22 Comparative Dictionary of Ge'ez PDF
22 Comparative Dictionary of Ge'ez PDF
22 Comparative Dictionary of Ge'ez PDF
(Classical Ethiopic)
Ge<ez-English / English-Ge<ez
with an index of the Semitic roots
by
Wolf Leslau
1991
INTRODUCTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY . • • • • • • • • • • • • • XXXVII
• •
GE<EZ-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. •
• • • • • • • • • • • , I
ADDITIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 648
ENGLISH-GE<EZ VOCABULARY. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 651
INDEX OF SEMITIC ROOTS • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • 763
INTRODUCTION
Geez is the classical language of Ethiopia and belongs to the Semitic language family. The
other Semitic-Ethiopian languages are Tigre and Tigrinya (known as North EthlOpic), Amhanc
(the national language of Ethiopia), Argobba, Harari, Gafat, and Gurage (called South
Ethiopic). Although Geez ceased to be spoken in the twelfth or thirteenth century, it has
remained the language of literature and of liturgy. Our knowledge of the language derives from
the vast literature written in Geez I. The literature includes religious texts (such as the Bible,
Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, liturgical literature, homiletic, theological, and magical texts,
stories of martyrs and saints, religious poetry, hymns in honor of Christ, the Virgin, the martyrs,
the saints, and angels), as well as secular writings (histories and romances, legal, mathematical,
and medical texts). While Some of the texts were originally written in Geez, others were
translations from Arabic, Greek, either directly or through Arabic, from Syriac, and Coptic,
mostly through Arabic.
Geez lexicography goes back to J. Wemmers, Lexicon Aelhiopicum ... , published in 1638. It
was H. Ludolf's dictionary, published in 1661 (2d ed., 1669), which started a new era In
Ethiopian studies. Dillmann's monumental dictionary, published in 1865 with references to the
literature, became the standard work for Geez lexicography. S. Gr"baut 1952 published
additions to Dillmann's dictionary and edited a dictionary by Juste d'Urbin. P. Gabriele da
Maggiora 1953 translated Dillmann's dictionary into Italian and added lexemes from the various
dictionaries compiled by Ethiopian scholars.
Geez grammatical studies and Geez-Amharic dictionaries having the name of Saw",.w
'ladder" written by Ethiopians were known to exist in manuscript form. In 1897 Aliiqa Tayyii
published the first Sawasaw. Kidanii Wiild Katie's dictIOnary, published in 1956, is an important
contribution to Geez lexicography. Smaller Geez-Amhanc vocabularies were published by Abba
Ya<qob Giibrii 'Iyyasus (1928) and Abba Tiisfa Sallase (1946). Other Sawasaw were edited by H.
Brauner-Plazikowski in 1913, H. Hirschfeld in 1919-1921, and by Makonnen Argaw In 1973'.
These various dictionaries published by Western and Ethiopian scholars greatly enhanced our
knowledge of the Geez vocabulary. Our knowledge of the Semitic languages and of the Semitic-
Ethiopian languages has increased substantially since Dillmann's time. It therefore seemed to me
I For a survey of Geez literature, see E. littmann, "Geschichte der athiopischen Llteratur". In Gesell/'dlle der
christlichen Literaturen des Orients. by C. Brockelmann, el aI., vol. 7 (1907), pp. 187-270; I, GUidi, Storio della letterolUfa
etiopica (Rama: Istitulo per l'Oriente, 1932); E. Cerulli. Storio tklla lellerolura.,etiopica (Mil~no: N~?"a A~demia
Editrice. 1956), and La ltllrratura mopico (Milano: G.c. Sanson. 1968); l. RICCI, Lctteratura d EUOPl8 ,In SlOriO delle
Itltuature d'Orienle (Milano: Botto, 1969); E. Ullendorff 1973: 131-151. _ .
1 For more mformatlon on the Sawa~w, sec: I. Guidi 1910, and M.M. Moreno, "Struttura e terrmnologta del
Sawisow", RSE 3 (1949 [1950)).t2-62. .
1 For details on these dictionaries, sec: "Abbreviations of the Geez sources" and "Observations on the dlclJooancs".
x
,:-. 1 R(l[WCTION XI INTRODlOJO.
comprehensive dictionary of Geez which would be
to compile a
that the time has come . Pp. 391-398: Correcllons to the preceding pages.
.
cl1mraraU\e at the .same ume. Pp. 399-443: ':Complement du lexique de Juste d'Urbin , releve par Roger Schneider": thl parI
. Th d·ctionaries mentioned with fuJI titles in the sect' IS In Geez-Latln-French wnh an Amharic translallon.
d' rionanes e I . d ' Ion
Obstrurions on the IC "discussed here In more etall. For the sake f Pp. 445-490: "Addenda" to the precedmg vocabularies.
h Geez sources are .. h I 0
'AbbreraUons of t e . . larder even though pnonty s ou d have been given t Pp. 491-516 : .. Listes des diverses categories grammaticales".
h m alphabeuca, _ . 0
. ,nvemence I treat t em G··s and the minor Sawas~w Inasmuch as they are I
(e .... K H Koflii lyorgJ, .... ess
Tavyii, Kidan. Wald , e, b e of the reader's famlhanty wIth Ludolf and Dillman H = H. Hirschfeld. The author calls his work "EthlOpic-Falasl (Falasha) glo".ry" on tho
. . " It IS also ecaus . . n
known to the Sem1l1s. . hese dictionaries to a minimum. baSIS of the _descrlptJon given in the catalog as "Geez and Falasha manu,cnpt". It is in fact a
that I !..eep my observatIOns on t regular Sawas~w, not a Falasha Sawas~w.
. k· This SawasoW is arranged In the order of the Geez alphabet. At The dictionary lists only verbs in the order of the last letter. The lexemes not found In
B = H- Br.uner-PlaZlkows I.. h ··n connection with . IQ.hak" a ·rlas h'lon, rJOII11 'h
s e enumerates Dillmann are marked by an asterisk. As the other native sources (such as T K Y) likeWISe have
. h r·ts synonyms, t us I ,_. these lexemes most of the time, J do not indicate H as a possible source. At limes there are
limes Its aut or " r d t·on' The synonyms (~ana~a, sarara) are then given under
Id'·- 'lay a loun a I . lexemes marked with an asterisk which go back to a misprint or to a misspelling in the
hanala 'bUi ,sarara r d t lahak"a. The derived nouns are recorded under the root·
,(. letters and relerre 0 . . . I manuscript. One example is G. n'kfl baq"asa = Amh. niiqqiisii 'comb', but G. baq"asa means
the respec I\C ,. I. d der lhq even though lhq is not given. The ednor of the Sawasow
thus maliih,qr 'elders IS Iste un 'uproot' and Amh. ~"'fI niiqqiisii IS a misprint for ~"'" niiqqiilii 'uproot', a translation that is
corrects wrong spellings in the footnotes. given in another Sawas~w. Another misprint (either m the manuscnpt or in the printed text)
occurs in G. 1I.lt'" la~.~a (p.2 13) = Amh . siirra 'work', the correct Geez verb being 11",11-
. I . host detailed dictionary with references to the Geez writings (printed
D = Dillmann. tIS tern ' . . la~ak"a, which is in Dillmann.
. t) known to Dillmann. In hiS compaflSons he makes use of Arabic
books and manuscrlp s _ .,' ' I do not correct Hirschfeld's occasional misunderstanding of the Amhanc translation. For
. d Syriac He also uses a Sawas~w, termed by him Voc.Ae .. The AmhariC
Hebrew. ATamale, a n · . ' .. W • example, G. 1':I'D laqarana (p. 212) = Amh. 1'''I~ la!alla is translated by him 'be thrown', as if
· .
transauonlSIOT t oduced by -a
- or b·(hil)· e.g. sahala hurt, do harm, za nakka; g ad'a smite
I <I' ' " , it came from !alii 'throw', but in fact it comes from !iilla and it means 'oppose one another'
touch'. b, niikka. J do not register the variant spellings from Hirschfeld, nor do J register strange meanings not
The diclionary has the following sections: encountered elsewhere (such as G. dayyana = Amh. alIa 'want').
Cols. 1-1392: Geez-Latin dictionary.
Col;. 1393·1 J98: Index of words of doubtful origin. K (or KWK) = Kidanii Wiild K~f1e whose full name was Kldanii Wiild K~f1e Wiilda Abba
Cols. IW9·1408: Index of foreign words. Tiikle. KWK was born in 1879 and died in 1944. He was the disciple of Kafla Glyorgls. For
Cols 1409·1424 Index of proper nouns. details on his scholarly activity, see Berhanou Abebbe 17-27.
Cols 1425·1434: Additions and corrections. KWK'S dictionary is arranged in the order of the abugida, that is, of the Hebrew alphabet.
Cols 1435-1522: Latm lOde x, the numbers referring the reader to the page where the Geez The arrangement is as follows:~, n, 1, r., tI, m, H, "', 'l, m, f, h, II, 00, ~,"', 0, 1..,11, 8, "',t-, fI,
le\eme IS found. i", A, T. In transcription: " b, g, d, h, W, Z, ~. b. !, y, k, I, m, n, s, c,J.~, 4. q. r, s, t.l!. p.
Dlilmann occasionally gives the variant spellings, referring the reader to the spelling he All the derived forms (verbal and nominal) are given under the root. Occasionally, KWK hsts
conSiders the correct one: thus. IPtlll sahala 'be sharp', see fI"'" sa~ala; ",hI! ~akak 'tumult', see derived stems and refers the reader to the basic stem, as in 'aws.'a (207), under 11'$': 'armama
tlhh hakak. (242), see rmm.
The references used to illustrate the lexemes are nearly all taken from Dillmann. An entry for
DTW = Diista Tiiklii Wiild. This Amharic-Amharic dictionary occasionally lists Geez nouns which KWK has no reference is marked with an asterisk in this dictionary.
and verbs m the baSIC stem and in the derived stems. For details on Diista Tiikla Wiild's life and For the triradicals he gives either the verbal noun or the gerund, and in parentheses he
aC~\Jt~ .... Berhanou Abebbe, pp. 27-36. indicates the perfect, imperfect, and jussive: e.g., wagiz (wagaza. yawagg.:, y.ga:); dammaro
(dammara, y.demm.,. y.damm.,). For the noun, he indicates the plural.
Gr. = Grebaut. This Geez-French supplement to Dillmann's dictionary gives new meanings Gemination is occasionally marked with the letter m !, that is, !.bq: e.g., ba!,i~ 'melon,
or ne" forms of words, with occasional references to the literature. There are, however, few new squash', bayyana 'discern, distinguish'.
Inem.. that are not round In Dillmann. At times Grebaut's orthography differs from that of Sometimes KWK gives the lexeme with the various spellings and refers the reader to the
Dlilmann. spelling that he considers to be correct: e.g., 'abar 'dryness', see 'abara; 'agala 'surround', see
The dictionary consISts of several parts: fagata; basfa, see badfQ.
PP. 1-390: Additions that also incorporate Juste d'Urbin's dictionary with an Amhanc trans· He see';s to be of'the opinion that every verb must have a basic stem. Indeed, the verbs that
rallon.
XII
I' TRI.)Dl lCTll) N XIII t~TRODt CTl ON
. . en by K WK in the form of the basic stem a d
. h la-stem are glv . ' n
, Awn to occur only 10 t e . . the ta-stem he states that the form 10 the la-stem for L = Ludolf. The first edition was published in
arc .n" d by him IS In , . . . 166 1; J used the second editIon, pubhshed
. thouoh the ,erb quote I are : bak"ara gIve bIrth for the first tIme' (170) in 1669.
c\ en r: . rect Examp es ,. .. .
h "a' I' meanmg IS not cor . _ 'oaend' (313) haqara dlsdam (460). It is a Geez-Latin dictionary that gives references to the hterature for the maJonty of the
t e " " . (275) gayosa II' , .
~a'ura 'announce good news, .' . . egO 'azana 'listen' (219), from 'azn 'ear'; 'aggara 'walk' lexemes. . Ludolfs
.
orthography differs at times from that of 0 1'11mann .
. dnommallves .. ·, h- " The dIctIOnary consists of the following sections'
"W" tends to create e 'wilderness' (287), from bara. a wIlderness'; sanawa
'f ' . barha 'enter IOto a . I h f h Cols. 1-632: Geez-Latin dictionary.
(101). from " R' oot., rigallon ..
channe.,
I' It is of course, posslb e t at some 0 t ese denomina_
. C C h '
'irrigate', from mas/lO " h KWK does not gIve re,erences ,or t eIr OCCurrence. I Cols. 633-664 : Comparisons with Hebrew, Aramaic, and ArabIC, in the on ginal scnpt.
. h I guage even thoug Forty-two unnumbered pages of a Latin-Geez IOdex; the Geez lexeme is not given and the reader
tl,"es e\lsted .'" t e. an '0 these denominatives. . "
am not conSistent 10 recordl g t Amharic biradicals mto Geez tnradlcals by adding a IS referred to the page where the lexeme is gIven .
h t KWK conver s ,
It would also seem t -" . f I ' from Amh. bat; bagga<a 'be good , from Amh. biiggo
I G btl'al calf 0 eg, Lt = Literature. This abbreviation designates new words, form s. and meanings that I
laryngea , e.g.. · I ' f Amh gal.
d· - 'dth of the pa m. rom . d h encountered 10 my readmgs. It also includes glossaries published by vanous editors of Gee1
'goo : gO'1 WI .. . b Arabic and Latin. and he recor s t ese languages in his
' W'" famlhar with He rew, ' . manuscripts, such as C. Bezold, Kebra Naga.;I, A. Grohmann, Aethiopische Marienhymnen, P
" . was " fthe lexeme In fact he does not gIve the reference for the
.. ' h t ·tating the ongm 0 . , . Marrassini, Gadla Yohannes Mesraqawi, V. Arras, Collectio monastlca (CSCO. vol. 45). Patricon
dictionary Wit ou S ' I' 'th these languages is likely to consIder them to be Geez.
ed . d A reader not ,ami lar WI . . Aethiopice (CSCO, vol. 53), and others. I have purposely omitted giving references to the books
cll wor . I ot recorded in the comparative dIctIOnary.
The", obVIOUS oans are n , , - 'd I' 'k - , from which I drew my own additions because the increased number of sources would have been
. "I 'fall' dod 'uncle', <azaba leave, masara elver, ar'a kneel
Examples from He brew . nOla a , . . , ' h' too cumbersome for the reader. It is true that for some special entries I may ha ve made an
. , ' A b' . balad 'country' 'asl 'ongm , badala ex ange . exception, but it was at times difficult to decide where to draw the line.
down fuhra cross . ra Ie , ' . . • . I' d . , ,
, h as Latin French EnglIsh : 'artlkl artlc e , egrt degree, dubl
Foreign languages, suc , '
'douhle\ mil 'mile', wasla 'whisky', . . . . , M = P. Gabriele da Maggiora . This Geez-Latin-Italian dictionary IS presented 10 three
It would be worthwhile to analyze to more detaIl the method used by K WK to hIS dIctionary. columns. It is arranged in the alphabetical order of the forms, not in the order of the roots.
Thus, the forms ~amma, )a~mama , ta~amma, (a~iimama, )asla~iimama . ~iJmum , ~amami. ~iJmiim.
KBT = Tiisamma Habtii Wald. This Amharic-Amharic dictionary occasionally lists Geez ~.miime, 'a~miimi are listed in ten different places, depending on the initial consonant and on the
noun; and verbs in the baSIC stem and in the derived stems. vowel of the consonant.
The dictionary is a translation of Dillmann augmented by the dictionaries of Aliiqa Tayya,
KG = K,Ha Giyorgis. He was born In 1825 and died in 1908. For details on his life and his Abba Ya<qob Gabra 'Iyyasus, and a few others. It gives no references to the literature.
