Saint Paul Seminary Foundation: Lalaan 1, Silang, Cavite
Saint Paul Seminary Foundation: Lalaan 1, Silang, Cavite
Saint Paul Seminary Foundation: Lalaan 1, Silang, Cavite
ABSTRACT
For the past decades, the official missionary arm of the Philippines has been sending a
number of missionaries abroad especially to the neighboring countries in Asia. One of the reasons
that influenced the increase of missionary sending was the advent of globalization. This advent is
mostly a cultural phenomenon (religion) that includes significant consequences to our beliefs
today. The article "Globalization: Its Impact to MSP in their Missions Abroad" discusses how
globalization had influenced the Mission Society of the Philippines (MSP) just like the growing
population of Fil – Missionaries around the world and the application of new expression and
new approach for evangelizing the people in these signs of the times: the globalization.
INTRODUCTION
backgrounds. It can also be understood in its different aspects because it has many strings attached
to it. Globalization is an increasing flows and exchange of people, objects, places, money and
information across the globe. Globalization as a comprehensive term for the emergence of a global
society in which economic, political, environmental and cultural events, has profoundly
transformed human life and ways of thinking. According to Todd Johnson in his book
Globalization and Identity, one of the characteristics of globalization involves the creation of new
and the multiplication of existing social networks and activities that increasingly overcome
traditional political, economic, cultural and geographical boundaries. By this it is understood that
2
globalization is still an ongoing process of change with still unclear results and have become
The greatest forces of globalization were actually economic and technological. Advanced
communication and transportation allowed the bridging of cultures, and by the end of the twentieth
century, this type of technology and ability to communicate around the globe was unfathomable
just a century ago. There is a growing awareness of the fact that we are now part of a global
civilization that includes, and seems to reach, virtually every inhabitant of the planet. 1
By the aid of this technological advancement, the interaction and merging of different
cultures was made possible. It is now easy to have conversation with people of different beliefs,
practices and point of views. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and
knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings
globalization (e.g. religion), the spread of western culture especially by the Spaniards and
Christianity across the world contributed greatly in connecting places. During those days, the
world has already started to become a village. Christianity helped in building this “global village”
we have now.
As years passed, a number of countries from the Global South have been Christianized
including Philippines. Christianity has become a global faith and our world becomes a global
community.3 For the entire 100-year period, Christians have made up- approximately one-third of
1
Albert Mohler, “Globalization and the Christian Mission,” accessed November 23, 2018,
https://tabletalkmagazine.com/article/2017/11/globalization-christian-mission/
2
Sheriff Abbasy, “What are the effects of globalization on Culture?,” accessed November 24, 2018
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-effects-of-globalisation-on-culture
3
Albert Mohler, “Globalization and the Christian Mission,” accessed November 23, 2018,
https://tabletalkmagazine.com/article/2017/11/globalization-christian-mission/
3
the world’s population.4 The Western encounter with non-Western cultures did not happen in any
wide-scale manner until the nineteenth century, the great century of empire and expansion. It took
the age of empire to bring a wide experience of a global reality to the Western consciousness. The
Spanish and Portuguese really created the world’s first truly global empire.
