Dpta v18 3 PDF
Dpta v18 3 PDF
Dpta v18 3 PDF
Dispersion Polymers
Technology & Applications
Volume 18, Number 3: July 2006
Decade of Progress
Isolated articles from the emerging literature are often highlights a number of controversial issues, such as
difficult to put into context in terms of their relative nucleation mechanisms. References are given to source
importance. Although the introductions to many articles work on some of the sophisticated analytical techniques
contain mini-reviews, these naturally are only intended to and methodologies used to study aspects of the
lead in to the subject matter of the contribution. A good polymerisation process, often mentioned in passing in
overall review article is therefore always welcome and this journal. I have made this review the first item this
such a review, focussing on studies relating to emulsion month and commend it to readers engaged in emulsion
polymerisationover the last ten years, has recently been polymerisation.
published. It covers all aspects of the process and
Particular Assemblies
Featured in this issue is a collection of papers loosely stage. The other (Lubnin) describes the use of ‘tailored’
falling under the heading ‘inorganic/organic polymer RAFT agents to achieve the desired balance of
composites’. The fabrication of hybrid nanoparticles hydrophilic and hydrophobic character to facilitate
continues to be a major field of endeavour and it is transport.
interesting to see the various particle morphologies,
creatively named by authors, that may be produced by Other noteworthy items this month are papers on the
experimental design. Four of these articles describe influence of monomers on persulphate decomposition
studies of silica/acrylate copolymer systems. rate in emulsion polymerisation, design parameters for
high solids, low viscosity latices and items on silane
A section on ‘living free radical polymerisation’ is also functional polymers. On the Applications side, several
included this month. Two articles describe the problems interesting patents on pressure sensitive adhesives are
of conducting RAFT emulsion polymerisation and included. A patent describes the fabrication of heat
address the issue of transportation of the RAFT agent into resistant microspheres and other contributions describe
the latex particles. One of these (Gilbert et al.) describes coatings for leather, one of these focussing on the use of
a RAFT-controlled self-assembly process, avoiding the polycarbodiimide crosslinking agents.
presence of monomer droplets during the nucleation
COATINGS
TECHNOLOGY Formerly Emulsion Polymer Technologies
CENTRE
Contents
Glossary 18
1 Polymerisation General
Emulsion Polymerisation, Mechanisms and Kinetics
This review article covers main developments in emulsion polymerisation (EP) which have taken place over
the last ten years. It commences with a general overview of the subject covering pioneering studies such as
the well-known Smith-Ewart theory. A number of techniques useful for studying polymerisation mechanisms
are discussed. These include methods for isolation and characterisation of oligomers and precursor particles,
on-line monitoring techniques, polymer chain end-group analysis and probe techniques to determine particle
nucleation loci. EP using different stabilisers has been extensively reported in recent years and a number of
representative articles are featured in the review. These include items on polymerisable surfactants, surface-
active initiators and degradable stabilisers. It is noted that, dependent on recipe and conditions, one or more
particle nucleation mechanisms may be operative in EP, and accordingly the complexity of the evolution of
latex particle size and distribution has become appreciated. Controversy remains over the particle nucleation
process, which merits further study. It is observed that the number of recent studies covering the growth of
latex particles during polymerisation is small compared to particle nucleation investigations.
A number of reports of work to produce and characterise non-uniform latex particles have recently been
published and the origin of such particles is discussed from both kinetic and thermodynamic standpoints,
including the influence of reaction parameters on the development of particle morphology. Several reported
studies illustrate how reaction variables may be used to control the development of particle morphology as
polymerisation proceeds on a case by case basis.
Significant attention is given to the industrially important semi-batch EP process, with aspects of
polymerisation mechanism, kinetics and colloidal stability being comprehensively reviewed. Methods for
producing high solids (>70%) latices and bimodal particle size distributions are included. Finally the subject
of removal of residual free monomer by chemical post treatment following polymerisation is touched on,
with the need for more definitive studies stated. This 43-page article contains over 200 references, putting a
number of recent studies into collective context.