",holarl) aCII\it) , see Berhanou Abebbe 7-17, and R. Cowley, in Leslau 1983:99-113. Note that
It "as KaHii G,yorglS who collaborated with I. Guidi in his various works. MA = Makonnen Argaw. The vocabulary is arranged according to the last letter. The letters
The hand" "ttOg and the exactitude of translation In KG 2 are better than in KG I and KG 3. h-~-& are treated together. The spelling is strongly influenced by the pronunciation of h. h. b as h.
For KG I, 2. 3, see "Abbreviations of the Geez sources". Indeed, of 105 lexemes, 77 are spelled with a final hand 28 with a final ~ : not a single lexeme is
The dictIOnary IS arranged m the order of the Geez alphabet. For the verbs, the author lists spelled with a final ~ . The letters s-s are treated together. Here again, of 92 lexemes, 90 are
the perfect. Imperfect, JUSSlve, the verbal noun, the active participle, the singular and plural, the spelled with a final s, and 2 with a final s. The letters ,-, are listed together; of 105 lexemes. 101
mascuhne and feminme. The demed stems follow the basic stem. The Geez verb is rendered by are spelled with final ' and 4 with final '. The letters ~-if are listed together. but strangely enough
the Amhanc ,erbal noun: e.g., lamada = Amh. miilmiid. The passive participle is placed under all the 45 lexemes have a final d. In an unusual order, the letter p follows f
the consonant of the sixth order, thus, bazu~ 'numerous' is not placed with baz~a. The Only occasionally have I corr~cted a misprint, such as IUh+ sa~akala, fI~"'" sanakota 'bake
gemmation of the perfect IS indicated by l' !I .bq) placed above the geminated consonant. The bread' for fI'lh+ sahakata.
arrangement mentIoned above IS not always consistent. One example will ~uffice to illustrate the complexity of interpretation: 'paint' is expressed by
Only occasionally do I correct the mIstakes in the different KG copies. An illustration of fI~fI sa'ala (meaning 'ask') instead of /POll sa<ala.
confUSIon IS G. man:" rendered in KG I by Amh . anzart 'spindle', but in KG 2 Amh . • nurt is Severallexemes found in MA are strange in the form in which they appear: e.g.. sahap 'fish ',
the translation of G. mank"ak"a, placed two hnes above manzir. It would thus seem that the sahapa 'sacrifice', sahapa 'take a rest', 'alapu 'love', 'abama 'make a walr. Unusual lexemes of
trans~tl_o~ of man:" to KG I IS wrong. Another example: KG I lists G. 'a~qafa = Amh. ~I'IfL this kind also occur i~ the other Sawas,';', but for a relatively small Sawas,w like MA, the
lJJa.r.nifa cut out at a slant', but KG 2 has Amh. ~"'+L asaqqiifii 'cause to hug', which is the number of unusuallexemes is noticeable. I therefore found it advisable not to list all the lexemes
COllect translauon . A more detailed analysis of the three copies would be useful. having unusual forms.
KWK = K
\tV
1 ~ROlll t no" . ' xv INTR(lf)UCTIO,
t ThiS Geez-Amhanc vocabulary gives foreign w d
th Old Testamen . . d ' Or s
OT _ \',xahular) 0 ef
In the 0
Id T tament. The forClgn war s come either from Gree'-
es . d h ~ Or
s, '-', and ~-tj a~e treated together. The verbs are di Vided as follows. type ~abra, karala, nababa,
and "He "",ds that occur d together are fl sand IP s, an t ey are placed after lI~dda, ~oma, s,:ma, qaddasa, nolOlI'O. lelaya, baraka, dangada , ('an )qalqala, f laj,an/l'aKa
i letters treate . I I r. sa'dawa
h
fwm Hebre\\ T e on) ... . I , or d. There are occaslOna examp es to illUstrate th . ' ('an) qa'dawa,and
er oths. W'It h·10 each type the author lists a noun the eerund the'
There are no e.xamples
, . of Imllal J. .I, . e perfect, the verbal noun, the active participl
.
th . . . '-'
e, or e passive participle. This dl\·' l slon l Y, not give n
1eX(~me!<l .
Uniformly for all the verbs.
.. . (T ' ) differs from the origmal only in the spelling. Note that it
" Tavla The repnnt
T = AI aqa . '
.' k F
. h E Mittwoch in hIS vanous war s. or etalls On Alaq
d . Y = (Abba) Ya' qobGiibra ' Iyyasus. The Sawiis~w consists of two parts. grammar or Geez,
.. h ollaborated Wit . . a pp. 1-320 ; Geez-Amhanc d,cttonary, pp. 321-364. The dictionary treats only verbs . It IS arranged
""' Tan- woe . . Aleme Eshete, "Alaqa Taye Gabra Manam (1861-1924)"
.. l~ nd literary activity. see . d ' . , 10 the order of the Geez alphabet. The roots with the iOltial labiovelar q", k", and ~ . are
Tayya SIC a 1974 14-:10 Taddiisii Tammarat, mtro uctlOn (10 Amharic) to
. SF" (IQ71-72) Roma . pp. - , / separated from the non-lablOvelars q, k, and g. The roots with a labiovelar as second radical ,
m R . -., . 'ill:O JI'a ha:b tank, Addis Ababa 1964 (= 1971 2), pp. 9-28; Bairu Tafta,
Alaqa Tayya. 1a ' .. pr,; .. Dirtionar)' of African Biography (New York : Reference Publica_ however, are not separated from the non-Iabiovelars ; thus, "'.,,/\ haqala, "'ot~ Iraq ' ana, ",."r
"Ta)'Y' Gabra-Mar)am , m . . . r h b'bl ' h' I' . haqaya where one would expect "'.,,/\ !lOqala, ",."r haqaya, ",:a.~ !wq"ana . .
. ,7 ( thanks to Lafranco RICCI .or t ese I IOgrap Ica mdlcations).
lions). \'01. I (IQ77), p. - my . and verbs. It is arranged 10 the order of the last letter. The After the perfect the author gives ya- followed by the first radical of the root to IOd,cate the
The dicllonary regISters nouns _ imperfect ; thus from verbs with initial I the forms are : y.la- to indicate the Imperfect of type A
d f the millallettm IS as follows : Ihh-;, II, tfP, fl- IP , ;:, "', n, 1 , ~, h-O, h, <D, n, r, 1:, 1, (e.g., lamada, tmperfect y.lammad); yale- to indicate the tmperfect of a type B (e.g., JalettJl,
:.A~r"~6. L. T. In lranscription ; h·~·tll~' 111, S-5: r, q. hI I, fl, k, W, Z, y, d,~, !, p. $-c/,j, p. Note
).f,
Imperfect of lattala) ; yal.- to indicate verbs with a second radical laryngeal (e .g., lalrasa,
.. f the confusion 10 spelhng and, as a result, he combmed the letters ,-, h- imperfect yal.lps) . .
that Tana was 3\\are 0 I
The derived stems with la- 'a-, 'asta- and the verbs With initial 'an- are placed under the
h-~h:'~'n;;'~llettm are arranged 10 the order of the traditional seven vowels: II, 11-, 11., II, /I., ~, respective letters, that is, under I and '.
/'r' la. lu, iI. Iii. Ie, 1(. ), 10. . The caution concerning the imprecision of meanings and the confusion in the orthography
The denved stems are given under the respective mitial morphemes, that IS, under'" I, h " and also applies to Y's vocabulary.
so on, and not under the root.
Tani! quite often spells h 'lOstead of °"'" h instead of; b, 1\ s instead of IP S, II ~ instead of Composition of the Sawisaw. I suggested to Dr. Getatchew Haile that he share hIS views on
8 d For the inconsistency In spelling, see "Orthography". the composition of the sawasaw with the readers of this dictionary. He kindly agreed to do so,
The author does not give references for the quoted meanings. and his text is reproduced below in full. This text was written after the introductIOn to the
Some mlSpnnts are corrected in Guidi 1906:918-921. Other misprints are corrected in this dictionary had been sent to the printer.
dictionary in the respective entries. Note that loanwords are occasionally corrupt : e.g., 'ab!.ls . The qalle teacher does not tell his students how, or from what sources, the GO'ez vocabulary
'akrap. 'aha .. from Greek, kalil, from Hebrew, and others. he transmits to them was compiled. The question hardly arises. He knows the vocabulary by
•
\ian~ lexemes given by Tayyii are enigmatic concerning either the meaning or the origin. I heart, and he expects his students to memorize it in the order in whIch the words are presented .
thOUght It advisable. however, to include them in the dictionary for future research. A few As the (evening) session starts, one of his students, speaking 10 a loud voice, lists in the GO'ez
e,ampie, of Imprecise translahon 'aradii is rendered 'fourth' (it should be 'the fourth nail with alphabetical order words (with their meaning in Amharic) of the first letter, that is, words that
"h,ch Chnst was crucified'); !emen (T') 'image of an idol' (should be 'consecrated ground for end (not begin) in U. The class repeats the words after htm. Because'" and; have the ,"me
Idols'); :anermu (p. 104) 'ground where there is blood', but zahermu (p.8 of the supplement) phonetic value, however, words that end in these letters are also treated as if they end in U The
'cracks In the SOIl'. first word to be recited, therefore, is 11-'" • ilL (that is, G . 11-'" is Amh. ~afii 'write')' ThIS
Tay)ii has a list of nouns ending In an obscure -hu, -hi: e.g., samezyiihu, bazyiihu, sariimohi, treatment of letters representing the same sound, e.g .. hand 0, IP and II, II and II has practical
qanla,iihi (for other examples, see p.92). Without context it is difficult to know the origin of advantages, especially for blind students, of whom there are more than a few, for they rely on
these suffixes. -hu could be the suffix of the 3d masc. sg., and -hi could be the particle -hi. the sound of the word, not on the shape of the letters representing the word. At one class meeting
, Tan" o.."CaSlonally Interprets proper nouns: e.g., Abraham 'the father of many', muse (Moses) the entire vocabulary of the letter (three letters 10 the case of h) may be presented to the students.
taken out of the water'. I have not registered these nouns. The ritual is repeated during the next few sessions before the class moves on to the words of the
Tbe entnes In thiS dIctionary taken from Tayya are those of the original edition; occasionally I next letter(s), e.g., II, then tfP, then IP and fI, etc.
lISt the spelling of the repnnt. The manuscripts reveal at least three ways of arranging the words, the most common of which
is the one outlined above. The words are listed in their alphabetical order, that is, in the order of
TS = Tasfa Sollase No a th . . .
'A E h ' . .. u or tS gIven on the tItle page. The introduction is signed merely
n t 'op,an, but It IS known th t Abb T" f .. It is interesting to note that If-th is not attested in the texts. It IS a denominative or IUD-,lt lawh (Leslau).
TIlt gl a a as a Sallase was the author of this Sawasaw.
. the order of the last letter. Here also iI-.h-..h' s-
ossary treats onil. verbs and'IS arranged 10
XVI
I <1 ROIWtTION XVii
< d ds I beheve, < from mYlimIted experience, that a number of such < ork shows clearly how these words, the 'OSrn I TROOl<7JO
'h' kner wIth whIch the war en < <.
, , '1 < b <mdJV1dua stu I dents who , at the end of thelf qane schOoling,
< w. <I aI, are pre,erved <'
manuscnpts, certam y as a result of cOPying mIStakes. In vanous forms In different
manuscnpts are compl atJOns } be I arning by heart from oral teachmg<The SIZe of The next lOgical questIon - how the" rare word ~
. <hat they have en e < h fl <
"ani to put mto wntmg " . < <
e < < les Slgmficant y ro
I f mane manuscnpt to anot er, re ectmg the · d <) h " sound their wa, t G
remam unanswere unt, t e Ind",dual works h < bee < In 0 <'ez literat ure. h
Ihe vocabulary there,ole -a'. < h I vels are attained by students who study under · conc IUSlon ' , uSlOg. a Iready analyzed works ave n dlScovere d and dUl y analvz> as!
I f h compder The hlg er e < f d h PlaUSIble a j •
educatIOnal leve 0 t e
it
. .
IS clear t h
at th e <,"owasaw manuscnpts 0 stu < ents w 0 have
. k < G s repr",entatIVe I _ ., .."
different famous teac ers<
h
d<fli ent times would be larger m sIZe than those of a foreign war mto e'ez borrowed the words < h ' ,"mp e<. " that a tnn 1<t
ffi t e schools at I er . counterparts 10 .
Ge'ez. Many Greek and Arabic (andto t e r orla}?. t ' , If he IS not aware .of th a or.
graduated from dl eren qan d d b yond a school at a qii!iir (parochIal) church. A < praclJce some COPllC) wor . d<<be<ame a Nrt of the elr
d h have not a vance e GO'ez vocabulary because of thIS
prepared by stu ents w 0 « . t that offers him more than he already knows
t a sawasaw manuscnp . . . Supplying examples for every point raised here w Id
student who has access 0 < h< manuscript. This pracllce IS qUIte common< . ord er to mentIon ' the word piilagraauwhich unnecessanl'
I than compde IS own <
would rather copy I nt less frequent Iy uS ed , is thematic or topIcaL The leXIcal Items are
< < but It may be 10 I . , pro )ong thIS diSCUSSIon,
kind ~f disease (pOSSIbly 'gou!'), mentioned in the legend Ofn~t~c: only ~ecently Pal
h i t which they belong: e<g<, types of plants, 'a~iiwal;
" J
Another arrangeme , agra
d d g to the set or t e c ass 0 " < EuseblUs (I, 13). Because, as It would seem thIS extremel g r, n(I~(Iyp(IV, accordlOg to
arrange kaceor
I < 10
ds 'a-"'I< I hes, 'a Ibasal<, precious stones, 'a'aniiq , and so on< It IS note-
cot . '< y rare text dId
b of the qane teacher, thIS word and hakuma 'wise' (pas ·bl bl not come to the attentIon
her s, 'al <, I, see , • '. I d d < the classifications For example, verbs such as ziir'a 'to . Sl y' ack') th .
worths that verbs can also be mc u e 10 <<< «, , fi« «1 « , <, King Abgar, are not yet included 10 the sallosJII trad <t I , e tItle of the legendary
' «<, to glean,' <
sow., 'arara easlI Y fit into the class of 'azra'l; and 'anama to weave, ala a to spm , would not be surpnsed . to have seen these two words I .Ion. d< at 'east not to my. knowledge. Yet r
,to IsgulSed form i
into the class of 'albasal. fbi <b manuscripts, or in pnnted verSIons of them . Hakwna and «« ' none 0 ). the sliwaSJ"
.
The thlfd arrangement, wh<IC h suggests to some extent the sources 0 the voca . u ary, IS ased fifteenth-century manuscnpt. . ..
In a mneteenth-century m palagra
<' . are their f orms. accordlOg . to a
on the boo ks ,rom
r whIC h the words are drawn. This method should not . be vIewed
d <as .a Itype of version of the legend presently known, they are haklnJ ad anuscnpt,. the only . 0 th er COpy of thIS
concordance. OnIy rare words, peculiar to one parllcular book, are listed un er «Its «« til e. .r.
Two Locally composed works, too, have their share . d . respectIVely '
of n. pug",
<
e'(amples are SOWOS.1W",Q-
« -« Qer'los i e words from the work called Qeralos, and Nagara KUJale,
f7 •• ,' •
appeanng · m < them come from the ,mmed,ate < environmentwor , . to IfCUflOUS· fo filS. < Loan\\ord,
<
I.e .. WQrds rrom J Ub1'l ees. Understandably . the size of this vocabulary, a collectIOn of rare words, , most< y )rom (archaIC)
also from other vernaculars<The royal chronicles offer usef) . Amhafle . but
is not as large as the title might suggest. . . m . the descriptIon of an episode is recordedu examp es 'dAny
GO'ez, occurnng tl f obJect
< un known 10 .