If a single moment symbolizes the unification of the continents, it was the creation in 1578
of the Catholic Diocese of Manila, in the Philippines. From Manila to Acapulco was the central
artery of European imperial power, as Mexican silver was traded for Asian spices. Even more
significant, the route was the world’s most important axis of missionary expansion.5 Philippines
as one of the countries influenced by the Westerners has now influenced other countries in the
global age, most likely Southeast Asia. In the early years, Philippines is one of the mission areas
of Western church planters wherein missionaries were being sent across the different isles of the
Philippines. After decades of welcoming western missionaries, Philippines now has been sending
out a growing number of missionaries itself.6 For the past decades, different congregation in the
Philippines were sending missionaries abroad including the Mission Society of the Philippines. In
those years, there is real growth in embracing the Great Commission and also in reaching out to
The Mission Society of the Philippines (MSP) is a Clerical Missionary Society of the
Apostolic Life of Pontifical Right for mission ad gentes, composed of Filipino missionaries in
response to a special call and mandate of the Church and was established by the Catholic Bishops’
4
Todd M. Johnson, “Globalization, Christian Identity and Frontier Missions,” International Journal of Frontier
Missiology 166, (2010) https://ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/27_4_PDFs/johnson_27_4.pdf
5
Philip Jenkins, “The Future of Christianity in Asia,” accessed November 24, 2018,
https://aleteia.org/2014/08/21/the-future-of-christianity-in-asia/
6
World Venture, “Philippines Sending Growing Number of Missionaries,” accessed November 23, 2018,
https://www.worldventure.com/philippines-sending-growing-number-of-missionaries/
4
Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) in 1965, during the commemoration of the 400 years of
Christianity in the country. These missionaries consecrate themselves with a promise of being an
active missionary living in fraternal communion and in obedience to the Moderators according to
the universal law. The MSP envisions: “The gift of faith in Christ lived and shared in love for Him,
by all, especially the peoples of Asia.” With its charism, “In love and gratitude ours is a joyful
missionary spirit flowing from deep union with Christ through Mary and in the power of the Holy
MISSION AD EXTRA
Currently, the MSP is serving in the dioceses of 14 countries namely: Taiwan, Japan, South
Korea, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, the Cook Islands, the Netherlands,
USA, Tokelau, UAE and Belgium. In these different mission areas calls a different way/approach
of dealing with the people and evangelizing them, most especially because of the diversity of
culture. This includes language, ethnicity, practices and other beliefs, but that is not the main
concern of mission in the twenty – first century. Nowadays, it is on how can we communicate the
unchanging gospel of Jesus Christ in the midst of a changing world. This is one of the great
missiological questions of our day. Gone are the days when the isolated West sent missionaries to
unknown lands and people. Apart from isolated ethnic peoples in yet unreached regions, the world
In South Korea, the MSP served on the Filipino Migrants and was able to established the
Pastoral Center for Filipino Migrants, where Filipinos in distress have been temporarily sheltered,
7
The Statutes and Directory of the Mission Society of the Philippines, rev. ed. (2010), 3
8
Stephen M. Davis, “The Challenge of Missions in the Twenty-first Century,” last modified April 2008,
http://www.lausanneworldpulse.com/perspectives-php/924/04-2008
5
counseled and given opportunity to participate in the celebration of the Holy Eucharist. However,
it reaches out too its service to Filipino migrants who have different faith.9 This is an openness and
welcoming those people despite of their beliefs/religions and by not labeling them as others.
In Thailand, the MSP has served for more than 45 years and it is considered as the oldest
mission area. The same with Korea the MSP has opened Mary’s Help Center around 1994 but not
as a Migrant Center rather as a refuge especially for those who are afflicted with AIDS. 10
In Netherlands and Belgium, some parishes are closing but the MSP was able to save some
of these parishes by the help of Filipino Communities there like El Shaddai, The Feast, Couples
For Christ and FAITHS (Families In The Holy Spirit). The population of Filipino parishioners are
These are only some cases that shows globalization having part in the field of mission.
There is a different missionary works in every mission area depending on their needs. The large
numbers of Overseas Filipino Workers can be considered as one of the reasons why Philippines
has been sending missionaries. Over the years, approximately 3 million Filipinos – many who are
Globalization is neither good or bad. It depends on the people being affected by this
process. One could consider it as positive if he benefits from it but if it does not, then he could say
its negative. Looking at it, considering how it influenced the mission of MSP abroad will help us
9
Singco Percy, “Through the Years,” Mission Society of the Philippines, January 2015, 38
10
Ibid., 37
11
Ibid., 41
12
World Venture, “Philippines Sending Growing Number of Missionaries,” accessed November 23, 2018,
https://www.worldventure.com/philippines-sending-growing-number-of-missionaries/
6
GLOBAPHILIA
Globalization has caused many good things on the world, this emphasis on the positive
effects of globalization especially on the greater economic success is called globaphilia. First is
by means of transportation. In the past, going to other countries would take days or weeks to be
there. Globalization answered this difficulty in traveling. Now missionaries travel by air or by
water, within hours they immediately reached their mission areas. Before in Papua New Guinea,
missionaries assigned there consumed many hours and even a day of walking just to reach the
other tribes, to bring the gospel and celebrate mass. Now, the time for walking has been lessened
due to the presence of vehicles, but there are still some places there that needs hours of walking.