Chern C.S. Progress in Polymer Science 2006, vol.31(5), pp443-486
July 2006 3
Polymerisation General
to be capable of yielding latices with solids contents over 75% vol% and with viscosities less than 1.5 Pa.sec
(at a shear rate of 20 sec–1).
McKenna T.F.L. et al. Proc. PRA “Waterborne & High Solids Coatings”, March 2006, Paper 7, 12pp
Miniemulsion Polymerisation
One of the limitations of miniemulsion polymerisation that has restricted its commercial exploitation is the
high level of surfactant required to stabilise the small emulsion droplets prior to and during polymerisation.
A process is described whereby the use of undesirable surfactants may be eliminated, or significantly
reduced by employing an amphiphilic stabilising polymer in their stead. The stabilising polymer is required
to possess an adequate balance of hydrophilic/hydrophobic character to stabilise oil-in-water emulsions at
relatively low levels of addition. The preferred types are St/maleic anhydride copolymers or
St/α-methylstyrene/AA terpolymers. They should preferably have a MW of 1000-25000 Da, a water
solubility >1g/L and an acid number between 150-300 mg KOH/g. Typical levels of addition are in the
region 2-5 wt% of monomer.
Miniemulsion polymerisations are described where a mixture of monomer and hydrophobe (e.g. hexadecane)
is dispersed in a solution of the amphiphilic polymer. The mixture is then subjected to high shear
emulsification to produce the miniemulsion, polymerisation being initiated in the conventional manner. A
number of examples are given using proprietary amphiphilic polymers to prepare a variety of polySt,
polyMMA and poly(MMA–co–BA) dispersions, having mean particle diameters in the range 100-300nm.
Coatings prepared from film forming latices (e.g. MMA/BA copolymers) exhibit superior water resistance,
improved gloss and higher block resistance than equivalent latices prepared using conventional surfactant
stabilisers.
Do Amaral Martins M. et al. European Patent 1594903 (Cytec Surface Specialities S.A. (BE))
Publication Date 16 November 2005. Also published as US Patent Application 20050052529
July 2006 5
Living Free Radical Polymerisation
Z–(C=S)–S–CR2COOR*
[where Z= –SR (trithiocarbonate) or –NR2 (dithiocarbamate) or –OR (xanthate)]
It is shown that only RAFT agents with the right balance of hydrophilic/hydrophobic character are suitable
for emulsion polymerisation. By careful selection of the R* group, it is possible to achieve sufficient
hydrophilic character to just enable diffusion through the aqueous phase, with the RAFT agent retaining
enough hydrophobic character to phase separate into the particles. References to the synthesis of these
compounds are given. Eight different RAFT agents were evaluated with the best results being obtained using
a RAFT agent where Z derives from a dithiocarbamate and R* is –CH2CH2OH.
Using the favoured RAFT agent, a variety of odourless, telechelic acrylic, methacrylic and styrenic latices,
covering a range of MWs and containing only low levels of coagulum were prepared by emulsion
polymerisation. Attempts to prepare polyVA latices produced unsatisfactory results. In addition
microemulsion and solution/dispersion (RAFT mediated pre-polymer formed in solution) polymerisation of
acrylic monomers was conducted, yielding clean and stable dispersions.
Lubnin A. Proc. PRA “Waterborne & High Solids Coatings” Conference, Brussels, March 2006,
Paper 9, 20pp
Adding fresh copper complex to the macroinitiator just before the nano-precipitation step in the process was
shown to be beneficial in ensuring a reproducible process. In general good final latex stability was obtained
when a macroinitiator with a MW <4000g/mol was used. It was shown to be necessary to use a hydrophobic
ligand (N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)octadecylamine) for controlled polymerisation. A non-ionic surfactant
[polyoxyethylene(20) oleyl ether] proved to be the most effective stabiliser. Under optimum conditions,
latices with good colloidal stability having average particle diameters of around 200nm were obtained.
