were two main concerns about the CDM (Carbon Trust,
2009, pp. 14–15). One was over the additionality of emission
reductions produced by the CDM. The other was whether it
would allow rich, northern countries, and in particular,
companies, to impose projects that were contrary to the
development interests of host countries. To alleviate this
concern, the CDM requires host countries to confirm that CDM
projects contribute to their own sustainable development.
International rules also prohibit credits for some kind of
activities, notably from nuclear power and
avoided deforestation.
CDM project process
Outline of the project process
An industrialised country that wishes to get credits from a CDM
project must obtain the consent of the developing country
hosting the project that the project will contribute to sustainable
development. Then, using methodologies approved by the
CDM Executive Board (EB), the applicant (the industrialised
country) must make the case that the carbon project would not
have happened anyway (establishing additionality), and must
establish a baseline estimating the future emissions in absence
of the registered project. The case is then validated by a third
party agency, called a Designated Operational Entity (DOE), to
ensure the project results in real, measurable, and long-term
emission reductions. The EB then decides whether or not to
register (approve) the project. If a project is registered and
implemented, the EB issues credits, called Certified Emission
Reductions (CERs, commonly known as carbon credits, where
each unit is equivalent to the reduction of one metric tonne of
CO2e, e.g. CO2 or its equivalent), to project participants based
on the monitored difference between the baseline and the
actual emissions, verified by the DOE.
Establishing additionality
To avoid giving credits to projects that would have happened
anyway ("freeriders"), rules have been specified to ensure
additionality of the project, that is, to ensure the project reduces
emissions more than would have occurred in the absence of
the project. At present, the CDM Executive Board deems a
project additional if its proponents can document that realistic
alternative scenarios to the proposed project would be more
economically attractive or that the project faces barriers that
CDM helps it overcome. Current Guidance from the EB is
available at the UNFCCC website.
Establishing a baseline
The amount of emission reduction depends on the emissions
that would have occurred without the project minus the
emissions of the project. The construction of such a
hypothetical scenario is known as the baseline of the project.
The baseline may be estimated through reference to emissions
from similar activities and technologies in the same country or
other countries, or to actual emissions prior to project
implementation. The partners involved in the project could have
an interest in establishing a baseline with high emissions, which
would yield a risk of awarding spurious credits. Independent
third party verification is meant to avoid this potential problem.
Joint Implementation
Joint implementation (JI) is one of three flexibility
mechanisms set forth in the Kyoto Protocol to help countries
with binding greenhouse gas emissions targets (so-
called Annex I countries meet their obligations. JI is set forth in
Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol. Under Article 6, any Annex I
country can invest in emission reduction projects (referred to as
"Joint Implementation Projects") in any other Annex I country
as an alternative to reducing emissions domestically. In this
way countries can lower the costs of complying with their Kyoto
targets by investing in greenhouse gas reductions in an Annex I
country where reductions are cheaper, and then applying the
credit for those reductions towards their commitment goal.
A JI project might involve, for example, replacing a coal-fired
power plant with a more efficient combined heat and
power plant. Most JI projects are expected to take place in so-
called "economies in transition," noted in Annex B of the Kyoto
Protocol. Currently Russia and Ukraine are slated to host the
greatest number of JI projects.
Unlike the case of the Clean Development Mechanism, the JI
has caused less concern of spurious emission reductions, as
the JI, unlike the CDM, takes place in countries which have an
emission reduction requirement.
The process of receiving credit for JI projects is somewhat
complex. Emission reductions are awarded credits
called Emission Reduction Units (ERUs), where one ERU
represents an emission reduction equaling one tonne of
CO2 equivalent. The ERUs come from the host country's pool of
assigned emissions credits, known as Assigned Amount Units,
or AAUs. Each Annex I party has a predetermined amount of
AAUs, calculated on the basis of its 1990 greenhouse gas
emission levels. By requiring JI credits to come from a host
country's pool of AAUs, the Kyoto Protocol ensures that the
total amount of emissions credits among Annex I parties does
not change for the duration of the Kyoto Protocol's first
commitment period.
Carbon Footprint of the group
This is calculated by taking into consideration the amount of
emission through travel, through household electricity
consumption and through the emissions produced by wasting
things. It also takes into account whether you recycle things or
not. Reduction in footprint due to some preventive measures
like taking appliances which have a better star rating has also
been listed.