It is mv conviction that most of the words in the Ge'ez vocabulary, especmlly the less common ' 0 Ie wor 0 the langua ge known
to the chromcler and h,s. readers at the royal mIlitary
'1 camp.
ones,< co';'e from works preserved in manuscripts in libraries of different churches . and monas-
.h We are deeply mdebted to Ethiopian traditional education fo II <
teries< A well-read teacher would enlarge the vocabulary he inherited from h,s teacher~ WIt new < It < ' . But a long-term prOject for ther co
and translatmg mto Amhanc. t dectlOgf h«the Ge-el vocabularc
. <'
words he encounters through extenSIve reading. The prestige of, and the admlfatlOn for, a I h I
severa sc 0 ars, sh au Id be planned Immediately<
· The problem IS s ot UY 1<0 <tde SUII'tlSJlI',
. .IOIOlvIOg
trad,tIOnal poet derive from his use of rare but attestable words and incidents in his qiJne poems< < .m the translation also continue to benobs Imlte to IdentlfYlOg GO'el
words; Amhanc words used ltd h r
Such a composition is a step for the rare word on its way to the sliwasaw. The many words in the
siilrasJ' manuscripts, and in Tayy.'s Siiwasall, whose etymology is not identified, indicate to me vulnerable to deformatIOn or corruptIon. In fact It is not alwacs .clea a e e han t . ere, Ore
I become
the SIZe of the bIbliography consulted by qane teachers and suggest that more works may yet be
"
words gIven as transfallons of one Ge'ez word are• related to one J an th r A 0\\ severa Amhanc
h
' . ' . 0 er. re t ey synonyms ~
dIscovered for the GO'ez literature< It IS not Impossible that, as our knowledge of the manuscripts Are they SImply dIfferent expresSIons of one Idea? Or are they different meanlOgs of th G
d?Th < E h· . . e O'ez
grows. man} of these words will be attested< Some will remain unidentified, unless we are wor. '. ere are m t IOP13 stIll qiJne teachers who can answer many of these crUCial questions.
fortunate enough to find the sawasall' manuscript in which the new words appeared for the first, but It IS doubtful that the tradItion WIll live forever
or even the second, time<
As matters now stand, many of these rare words have been 'deformed', sometimes beyond Getatchew Hade, May 1987
recogOJtlon. 10 the process of repeated copylOg. What we now have are mostly recent manu-
scripts that have descended through an unknown number of generations< The copyist of Translations of the nathe sources. There are at times imprecise translations 10 various natIVe
unknown words - m fact, sometimes even of common words _ may change letters <For example, SOurces< Only a few examples are given.
1\ , ae , h , 1 , 1 , m may easily become" ' m , h , ~ , " , m, respectively, and vice versa. The , T 153 renders G. h¥"60 'am'iJ'a by Amharic transitive verbs abhiis{f~(ii 'irritate', usq"ii!la
next copyist, 10 attemptmg to rectify the corrupt word, may succeed only in corrupting it. There make angry', but also by an intransItive verb /iirra 'fear'. One would expect as/iirra 'fflghten'
are, for example, many names of God introduced in the sawasaw and translated or interpreted as
sama 'amlak 'name of God' A number of them are found in the funeral ritual, Ganziil, which .J The legend has it that Abgar Uchama or Ukkama was.1 king of Edessa who comcrled to ChnslianHy as a result of
hiS COrrespondence wuh Christ. The story was first known through EusebiUS, who claims 10 have t'(tracled II fH1m
mcludes the work called La/a/ii pdq, and 10 the other prayer books with 'asmal '[secret) names
archives in Edessa preserved In Syria. Those who studied the Syriac version (see especially George Phillips. Tht' Df)f{rlne
[of God)" such as Barlos and Sane Goigola. A comparison of several manuscripts of the same ~I Ad~i. the APOStle. London 1876, p. I, note) believe that Uchama or Ukkama, the tnle of the lung In Syna\:, means
Black. Acording to the Ethiopian version. where It IS hakuma/hakim, it means 'wise'
INTPOfH'( nON
XVIII
XIX I!'ITRODt(TION
G • hf ahaY'a . Am h
wIth . q "r
' "as.sa a 'be wounded' (intransitive),
. and g"iidda
0"11.11. )
T Ih1 tran,lates 1 n< .y. . o . .... r 'wound' (transitive ilke g a a, or
'"arm' (t","sIIIVC). One would expect either aq as.1Q a ddjJiirii 'be brave' This Occurs in T.Y, and M We know that M(agglOra) COPIW Tayya's
'. , . . I k "assala). vocabulary, and it is likely that Y also copIed from Tayya the G. mardada wllh the wrong
lOK""dda '!x, harmed (IOtranSItl~e .., .c, q . d' b t MA 57 has nahla (instead of naljla) = Amharic translation diijJiinii 'bury'.
T 9~ has 1~1\ nJilia Amh.farrasa be destroye , u
There are unexpected verbal patterns in the native sources. In the quadriradlcal verbs wllh a
Amh a(iirrasil 'destroy' b dd .... 'rear' but T 143 renders it wrongly by
Y 326 h3' "'o~ hadana rendered correctly yasa ago , 2nd and 4th radical laryngeal, as in 'I~/~, one would expect the form liihl.ha. T, and Y. often
have the fo~ la~/.~a. Thus, (Y) qahq.~ 'murmur, whisper', but (T) qiihq.ha; (Tl nabn.>ba, 0')
Amh. addiiKi1 'grow, be reared' . h A h .. "I" 'uproot' but in view of Amh. tiihiiltiinii 'be
y 123 translate, G. ':"h(llai1.la WIt m. naqqa a . ' A nalJna~a 'be 10 abundance'; (T) /ahl.ha 'immerse, dip', (T repront) laljal.1ba (undoubtedly mbprmt
. , d" ."dd"d" 'be chased away' (translatIOns of G. IJ~sa), one would expect . mho for lab/aba) instead of the expected laljlalja; (Y) salJs.&a 'brush the teeth', but (T) .tiilJs.ha move
d"f'Cr<ed . an taw a a O' t Ih' is given as lahasa (T 107, Y 321) wIth the backward and forward'.
laniiqqdlii 'he uprooted'. The same eez roo , . J . ... I h (Y 321) undoubt-
.. '''dd''d''
AmhaTlc Iran~ Iallon la,\{} a a 'be chased away 'hut .... , O. /IIJ" a, asa
. .strangely ,
r " 11",(1 lahaw is translated saddaela chase away .. Orthography. There arc certain consonants that have lost the" original pronuncIation in
cdly another 'pel 109 or .. , ' .. , ' b ' " miild ' tear off a chunk with Amharic, and probably also in a later stage ofOeez. As a result they are no longer u>cd correctly
Y 35~ render> 0 1oP~ gamaJa by Amh. gala gnaw a one, gam ... ..
the teeth,. and aI~o a'I"aqa.. 'be u.sed up' . However . considering the Lransltlve meaOlngs gtven for in orthography. These consonants are: h-O '-', fJ-"'-'" (h-IJ-b), (I-oP (s,s), and ~-o (s-eli. ThIS
G gama.fQ, one would expect Amh. a.wlliiqii 'use up'. . . phenomenon occurs in ail positions, but I list only examples for initial position. Note that the
. examples 0 f"ImpreCIsion . 0 f that kind can be multIplied and, as a result, thc task of the spelling of the first example is correct.
The
lexicographer IS not made easy. . Examples for h-O (,-,): h1/1. '.gale 'so·and·so'. (T) /)111. '.gale; o-nf 'abya 'be great', (TI hil'
'abya.
Whenever an Amharic rendering of a Ocez lexemc is ambiguous I quote the Amhanc
translallon and Its various meanings. The precise meaning of the Oeez lexeme, however, remalOs Examples for fJ-"'-'" (h'&-lj): fJ~h had'a 'be tranquil', (T) '~~h bad'a; "':>r. hagiiy 'summer',
unclear Thus, 0 hankaha = Amh. sajJiird may mean 'measure' or 'camp', or O. &arasa = Amh. (T) "':>f. bagay; ... f.L ljada/a 'row', (L) "''''', &ada/a.
qiil/lima may mean 'stain, dye' or 'catch a ball' . In other instances the correct readl?gof the Examples for l'l-oP (s-f): I'IOl sa'ara 'remove', (y) "'Ol "a'ara; IPOf .'a'aya 'WinnOW', (T Y)
(lOf sa'aya.
Amh.,ic lexeme is unclear. Thus, O. wadala (MA 61) is rcndered by Amh. t.'i4-. If It IS read
anaffa. It means 'bray'; if it is read annajJa, it means 'blow on the fire'. Examples for lI-9 ($-r/): ~()f,m sii'dawa 'be white', (T) "'f.m r!a,dawo; onm r!aba!a 'grasp', (Y)
~nm sabala .
Sometime, the Amhanc root is a homonym, but it does not necessarily follow that the Oecz •
root IS ilkew ..c a homonym. For example, in MA 40, O. najha (instead of naflJa) is rendered by It even happens that the reprint of Tayya's dictionary has a different spelling from that of the
Amhanc nil/fa and translated 'inRate, sift'. In fact, Amh. niijJa 'inflate' comes from nfl:!, whereas original. Examples (the first word is that of the original, the second is the spelling of the repnnt):
Amh. nafJa 'sift' comes from nfy. Consequently, O. najha (for nafIJa) can mean only 'inAate' and I'Ilf saraya 'give a medicine': IPlf .'araya; "Cm siir~a 'light up': "IC'" siirha; hill 'o:ara
not 'Sift', 'sprinkle': Olll 'azara; I'Ih OD sa'ama 'kiss': (l00D sa'ama; IIfJOD /ahama 'be strong': limon
In other in'tances the inaccurate translation of one source can be cleared up by the correct la~ama; ",nn &ahaba ' press grapes': fJnn hababa.
translatIon of another source. For example, in H. 227 O. ·akmosasa 'smile' is translated by Amh. Sometimes the spelling is different in the derived verbal or nominal forms: T (reprint) "'lOU
giil/atii 'uncover'. The explanatIOn of the strange giillii!ii IS cleared up in K 537, who besides saroma 'become a swamp', but ·~(llOD tasarama 'enter IOtO a swamp'; T (original) t-.l.IU
hat.qll wqii 'laugh a little, smile' (correct translation of 'akmosasa) also gives kiinfiirun giillii!ii riihbana 'love one another', but CfJl]') rahbiin 'love' (n); T h"'l 'asara 'bind' (should be h(ll
'unc<lver the teeth (to smile)'. It then becomes clear that H's giilla!ii should read kiinfiirun giillii!ii. 'asara), but ·'1f)"'C~, mii'aiart 'snare'.
Because of the inconsistency in spelling, homographs abound in the various d,ctionaries
Misprints .nd unusual patterns. For the benefit of the reader I occasionally correct the compiled by Ethiopians. Thus, Y has O. "'M &asaya = Amh. siind!!iiqd 'split', and = Amh.
mIsprints of the various sources, particularly of those that are likely to be used: e.g., 1'1.1]') sibiin diiss asiiiiiiii 'make happy' . While for 'split' "'1'If &asaya is the correct spelling, the meaning
(T'I 'ddl' for 1I.~1 silan (0 325); fl"lIlO sagsiis (Sw. in 0 1395) 'kind of euphorbia', possibly for 'make happy' is in fact expressed by "',,,' ~a.iaya. The O. verb ...l(l ljarasa (Y) is = Amh.
"mllil .fOta..as (T 112); ~t,+ ziiraq (T.M) 'giraffe' for ~(pT zarat; gal/ada (0r.327) 'se ceindre' for arrdsii 'plough', and = Amh. (Iii)kdhakkiibii 'be pampered'. The meaning 'plough' is expressed,
'se olDdre', and many others. Of special interest are misreadings such as IU'.') bidon 'spear' for however, by O. mll'l &arasG, whereas 'pamper' is ... ll'l ljarasa. The G. verb 'i:fJl/.hra (H 227) is
It'·') kJdon (p. 87). I dId not correct the less used source of B where, for instance, <;'11 nOe'a (8 69) rendered by Amh. G((ii 'betroth' and Amh. qOiijJiird 'dig', but 'betroth' is O. L"'l/aljara, and
-
should read hosa .
'sand'. 'dig' is O. Lml/a&ara.
QUIte often an Ethiopian le~icographer may have copied an entry from his predecessor Needless to say, the transcription of loanwords is often erratic. Thus, rOt, masra, .,n,c
without ehmlOating a mbprint Or a mistake. A case in point is ODC!.f. mardada I 'be obstinate, maser, .,fl-t- masura, ODhfl-t- ma'asura, name of the twelfth Coptic month.
be courageous', translated, among others, by Amh. ddjJdnii 'bury', undoubtedly a misprint for For all these reasons [ have applied the principle of etymology for the standardization of the
orthography. Of the various Ethiopian languages, only Tigre and Tigrinya can serve as guides
INTRODUCTION xx
XX! INTRODUCTION
d a coalescence into one sound took place; thus, '" ~
for h ' and 0 " since for the other so~nb s and l\ 5 and 0 d coalesced into ~. The other
J I d 'nto h' fI 5 and IP 5 ecame 5, . ' II J, 7th order o. The vowels of the 1st order and of the 4th order are transenbed 10 the spoken
and .1. ! coa esce h I . , can serve as glll'd es Jor r correct spelting ', thus for h .' and 0 'a the . Semitic-Ethiopian languages as ii (higher-low, central) and a (low, back). whereas the same
SemJlJc languages, owever, J J d 1 h only Arabic and EpigraphIc South ArabIc vowels in Geez are transcribed in this dictionary as a, ii, that is, vowels dIfferentiated by
. I es can be used For U I, '" 1 an _ . . .
SemItIc anguag
ed guides For fI . an d IP s. t he' va rious Semitic languages , partIcularly EpIgraphIc
s quantity. It is true that in present-day Geez these vowels are pronounced ii and a as in the other
b
can he Aus b'ca sbe
can · useful For l\ s andod,A r abic , Epigraphic South Arabic, . . and Modern
. Semitic-Ethiopian languages, but because these two vowels, at a time when Geez was spoken,
S
out ra I , . 'd r ' eet spelling When there is no SemItiC companson I were in my opinion differentiated in quantity, that is, a against ii, and because Geez m thIS
S th Arabian were used as gill es lor corr . .. db T K Y
ou adopted Dlilmann
have . ,s speII mg. ' AS a ru Ie , I indicate the various spell lOgs reglstere II . y .. th . . dictionary is compared with the other Semitic languages in which the vowels are differentiated Ifl
and M; only occaslOna . II y IS
' MA's spelling given. The variant spellings are nonna y gIven 10 e both quality and quantity, it seemed advisable to keep this difference in quantity. The vowels i, U
main entry only and rarely in the derived forms. of Geez, when compared with the same vowels in the other Semitic languages, may probably
likewise have been differentiated in quantity, but the script does not leave any trace of it. I am
. Ii'on. A d'ffic
T ranscrlp I It problemU
for the compiler is the phonetic
d transcription of Geez
."which aware of the dichotomy created by this transcription when reading the same lexeme in Geez and,
would correctly represent the pronunciation of the language. The present- ay pronuncIatIOn IS say, in Tigrinya, but the comparative approach outweighs the disadvantage.
known as ' traditional pronunciation ', but in fact it is not the pronunczatlOn that was used at the
time when Geez was spoken'. Indeed, the influence of Amhanc IS reflected In the present-day Summary of the transcription symbols. The following consonants and their pronunciation
pronuncIa . t'Ion 0 f Geez . The consonants ,-, lost their consonantal value and are pronounced
. . as require no explanation: b, d,/. g, h, k, I, m, n, p, r, s. t, W, y, z.