The process of globalization, furthered by easier and cheaper transport options has had a serious
impact on one’s destination, as well as their cultural backgrounds. The face of travel and its
purpose has changed entirely. While today we travel at great speed covering vast cross-country, or
cross-continent distances within hours via plane, train, or automobile, compared to the Medieval
peoples travelled far slower covering far less of a distance and none could have dreamt of the dawn
of modern transportation experienced eons after their time had ended, burgeoning during the first
letter in order to communicate either to their families or to the Father Moderator and it will again
take days to receive these letters. Nowadays, only few clicks the message will be sent and received
immediately. Not just messaging is easy but also calling and even video calling. As technology
advances, the world is both getting larger and smaller. Today we are able to communicate with
13
Abbey Medieval Festival, “Medieval to Modern Transportation – the Industrial Revolution and Beyond,”
accessed November 27, 2018, https://abbeymedievalfestival.com/2016/07/medieval-modern-transportation/
7
people across the globe at the touch of a button. While globalization, or communication between
nations beyond their borders, is an old concept, with the onset of new technology globalization is
impacting the ways we communicate and learn in fascinating ways. We are expanding our
understanding of fellowship and as we become more connected, we are deepening our cultural and
educational experiences. Take for instance a missionary in Taiwan reaching to another missionary
in UAE. These two missionaries are able to share their experiences and learned culture. This aspect
is of no small detail. The rise in the use of the internet in particular has been incredibly instrumental
in improving the ways in which we connect with one another. Because of technologies like the
internet, we have the opportunity to view diverse perspectives that were outside of our scope before.
We are able to fully connect with someone who is thousands of miles away in real time and the
Third is the reverse flows or the boomerang effect. With a Christian tradition that goes
back almost 500 years, the Philippines has not only sent a large number of missionaries abroad,
but has also become a training center for hundreds of priests, seminarians and even nuns from all
over the world. 15 Many young people especially coming from the neighboring countries are being
sent also to the Philippines to study and become consecrated persons. In fact, though the MSP is
an all Filipino congregation, accepted guest seminarians from other countries especially those
where MSP have mission, then they stay in the formation in order to learn English language for a
year. Philippines send missionaries and as an effect, those countries send back possible students
14
Blake Baxter, “The Impact of Globalization on Communication and Education,” accessed November 27, 2018,
https://medium.com/highvibe-network/the-impact-of-globalization-on-communication-education-ready-
67524c55cfc2
15
Asia News, “Religious and lay Filipino missionaries in the world are Christ first witnesses,” accessed November
25, 2018, http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Religious-and-lay-Filipino-missionaries-in-the-world-are-
%E2%80%9CChrist-first-witnesses-34790.html
8
Fourth is being open to new culture. Part of being a missionary is the openness to other
culture beside from one’s native culture. In every mission area, missionaries learned different
culture. The culture of South Korea is different form the culture of Taiwan and the same with other
countries. Openness to culture means openness to their language, practices and beliefs. To be a
missionary the very first challenge is to know their language, because not every country speaks
English as their second language. For some it is, but for others it is considered as a foreign
language. In order to communicate and have interaction with the people, the primary step is to able
to talk their language. Missionaries assigned for several years are able to speak fluently the
language of the countries they are assigned to. Globalization influences to changing cultural
patterns too. In addition, there is happening a mutual penetration of various trends in art and their
exchange. Globalization describes the acceleration of the integration of nations into the global
system. It contributes to the expansion of cultural ties between the peoples and human migration. 16
Fifth is the rise of Christianity in the Global South. Today, we still hear residual echoes of
that old sense that Christianity is the faith of the west, but that attitude is quite wrong. The Christian
17
story in Asia is also very old, and today seems set for a spectacular growth. It is believed that
60 percent of the estimated two billion Christians in the world live in Africa, Asia, or Latin
America. By 2050, there will be an estimated three billion Christians, 75 percent of whom will
18
live in what is called the "Global South." This means that that the population of Christianity
shifts demographically to the Global South. There is an estimated thirty million Christians in
16
Sadykova Raikhan, “The Interaction of Globalization and Culture in the Modern World,” (2nd World Conference
on Design, Arts and Education DAE-2013)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814013111.pdf
17
Philip Jenkins, “The Future of Christianity in Asia,” accessed November 24, 2018,
https://aleteia.org/2014/08/21/the-future-of-christianity-in-asia/
18
Chuck Colson, “The Rise of Christianity in the Global South,” accessed November 27, 2018,
https://www.christianpost.com/news/the-rise-of-christianity-in-the-global-south-28516/
9
Indonesia, another eight or nine million in Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. Taken
contribution in the Christian growth in Asia, because MSP is specifically intended to support the
neighboring countries in Asia and the majority of mission areas of MSP is in Asia.