Anubhav Singhal
Emissions through transportation:
Transportation

Mode of Transportation Kilometres travelled

Within city

Travel by car 15 (per week)

Travel by bus 0 (per week)
Travel by motorcycle 140 (per week)

Outside City

Travel by car 200 (per year)

Travel by bus 140 (per year)
Travel by train -
Travel by aeroplane 3000 (per year)

Total emissions 3278.84

Emissions due to household electricity consumption:
Electricity consumption
Item name No. of items Hours used each day No. of months
used
Incandescent Bulb 0 - -
Tube light 4 6 12
Fan 4 24 7
Personal Computer 1 5 12
Laptop -
Television 1 1 12
DVD Player -
Washing Machine 1 1 12
Microwave 1 ½ hrs 12
Refrigerator 1 24 hrs 12
Water Heater 1 1 4
Air conditioner 1 3 3
Air cooler 1 16 2

3119.24 Kg of CO2
Total Emissions from house hold electricity consumption
added per year

Emissions due to waste and reduction in it from recycling:

No. of daily newspaper subscription – 3

Emissions from waste newspaper - 480

Item to be recycled Kgs of CO2

equivalent
avoided
peryear

Newspaper 180
Glass 8
Plastic 15
Metal 55

Total emissions from waste(emissions from reduced 222

paper - emissions avoided due to recycling).
Households total annual emission = 6620.082 Kg of CO 2 equivalent.

Reduction in carbon footprint due to preventive measures:

Reduction in driving in each week by- 4 kms

Reduction in footprint = 45.76

Replace incandescent bulb by CFL – 0

Efficiency rating favoured

Refrigerator – 4 star emission reduction = 563.71

Air conditioner – 4 star emission reduction = 91.76

Set the air conditioner at – 260C emission reduction = 87.17

Switch off T,V rather than leaving it on emission reduction = 105.12

standby mode.

Total emission from electricity before measures = 3119.24

Total emission from electricity after measures = 2225.61

If the above measures are adopted then they will reduce the carbon footprint by 939.39 Kgs of CO2
equivalent per year which is a 14.19% reduction from the current carbon footprint.
Himanshu Gupta

Emissions through transportation:

Transportation

Mode of Transportation Kilometres travelled

Within city

Travel by car 40 (per week)

Travel by bus 20 (per week)

Travel by motorcycle 15(per week)

Outside City

Travel by car 100 (per year)

Travel by bus -

Travel by train 300 (per year)

Travel by aeroplane -

Total emissions 591.24

Emissions due to household electricity consumption:

 Electricity consumption
Item name No. of items Hours used each day No. of months
used
Incandescent Bulb 3 2 12
Tube light 3 8 12
Fan 3 24 7
Personal Computer 1 2 12
Laptop -
Television 1 4 12
DVD Player -
Washing Machine 1 1 12
Microwave 1 ½ hrs 12
Refrigerator 1 24 hrs 12
Water Heater 1 1.5 4
Air conditioner 1 6 3
Air cooler - - -

3781.95 Kg of CO2
Total Emissions from house hold electricity consumption
added per year

Emissions due to waste and reduction in it from recycling:

No. of daily newspaper subscription – 1

Emissions from waste newspaper - 360

Item to be recycled Kgs of CO2

equivalent
avoided
peryear

Newspaper 60
Glass 8
Plastic 15
Metal 55

Total emissions from waste(emissions from reduced 222

paper - emissions avoided due to recycling).

Households total annual emission = 4595.197 Kg of CO 2 equivalent.