=ero, h-h-h merged in the pronunciation as Iz. s-s as s, and ~-r! as ~ (for the transcnptlOn of these For the following transcription symbols, the occasional symbols in parentheses are those of
conson~n;s in the dictionary, see below). Two features in the pronUnCIatIOn reqUIre specIal the International Phonetic Association: Glottal stop' (?), voiceless. PJiARYNGEALS: '(f) voiced, ~
attention: the gemination and the pronunciation of the so-called SIxth order, that IS, eIther the (h ) voiceless. VELARS: &(x) spirant voiceless, g (r) spirant voiced. INTERDENTALS: I (8) spimnt
pronunciation of the consonant with the vowel J or witha v.0wel z~ro. J 'v.as. fortunate to have voiceless, d (0) spirant voiced, ? (6) emphatic. SPIRANTIZED (Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac): p
had the assistance of Dr. Sergew Hable SellasS!e, Abba Takla Mlka el Taffasa, and espeCIally of (pronounced v), p (pronounced}), Is (pronounced x), g (possibly r),l (possibly 8), d(possiblyil).
- -
Dr. Getatehew Haile. On the whole the three Ethiopians versed in the traditional pronunciation Note that Is, -q also occur in Tigrinya. EMPHATlcs (uvular or velarized in Arabic, glottalized or
agreed on these two features, though there were instances of disagreement. Since most of the ejectived in Ethiopic): 1 (t', stop, voiceless). ~ (s', spirant, voiceless), q (k', stop, voiceless), r! (d',
work was done with Dr. Getatchew Haile, I adopted his pronunciation, though occasionally spirant, lateral, emphatic or glottalized), p (P', only in Ethiopic). PREPALATALS : g (j), s (I), c (c),
either the vowel J or the consonant to be geminated is put in parentheses to indicate hesitation . ((e', glottalized), i (3). LATERAL spirailt .I.
Transcription of Geez and of Semitic. CONSONANTS. The Geez consonants are transcribed as Entries. The entries are in phonetic transcription. In the main entry, the lexeme in phonetic
follows : U iI, t\ I, '" h, OD m, IP .I, t. r, fI s, ." q, n b, T I, 1 b, ~ n, h " h k, In w, 0 " " z, f y, 11. transcription is followed by the Ethiopic script. It would, of course, have been preferable to use
d. 1 g, m I, Ap, l\ ~, 9 9, I. f, T p. the Ethiopian alphabet combined with phonetic transcription throughout the dictionary. but this
The Arabic ~onsonants not occurring in Geez are transcribed: C. g, .;. s,.1 ?, g., and the t. method would have considerably increased the price of the volume.
The arrangement of the dictionary is as follows : " " b, d, f, g, h, ~, b, k, I, m, n, p, fl' g, r, s, .I,
interdentals 0 I, :, d. Note that I, d are distinguishable in print with some difficulty.
The Epigraphic South Arabic consonants not occurring in Geez are: H d, TI g, s" ~ s" n ~.t,!,w,y,z.
j( s j, X I, 1? The fonn in parentheses after the verb is that of the jussive. The jussive forms are taken from
The Hebrew-Aramaic consonants not occurring in Geez are: II! S, ill .I (note that .I of Dillmann, Gn:baut, and KWK. For the plural of the noun I list only the internal plural.
The order within the verbs is as follows: basic stem, 'a-stem, la-stem, la+ C-type, 'asIa- of the
Heb.Aram. is probably not to be identified with .I of Geez), !l p. The spirants are transliterated:
g, g, g, !S, P, 1- A, B, C type, active participle, passive participle, nominal derivations without prefixes or suffixes,
- - nominal derivations with suffixes, nominal derivations with the prefixes '-, m-, 1_.
The Ugaritic consonants not occurring in Geez are transliterated: ?, S, g, d, I.
Verbs beginning with 'an- are listed under the root; thus 'anbalbala is listed under btbl.
VOWELS. The Geez vowels transcribed in the same manner as the vowels of the other Semitic-
Ethiopian languages in the traditional order are: 2nd order U, 3rd order i, 5th order e, 6th order Whenever a derived fonn is not easily recognizable it is cross-referred : e.g., IJ'bil, see <abya
(but IJ'niiz is not cross-referred as the root 'zz is easily recognizable); gJrral, see grr; sm"il, see
sawaya; mosQ>, see wS'.
~ For the traditional pronunciation, see E. Littmann, "Ge<ez·Studien", in Nachrichten der K. Gesel/schaJt der A plural such as 'aqsJSI, maW;;SJ'1 has a special entry and is cross-referred to qasl or mo.i!i,.
WlSst'nscha!t~n ZII .~iiuingen. Philosophisch-historische Klasse, 1917, pp. 627- 702; 1918, pp. 318.339; M. Cohen, "La If for a noun with the prefix ma- (such as maswal, maz,"') the verbal root is not attested, the
pro~ODCIatJon tradllJonnelle du gum {ethiopien classique)" , JA , serie 11, vol . 17 (1921). pp. 217-269; E. Mittwoch, Die noun with the prefix rna- has its own entry, but quite often the hypothetical root is likewise
lradmoneJit Ausspral'he des Aelhiopischen (Berlin und Leipzig : Verlag von Walter, 1926), 129 pages.
given; thus swl II, see maswal; and zrf, see mazr3 I use this procedure because the Semitist is
f ,
accustomed to deriving nouns with the prefix rna- from a verbal root.
XXII
INTRODUCTION XXIII
INTROOCCTION
, d! d I" indicates that nadel is a variant of nadyat and
A reference such as "nadef: see ( no J IQ • na ya . language, Occasionall y the different radical is the I tt r d '
, ~ d to the verb in parentheses, that IS, nadya, glottalized ~ in another la nguage this difference t b g a a ,~e , ! III one language and the
the read:: l~a7t e::: cross-references for variants in spelling : e.g., Jarabon, see ~arabon. examples of that kind, com ar: na a no_ elOg con Itloned by phonetIC reasons, For
I oce., 10 Y • b re listed under their actual forms but are cross-referred
The verbs of the class qoma or se a a badafa, bl;da, and many ot~ers, g ra , ".hqa, pahaq, f~l;a, gala~a, gamasa, I;aqafa_ garada,
to qwm sl'b , , k d I ' I In some occurrences the irregular correspondence between a Geez roo t and a Semitic root may
' . ' " theses An entry taken from Dlllmann IS unmar e . t IS On y
The sources are gJVen In paren . . . . be oWI~g to a false orthography of the Geez root, Thus, harafa II (with h) ' tear off a leaf from
when an entry IS ta ken f rom th e various indexes of Dlllmann begmnlng col. 1393 or wherever . the :o~ ISI~o:pared WIth Ar. barafa (with b) 'pluck (a frui t)" It is qui te possible that the Geez
,
D,limann quotes a Sallasaw
,- that the source is marked as D , Whenever a lexeme, I was found ' In
ver , s au e spelled barafa Instead of lJarafa, There are similar examples in which s-s or s-d
' d on Iy the important ones ' namely
several sources II lste . ' T,V,K,
. and KG, .It.IS a so conventent to
.. are Involved, , ,
, ), as hI's dl'ctl'onary is more readIly avaIlable than
refer to M(agglOra . . the d,ctlOnanes compIled " by I am aware that for SOme roots it may not have been necessary to list all the Semi tic languages
(e,g" I~bsa), b~t I dId so for the benefit of the non-Semitist who may be interested in the form of
"
EthIOpIans. H"avmg used fifteen different sources (see "AbbreViatIOns
" of the Geez sources)
, for
the comptlation of this dictionary, I was unable to avoid occaSIOnally confusmg one source WIth a speCIfic Semlllc language,
another. In the discussion of the various cognates in Semitic I ll' rru't th b'bl ' h' 1 r
Proper names and magical names are not listed in the dictionary, , . . e I IOgrap lea relcrences to a
mlDlmum. I refer the reader to the comparative dictionaries of Semitic or to articles dealing wi th
A lexeme cited in the comparison without translatIOn has the meamng of the preceding SemitIC for further Information,
lexeme. The comparisons within Semitic-Ethiopic are made with Tigre, Tigrinya, Amharic, Ha rari,
Neither in the verb nor in the noun are all the meanings indicated, If, however, dangalja means
Gafat, Argobba, and Gurage (a cluster from which I quote the lexeme that is discussed in Leslau
'be perplexed', it is likely that tbngatfe also means 'perplexity' even though this meaning is not 1979). The comparisons between Geez and Amharic seem to be more numerous than those
given. Or, If bab,,1 means 'audacious', the verb ( ta! babala may also have the meaning 'be between Geez and the other Ethiopian languages. This numerical superiorit y should not lead to
audacious',
the conclUSIOn that the relationship between Geez and Amharic is closer than between Geez and
An occasional translation into a language other than English comes from the source where the the other Ethiopian languages, Tigre and Tigrinya in particular. The larger number of Amharic
translatIon IS given; for example, a French translation for a Tigrinya lex erne comes from cognates may be explained by the fact that we have more sources for the Amharic vocabulary
Coulbeaux-Schreiber, a German translation for an Akkadian lexeme comes from von Soden, and than for the other languages,
so on , The source, however, is seldom indicated,
Within Cushitic I Compare at random one or another Cushitic language. Because our
The symbol ~ indicates that the lexeme is also treated in the Additions, knowledge of the Cushitic phonetic system is still inadequate, the relationship between Semitic-
Ethiopic and Cushitic is not easy to establish , A Geez or a Semitic-Ethiopic root may be
Comparisons and etymologies, Comparisons are made with all the Semitic languages, the common with Cushitic or borrowed from Cushitic, A common root is expressed by the statement
Semitic-Ethiopian languages, and with Cushitic, In the comparisons I list only the verbal or the 'common with Cushitic' , For a Cushitic loanword in Geez, I say 'borrowed from Cushitic' , The
nominal rooL I do not give all the derivations because such a listing would unnecessarily existence of a Geez or a Semitic-Ethiopic root in Cushitic is expressed by the statement 'passed
IOcre.se Ihe bulk of the dictionary, Whenever I quote a comparison suggested by someone into Cushitic' . Whenever I have doubts whether a root is common with Cushitic, borrowed
wilhout expressing my own opinion it means either that I agree with the suggestion or that I from Cushitic, or borrowed from Semitic-Ethiopic, I simply say 'also in Cushitic', Note that not
have no personal opinion on the comparison. all the Semitic-Ethiopic loanwords in Cushitic are indicated,
Withm Semitic the adopted order is : Arabic (occasionally dialects), Epigraphic South Arabic, Whenever I am hesitant about a comparison I use the words 'possibly', 'perhaps' , and
Modern South Arabian (from which I compare at random one or two dialects), Biblical Hebrew 'probably', In this connection I would like to repeat what I said in Leslau 1979 :x : " In reviewing
(designated as Hebrew), Postbiblical Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac (occasionally Neo-Syriac), Man- my Hebrew cognates in Amharic one reviewer approved my way of indicating doubt by stating
d~lc, Phoefllclan, Ugantlc, and Akkadian, In Semitic I do not usually compare a triradical root 'L'auteur a prudemment multiplie les formules dubitatives sur la derivation d'un bon nombre de
WIth a blTad,cal rooL In special cases, however, I apply the principle for which I use the mots', By contrast, it is rather surprising to read in another reviewer, in connection with my
statement 'related to', which implies an etymological correspondence between two roots even Ethiopic and South Arabic cOlllribulions 10 rhe Hebrew lexicon, that "all too often the identification
though there IS no regular correspondence among all the radicals of the root This principle is qualified by 'probably' or 'perhaps"', Does the reviewer suggest that one should not express
appbes to roots 10 whIch the consonants are .Iike but contain a certain laryngeal in one language doubt where there is doubt, and thus mislead the non-specialist and even the specialist? Is it not
and a dIfferent laryngeal 10 another language, It may also be applied to roots of the 1.2,2 type in preferable to express doubt where it exists, so as to leave the door open for future investiga-
one language but of the I 2 w/y type , th I tion?"
. ' .' 10 ana er anguage, or to a 1.2,2 type in one language and
to a root WIth a laryngeal Illanother language, The principle of 'related to' may be applied to a Very often the lexemes taken from native sources defy comparison, Various lexemes of the
tnradlcal haVing a last rad,cal laryngeal in one language but a last radical w/y in another Sawas~w might come from Cushitic languages even though no Cushitic cognate came to my
,
XXIV
I "TRO(W(TlON
xxv
ht It advisable to include in the dictionary as lNTROOUC'TIO
. k f completeness, I t houg . ' r .
allcnll,'n. For thc s3 e 0 ch will bring to hght more m,ormallon. fr~~ Amharic or th~ other. w~y aroun~ Note that KWK also lists some Tigre words, such as
'bl ' h h pe that future resear . .
man) ",emrs as posS! e 10 teo the other languages of the Afro-ASIatIC gan bIg bud of prey, garwah antelope As these lexemes have no reference 1 do not hSlthem In
Althou~h I was occaSIOnally tempted to compare the dictionary.
IHamlto-Semitlc) group, I abstamed from domg so.
CUSHlTlC. For the loanwords, see "Comparisons and etymologies",
I Geez writings are translations from Arabic, Greek, Syriac, INDIAN WA.NWOROS. Contact with India brought a small number of loanwords of that country
loanwords As noted above, severa
I .
I'
esult of these Irans atlons a
th t many lexemes of these languages came mto into Gee~. It IS dIfficul t to know whether these loanwo rds came to Geez drrect\y or through the
and
.
('OpllC
I
. I"
I . as'e'a Ihey
r . . Iex em es ralher than loanwords, and they probably
are transcnpllon intermedIary of the spoken Semitic-Ethiopian languages 11.
(ieel. n mos cas S
ne"r became a part of the spoken anguage. II It 's for the sake of convenience, however, tha t I
Correspondence between Geez and the other Semitic· Ethiopian languages . Only the regular
deSIgnate them as loanwords. f G eek originated in writings translated from Greek, most correspondences are indicated. The alternant consonants are gIven in parentheses.
GREFK The transcnpllons rom r f
. Old Testament an d the New Testament ' . The Greek loanwords
notably the I are 0f ten
th corrupt,
. LABIALS
and It -"dl'ffiCU It to d'd
eCI e whether the responsibility is that of the trans
. ator
. hor ' 0 fi . e. COPYISt.
f h Geez Tigre Tigrinya Amharic
The Greek lexemes are quoted 10 · th e fi rs t person of the present, sometImes 10 t em mtlve 0 t e Harari Gafat Argobba G urage
b b b b b b b h
present.
HFBREW. The relatIvely few transcriptions from Hebrew cou Id h .
ave come 10 0t Ge z e'the
e I r m m m m m m In m
through the Septuagmt or through a version of the Septuagmt based on a Hebrew text. Some f f f f f f
w IV IV
f f
obvIOUS Hebrew transcnptions mentioned in Dlilmann 1399-1408 are not recorded In thIS W IV 1<
dIctIOnary. . . . " W
ARABIC It seems Itkely that Arabic loanwords came eIther from ciasslcal ArabIC thro.ugh b can become zero in South Ethiopic' G . kabd ' liver', Amh . hod, Har kiid, G ,.bn 'stone',
Har. un, Wolane un .
wntlngs translated from Arabic into Geez' or through the mtermedlary of spoken Semltlc-
Ethiopian languages'. Note that many foreign loanwords (such as Greek, CoptIC, or Aramalc- m can become zero in Harari and in some Gurage dialects : G . ~alnl'vegetation ', Har hUl: G.
Synac) could have come into Geez through Arabic. '" . s.m 'name', Ennemor suoFor more details on the labials in Gurage, see Leslau 1979' xxix-xxxv.