Chan-Seng D. et al. J. Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2006, vol.44(13), pp4027-4038
July 2006 7
Inorganic / Organic Polymer Composites
This paper describes the formation of polymer core/inorganic shell particles by a two-stage process. Initially
an acrylic latex was prepared by the emulsion copolymerisation of n-butyl methacrylate (97%)/MAA/AA.
The type/level of acidic monomer was chosen to best promote the interaction between the surface of the
particles and the subsequently formed inorganic shell. In the second stage, dispersions of inorganic powder
in water were added slowly to the heated latex, resulting in encapsulation of the core particles. The powders
used were pectin coated precipitated calcium carbonate, alumina and silica. The morphology of the particles
was determined using SEM and TEM. The silica-shell particles were used to illustrate how, by thermal
decomposition of the organic core, hollow nanospheres may be produced. This was achieved by calcination
of the pre-dried nanospheres at 500ºC. The approach is claimed to allow the fabrication of hollow, inorganic
microspheres of tailored composition and with predetermined diameters and size distribution.
Naderi N. et al. J. Applied Polymer Science 2006, vol.99(6), pp2943-2950
Most silica/polyMMA nanocomposite particle studies reported in the literature have utilised methodology
involving surface treatment of the silica particles prior to polymerisation. In this study, a series of
SiO2/polyMMA composite particles with different morphologies were prepared by conventional emulsion
polymerisation, with acid-base interaction between silanol groups of the unmodified SiO2 particles and the
amino groups of 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) employed as comonomer ensuring adequate bonding. The method
utilised involved the addition of a MMA (75)/4-VP (25) monomer mixture to an aqueous pre-prepared silica
sol, in the presence of a non-ionic surfactant. The mixture was emulsified prior to thermal initiation using
APS. The resulting latex was purified (centrifugation/redispersion cycles) and characterised by TEM, SEM,
TGA and zeta potential measurements.
It was shown that the morphology of the particles could be multi-core/shell, raspberry-like or conventional
core/shell, dependent on emulsifier content, monomer/SiO2 ratio, SiO2 particle size and monomer feed
method. In principle this simple method, that enables control of morphology, could be applied to prepare
other ultrafine sols.
Wu L. et al. J. Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 2006, vol.44(12), pp3807-3816
July 2006 9
Polymer Developments
4 Polymer Developments
Silane-functional Core/Shell Latex
The preparation of structured latex particles with a lightly crosslinked poly(St–co–BA) core and a poly(St–
co–MMA, containing vinyltriethoxysilane) shell is described. The core particles were prepared by the
delayed addition of a St/BA monomer mixture to a solution of disodium isodecyl sulphosuccinate, containing
diethyleneglycol diacrylate. KPS was used as initiator. Subsequently the shell was formed by delayed
addition of St/MMA, containing variable amounts of silane, no extra surfactant being added.
It was shown possible to include up to 8 wt% silane in the shell before the latices became unstable. Latex
particle structures were investigated using FTIR, TGA, DSC, TEM and DLS. Films cast from the latices
exhibited good water repellence, water uptake decreasing with increasing silane content. The tensile strength
of films cast from the silanated polymers was markedly higher than those derived from unmodified controls.
The relationship between the particle structure and the film properties was also investigated in this work.
Guo T. et al. J. Applied Polymer Science 2006, vol.100(3), pp1824-1830
phthalocyanine) is described. The procedure used involved the pre-homogenisation of a monomer solution
(St/MAA/dye) in a surfactant solution to create a miniemulsion, polymerisation being initiated by a redox
system (KPS/NaHSO3). It was shown that as the dye content increased, monomer conversions decreased and
mean particle size increased. Increasing the dye content also reduced the MAA content of the particles, by
reducing the level of ‘buried’ acid groups within the particles.