Sixth is the information technologies. There has always been a connection between
technology and culture. The advancement of technology is one of the major impacts of
globalization to mission. There is a quick internet access even to developing countries. The
exchange of information takes minutes and even seconds. Before listening to radio seems so
difficult but now in this modern age, there are live streaming of masses and worldwide broadcasts.
We live in an amazing era. Experts are already terming this a technological revolution, one of only
13 in history, because of the way that technology is dramatically altering human communication
and lives. This revolution is more specifically called the Information Age because so much of our
creativity and resources are focused on new means of spreading and recording information. This
Information Age has had a dramatic impact on our modern culture, from the way we do business
to the way we express ourselves. These impacts have completely transformed nations around the
world, in part because of the way that technologies make communication easier. There is no way
to know what the next major technological innovation will be, but it is pretty clear that technology
Seventh is the availability of resources. There are missionaries who have been assigned in
some mission areas for too long. When they get back home, some are looking for the food they
19
Philip Jenkins, “The Future of Christianity in Asia,” accessed November 24, 2018,
https://aleteia.org/2014/08/21/the-future-of-christianity-in-asia/
20
Christopher Muscato, “How Technology Impacts Culture in the Global Age,” accessed November 27, 2018
https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-technology-impacts-culture-in-the-global-age.html
10
have used to eat in their mission areas. Just like kimchi, a Korean food, because of globalization
you don’t need to go to Korea to eat kimchi because in Philippines there is already the availability
of ingredients needed to make this dish. Nowadays, you don’t need to go to that specific country
just to have that ingredient or recipe, because through globalization, goods, products and services
are almost distributed around the world. By this example we can consider it as multi-directional
flows. Multi-directional flows is a kind of flow wherein all sorts of things (e.g. people, objects,
places, information as well as the structures they encounter and create) are flowing in every
GLOBAPHOBIA
On the other hand, the emphasis on the negative effects of globalization is called
globaphobia. These effects are as follows. First is the decline of Christian population in the Global
North. While 66% of all Christians lived in Europe in 1910, by 2010 only 26% lived there. The
Global North (defined as Europe and Northern America) contained over 80% of all Christians in
1910, falling to under 40% by 2010. 21 As mentioned earlier in the case in Netherlands, some MSP
missionaries there are holding 3 to 5 parishes because these countries cannot support the need for
priests. There was a decline in vocation and crisis in priesthood. There are only few populaces
there who are attending eucharistic celebration. Even some parishes are being closed by their
diocese due to secularization. Recently, many scholars around the world are noticing how the trend
of Christianity is losing its light in the West but rising as the new light in Asia, Africa, and Latin
Todd M. Johnson, “Globalization, Christian Identity and Frontier Missions,” International Journal of Frontier
21
11
America. Christianity is waning in the West because of the “advancing assault of secularism and
Today, that religious core seems to be changing. This trend is consistent in most
culture moves from being religious to nonreligious. As societies modernize, they become less
very important process in our culture that we should seek to understand. 23 Through social media,
digital technology, and modernization of society, we easily go through life without thinking about
God or some higher being. Our convenient lifestyles simply do not need God. That is what is
unique about our day—we live in a world that gives the illusion that people can get on in life
24
without God. Before European and North American Countries are those leading countries in
terms of Christian (Catholic) population. There was time that these countries become
predominantly Catholic country. But the Catholic population explosion came to a rapid – almost a
sudden end in the late 1970’s. The church has experienced a mass apostasy quite unprecedented
in its history. Identifying the cause of the population collapse would lead to the Second Vatican
Council. But the reason of the church in imposing the Vatican II was to address the change in
to date. This was carried out because the church has seen the world becoming modern and
globalized. According to a major survey in the 1990s, the percentage of people attending church