Reduction in carbon footprint due to preventive measures:
Reduction in driving in each week by- 3 kms

Reduction in footprint = 34.32

Replace incandescent bulb by CFL – 2 emission reduction = 59.13

Efficiency rating favoured

Refrigerator – 4 star emission reduction = 563.71

Air conditioner – 4 star emission reduction = 217.92

Set the air conditioner at – 240C emission reduction = 92.9

Switch off T,V rather than leaving it on emission reduction = 105.12

standby mode.

Total emission from electricity before measures = 3119.24

Total emission from electricity after measures = 2743.18

If the above measures are adopted then they will reduce the carbon footprint by 1073.10 Kgs of CO2
equivalent per year which is a 23.35% reduction from the current carbon footprint.

Hans Gogia
 Emissions through transportation:
Transportation

Mode of Transportation Kilometres travelled

Within city

Travel by car 20 (per week)

Travel by bus 105 (per week)
Travel by motorcycle 10(per week)

Outside City

Travel by car -
Travel by bus -
Travel by train -
Travel by aeroplane -

Total emissions 407.16

Emissions due to household electricity consumption:

Electricity consumption
Item name No. of items Hours used each day No. of months
 used
Incandescent Bulb 2 1 12
Tube light 2 5 12
Fan 2 9 7
Personal Computer 1 3 12
Laptop 1 3 12
Television 1 1 12
DVD Player -
Washing Machine 1 .5 12
Microwave - - -
Refrigerator 1 18 hrs 12
Water Heater 1 1 4
Air conditioner - - -
Air cooler 1 6 4

1704.22 Kg of CO2
Total Emissions from house hold electricity consumption
added per year

Emissions due to waste and reduction in it from recycling:

No. of daily newspaper subscription – 1

Emissions from waste newspaper - 360

Item to be recycled Kgs of CO2

equivalent
avoided
peryear

Newspaper 60
Glass 8
Plastic 15
Metal 55

Total emissions from waste(emissions from reduced 222

paper - emissions avoided due to recycling).

Households total annual emission = 2333.377 Kg of CO 2 equivalent.

Reduction in carbon footprint due to preventive measures:
Reduction in driving in each week by- 5 kms

Reduction in footprint = 57.20

Replace incandescent bulb by CFL – 2 emission reduction = 59.13

Efficiency rating favoured

Refrigerator – 3 star emission reduction = 330.54

Air conditioner – emission reduction =

Set the air conditioner at – emission reduction =

Switch off T,V rather than leaving it on emission reduction = 105.12

standby mode.

Total emission from electricity before measures = 1704.22

Total emission from electricity after measures = 1268.56

If the above measures are adopted then they will reduce the carbon footprint by 492.86 Kgs of CO2
equivalent per year which is a 21.12% reduction from the current carbon footprint.

Utkarsh Shakia
 Emissions through transportation:
Transportation

Mode of Transportation Kilometres travelled

Within city

Travel by car 18 (per week)

Travel by bus 110 (per week)
Travel by motorcycle -

Outside City

Travel by car -
Travel by bus -
Travel by train 350 (per year)
Travel by aeroplane -

Total emissions 389.64

Emissions due to household electricity consumption:

 Electricity consumption
Item name No. of items Hours used each day No. of months
used
Incandescent Bulb - - -
Tube light 3 7 12
Fan 2 12 7
Personal Computer 1 3 12
Laptop - - -
Television 1 3 12
DVD Player -
Washing Machine 1 .5 12
Microwave - - -
Refrigerator 1 20 12
Water Heater 1 1 4
Air conditioner - - -
Air cooler 1 8 4

2066.15 Kg of CO2
Total Emissions from house hold electricity consumption
added per year

Emissions due to waste and reduction in it from recycling:

No. of daily newspaper subscription – 1

Emissions from waste newspaper - 360

Item to be recycled Kgs of CO2

equivalent
avoided
peryear

Newspaper 60
Glass 8
Plastic 15
Metal 55

Total emissions from waste(emissions from reduced 222

paper - emissions avoided due to recycling).

Households total annual emission = 2677.792 Kg of CO 2 equivalent.