Yuan B. et al. Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering 2006, vol.94, pp238-239
July 2006 11
Surface Coating Applications
was inferior to the controls. The lower organic binder content of the NCD-based paints is seen as
advantageous, particularly for the formulation of fire-resistant coatings.
Mizutani T. et al. Progress in Organic Coatings 2006, vol.55(3), pp276-283
UV Curable Coatings
A study of the influence of low levels of functional acrylic monomers, incorporated into a core/shell acrylic
copolymer, on UV curing characteristics, is reported. The polymerisation was conducted by first forming a
MMA (25)/ BA (60)/ MAA (15) terpolymer seed, followed by the second-stage addition of St/BA, including
carboxyl- and hydroxyl-functional monomers, along with the UV crosslinking monomer. The crosslinking
monomers examined were isobornyl acrylate and methacrylate, tripropyleneglycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol
triacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate. They were incorporated at a typical level of 2.3 mole percent of
total second stage monomer. The influence of type of functional monomer in the shell, concentration of
photoinitiator and extent of UV exposure on film properties was examined.
Tg measurements (DSC) showed that although some crosslinking of the polymer took place during
polymerisation and processing, further UV curing of the dried film occurred, dependent on the above
mentioned parameters. Due to the relatively low level of unsaturation in the cast film, no significant changes
in the infra-red spectra (FTIR) were observed during curing of the film. UV crosslinking of the film was
shown to increase resistance of the film to swelling in alkali, despite no changes in gel content being
measured.
Gan S.N. et al. J. Applied Polymer Science 2006, vol.100(3), pp2317-2322
of MMA/BA in the presence of a PUD. The use of resin coated nanoparticles avoids problems of flocculation
and produces more durable coatings.
Faler D.L. et al. (PPG Industries Inc.), US Patent Application 20050287348,
Publication Date 29 December 2005
Can Coatings
A coating composition, suitable for use on food and beverage cans is described. The coating is derived from
a polymer dispersion, prepared by the emulsion polymerisation of selected ethylenically unsaturated
monomers in the presence of a pre-formed water-soluble polymer. The pre-polymer may typically be an
acid-functional acrylic terpolymer, partially neutralised with an amine to enable full water solubility. One
example describes the solution polymerisation of a St (30)/EA (25)/MAA (45) monomer mixture to yield a
terpolymer that was subsequently partially neutralised with dimethylethanolamine, creating a polymer
solution with a solids content of 22% and having an acid number of 302 mgKOH/g.
It is claimed that a wide range of primary monomers may be used in the subsequent emulsion polymerisation
but the monomer mixture should contain a functional monomer containing an oxirane group [e.g. glycidyl
methacrylate (GMA)]. An example describes the preparation of a St (41)/BA (30)/butyl methacrylate
(21)/GMA (8) emulsion polymer in the presence of 25% dry weight of the above mentioned acrylic pre-
polymer, based on total monomer weight. A H2O2/benzoin redox system is the preferred initiator for this
class of product. The use of persulphate is said to compromise water resistance. A large number of
representative examples are contained in this 30 page patent application and detailed testing of the
dispersions as can coatings is described.
O’Brien R.M. et al. (Valspar Sourcing Inc.) PCT WO2006045017, Publication Date 27 April 2006
also US Patent Application 20060100366
6 Adhesive Applications
Universal Adhesive for Difficult Surfaces
A very broad based patent application describes a ‘universal’ adhesive composition, comprising one or more
polymerisable surfactant monomers as part of an emulsion copolymer system, that claimed to exhibit
superior adhesion to difficult surfaces compared to conventional systems. More specifically, acrylic
dispersion polymers containing a level of above 0.4 wt% of polymerisable surfactant are claimed to be
suitable as pressure sensitive adhesives able to bond to a variety of surfaces (e.g. polyolefins, thermoplastics
and recycled paper/board). Good elevated temperature adhesive performance is claimed which is maintained
at low temperatures (below 15ºC).