ARAMAIC-SYRIAC. As we are still in the dark concerning the dIalectal d,stmctlveness of the
OENTALS
vanous dialects of Aramaic, and as it is still doubtful whether a given lexeme is taken from
AramaIC or from Synac, I use the general term 'Aramaic-Syriac'"o Noeldeke 1910 :33 is careful Geez Tigre Tigrinya Amharic Harari Gafat Argobba Gurage
to say "Wir durflen sie aile [expressions dealing with religion and church] oder fast aile judischen d d d d d d d d
oder chnsthchen Mlssionaren zuschreiben". I / / I / I I I
COPTIC With the exception of the names of the months there are few Coptic loanwords in I I / I / / /
• • • • • • • I
Geez. In all probabiltty they came into Geez through Arabic. d •
s• S• I• I I I I·
• • •
AMHARIC. Owing to the contact with Amharic at a certain time in its linguistic history Geez
borrowed Amharic lexemes. Also at the time when Geez ceased to be spoken, the Geez writings, In South Ethlopic the dentals d, I can become palatalized to g. t, and !, d (passlOg through . ~
especially the royal chronicles, borrowed Amhanc lexemes. Only a few are mentioned here: le!ii > I) can become {. Examples : G . ,.d 'hand', Amh . 'g, Har. igi, Gur. iigi : G . 'anll 'you' (fern),
'WlthoUI harness', ~ambal 'breastplate for a horse', nagiiril 'kind of trumpet', kasasa 'accuse' . Amh.Gaf. anN, Arg. ane; G . !ayyaqa 'observe, examine', Gur. (a}fiiqii 'make sure': G . dabala
KWK Itsts a considerable number of Amhanc loanwords, but since they are not attested in the 'seize', Amh.Gur. (fiibbii!ii, Arg. tebbii!a.
texts I dId not record them In the dictionary. KWK states that some of them are Amharic : e.g.,
SIBILANTS
bii:ra 'mare', balg 'season of small rains', '.mbosa 'young calr, walal 'milk', dabbaqa 'hide'. He
does not indIcate the Amharic origin of others, as, for example, b.,q 'rare', g'.lbal 'knee', !.yy'/ Geez Tigre Tigrinya Amharic Harari Gafat Argobba Gurage
z z z z
--- -
'cartndge',
- - ---.
In several occurrences It is difficult to deCIde whether a Geez lexeme was borrowed
s s
z z z ••
, Ullendorlf I96U Ilf. s s s s s s
• Murad Kamll. "Translations rrom Arabic In Ethioplc hterature", Bulletin de la Societe d 'archeolog,e cople s• s s s s s s s
7 (194 1) 62· 71
s • s• S• / /
• ! (~) ! (~ ) I
• W lnlau, "Arablc loanwords In Geez", J5S 3 (1958)J46-68 . •
·
10 On this problem s« Dillmann : col. Xxii ; Noeldeke 1910 :32-46; Conll Rossini, S!oria d '£liopia 155.56 " Polotsky
1964 . Ullendorif 1968 .120-tJO. ,
II See J. Haltvy, " Traces d'intluence indo-parsic en Abyssinic", RS 4 (1896).258·65 ; Littmann IQ26 ; Rabin IQ()8 ,
t970.
l"-l ROrH '( TION XXVI
XXVI!
INTRODUCIION
' ' ds >
. nted as z'- s, s. as s,'. an. 0 1. <'. .
> ' Examples: G. "'gazama
G
In S\1urh r-thH'PlC 2 1~ alsort"prc~e " • b' Amb assa,
Arg. hassa. Har. J:zasa, ur. LARYNGEALS
'cui down', Amh "i1:(1/I/(' 'bIg axe,; G b~sa.~al ru :. G sa'ana 'load', Amh.Gaf. (fand, Arg. Geez Tigre Tigrinya Amharic
" A m. hGur. . "(8) Slcnce, '. t ofGeez' G.galasa " Te. , , Harari Gafat Argobba GUTage
J;¥a-(Q {; hll,\'a 'he qUJct.
u", . ,
.
IIy have c:' as agams s . . uncover, , zero
fahana. Not' that Te. and Tna, O~caSIO~~ flesh' Tn.
g"iiriitt 'abalii. , , , zero ('J zero zero (h) zero
'I' GI....p'-ar(no
. 'make an mcrslOn 10 e • . .. zero zero (, J zero
Kult/,
h h h
zero (h) zero
zero h• zero
h, h• h, zero zero (h)
h• zero h, zero h. (~), zero zero (hJ
LIQUIDS
Tigre 'T!gnnya Amharic Harari Gafat Argobba Gurage Haran ' occurs in medial and final position. On the existence of" h in some Gurage dialects,
Gee, see Leslau 1979:lxiv-lxvii.
n /I 11 1l /I 11 n II
I I I As a result of the laryngeals becoming zero in Amharic, Harari, Gafat, Argobba, and Gurage,
I I I I I
r
the Geez triradieals with second or third laryngeal become biradicals in the above- mentioned
r r r r r r r languages.
'h be.:omcs Ie , t, ,i In Gurage G, baka)'a 'weep', Caha bdk'ii, Selti biil'e, Soddo bdJSd. I I I I I I
0q)' hecomes q . <' '" Gurage, Gafal. G haqara 'grind Ihe teeth', Gar. Soddo a(f?d, Caha aq'ii. m m m m m m
~ atn !>ecDme h In SeI!I, Endege" of the Gurage group. II II II n n n
for more detalb on the ,eiaTS In Gurage, see Leslau 1979:xxxvi-xxxlx. q q q q q q
As a result of ~ !>ecomlOg zero in Amharic, Gafat, and Gurage, the Geez triradieals with a r r r r r r
"","ond ,lr thlTd •h be.:ome bITadleals in the above - mentIoned languages, s S, t S, (s J) § (s) S(S),I j
.i S(S) s, .i S S -
LABIOVELARS S• S, Z S. z S• S• S•
• • • •
(.lttZ Tigre t t
Tlgnnya Amhanc Harari Garat
I t t t
Argobba Gurage
g g. g" I
•
I (z)
• I I
•
I t
• • •
If g" g" g•
k k" ko w w w w w w
k k" k' k"
q' q q- q- y y y y y y
q q" q" q" Z z, d z, d -- z, d z
XXVIII
I"TROOI'CTIO'l
XXIX
~ sed mostly Greek loanwords,
Ifl . Gangero: Cerulli. E. 1938a.
veez P. pare U E' h'c South Arabic and Modern South ArabIan. see
F<'f the correspondences between plgrap I Kafa: Cerulli. E. 1951.
leslau IQ38 : 14-15, Khamir : Reinisch. L, 1884.
MoCa: Leslau. W, 1959,
Sources for the Semitic languages Oromo: Gregg, G,B, 1982.
Qemant : Conti Rossini. C 1912.
,'kkadian: \'on Soden. W. 1965-81: CAD, Quara : Reinisch. L. 1885.
'"
ArabIC: Kazimirskl. A. 1860; Lane, E, W. ; Wahrmund , A ' 1898 ; Dozy, R. 1927 ; Blachere,
1863 Saho : Reinisch, L. 1890.
R 1957-' Hava J,G. 1964; Wehr. H. 1979, .
: 's· 'Sidamo: Alaba. Darasa, Hadi yya. Kambata. Qabenna. Sidamo. Tembaro: CeruUi. E.
Dlaleels: yna-'Pa Ies t'In e .' Barthelemy" A 1935'
' Denizeau,
.
C. 1960; Datma
, ,
: Landberg,
.
C Leslau, W " manuscnpt. 1938.
'920-42 ~ H. a,ramu
d t : La nd berg, C. 1901
,' Yemenite'. ROSSI, E. 1939; Chnstlan-Arablc: Graf, Somali : Reinisch, L. 1902,
G. 1964, 'R ,. C 1931 Wolamo : Cerulli, E., in RSO 12 (1929),24-36,
EpIgraphic South Arabic : SabDic 1982; Biella,], 1982;_Contl OSSlOl, . "
Modem South Arabian . Mehri : Bittner, M. 1909-14; Sa~n . BIttner, M . 1916-17, Johnstone,
T M 1981 ' Harsusi : Johnstone, T.M. 1977: SoqO!ri : Leslau, W. 1938. Acknowledgments. I wish to express my gratitude to several colleagues Who generously gave of
Ara~ai~ : Ln;'-J. 1924: Jastrow, M, 1926, Jean, CF., and ] , Hoftijzer 1965, thel~ lIme to check the matenal In the dictionary and who made valuable suggestions, each one
In hlsspeclahzed field . . Walter W. MIiller, the Semitist at Marburg. made important contribu-
Hebrew : Buhl, F, 1921; Koehler, L. 1951; Baumgartner, W, I 967a-.
Mandaic ' Drower. E,S.. and R . Macuch 1963, tIOns m the field of EpIgraphic South Arabic, and occasionally of Arabic and Greek . Arne A ,
Phoenician : Tomback, R.S, 1978, Ambros, the Arabist at the University of Vienna, contributed thoroughgoing observations on
Syriac : Payne Smith, R, 1879-1901: Brockelmann, C. 1928, ArabIc and on problems of semantics, Olga Kapeliuk . the Ethiopicist of the Hebrew University.
Neo-Syriac : Maclean, A.J, 1901. krusalem, read a large part of the manuscript and improved upon the comparisons dealing with
Ugaritic: Aistleitner,], 1963: Gordon, CH, 1965; de Moor, J,C 1971; Caquot, A, 1974, Tlgnnya. Geta/chew Haile, an Ethiopian scholar with a vast knowledge of things Ethiopic.
checked the transcriptions of the Geez words, furnished me with new entries, and made useful
observations on religious terminology, Gerhard Salinger. a colleague since my Paris days.
Sources for tbe Semitic-Ethiopian languages
devoted much of his time to checking all Greek lexemes ; he also made occasional observations
on Arabic. My colleague and friend, Hanns-Peter Schmidt, was extremely helpful in elucidating
Tigrinya : Coulbeaux, P,S .. and 1. Schreiber 1915; da Bassano, F. 1918; Yohannas Giibrii
Egzi'aba~er 1956. several loanwords from the languages of India. Maxime Rodillson graciously put at my disposal
his annotated copy of Dillmann's dictionary, Monica Del'ens, a student of mine, and Grace
Tigre : Littmann, E" and M, Wifner 1962; d'Abbadie, in Dillmann 1865, pp,53-64; Leslau,
manuscript. Stimson proofread the manuscript. E"elyn Mohr checked the galleys and page proofs and
improved on the presentation of the material in several ways,
Amharic : d'Abbadie, A, 1881; Guidi, I. 1910; Armbruster, CH, 1920; Baeteman, J, 1929; Diista
I am extremely grateful to the National Endowment for the Humanities whose grant made my
Tiiklii Wiild (DTW), 1962 (=1969/70); Tiisiimma Habtii Mika'el (KBT), 1951 (= 1958/9); and
research on this dictionary possible. The cost of composition was contributed by the National
particularly the invaluable Amharic-English dictionary by T. Kane (4,200 pages in manu-
script). Endowment for the Humanities, the National Science Foundation, and the Louise and Minna
Argobba: Leslau, W" in RSE 26 (/973-77),1978, pp.21-42, Epstein Fund of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Grants from the Research
Gafat: Leslau, W. 1945, 1956, Committee of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), were extremely helpful in the
Gurage : Leslau, W, 1979. technical preparation of the manuscript. I also wish to thank A. Barber, Vice-Chancellor,
Harari : Cerulli, E. 1936; Leslau, W, 1937, 1963, Research Programs, UCLA, and E,V. Svenson, Vice Chancellor,Institutional Relations, UCLA,
for their contribution to the composition costs.
The Imprimerie Orientaliste in Louvain was cooperative and very patient in accepting the
Sources for the non-Semitic languages of Ethiopia
many changes I had to make as the work progressed. Every stage of the composition was
Afar : Reinisch, L. 1886, discussed with Dr, Helmut Petzolt, scientific editor of Otto Harrassowitz, whose highly profes-
AWlya: Leslau, W" manuscript. sional qualifications combined with ties of friendship helped me greatly during the whole process
Bega (Bedawye): Reinisch, L. 1895. of pUblication,
Bifin Reinisch, L. 1887, I cherish the fond memories of my years of study with my teacher and friend, the late Marcel
Cohen, and I am forever grateful for his guidance.
I"I1RODl1CTlON
xxx
' d' ry would not have been Possible without the" wholehearted
The c<,mpietlon of the Ictlona , d ncouragement of my wIfe manIfested
rati ' derstandtng patience, an e h'l I
<'<1<'re (ln, drvotlOn, un , , I I during the last six years w I e was
during nearl) SIXty years of marriage, and /da:~~~~t:rt~is volume,
"",kon~ on the dlcuo".ry It IS to her that Wolf LESLAU
Los Angeles, May 1987
An .unmarked entry is taken from A. Dillmann, Lexicon linguae aethiopicae (Lipsiae: T.O.
WeIgel, 1865; repnnt: New York: P. Unger, 1955),
B Brauner-Plazikowski, H., Ein iithiopisch-amharisches G10ssar (Sawiisew). Inaugural-
DIssertatIOn. Berhn, 1913. Geez-Amharic vocabulary, with a German translation pp.
33-96. ,
o Dillmann (see above) when quoted from the various indexes beginning col. 1393 or
wherever Dillmann quotes a Sawiisow.
D+ A. Dillmann, Chrestomathia aethiopica (Lipsiae: T.O. Weigel, 1856), pp. 161-290.
DTW Diista Tiiklii Wiild, Addis yamamltia miizgiihii qalat (Amharic-Amharic dictionary).
Addis Ababa, 1962 (= 1969/70), pp.60-1284.
Gr followed by a number = S. Grebaut, Supplement au Lexicon linguae aethiopicae de August
Dillmann (1865) et edition du lexique de Juste d'Urbin (1850-1855). Paris: Imprimerie
Nationale, 1952, 520 pages
Gr without a number refers to items mentioned in Grebaut's articles (for a list of his articles,
see W. Leslau, An annotated bibliography of the Semitic languages of Ethiopia, 1965,
pp. 136-139).
Gt Getatchew Haile (personal communication),
H Hirschfeld, H. "An Ethiopic-Falasi glossary", in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,
1919, pp.209-230; 1920, pp.573-582; 1921, pp.211-237. A Geez-Amharic vocabulary,
with an English translation.
J Complement du lexique de Juste d'Urbin releve par Roger Schneider, in Grebaut (see
above), pp. 339-443; also in the various articles published by Grebaut, and in Grebaut's
Supplement.
K Kidanii Wiild Kofle, Mii~~afii siiwasaw wiigass wiimiizgiibii qalat ~addis (Geez-Amharic
dictionary), published by Diista Tiiklii Wiild. Addis Ababa, 1948 (= 1955/6). Introduc-
tion, pp. 1-191; vocabulary, pp. 193-908. See also KWK.
K' same author when the lexeme is given without a reference.
KBT Tiisiimma Habtii Mika>el, Kiisate barhan tiisiimma (Amharic-Amharic dictionary). Addis
Ababa, 1951 (= 1958/9), 1,398 pages.
KG (KG I, 2, 3), copy of an original Geez-Amharic dictionary in manuscript, by Aliiqa Koflii
Giyorgis, compiled about 1880 (according to Marcel Cohen).
KG I same, MS. 47 of Marcel Cohen's collection, 668 pages (see JSS 9[1964).20-26).
KG 2 same, MS. 2334 of EMML, 406 pages (see EMML, vol. 6, pp.382-3).
KG 3 same, MS. 2335 of EMML, 309 pages (see EMML, vol. 6, p. 384).
KWKK
XXXII
ABBREV1ATlONS
. .
If Le -icon aethjopico~/atmum. 2nd ed'tion
1
(Francofurti ad Moenum, 1699),664
L H Ludo , x . . d of 42 unnumbered pages.
pages, followed by a LatlO ID e;ious Geez writings.