on an average Sunday in some European countries is a mere fraction of the total population:
22
The Christian Post, “Scholars Find Decline of Christianity in the West,” accessed November 27, 2018,
https://www.christianpost.com/news/scholars-find-decline-of-christianity-in-the-west-19971/
23
Timothy Massaro, “4 reasons you should care about Secularization,” accessed November 24, 2018,
https://corechristianity.com/resource-library/articles/4-reasons-you-should-care-about-secularization
24
Ibid
12
England (27%), West Germany (14%), Denmark (5%), Norway (5%), Sweden, (4%) and Finland
(4%). "This decline is directly attributable to the theological liberalism of the once-powerful state
churches." 25
Second is the anti – clericalism. It is very difficult to have a mission to countries where
there is an opposition to the clergy for its real or alleged influence in political and social affairs,
for its doctrinairism, for its privileges or property, pedophilia, abuses or for any other reason. 26 A
case in Australia where a priest wearing a roman collar was walking in the street and the people
shouted at him, calling him a pedophile. The fault of other clergy has become the fault of all priests.
In some countries, priests are no longer being trusted. In its more extreme manifestations, anti-
clericalism has led to violent attacks against the clergy, vandalism against religious sites, and the
Often directed against the Catholic Church and clergy, anti-clericalism goes beyond mere
secularism or the French tradition of laïcité, which advocates both the absence of religious
interference in government affairs and government interference in religious affairs. The goal of
27
anti-clericalism is often that religion should become a strictly private activity. Anticlericalism
varies accordingly to every country. Today, traditional militant anti-clericalism tends to be less
common. In Western democratic nations, this is largely due to states recognizing freedom of
25
The Christian Post, “Scholars Find Decline of Christianity in the West,” accessed November 27, 2018,
https://www.christianpost.com/news/scholars-find-decline-of-christianity-in-the-west-19971/
26
Encyclopedia Brittanica, “Anticlericalism,” accessed November 28, 2018,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/anticlericalism
27
New World Encyclopedia, “Anti-clericalism,” accessed November 28, 2018,
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Anti-clericalism
28
Ibid.
13
Third is the lack of spirituality and religiosity due to the provision of worldly things. In
this global age, almost everything that a man needs is provided. The problem is there is a deficiency
towards one spirituality. Some are drowned by cynicism, skepticism and scientific materialism.
Many people today define themselves as ‘spiritual but not religious’, but it is not healthy to
separate spirituality and religion from one another. Glance at any media for more than a few
moments and it becomes easy to see why connecting spiritually can be so difficult in a modern
world. Televisions distract us with images of violence and scandal. Social media takes us away
from face to face connections with loved ones. 29 As modern conveniences increase, our life
becomes very comfortable. Christians are becoming Christians by name and not by deeds. The
advancement and innovation of everything caused distraction to most Christians. That is why in
this global age staying religious and spiritual is a big challenge. Most are always preoccupied by
the worldly things. Even some missionaries and consecrated persons has been living in luxury and
treasuring earthly pleasures. The fact that the world is changing, so do one’s belief, spirituality and
religion.
INCULTURATION
Inculturation is the term that Catholic leaders and theologians have used in recent decades
to denote a process of engagement between the Christian Gospel and a particular culture. The term
is intended conceptually both to safeguard the integrity of the Gospel and to encourage sensitivity
to various cultural contexts. Inculturation as a theological notion has been specifically associated
with Saint Pope John Paul II’s strategy for evangelization, including what is known as the “new
evangelization” that focuses on cultures that had traditionally been Christian but which are now
29
Myriam Beauchesne, “Spirituality in a Modern World,” accessed November 28, 2018,
https://kheopsinternational.com/blog/spirituality-in-a-modern-world/
14
not clearly so. 30 The Church is no stranger to globalization. In the course of pursuing that mission
for 2,000 years ago, she has time and again confronted challenges posed by transformations of
culture as well as by cultural differences. The effects of globalization upon culture thus pose a
special challenge to the Church that seeks to spread Christianity through inculturation.