Compositional details are described broadly but no specific examples are given, other than the use of one
proprietary polymerisable surfactant (Polystep-NMS1, ex Stepan Co., described as the amine salt of an allyl-
functional alkyl benzene sulphonate). Superior performance is in evidence compared to a control dispersion
using SDBS as stabiliser. Reading between the lines, the use of a polymerisable surfactant enables
minimisation or elimination of the use of conventional surfactants, which can migrate to interfaces and
reduce adhesive performance. A variety of performance advantages are claimed to be achievable when this
approach is adopted covering a wide range of adhesive types.
Bunn A.G. (Rohm & Haas Co.), US Application 20060100357, Publication Date 11 May 2006
July 2006 13
Adhesive Applications
silicates or be silicones, formed by condensation of silanes. The composition of suitable polymer dispersions,
which form the primary components of PSAs is broadly defined, as are emulsion polymerisation procedures
used to fabricate the latices. Two proprietary BASF PSA grades (Acronal™ A220 and Acronal™ V215) are
used in the examples. The polymeric silicates are typically obtained by condensing water-soluble alkali metal
salts (such as ‘water glass’). Amino-functional silanes (4-amino-3,3’-dimethylbutyltrimethoxysilane being
specifically mentioned) are the preferred precursors for the silicones. It is suggested that the silicon
compounds be pre-dispersed in water and then added to the polymer dispersion. Inevitably a broad range of
addition levels of the silicon compounds are stated, the preferred range being 0.1-3% by weight based on
polymer content. Optionally tackifying resins and other components may be post added to formulate the
PSAs.
It is claimed that self-adhesive articles based on the disclosed composition possess a good balance of
adhesive properties. Among the advantages stated for these adhesives are tolerance to compounding
ingredients (including wetting agents), good apolar adhesion, minimal tendency to ‘adhesive transfer’ (e.g.
label applications) and good water resistance.
Aydin O. et al. (BASF Ag), United States Patent 7041720, Publication Date 9 May 2006, also
published as EP1479744
being preferred. A number of examples of the preparation of acrylic copolymer dispersions, all utilising the
monomer ratios BA (48)/EHA (48)/AA (3)/MAA (1) and containing various suitable surfactants and chain
transfer agents, are included. Good coating performance compared to control systems of lower dynamic
surface tension systems is demonstrated.
Matsumoto M. et al. (Toyo Ink Mfng Co. (JP)), US Patent Application 20060094806,
Publication Date 4 May 2006
7 Miscellaneous Applications
Polycarbodiimide Crosslinking Agents
A review of recent developments of polycarbodiimide (pCDI) crosslinkers, with particular reference to their
application in leather/artificial leather coating, is presented. This area of application typically uses PUDs,
acrylic latices or the two in combination. The chemistry of pCDI crosslinking involves mainly the reaction of
carboxylic acid groups in acrylic latices or PUDs with pCDI (−N═C═N−), an N-acyl urea being formed.
This reaction can be quite fast under ambient or mild thermal cure conditions. When pCDIs are used as
crosslinkers, it is not necessary or even advisable to get to a 1:1 stoichiometry between pCDI and carboxyl
groups. Optimum dosage should be determined empirically.
In a reported study, three types of oligomeric, water-dispersible pCDI crosslinker were evaluated in
combination with various PUD and acrylic latices. The types of pCDI used were a solvent-based pCDI, an
aqueous pCDI and a multi-functional, higher performance solvent-based, pCDI. Among the tests carried out
were mechanical property measurements and solvent resistance of dried (cured) coatings as well as pot life.
The work was extended to examine the respective systems in practical leather coating formulations.