Lt Literature; items taken from va . . 'co-italiano-latino (Asmara: Scuola tipografica
M P. Gabnele da Maggiora. Vocabolarro etlOp,
francescano. 1953),579 pages.. h' des fiormes verbales (paris : Association
Le . e gueze-am arzque
MA Makonnen Argaw. x.qu A h ric vocabulary of verbal forms, with a French
. T f ns 1974) A Geez- r n a . ABBREVIATIONS OF PERIODICALS
langues et C/VIlSa 10, . d b an alphabetic index, pp.311-370; mdex of the
translation, pp.25-308, followe y LANGUAGES AND GRAMMATICAL TERMS
Amharic translations, pp. 373-428 · "kl" Mika>el Tatfasii, a learned priest who spent some
Mk Personal informatIOn from Abba T a a PERIODICALS
time in Los Angeles. . I 4 fthe Baluy Kidiin (Old Testament), Asmara, 1918 Periodicals consisting of one word are not abbreviated e g Orl'ental 'a L
OT Geez-Amharic vocabulary In vo ume 0 • . " 1 . anguage.
(= 1925/6), pp.569-591. b 1 ) uoted in Dillmann; also minor vocabularies. AAL Afroasiatic Linguistics (Malibu. California)
Sw Sawiisow (Geez-Amhanc voca u ary q .. . 896/ 7) 336 AGI Archivio glottologico italiano (Roma)
T Al'"qa Tayya. Mashafa s a- w a s a w . Swedish MISSIon, 1889 = 1
(MonkulJo' , .. ,14
a Geez-Amhanc
pages. ' . '. voca b uIary, p p . 89-190 . Reprint, Addis Ababa: B~rhan~nna Salam, AION Annali. Istituto Orientale di Napoli (Napoli)
AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (Chicago)
1958 (= 1965/6).
T+ Additions to T (above), pp. 6-14, at the end of the book. . ' . AO Archiv fiir Orientforschung (Graz)
TS (TasJ, a S~II ase.
) A"
f~iJ' yaga'az mammariya . Geez-Amhanc vocabulary (Addis Ababa.
BA
Beitrage zur Assyriologie und vergleichenden semitischen Sprachwissenschaft
Borhanonna Salam, 1938 = 1945/6). 141 pages. (Leipzig)
y Abba Ya<qob Giibrii 'Iyyasus, Ma~~afa sawiisaw zag"az (Asmara, 1920 = 1927/ 8). Geez- BES Bulletin of the Ethnological Society, University College of Addis Ababa (Addis
Amharic vocabulary. pp.569-591. Ababa)
BO Bibliotheca Orientalis (Leiden)
For more details on the sources, see "Observations on the dictionaries". BSL Bulletin de la Societe de linguistique de Paris (Paris)
BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London
(London)
CAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute, The University of Chicago
(Chicago)
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly (Washington)
CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (Louvain)
DLZ Deutsche Literaturzeitung (Berlin)
EI Eretz Israel (Jerusalem)
EMML (A Catalogue 01) Ethiopian Manuscripts microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript
Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa, and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library,
Collegeville (Collegeville. Minnesota)
FRCS Folklore Research Center Studies (Jerusalem)
GGA Giittingsche Gelehrte Anzeigen (Giittingen)
GLECS Comptes rend us du groupe linguistique d'etudes chamito-semitiques (Paris)
HS Hamito-Semitica. Proceedings of a colloquium held ... in 1970. edited by J . and T.
Bynon, 1975 (Mouton: The Hague)
HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual (Cincinnati)
lOS Israel Oriental Studies (Tel Aviv)
JA lournal Asiatique (Paris)
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven)
- .
XXXIV
A88RHIA noNS
xxxv ABBREVIATIONS
JBL Journal of Biblical Literature (Society of Biblical Literature)
JES Journal of Ethiopian Studies (Addis Ababa) G RA MMATICAL TERMINOLOGY
JJS Journal of Jewish Studies (London)
Journal of Near Eastern Studies (Chicago) ace. accusative
JNES n. noun
Jewish Quarterly Review (Philadelphia) . . act. active
.IQR nom. nominative
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Bntam and Ireland (London) adj . adjective
JRAS part. participle, active participle
Journal of Semitic Studies (Manchester) adv. adverb
JSS pass. •
passive
Journal of Theological Studies (London) caus. causative
ITS pers. person
Mitteilungen des Instituts fUr Orientforschung. Deutsche Akademie der Wissen- com. common
MIO pI. plural
schaften (Berlin) f. , fem. feminine
prep. preposition
Memoires de la Societe de linguistique de Paris (Paris) gen. genitive
MSL sg. singular
OC Oriens Christianus (Wiesbaden) intr. intransitive tr. transitive
OCA Orientalia Christiana Analecta (Roma) lit. literally v. verb
OCP Orientalia Christiana Periodica (Roma) m., rnase. masculine voc. vocative
OLl Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (Berlin) mod. modern
OS Orientalia Suecana (Uppsala)
PCJS Proceedings of the sixth World Congress of Jewish Studies held 13-19 August 1973,
vol. I, 1977 (Jerusalem) LANGUAGES
PICES Proceedings of the third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa,
1966, vol.2, 1970 (Addis Ababa) Af. Afar Heb. Hebrew
REJ Revue des etudes juives (Paris) Akk. Akkadian Hadr.
• • Hadramut
• •
RHR Revue de I'histoire des religions (Paris) AI. Alaba Hars.
• !:Iarsusi
RS Revue semitique (Paris) Amh. Amharic Jud.-Aram. Judeo-Aramaic
RSE Rassegna di studi etiopici (Roma, Napoli) Anc. Ancient Ka. Kara
RSO Rivista degli studi orientali (Roma) Ar. Arabic Kam. Kambata
SH Scripta Hierosolymitana (Jerusalem) Aram. Aramaic Kham. Khamir
SO Studia Orientalia (Helsinki) Arg. Argobba Lat. Latin
UP Ugarit Forschuogen (Neukirchen-Vlyuo) Ass. Assyrian Md. Mandaic
VT Vetus Testamentum (Leiden) Aw. Awiya Mh. Mehri
WO Die Welt des Orients (Gattingeo) Be., Bed. Bega, Bedawye Min. Minaean
WlKM Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kuode des Morgenlandes (Wieo) Bibl. Biblical Mo. Moea
lA Zeitschnft fUr Assyriologie und veTWaodte Gebiete (Berlin) Bil. Bilin Neo-Syr. Neo-Syriac
laS Zeitschrift £iir iigyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (Berlin) Bish. Bishari Or. Oromo
lAW Zeltsch~ft fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (Berlin) Chr.-Ar. Christian-Arabic Pal. Palestinian
lDMG Ze,tschnft der deutscheo morgeolandischen Gesellschaft (Wiesbaden) Dar. Darasa Palm. Palmyrean
lKM Zeltschrift £iir die Kunde des Morgenlandes (Giittingen, Bonn) Oat. Datina PbH. Postbiblical Hebrew
lS Zeltschnft fUr Semitistik und veTWandte Gebiete (Leipzig) Oem. Dembya Ph . Phoenician
G. Geez Pun. Punic
Gaf. Gafat Qab. Qabenna
Gim. Gimira Qat. Qataban
Gk. Greek Qem. Qemant
Gur. Gurage Qua. Quara
Gan. Gangero Sa. Saho
Had. Hadiya Sam. Samaritan
Har. Harari SAr. Epigraphic South Arabic
,XXVI
RBR I \H Tit )iIIS
TIgre
•
-m ScmltK Te.
Tern,. Tern, Tembaro
Id Sidamt) •
Tham . Thamudean
Som S~1mah
Tna. Tigrmya
S()*)~n
SO<! Ugaritlc
Synac Ug.
Wol. Wolamo
S;lhn
~,"a,a Yem, Yemenite
~m . BIBLIOGRAPHY
• md,cate, Ihat Ihe Ie,cme tS also Irealed m Ihe Addilions An only book or article of an author referred to 10 the dictionary is most II d h '
the date of publication. nonna y quote Wit out giVing
If, .of two or more books
.
of an author • one
.
is. frequently re'erred
Ii
to In
' Ih e d'Ie t'lonary. 11
'I 'k'
IS I eWISC
occ,aslonally quo~ed without the date of pubhcatlon. The bibliography indicates, however. the book to
which th~ ~uotatlOn refers, e.g., Hommel has the notation "without date. It refers to 1879"
I~ addItIOn to the references for comparisons and etymologies by the various authors listed in this
bibliography, other references to publications by the same authors are to be found In the body of the
dictionary.
J.C Hinrichs'scbe Buchh~~dIUng)I' r",,"n~perachen (Leipzig: J .C Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung). 1896 Liturgies Eastern and Western . I. Eastern liturgies (Oxford: CI.rendon Press).
1913 Die Pronommalb,ldung In cwn semI ISC en BRAUNER-PLAZIKowSKI, H., see Plazikowski-Brauner, H.
BROCKELMANN. CARL
B,unlli
1935 ... "y,D,cuonnolfe
A. . . . D 13
Arobe~FranfQls.
' leetes de Syrie: Alep, Damas, Lib.n, Jerusalem (paris: Paul
1908-1 3 Grundriss deT vergleichenden Grammatik de, semitischen Sp ch V I I
Geuthner). (Berlin : R eu ther und R eichard). ra en. 0 . . 1908; >01. 2, 1913
Om'ltI 13-14, pp, 3~5·370. 66 1955 The Semillc langua!le.• of f,I/llopta A rompar I h I
I%H "/ur ar.b"chcn Worlkundc", In Brockelmann 1968, pp. 161·1 ' 1968 Ethi(Jpia and the 8ih/e The Schwclch Icci ur:''i J~~ ~h "'; Q~J (London ; T ,Iylor'o, hnclpon Press)
• Univer~ity Press) . C fltl'ih Academy 1967 (London fh:ford
R",,( ~A. RHOOlI
' I D . '{ lion in den ~em/lij'ch('n
•
.sprae .. ,zur Ass y,iolo";e
h(In (II"cllragc tY '
< 'I f
Bd ". ct 1973 The ElhlOpwns, An Int,oductl(ln to country and pe I 3 d d'
1909 Ann.wmanft.f(' Ie JJ,Hmf a .'
Press). op c. r c itlon (Oxford Oxford Umver:Ht)'
4), Leip"g 1.(' Hrnrich"'lChc Buchhandlung.
S.bD" Sabat" decllonary (Engli,h-French.Arahlc), by A.F,L, Bee.,ton, M,A. Ghul, W,W Muller, 1977 Is Biblical lJebrf!w (llanguuRl'''' Studie., In SemitIc Ian • '.
19R2 J, Ryckman", (Louva.In~la~Neuve; Pcctertt). Harra~sowltn Collection or selected articles. Kuogo and C/"lIllr:afUJf! (Wlc~b<lden 0uo
1973 Mtdl'um' ('[ p/af1ft.'J d'Ethwpie. n. Enquctc ~ur Ie!! noms et I'cmploi des plantes en EthioplC
1952 The lexical "Ialion bflween Uga,;llr and ArabIC (Shelton Monograph Sefle,. no. I) New York :
(NapolI. lslltu!o Univer~itarjo Orientale). Shelton College,
1974 Cala/ogul' of Elh;oplt manuscripts ill the John Rylandt University Ubrary of Manchester YO~IANNE.~ GADRA 'P.OZJ~AOl{lmR
(Mancher,ter UnIversity Press), 1956 Mdzgaba galat "l,iJgriJritla amharJnna, Ethiopian dictionary, Tigrigna-Amharlc (A'imara : Artl
SI"~,((1 M. M _of iCC Caquot, A. Grafica Eritrea),
TAYYA, AI. ...OA ZIMMERN, HEINRICfI . . ..
J917 Akkadisch,' Fremdworter als Bew('jJ/ur hahy/oni'schen Kulturcmjfuu, 2nd edltron (LerplIg: J C.
IH~9 M~hafa sawasaw (Monkui1o, 18R9 ' 1896/1; rep,int, Addis Ababa, 1958 = 1965/6),
flTc) LiPl"_ Abba Hinrichs'ache Buchhandlung).
1966 "The three mod .. and the 'i8O' of the ...,ng, In the EthiopIan "turgy", in PICES, pp, 162.187
Ge<ez-English Vocabulary
) h
mJru )j);)mmUnlu wQ'i>abawihomu (to those) sad for thy sake, 0 Jerusalem';
whom neither they nor their fathers knew SEMITIC:for the expression of the vocative in the
(know)'; other Semitic languages, see Brockelmann 1913:
the negative particle 'i- is also used with the 33-5.
negative 'albo; e.g. wa'irniiy 'albo lii'lehu 'and ETHIOPIC: Te. wo- (prefixed to the noun), -0
there is no water above it'; (suffixed to the noun), Tn •. '0-, Amh.H.r. -0, hoy,
when prefixed to the jussive it serves for the Gar. hoyii; also in Cushitic: Som. -0. See also 'o~o.
expression of prohibition; e.g. 'ila'rnanu 'be- '0 II )., rendering of Gk. o.
lieve not!';
combined with nouns it can correspond to the . .
'0" ).n (M), exclamation expreSSIng paIn,
prefix 'un-, dis-', as in 'i'amani 'disbeliever'; or
grief, admiration.
it gives the noun a contradictory meaning, as
in JiYQ>am;)ro 'ignorance', 'isamie'disobedience'; '8",1 nh.&\. (Y.T.M) 'trellis, lattice, grate, post';
an interrogative particle with the negative ele- see 'e/aw, below.
ment 'i- becomes a negative indefinite: >i-man-
nu, >i-mannu-hi 'no one, none, nobody'; )i- ','enawon nh.'i'j1'') (Gr.247,T.M), '.'enli'on nh.
mam, >i-manla-hi, 'i-manta-ni 'nothing'; )i-'ayle <if,) (K') 'perpetual, eternal, who (that) lasts,
'nowhere' ,. who does not change, (T.M) being (n) eternal,
the element 'i· is repeated in >i---wQJi, wali--- (K) forever';
WG'i, 'i .. hi---wQJi... hi, Ji ... ni---wQ>i... ni 'neither
... nor,. from Gk. aionion, ace. sg. masc. of aionios 'per-
petual, eternal'; also in Amh. a1enawon 'eternal'
SEMITIC; Soq. 'e, Heb. 't, Ph. 'y. Ug. iy, Akk. ay, i. (from Geez).
2 'abda 3
'aboli
ETHI OPle: Te.Tna. 'ab 'father',bW"
Amh. abbar 'father', 'abiidi 'ignorant, stupid, mad';
,.>.rikon hh(.I") (M) 'prophecy'; ab 'elder, forefather', GaL a . ~ ,<tat her,' A
. rg. aw, >.bud 'foolish, stupid, mad, insane, enraged, >~badon hOf.,), (K·) >abdon >'11f.,) 'rum, per'
_ th' no lin can be taken only rrom Tayyii even - Gur.abo
Har.aw, , also in Cushltlc: Sa.Af.BIi.Kham. furious' ; diUon, place of perdilTon, hell';
Slnl... '- .' d au btedly a
.. d""'$
t h(lUl! h ,YI ........ not say so, It IS un abba, Som. aba. See also 'abba. 'abad 'folly, foolishness, madness, insanity, from Heb. JllP,oddon 'rum, perdltton' thr(lu~h the
mi~r~mt (or 'Q·otrl/.:on. below. senselessness, bemg (n) out of one's senses'; Greek tranSCnptlon abaddon. See also 'abc.idon
'ab n, 'cb hl1 I 1b11, the fifth Jewish month; above. '
•• ~,"') (K) 'sound, human VOIce,
•
'abadii/ (pl.) 'foolish things';
)a)atn'k on noT",
from Heb. ,al]. 'abd (fern. 'abadd, for 'ab.d/) 'fool, fOOlish, stu-
(T) prophecy'; 'abbag·.nbi~, >abbigunbih hll1',}Il'}' , hll1-
see also >arril.-on, >a'arikon. 'abba hll 'father I', an honorific title applied to pid, senseless, ignorant, imprudent, mad, in- ,)Il'}' 'hornbill'; ,
religious leaders (bishop, patriarch, monk, ab- sane' ;
>a'i hi\., (K) >a'i hh., interjection 'come on!, ma,.badi 'one who makes another be a fool, composed of 'abM g' .nba~ (gunbii~),
bot); SHMITIC: Dillmann 1176 quoting Ludolf compares It
now then!'; deceiver, impostor, cheat';
from Aram.-Syr. 'abba; also in Amh. abba. See 'abo Wllh Ar. gunbul] 'fat, stout, tall'.