Globalization undoubtedly poses formidable challenges to that never-ending task. But the
resources that the Church brings to meet those challenges are formidable as well. Some recent
developments that seem especially encouraging the transcultural catechisms: formation for a
mobile people, solidarity through subsidiarity and the dialogue with the natural and human
sciences. 31
is part of the mission especially in other countries. Having a mission to other countries means
having an encounter with other cultures. You cannot bring the Gospel to other people without
knowing their culture first. The Gospel that is never changing is flexible enough to different
cultures.
NEW EVANGELIZATION
One of the greatest problems of our times is the loss of the sense of sacred. It is very
difficult to bring back the religion that has been rejected by many and to encourage the people
back to their belief that was now lost. Going back to the question regarding mission and
globalization, “How can we communicate the unchanging Gospel of Jesus Christ in the midst of a
changing world?” is really a big matter of discussion. Times have changed. We have more
30
Dennis M. Doyle, “The Concept of Inculturation in Roman Catholicism: A Theological Consideration,” accessed
November 27, 2018, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41511276?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
31
Mary Ann Glendon, “Globalization and the Church’s New Challenges,” accessed November 28, 2018,
https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/politics-and-the-church/globalization-and-the-church-s-new-
challenges.html
15
opportunities and more resources; we are the benefactors of more past experience and research
than any previous generation. The changing face of world missions presents unique challenges.
One of these is preparing missionaries for effective cross-cultural witness and church planting. 32
New Evangelization is the mission to bear witness to the Gospel of Christ with renewed
fervor and to create and use new expressions and new methods in proclaiming the Good News.
New Evangelization sustains and does not change the salvific sufficiency of the Gospel, as “Jesus
evangelization”, but Philippines could be a tool for this. This “New Evangelization” is primarily
addressed to those who have drifted from the Faith and from the Church in traditionally Catholic
34
countries, especially in the West. Sending missionaries to these countries really need to bring
with them this new approach of evangelization. Traditional way is no longer applicable in this
global age. The challenge is different from before. But there is a task that stands in order to deeply
understand “new evangelization”. First, fostering and fulfilling the “missio ad gentes”, as a
special vocation of the Church in our country, effectively involving our laypeople, our
“Christifideles” brothers and sisters; our priests and seminarians; men and women in consecrated
life. Secondly, “bringing Good News to the poor.” Again and again, Filipino Catholics coming
together to discern priorities, have seen that the Church here must become genuinely “a Church
for and with the poor.” Thirdly, reaching out to those among us whose faith-life has been largely
eroded and even lost due to the surrounding confusion, moral relativism, doubt, agnosticism;
reaching out to those who have drifted from the Faith and the Church, and have joined other
32
Stephen M. Davis, “The Challenge of Missions in the Twenty-first Century,” last modified April 2008,
http://www.lausanneworldpulse.com/perspectives-php/924/04-2008
33
FilCatholic, “New Evangelization in the Philippines,” accesed November 28, 2018,
http://www.filcatholic.org/new-evangelization-in-the-philippines/
34
CBCP News, “CBCP Pastoral letter on the Era of New Evangelization,” accessed November 27, 2018,
http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=326
16
religious sects. Lastly, awakening or reawakening in faith, forming and animating in Christian life
our young people and youth sector groups, in both urban and rural settings. 35
CONCLUSION
Indeed, globalization played a very vital role in the field of mission nowadays. Due to so
many strings attached to it, it has mostly affected everything, be it culturally, politically,
economically and environmentally. It has brought both positive and negative effects on the society
and on the world. As what people say, it is up to the person on how he or she sees the effects of
globalization. Speaking on its effects, it has been discussed on how globalization take part in the
missionary works of the Mission Society of the Philippines abroad. The majority of the effects is
positive, but still there are negatives effects. Looking both on globaphilia and globaphobia, one
can say how globalization has influenced mission ever since. By means of quantity, globalization
has influenced the missionary works of MSP positively but by means of quality, the negative effect
is worse. As of now, deciding whether globalization is positive or negative is not the point because
as how globalization is defined, it is still an ongoing process of change with still unclear results.