Graphically presented results indicate the improvements in tensile strength and ethanol uptake that can be
achieved as a function of level of crosslinker. The multi-functional, solvent-based pCDI (no further details
given) proved the most efficient crosslinker. The test results with actual basecoat and topcoat formulations
have demonstrated that pCDI cured systems are practical for leather finishing. In this respect, the aqueous
pCDI proved most advantageous since pot life was superior to the solvent-based pCDIs, and the ease of
handling and absence of VOC are key features.
Hesselmans L.C.J. et al. Progress in Organic Coatings 2006, vol.55(2), pp142-148
July 2006 15
Miscellaneous Applications
dispersing hydrophobic ZnO in the monomer phase [St (95)/MAA (5)], using a low HLB surfactant
[poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride)]. The resulting mixture was ultrasonicated in the water phase, using
SDS as stabiliser. By this route, miniemulsion droplets were formed which were subsequently polymerised
using AIBN as oil-soluble initiator.
TEM analysis indicated good dispersion of the ZnO particles in monomer prior to polymerisation and
efficient encapsulation within polymer shells afterwards. Cotton fabrics were subsequently treated with the
hybrid latex. By adding a latent acid catalyst (NaH2PO2), bonding between the carboxyl groups of the
polymer and the hydroxyl groups of the cotton could be achieved on heating the coated fabric. It was
subsequently demonstrated that the fabrics exhibited excellent UV blocking properties and good wash
fastness, illustrating the viability of the process to produce protective fabrics.
Xin J.H. et al. J. Colloid & Interface Science 2006, vol.300(1), pp 111-116
Paper Coatings
A conference paper describes an investigation into the influence of filler systems on the morphology and
properties of pigmented coatings. The coating formulations examined in the study comprised a filler system
of kaolin (plate-like particles) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and utilised an SBR latex binder.
The compounds were prepared using different blend ratios of pre-dispersed fillers, at two binder levels
equating to 10 and 20 parts per hundred of filler. Coatings were applied to adsorbent (ink jet paper) and non-
adsorbent (plastic) substrates and air-dried. The coatings were characterised by X-ray photo-electron
spectroscopy (XPS), gloss measurements and profilometry (surface roughness).
Coatings applied to the non-porous substrate exhibited higher gloss and lower surface roughness than those
applied to the porous surface. Increasing the PCC content of the filler system caused a decrease in gloss over
the non-porous surface, but an increase in gloss over the porous one. This latter observation was attributed to
improved ‘filler packing’. The XPS results showed that as the PCC content was proportionally increased, the
surface of the coating became enriched in polymer, explained by the plate-like structure of the kaolin layers
being disrupted, opening channels for movement of the polymer particles following coating application. It is
concluded that both filler composition and particle shape of the components play a crucial role in
determining the surface structure of coatings.
Al-Turaif H. Proc. PRA “Waterborne & High Solids Coatings”, Brussels, 7-8 March 2006, Paper 20,
17pp
vastly superior to equivalents containing a control voided polymer latex (Rhopaque™ HP1055), swollen
with a volatile base. Applications for heat resistant voided particles extend to their use in thermoplastics,
powder coatings and metal coatings (e.g. coil coatings, automotive coatings).