Reduction in carbon footprint due to preventive measures:
Reduction in driving in each week by- 3 kms

Reduction in footprint = 34.32

Replace incandescent bulb by CFL – 0 emission reduction = 0

Efficiency rating favoured

Refrigerator – 3 star emission reduction = 367.26

Air conditioner – emission reduction = 0

Set the air conditioner at – emission reduction = 0

Switch off T,V rather than leaving it on emission reduction = 105.12

standby mode.

Total emission from electricity before measures = 2066.15

Total emission from electricity after measures = 1593.77

If the above measures are adopted then they will reduce the carbon footprint by 506.70 Kgs of CO2
equivalent per year which is a 18.92% reduction from the current carbon footprint.

Kannav Mahajan
 Emissions through transportation:
Transportation

Mode of Transportation Kilometres travelled

Within city

Travel by car 400 (per week)

Travel by bus 250 (per week)
Travel by motorcycle 500 (per week)

Outside City

Travel by car 1500 (per year)

Travel by bus 500 (per year)
Travel by train 1000 (per year)
Travel by aeroplane -

Total emissions 7177

Emissions due to household electricity consumption:

 Electricity consumption
Item name No. of items Hours used each day No. of months
used
Incandescent Bulb 5 10 -
Tube light 5 10 12
Fan 3 20 7
Personal Computer 1 2 12
Laptop 1 3 12
Television 1 3 12
DVD Player 1 .3 12
Washing Machine 1 1 12
Microwave 1 1 12
Refrigerator 1 24 12
Water Heater 1 1 7
Air conditioner 1 7 6
Air cooler 1 6 6

6836.265 Kg of CO2
Total Emissions from house hold electricity consumption
added per year

Emissions due to waste and reduction in it from recycling:

No. of daily newspaper subscription – 3

Emissions from waste newspaper - 360

Item to be recycled Kgs of CO2

equivalent
avoided
peryear

Newspaper 60
Glass 8
Plastic 15
Metal 55

Total emissions from waste(emissions from reduced 222

paper - emissions avoided due to recycling).

Households total annual emission = 14235.26 Kg of CO 2 equivalent.

Reduction in carbon footprint due to preventive measures:
Reduction in driving in each week by- 4 kms

Reduction in footprint = 457.6

Replace incandescent bulb by CFL – 0 emission reduction =591.3

Efficiency rating favoured

Refrigerator – 4 star emission reduction = 563.71

Air conditioner – 3 star emission reduction = 508.49

Set the air conditioner at – 260C emission reduction = 433.55

Switch off T,V rather than leaving it on emission reduction = 105.12

standby mode.

Total emission from electricity before measures = 6836.27

Total emission from electricity after measures = 4634.10

If the above measures are adopted then they will reduce the carbon footprint by 2659.76 Kgs of CO2
equivalent per year which is a 18.68% reduction from the current carbon footprint
 Carbon footprint

Kannav Mahajan

Utkarsh Shakia

Carbon footprint
Hans Gogia

Himanshu Gupta

Anubhav Singhal

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Comparison of carbon footprints of group members

 Amount of CO2 emissions reduced by taking measures

Kannav Mahajan

Utkarsh Shaika

Amount of CO2 emissions

reduced by taking measures
Hans Gogia

Himanshu Gupta

Anubhav Singhal

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Comparison of the amount of carbon footprint reduced by taking