SEMITIC: Ar. >oya, ha),D, hayyo 'come on!'. mas/a>ab.d, act. part. of >asta'abada; also ETHloPlc:Te. 'abiig.nba& 'horn bTlI', Tna. 'aMagun.
>alwa hl1h; see bw>. bo'o. 'scornful, buffoon'; bah. 'abbagumbah, 10 Reinisch t887 t51 ahbii~'.m
>a'dal
•
h/)lJA (T.M) 'tanned hide'; 'abadbid, see below; bu, >ubbiig...·,mba};t.
probably for >Qfdal. and see >adJ, below. >ab'ol hl1o-A (T) 'watercourse formed by ero- SEMITIC: Ar. 'abada 'become wild (cattle), shy
. , >abegyi hn.." (T') 'precious stone',
SlOn ; away', Heb. 'agoe} "go astray. perish', Aram. 'dflag
>.'nug h6)..,; see ('onaga ). 'ang. pI. of 'ubal, below. 'be lost', Syr. >egacf 'come to naught, be lost', Md. >ab3~a hlloh 'permit, allow';
abd 'go astray, perish', Ug. 'bd 'perisb', Akk. abatu see b»'Q II. boha.
>.'.wirn h6"",., pI. of 'am. >abab hlll1 (T) 'servant who receives a wage 'destroy'. The basic meaning is 'be lost, go astray'
paid in money or in a stipulated amount of either by not finding the way or in one's mind
>.<.yy.nt hbf- ')-1-, pI. of 'ayn. >abil (pI. >abaliil, 'a'ban hilA 'fie,h, piece of
grain' (Amh. b.ndiiniia). (become mad, wild), disappear, perish, be destroy- flesh, member of body, member (of a communi-
>.b I (pI. 'abo ... ) hl1 'father, forefather, ances- ed'. See also E, Jenni in Baumgartner 1967: 148, ty), limb, genitals, self, person';
'ababi hOIl (T.M) 'perfume, sweet odor'; n.7; Rabin in Ben-I:fayyim 484,
tor, propagator, possessor or owner of (e.g. 'abala :ar' 'genitals' (for the euphemism, cpo
>aba lahm 'owner of cattle'), abbot'; probably from Amh. ababa 'flower'. Or could it be ETHIOPle: Te. >abbiida 'deceive', ,.bd 'fool-hardy',
Heb. 'ePrr 'member of body, genitalia)';
the suffix pronouns are added to the base 'abu-, borrowed from Cushitic: Qem. abiib 'to pefume the Tna. 'abbiidii 'entice with promises', ~abadii 'go mad,
milk jar with the smoke of sweet-smelling herbs'? become insane', Amh. abbiidii 'be insane, go mad'; EnHoPle: Te. ~aba{ 'sex.ual organ', Tna. 'abal
ace. 'aba;
passed into Cushitic: Sa. 'abad. 'abad 'be silly, be 'body', Amh. Gur. abal'body, member of the body,
'abba 'fatherl'; sexual organ', The suggestion made by Praetorius
>ababi hOO, 'flow, wave'; foolish', Bil 'awad. See also iTarbada.
>aba», 'parents, ancestors'; 1879: 17 (and accepted by Wajnberg t935 : 15) to
'abawa )abow 'grandparents'; SEMITIC : AT.'ubiib 'flow, wave', but is perhaps
>abelo t.11f. (T') 'partridge', connect Amh. hal/at 'part of the body' with 'abal
>oba 'obmt: 'patriarch'; borrowed from Ar. 'ubab. (Amh. aba!) is not convincing.
'abo maner 'abbot';
>abib hO,lI, name of the eleventh Coptic 'abala I hOIl ; see baiTla,
'abo dam 'avenger of blood' (written in T 'abelu hll.ll. (Lt) 'kind of fragrance';
month (it correponds to G. ~amle);
'abadam); from Cushitic: Bil. abdii 'eine Baumsorte deren
from Coptic (Bohairic) epep, through Chr.-Ar. >abala II hOIl (T,Y) 'have something be ob-
'aba Ilu:a:e 'father confessor'; Holz wegen des angenehmen Geruches zum Rau-
'abib. See also 'appif. ligatory, determine';
liqa 'aba ... 'patriarch'; .. chern im Rauchbad der Frauen verwendet wird'
bera 'ab 'family'; (for which see Reinisch 1887 : 7). Reinisch, ib. com- could it be the a-stem of bJhla 'say' with a meaning
>abib3n hO,l1'} (T.M) 'kind of bird' ; corresponding to Amh. usiiififii 'name. designate'? It
'abuna, (K) 'abun, title of the head of the pares Bil. abda with Te. 'adba.
EthIopian church; perhaps a variant of 'ibn 'ibis', or of >el!l!ol!l!ii. could also be connected with Amh. abiil/'allowance,
allotment'.
'abuna oabasamiiyar 'the Pater Noster' (lit. >abadbid t.O.(-O,,(- 'foolish, inept. empty
'abda (y,'bad) hl11., (Y) 'abda 0111. 'be in- ~
'Our Father who art in heaven');
'abow; 'paternal';
sane, become enraged, rage, be mad, be out of
(word)' ;
'abadbidiir (T.M) 'foolishness, stupidity, debili-
>abilo, in za-dagi 'abilo "".?
I hilI\- (Lt) =
Amh, yiidiiga abalo 'a hardwood tree growmg
one's mind, become a fool, be foolish';
'abau'it 'ancestress'; ty' ; in the highland'.
(Dillmann 760 also translates 'abdo 'run away'
'abannii 'paternity, fatherhood';
on the basis of I Kings 25: 10, but the Asmara from >hd with the reduplication of the last two 'abbal t.l1A (KG) 'jackal',
>abawannii (from 'abaw) 'fatherhood, paterni- radicals; see )obda.
Bible edition has raba!,a);
. ,.
tv'
)a>bada, causative; also 'lead away, seduce'; >aboli, 'abali, >oboIi hilI\. I hfll\. , h(ll\. 'a
'aba ..."ii»·i (Gr.463) 'paternal'; . ,
/a>abda (Lt) 'be seduced, be led astray'; >abadon, 'abdon t.1lf.,} ! hl1f.,}, (T.Y.M) >aba- COlO ;
SEMme: Ar 'ab 'father', SAr. 'b, Mh. &ayb, Heb. )astQ)abada, >QstQ>iibada 'infuriate, treat as fool- dan t.Il1.,) 'devil" , from Gk. obolos 'a coin'; also Amh, aboli. See also
'a~, Aram.-Syr. 'aba, Ug. ab, Akk. abu.
ish, despise as a fool, ridicule, act mad'; in connection with )abadon, below. wabale.
4 '3buqalamsis
5
-
,.bl. 11.11". (T \1) .abli MI", (Lt) 'Oblii' MI"b, )8 bun, :) .bun a hO-,} ; IIII"~ , .title. given
. to the ,.baqte (pI. 'abaqteyiil) hO-l-1: 'epact (the dif.
patriarch or to the high dlgnttarIes of the ference in days between a solar year and a >abraksis, 'abraksis hfl<:h/\.lI • IIflCh/\.lI
(mC' of the names of the moon; 'Acts of the Apostles';
church; lunar year), the number of days since the new
a corrupt form of Heb. la!:tina 'moon' (so Halevy,
lit. 'ou r father'; see >ab. moon at the beginning of the year, adjustment from Gk. prakseis 'Acts (of the Apostles)" through
14 QflN67P85) Chr.-Ar. 'ahraksis.
or correction made in a year to keep the
,.bela h.OA (LI) 'kind of measure'. 'abn I (pI. 'aban, 'a'blin, 'a'biiniit) 1.1I,} 'stone'; calendar in step with the solar year';
'abril hfltA (T) 'proclamation, decree' .
often combined with names of precIOus stones, (,abaqte war~ [LlJ 'lunar year');
'ubil I II-IIA (K) 'gulley, watercourse formed as in 'ilbna siJrdayon, 'abna sanper, 'abna 'od- from Gk. epakle 'intercalary day' through Chr..Ar. 'abrim r IIflt9" (Gr.435) 'Pater in divinis, the
by erOSIOn, bank (of a river)'; . mas, and others; 'abaq(i; also in Tna. 'abii(pe, Amh. abiiqte. See also Father, (T) heart';
from Gk. Oubal, proper name of a river. lranscnp· ('ablla harad 'hailstone'); 'appaqle. On the epact, see Chaine 104·6; Neuge. 'heart' could be a transferred meaning of 'Father'
11011 of Hcb. >riVal 'stream', See also >abrul. ('ahlla faws 'eye salve'); bauer 188 If. See also ·abrawo, 'aberyon.
('ahna 'as~atayii 'crystal');
'ubiil " II-IIA (T) 'hili'; (za'abn 'stony'); . . ,.bar hfJC 'thorn, prickle'; 'abrim II IIflt9" (Lt) 'coverlet, carpet'.
probably a misunderstanding of >ubat r. 'abana 'become a stone' (denommatIve); (K considers 'abar a plural of 'abr);
'a'bana 'change into a stone'; SEMITIC: Ar. 'ibra 'needle'. ,>bret 1.flt.-l- 'turn, alternation, alternative';
see bry II .
,.bulidis 1I0'IV\.lI (LI) 'singer'; ta'abna (LI) 'become a stone';
variant of ·ahsi1lates. below. 'abun (Gr) 'hard like a stone'; 'aber, 'aber (pI. 'aberiit) M\'C ; hll.C, (K) <aber
bll.C 'old woman, widow, unmarried woman, 'abro!,"os hflC''1'C'lI (Lt), 'obro,as hflC''I'lI
'abniiwi (Gr) 'pertaining to a stone'; (K) 'priest who acts on behalf of the bishop';
'.blalit, 'oblilit MIMI.·'" : MI"/\. -l- 'stinging (Ll) old man';
SEMITIC: Ar. 'ahan, proper name of Petra, SAr. 'bn 'aberawi, 'dberiiy (fern. 'dberiiwil, 'dberiiyl) 'old from Gk. epilropos 'man in charge', through Chr.-
hoelle'; 'stone', Soq. 'oben, Heb. '~p~n, Aram .-Syr. 'apna, man, old woman'; Ar. 'abrutus.
I~
•
borrowed from Cushltlc; Qem. obM/il. Note that Md. abna, Ph. 'bn, Ug. abn, Akk. abnu. 'abrel (Gr.241) 'old woman, nun';
Amh. ab/ali, could also be a variant of aliiblabil ETHIOPIC: Te. 'aban, Tna. 'amni (with alternance of 'abro!3S hflC''I'lI (K); see 'abrolros, above.
SEMITIC: Soq. 'abreh 'old age'. There is no connec-
'nettle', from liibdlliibii 'burn'. labials), Gur. aman, Har. un (with b > I! > zero),
tion between G. 'aber and Ar. 'annala 'widow', as 'abr3wo IIflCl" (T.M) ' heart' ;
Amh. Jbna biiriido 'marble', Tna. 'amnii biirdd. suggested by Brockelmann 1908; 227. Likewise un.
'oblis 111I/\.lI (Lt) 'Satan'; is either a variant or a misprint of labrim, above.
likely is the connection with Heb. 'abbir 'strong',
from Ar. 'ibtrf (for its derivation from Gk. diabolos, '3bn II 1.fI,} 'son'; Akk. abru suggested by Baumgartner 9 since one
see Jeffery 47); ,Iso in Te. 'abiiS. would not expect to connect old age with strength. 'aberyon IIII.C\'"'} (Gr.435) 'Filius in divinis,
from Ar. ('Jibn.
the Son';
ETHIOPIC : Te. >abbara 'become old', 'aber 'old', bara see also 'abrim.
'aboli.u
•
IIjI/\.~ (T) 'shtmmering of a gridle'; 'ibn h.fI,), (Ll) 'ebn 1I.1I,} 'ibis, heron'; 'be old', Gur. aber 'grandfather, grandmother'. The
\3nant of 'oppoli!ll. below. connection with Te. 'abiir 'lack, defect' suggested by
[rom Gk. win, acc. sg. of ibis 'ibis'; see also yabn. 'abbiis IIlIlI 'prior, abbot';
Littmann-HMner 366 is doubtful. The root also
",bliton h.flilfIl'} (T.M.D 1405) 'a bird that occurs in Cushitic: Sa. bara 'old man', Or. bera 'old from Gk. abbiis, of Aramaic ('abbii) origin.
•
'abnus hfl)'lI, (K) 'abnos ),11'1'1'1 'ebony';
devours snakes', woman', Had. ebira 'old', Som. habar 'old woman'. 'obbasa I 1I0ll 'sin, transgress, do wrong, act
corrupt form of ·afro.ton, below. [rom Ar. 'abniis; also Syr. 'agniisa, Amh. abnos. As Praetorius, ZDMG 47 (1893). 392 thinks that the
wrongly, commit a crime, be guilty, offend';
for Gk. ebenos 'ebony', it is considered to be of Semitic-Ethiopic root is taken from Cushitic.
'Q)Qbbasa, causative:
Semitic origin (see Baumgartner 227, under hog-
'oblazr 11111111C (T) 'dog that has little ones'; 'abbiis; (pI. 'abbasa)'iin), act. part. of 'abbasa;
nim). For Heb. hopnim, of Egyptian origin, see 'abra· hll&.b (T) 'branches of a chandelier';
see also 'elba:=r Lambdin 149; cpo also Ug. hbn. 'abbus 'wicked, criminal, who acts wrongly,
pI. of bar·, below.
sinner, slippery';
'obama 110"" (MA) 'make a wall'. ETHIOPTC; Amh. abra', same (from Geez). 'abasii (pI. 'abasat) 'transgression, serious
'abannat IIfI~'''' (T) 'model, pattern, medi-
cine' ,. fault, iniquity, offense, sin, crim~, guilt';
'.barno, '.barno, '.bome, 'abami hfJ'I" i IIfI 'abarbarii hOeO&., (T) >abarbiri hOCfJt 'net- ,.bsal 'act of sinning, transgressmg, trespass,
[rom Amh. abrmndt; also Tna. >abanndt. tie' ,' wickedness' ;
'I" • 110"'1 , hO"t. (T.Ll) 'abamo 110'1" 'kind
of fragrant spice, cinnamon, (Gr.241) iris, (T) a from Amh. abarbiira; perhaps borrowed from Cushit- mQJabbas 'sinner, wrongdoer, criminal. trans-
'abuqalamsis, 'abu qalamsis hll"4'II9"/\.lI : ic: Qem. abarbiirrii.
plant whose bark is used for fumigating people gressor, guilty';
hll" I 4'1I9"/\.lI 'Apocalypse';
or cattle ill with typhus' (in Amh. qiibiir>Ci:o); SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. 'abasa 'receive badly, despise.
from Gk. apoka/ypsis 'Apocalypse' through Chr.· 'abargel hOC'/.A (Lt), 'abargilii 1I0C1." (K), offend',
from Gk amomon 'spice-plant' (see Brockelmann
1908 226. with m-m > b-m).
Ar. 'abiikiilamsis, 'ahiigalamsis; also in Te.Tna. 'abu- 'abargeli hOC'/.1\ (Lt), the game called giibii!a ETHTOPIC: Tna. 'abbiisii 'act wrongly', Te. 'abbiisa
qaliimsis, Amh. abuqdliimsis. in Amharic. 'sin', Har. abiisa 'trouble, misfortune', Amh. abbiisii
6
. .