Brown J.T. et al. (Rohm & Haas Company), European Patent 1632537,
Publication Date 8 March 2006, also US Application 20060046056
July 2006 17
Glossary
CHEMICALS
AA Acrylic acid
ACN Acrylonitrile
AIBN 2,2'-Azobisisobutyronitrile
APS Ammonium persulphate
BA Butyl acrylate
Bd Butadiene
Cy Cyclohexyl
DVB Divinyl benzene
EA Ethyl acrylate
EHA/2-EHA 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate
EO Ethylene oxide
KPS Potassium persulphate
MA Methyl acrylate
MAA Methacrylic acid
MMA Methyl methacrylate
Ph Phenyl
PU Polyurethane
PUD Polyurethane dispersion
pVOH Polyvinyl alcohol
SBR Styrene butadiene (rubber)
SDBS Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate
SDS Sodium lauryl sulphate, Sodium dodecyl sulphate
SFS Sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate
St Styrene
tBHP t-butyl hydroperoxide
TDM t-dodecyl mercaptan
TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy
UF Urea formaldehyde resin
VA Vinyl acetate
TERMINOLOGY
AFM Atomic force microscopy
ATRP Atom radical transfer polymerisation
CMC Critical micelle concentration
DLS Dynamic light scattering
DMA Dynamic mechanical analysis
DSC Dynamic scanning calorimetry
FTIR Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy
GC Gas chromatography
GPC Gel permeation chromatography
HLB Hydrophilic lipophilic balance
MFFT Minimum film forming temperature
MW Molecular weight, Mn and Mw, number and weight average MW
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
PCS Photon correlation spectroscopy
PSD Particle size distribution
RAFT Reversible addition fragmentation transfer
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
TEM Transmission electron microscopy
Tg Glass transition temperature
TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
VOC Volatile organic compound
The 11th Meeting of the UK Polymer & Colloids Forum will take place on 11-12th September 2006 at the
University of Manchester, England. The sessions fall under the headings: Synthesis, stabilisation &
properties of polymer latices; Microgels & colloidsomes and Biomedical applications of polymer colloids.
Details at http://www.uk-pcf.org/06%20Final.pdf
The 20th European Colloid & Interface Science Society Conference will take place on 17-22nd September
2006 in Budapest, Hungary. The conference will focus on many aspects of this subject, embracing material
science and nanotechnology. Included in the topics are self-supporting organic/inorganic films, polymer gels,
colloidal polymer aggregates and nanoparticles. Details at http://koll1.chem.u-szeged.hu/colloids/20thecis
The 78th Annual Meeting of the Society of Rheology will take place on 8-12th October 2006. The meeting
will comprise ten thematic sessions that will include Suspensions, colloids & granular materials: Rheology &
structure of entangled polymer systems and Paper, pulp & industrial processes.
Details at http://www.rheology.org/sor/annual_meeting/2006Oct/program.htm
The IUPAC International Symposium on Advanced Polymers for Emerging Technologies will be held on
10-13th October 2006 in Bexco, Busan, Korea. Commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Polymer Society
of Korea, the content of the symposium will embrace a wide range of topics including Smart polymers,
Polymer nanomaterials & nanotechnology, Polymer synthesis & reactions and Industrial polymers.
Details at http://www.psk30.org/
July 2006 19
Global Surface Coatings Covered
Posters
Researchers from Universities/Institutes and industry are invited to submit poster presentations
on topics relevant to the theme of the Congress.
• The approximate size of the poster board is 1.8m x 1.2m
• Deadline for the title submission is 15 September 2006.
How to Register
Register on-line via the congress website:-
www.pra-world.com/conferences
or contact:
Janet Saraty, Networking & Events Manager
PRA, 14 Castle Mews, High Street, Hampton, Middlesex, TW12 2NP, UK
e-mail: conferences@pra-world.com, Fax: +44 (0)20 8487 0801
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NOW AVAILABLE ON CD S
Two Day International Conference • Royal Crown Hotel • Brussels • 7 – 8 March 2006
There is a limited number of proceedings in book form. No more will be published so order early
to avoid disapointment. Standard Price £180, PRA Member £130
Contact:
Janet Saraty, Conference Administrator
PRA Coatings Technology Centre
14 Castle Mews, High Street, Hampton, Middlesex, TW12 2NP, UK
Tel: +44 (0)20 8487 0811, Fax: +44 (0)20 8487 0801, e-mail: conferences@pra.org.uk
or order via our website: www.pra.org.uk/conferences
COATINGS PRA, 14 Castle Mews, High Street, Hampton, Middlesex, TW12 2NP, UK
TECHNOLOGY Tel: +44 (0)20 8487 0800, Fax: +44 (0)20 8487 0801
CENTRE e-mail: publications@pra.org.uk, website: www.pra.org.uk/publications