appropriate measures

Percentage of carbon footprint reduction from current

carbon footprint
Kannav Mahajan

Utkarsh Shakia Percentage of carbon footprint

reduction from current carbon
footprint
Hans Gogia

Himamshu Gupta

Anubhav Singhal

0 5 10 15 20 25

Percentage of carbon footprint reduced from current carbon footprint

through appropriate measures.
Ways to reduce carbon footprint:
1. Replace the light bulbs in your home with long life CFL (compact
fluorescent) bulbs. These last up to 15 times longer than regular
bulbs and use up 80% less electricity than regular bulbs. You
could simply replace your regular bulbs as and when they burn
2. Use rechargeable batteries to reduce your carbon footprint by up
to 1,000 pounds over the life of the batteries.
3. Recycle your waste.
4. Make compost.
5. Filter your own water, rather than buying bottled water. Most tap
water is safe to drink, and some bottled waters are flown in from
the far corners of the earth and the production process of the
bottles adds to greenhouse gas release.
6. When you mow the lawn, leave the clippings spread across the
grass. It decomposes and fertilizes the ground.
7. Only use your dryer, dishwasher and washing machine when you
have a full load, don’t do half loads. This reduces the number of
loads and the electricity used
8. Buy in season produce. Out of season requires more energy to
refrigerate, and more fuel to ship in from places where it is in
season.
9. When replacing household appliances choose energy efficient
appliances.
10. Reduce Excess Baggage and pack lighter when travelling.
11. Read the newspaper online to save paper, trees, and carbon.
12. Don’t leave your household electronic goods and appliances on
standby they use a substantial amount of power even in stanby
mode.
13.  Use both sides of the page to print or copy.
14. Use reusable bags for grocery shopping.
15. Use a laptop rather than a desktop. Laptops use up to 80% less
energy.
16. Run ceiling fans instead of air conditioning. Avoid using air
conditioning in your home and car whenever possible
17. Use cold water to wash and rinse clothes.
18. Keep your car's tires inflated to specification this will ensure that
your car is more efficient.
19. Switch off lights in rooms at home when leaving the room.
20.  Take a shower instead of a bath (a shower uses approximately
one fifth of the energy that a bath does
21. Unplug your phone charger when not in use.
22. Share car journeys when you can. Organise car pools for regular
commutes.
23. When you drive, shift into a higher gear as soon as possible.
24. Take your holidays in your home country or travel by train instead
of flying.
25.  Drive at or below the speed limit as this reduces your vehicles
emissions
26. Fix dripping taps.
27. Don’t use a hose to wash your car and reduce the number of
times you wash your car.
28. Donate or recycle your old clothing rather than throwing it away.
29. Check the seals on your refrigerator and oven regularly and
replace them when necessary.
30. Don’t put hot or warm foods and drinks into your refrigerator.
31. Avoid products with multiple layers of packaging.
32.  Use hand towels and fabric napkins rather than paper ones.
33. Don't carry unnecessary loads in the boot or on the roof - it
increases your car's fuel consumption
34. Get your car tuned up to improve fuel efficiency. A poorly tuned
engine can increase fuel consumption by as much as 20%.
35. Allow natural sunlight into your home and office whenever
possible instead of switching the lights on
36. Raise the thermostat setting of your air conditioner. For every
degree rise over 22°C you will save 5% of the current power
consumption. Fans require much less power as compared to an air
conditioner and may be used in conjunction with the air conditioner
at a lowered temperature setting for satisfactory cooling impact.
37. Shade your air conditioning unit to save as much as 10% of power
consumption.
38. Buy in bulk as bulk items use less packaging.
39. Check the condition of the plumbing and get all leaks repaired.
40. Never put water down the drain when there may be another use
for it such as watering a plant or garden, or cleaning
41. Wash vegetables in a bowl, not under running water.
42. Use sprinklers in the garden instead of piped water.
43. Set up rain water harvesting structures in your home and
neighbourhood. 
44. Plant more and more trees, particularly of the native varieties that
are adapted to local conditions and require less water.
45. Plant your own vegetable garden. Be innovative and use your
balcony for the purpose even if that is all the space you can afford.
.

With Help of the methods listed above we can reduce our carbon
footprint by 10 -15%. This will not only save the environment but will
also lessen your financial burden. With a little we can save the
environment and also ourselves from getting destroyed.
Conclusion
Therefore we can easily see that through little efforts of ours
big changes can take place. Also changes are already taking
place on the international level to reduce man’s burden on
environment.
If we just give 10 minutes of our day to the environment it can
work miracles. Small precautions can go a long way in reducing
our carbon footprint.

“The time has gone

to sit by, it is the
time to do or die”