What is more important is that we are able to present the effects of globalization. Afterall,
globalization is still changing and continuing and the end result is still uncertain.
35
CBCP News, “CBCP Pastoral letter on the Era of New Evangelization,” accessed November 27, 2018,
http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=326
17
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbasy, Sheriff. 2018. Quora.com. August 11. Accessed November 24, 2018.
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-effects-of-globalisation-on-culture.
2016. Abbey Medieval Festival. July 8. Accessed November 28, 2018.
https://abbeymedievalfestival.com/2016/07/medieval-modern-transportation/.
2015. Asia News. July 16. Accessed November 25, 2018. http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Religious-and-
lay-Filipino-missionaries-in-the-world-are-%E2%80%9CChrist-first-witnesses-34790.html.
Baxter, Blake. 2018. High Vibe Network. July 30. Accessed November 27, 2018.
https://medium.com/highvibe-network/the-impact-of-globalization-on-communication-education-
ready-67524c55cfc2.
Beauchesne, Myriam. 2014. Kheops International. September 24. Accessed November 28, 2018.
https://kheopsinternational.com/blog/spirituality-in-a-modern-world/.
2012. CBCP News. July 9. Accessed November 27, 2018. http://www.cbcpnews.com/cbcpnews/?p=326.
Colson, Chuck. 2007. The Christian Post. July 19. Accessed November 27, 2018.
https://www.christianpost.com/news/the-rise-of-christianity-in-the-global-south-28516/.
Davis, Stephen M. 2008. Lausan. April. Accessed November 24, 2018.
http://www.lausanneworldpulse.com/perspectives-php/924/04-2008.
Doyle, Dennis M. 2012. JSTOR. Accessed November 27, 2018.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41511276?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.
n.d. Encyclopedia Brittanica. Accessed November 28, 2018.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/anticlericalism.
2014. Fil Catholic. August 8. Accessed November 28, 2018. http://www.filcatholic.org/new-
evangelization-in-the-philippines/.
Glendon, Mary Ann. 2018. Catholic Education Resource Center. April 25. Accessed November 28, 2018.
https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/politics-and-the-church/globalization-and-the-
church-s-new-challenges.html.
Jenkins, Philip. 2014. Aleteia. August 21. Accessed November 24, 2018.
https://aleteia.org/2014/08/21/the-future-of-christianity-in-asia/.
Johnson, Todd M. 2010. "Globalization, Christian Identity and Frontier Missions." International Journal
of Frontier Missiology 166-169. Accessed November 17, 2018.
https://ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/27_4_PDFs/johnson_27_4.pdf.
Massaro, Timothy. 2017. Core Christianity. August 27. Accessed November 24, 2018.
https://corechristianity.com/resource-library/articles/4-reasons-you-should-care-about-
secularization.
Mohler, Albert. n.d. Table Talk Magazine. Accessed November 23, 2018.
https://tabletalkmagazine.com/article/2017/11/globalization-christian-mission/.
18
Muscato, Christopher. 2018. Study.Com. February 4. Accessed November 27, 2018.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-technology-impacts-culture-in-the-global-age.html.
n.d. New World Encyclopedia. Accessed November 28, 2018.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Anti-clericalism.
Percy, Singco. 2015. "Through the Years." January: 37-41.
Raikhan, Sadykova. 2014. "The Interaction of Globalization and Culture in the Modern World." Procedia
- Social and Behavioral Sciences 8-12.
2004. The Christian Post. March 6. Accessed November 27, 2018.
https://www.christianpost.com/news/scholars-find-decline-of-christianity-in-the-west-19971/.
2010. The Statutes and Directory of the Mission Society of the Philippines. Makati City: Mission Society
of the Philippines.
2016. World Venture. April 7. Accessed November 24, 2018. https://www.worldventure.com/philippines-
sending-growing-number-of-missionaries/.
19