7
perhaps from Ok. epimeletis 'curator, administra_ '.ddam~
\~(\mmit a ~m' (from Geez); passed into Cushitic: ,ad I (pI. 'adaw, >a>daw) "J':' 'hand ann
Sa aNi.' 'sin' Noeldeke, ZDMG 37 (1883); 375 tor' (M UlIer). EnuoPIC' Tn. 'adg 'd k .
handle, haft, part, SIde, place, (Lt) 'sleev; ad- 'f On ·ey , Te 'tldg. For lQJtQ
denves it from 'ab'osQ, from biJ'sa 'be bad (see (transferred meaning) favor> pOwer, -fold'; th~ g .. ~n. cpo Tna. 'ad~i biiriika 'wild, .. ' T _,
t>ek,W); so also Brockelm.nn 1908 : 158, Nyberg 'abtoUs, 'ablaUs, ' absal!is, 'absal!as (pI. >ab!ali- kadan. - a~" , c. 'uu(
sal) 1l1l'l'1l1l ! 1l1lrn/\.1I I hllllAm,1I I hlll1 suffix pronouns are attached to the base 'ade-
:31-2. Rundgren, Orientalia 28 (1959). 365.
. , A'I'II, (T) 'ab!,>ls 1l1l'l'AIl 'decree'; considered by Praetonus, ZDMG 47 ( 1893):
395 a dual ending: ,a:'I ,adi hJ':'A , OJ':'A. (Gr.250) 'adal hf.A
'abbasa II 1l01'1 (K') 'feed, fatten, satIate; 'abla/sal 'Orders of the Apostles' (a collection
•
)ada 'where, wherever'; ': a Of.A (pI. 'a'dol) 'garment. v<stmen;
transcnptlon of Heb. 'agos 'fatten'. Note, ?ow~ve:, of canon laws) ; ( eems to be of leather), shirt, tuntc cloak
Amh . abbiisii 'grease, oil' which could possibly Indi- misreading of AT . .,:.,1. lk-H ('a/)ta!lisot (from Gk. ba-'ada-, ba,.dawa- 'by, through, by the inter- underwear" , ~ ,
cate an Ethiopic cognate with Heb. 'bs. mediary, thanks to';
titlos 'inscription, decree' , from Latin titu/us) as
~\ 16.ll('a/)barlisa/ confusing..:... t and '-:"' b. See diba 'ada- ' by'; S~tT(DIC: perhaps Akk. aa.l. 'a gannent for festiVI-
>.bis kobos MI.II , I>jllI (Gr) 'bishop'; ties , Cohen 1970:9).
also 'absa/tis, ·tatlis. SEMITIC; AI. yad 'hand', SAL yd, Soq. 'ed, Heb. ETHIQPlc: Amh, a)ada' 'skin, sackcloth' (from
see also 'obus qubus. >eppis
•
qoppos.
• •
• •
•
yag, Aram . yaga, Syr. 'itjo, Md. 'da 'hand', yad Geez). See also 'a'dal.
'abus qubus 1lI)-1I ' </III-II (Gr) 'bishop': 'ab!als hll'l'AIl (T) 'cantor, singer, psalmist' ; 'tbrough', Ug. Ph. yd 'hand', Akk. idll. For
•
see ~ebis kohos, and 'eppis q0l!l!0s. see Jabstllares, a possible root 'd in Hebrew and Ugaritic, see ' addiim h-'l9" 'Adam" ,
Dahood 1966:88,95. For a Heb. root d, see Rabin laddiimiiwj ~human" ,
>a ....ldis MIIIA-'l.II, (Ll) 'absalidos MIll/\, 'abaw hOW-; See 'ab I. JJS 6 (1955). 112; for 'd in Arabic dialects, see
J':'II, (K) 'a ....lidis MIII/\'-'l.1I 'singer, psalm- Rabin ib. 84, 92. For this blfadical root, See Noel- SEMITIC: Ar. 'adam;}')' 'human' (from the proper
. , 'abbiwi hlJ'I! 'river, Blue Nile'; deke 1910 : 11 3-6. ~ame ~dam), Ar. (J:ladr) 'awadim (pI. 01" 'adam)
1St ,.
ETHIOPIC : Te. 'tide, Tna. 'id. Amh. tlgg, HaT. igi,
people, SAc 'dm 'vassals, subjects', Heb. 'iidam
variant of 'absa/ares, below. could it be compared with Amh. abbay ' Blue Nile'? 'm~n •. mankind'. Ph. 'dm, Ug. adm 'mankind' -For
GUT. iig, Arg. ;mg.
However, abbay undoubtedly means originally 'the a blbhography on this root, see D. Cohen 1970:9
'a""lales, 'a ....llis, 'absall.s 1l1l1lt\m.1I I 1l1l big one' from the root <by (for which see fabaya). ETHIOPIC: Te 'addom 'men, people',
IIA/I\ti , 1l1l1lA'I'1I (T) '';'ntor, singer, psalm- 'ad II ,,1: (T+) 'voice'.
ist 1 ;
'abwiq hll'l'.}>; see buq. 'addama Ilf.ou 'be agreeable, be pleasing, be
from Gk. psa/lis 'cantor' through Chr.-Ar. 'absalr. 'adara (ya'daf) hI,/", (K 0) 'be filthy' ; pleasant, please, be beautiful, seem best, seem
See also 'absiJldis, above, 'ab!tlls, and pastille, below. 'abaya (ya'bay) hOf, (Y) 'abya hllf 'refuse, 'adaj'filth, dung' ; good, be SUbtle'; with object suffix pronouns
be unwilling (to do), revolt, disobey, decline, ,adafawi (K') 'filthy' ; 'be pleased, take delight, enjoy' (e.g. 'addamo
'a""lwa!"" 'a ....lwa!is 1l1l1lA'I''I'1I I hllllA say no, oppose, resist, reject, deny, disagree'; ETHIOPtC : Amh. addii/ii 'be dirty', Arg. haddiifa; 'he was pleased' , lit. 'it pleased him');
'1'/1\11, (M) 'a""lwii! hllIlA'I''I', formula of 'a>baya (K'), causative;
absolution; also in Cushitic: Kham . edif 'filth' , Qem. adiir'be 'a'addama (Lt) 'find something pleasan!':
ta>abaya, ta>abya, passive; ilirty'. . la>addama (Lt) 'be pleased with, delight in':
from LatlO abso/IllUS 'absolved', la>abaya 'contend, resist one another, be in 'asla'addallla ' have pleasure, be pleased with,
oposition to one another'; 'adago hf.'I 'lowland'; consider pleasing, find pleasing, delight in, be-
'absimidakos hll/l. ..,1.1>11 (K*) 'two made in-
to one';
'abiiyi, act. part. of >abaya; ETHIOPIC : Amh . adago 'low-lying hot country'. come desirous of:
>.buy 'disobedient'; 'aswiidama (Lt) 'find agreeable':
perhaps from Gk. ·eu syndefikos 'well binding to- 'abay (K') 'disobedience'; >addam 'pleasant, pleasing, agreeable, fair, de-
gether (W. MuUer). 'adg (fern. >
adagl, 'adagt: pI. >a'dug) h1:"1 'ass';
SEMITIC: Ar. 'aba ('by) 'refuse'. On Heb. 'a~a (>by) >adg >anasl'she-ass'; lightful. channing, beautiful';
'abisor IlII.(oC 'ibis'; 'want, desire' as well as on this root meaning 'want, >adga gadam 'wild donkey' (see gadam); (>addiima 'with pleasure, agreeably');
desire' in some Arabic dialects, see Landberg 1920: 'adga marab 'pelican, wild ass' (see lIlarab); ',ddum 'pleasing, agreeable';
corrupt from Gk. ibis 'ibis' (Hommel I877:JOCIX).
II If. On the original meaning of 'by 'want, desire', miihra¢a 'adg 'millstone' (see harada); 'addamo 'delight';
'abtikori hlltl>t (Lt) 'kind of garment'; see Noeldeke 1904:66. Delitzsch II gives the root
. , ma'addam 'pleasing, pleasant, charming, hand-
'by a basic meaning 'decide', hence 'agree' or 're- SEMITIC : Barth 1893 :45 connects it with Ar. ,Ug ,
from Lac amiCfOrill.nl 'garment which is thrown some ;
fuse'. Baumgartner 3 suggests the basic meaning 'wild ass' (with alternance I :d, an altcrnance that is
over one, wrap', through Gk., or Syr,-Aram, nOI regular). M. Cohen, GLEeS 6 (1951-4). 16 IJ'addallll (Lt) 'pleasure, enjoyment, delight' ;
miq!orfn.
'mangeln, bedurftig sein'.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. Jabiiyii 'refuse', Te, )aba, Amh. ab-
identifies it with Syr. duga 'dear' (with the passage SEMITIC: the Geez root Idm 'be pleasant' goes back
biiyii 'disobey', abaya 'refractory ox', Gur. ebbii of meaning to 'be dumb'), and adeg 'become deaf'. to the meaning 'red' (so DiUmann 800 following
'aba!a 1l0rn (T) 'return, bring back'; However the Syriac root is dgg and 'odeg is an af(el Gesenius ; also UUendorlf 1968 ; 126). For 'red', see
'refuse, disobey'.
mlSprint for 'asara "lam. of dgg. J. Halevy, MSL 13 (1905-6). 65 derives it 'addamawi, below. For Heb. ,iigam also 'pleasant,
'abyatswi hllf:l''I!; see byr I, bera. from Heb. 'qd, 'gd 'tie, bind' and states that Tane delicious', see Eitan 28; Ullendortf. ib. The deriva-
'ab!,>lmibo 1l1l'l'A..," (T) 'administrator of est rarement debarasse de son bat et des sangles qui tion of 'addama from · 'ad'ama and its identification
the church, overseer'; I'attachent au dos'. None of the etymologies suggest- with n(m (with alternance d : n) suggested by Praeto-
'abyaz hllf1l; see (beza), bez.
ed by the authors mentioned above is convincing. nus 1890:46-7
•
is unlikely .
8 ,.f )ara 9
f the Latin opera· 1-It.&. 'operjj in which A. pe ,afu·; acc. (with.'uffix pro~ouns) 'afii-. -
f: lHIOPIC Amh. Ilddiimii 'be attractive' (from
Getl); passed mto CushlllC Sd. adam 'be pleasant'.
;~;mISread for f. de (see Euringer, ZS 6[1928]. (zakal'e 'afu-hu two-edged); '.f'3, 'af'a htj:>, : htt:h 'out, outSIde, outsIde
304). For the bibliography, s.ee H. Hofmann, part outdoors. outward, out"de of on the
'af ba'af 'mouth to mouth, face to face';
,.dim h.l!.9" ',kin, hide, leather (of reddish
'Satorquadrat', in Rea/encyc/opadre der c/asslschen
'afa phab 'daw~, morning'; outsld~, beyond'; with suffix pronoun, c g.
AllerfumswissenschaJl, Supplementband XV (M un- ba'aJ'a-hu 'outside of it' ,
(olor), red'; . . chen 1978), pp.477-565; for Geez, pp.487-490. 'afa nagh 'dawn;
'udama (,,0) 'be red' (denominative); ba-'afa &a~~in, ha-'afa SO}! 'at the point of the ~receded or fOllow~ by prepOSitions : b,,· '''I '0
from Ar. 'l1drm 'hIde, skin,Jeather'. (P?ssibly fro~
'adriimelek hf:6o"Z/l.h, 'adariimelek h"?"Z
sword'; outsl~e, Outwardly, "nta 'a('aabroad. out,
the red or brown color; see 'addamm·I'l); also 10
/l.h 'owl'; doors, 'ilmanna laf'iI. >,ml'a('o 'outside of
SEMlTlC: Ar. fo (in construct state) 'mouth', SAr. J from without', 'iJska 'af'a 'out, outdoors. ,u/,j
Tc Tna. 'odim 'leather', Amh, ad/m 'red lcat~er'. transcription of Heb. 'aq.ramm~I{Is. name of an idol; 'voice, mouth', Heb. pr, Ph.Ug. p, Akk. pu; WIth '3nE, 'apa 'iJmJnna 'outside of~ .
HaT adim 'tanned hIde (mostly red)' ; passed Into also in SyT. ·aiframelk. final·m, in Ar·fam. Aram.~Syr. pummii, Md puma.
Cushnic' Bd, odim ' hide of brownish color'. Som. (oa-'af'a 'outer, external').
'adirot h ....c::,. (T,M), 'aderot hl.C:'''' (D 1406) On the root see Noeldeke 1910: 171-8, and Baum-
(sab'Q 'aj'a 'outsiders');
Min. gartner 864.
'assembly of elders, council'.
ETlllOPIC: Te.Tn •. 'of, Amh.Arg.Har.Gur oj; also 'af'a",; 'external, outward, outer, outSIder (m
,.dimii hli. "'I (T M) 'bedbug'; 'adas hY.ll (K*) 'myrtle, plant which has fra- religion)';
in Cushitic: Som.Sa.Af.Qua. af'mouth', Be. ya(,
perhaps from 'udun 'red or brown color', grant leaves that are used for perfuming butter Kam .Qab. aJu (see also Dolgopolsky 231, Cohen ETHIOPIC: Te. 'af'a 'outside', Amh. af'a (from
to be put on the hair' ; t947 :no.380 bis), See also 'aJawa. Geez); also in Cushltic: Be. e/o 'front part of the
'edom (TLt) h,fl.9" 'paradise'; SeMITIC: Ar. hadas 'myrtle', Heb. hi'u!as, Aram. house', Aw. ~r·outsldc. outdoors',
from Heb. 'eflrfl 'garden of Paradise' through ?~. hfJdasso. M, 'afli (Ll) 'dagger';
,.tra'.ffo h4-he: ; see '4fo.
eden!; also Amh. edom 'Eden. garden of Paradise . ET-HIOPIC: Tna. Jadas, same, Amh. adiis (for which ErnlOPIC: Te. haJa 'sharp curved knife', Amh.afa
see Strelcyn 1973 : no. 7) 'short sword'. See also 'aJol, ~afii ' af'ot htj:P:t, 'adder, vIper';
,.dmiis hf:"'Ill 'adamant';
ladawa h1.tD 'sweep'; 'ef, ,if h,tj: , h. tj: 'kind of measure'; SEMTTIC: Ar. 'apii" 'Viper', Hcb. 'fP'(,rhl. Ug. 'r
'adamas (K) 'plummet';
ta'adawa (KO) 'be swept'; 'reptile' (Aistlcllner, CaquOI 442). SCc also ja'a'.1:a,
from Gk. atiamas 'adamant, diamond'; also Syr. from Heb. lepa through Greek transcription oiplu;
'adaw; (K *), act. part. of 'adawa; also Te. 'uJ Note that Heb. 'epa is conSIdered to be
ETHIOPIC Te. 'afor 'Ylper', Tna 'lIFut. Amh. :"!'Iful,
'adamas, 'otiamIl'Os. Md, dmasa 'diamond'; in Ethiop- Hac. am/ilt, Gur. iifif'iJ; related to Amh. <1jJunf,JI,
'Jdaw 'swept, clean';
Ie· Tna. '~dmaj 'diamond ', Amh. admas 'plumb of Egyptian ('ipl) origin (Sethe, ZAS 62(1927].61).
Har. ~iffi,j, Gur. um/aline; pas\cd Into Cushitic Sil,
bob', 'Jhnii adnw.I· 'diamond' ; corrupled in Ar. 'a/- ,.ddaw, ·.ddaw 'sweepings, filth, rubbish, re- a/rOla.
fuse' ; ,.ffo hI:: 'how?, how about?, in what way?,
ma.1 'diamond' and borrowed by Te. 'a/mas, Amh.
u/mas, alma:. ,.ddiiwal, pI. of ,.ddaw (Ll) 'dirt'; why?, how!, how great!, what!'; 'cfud h,f.f:, (Lt) '.fad M;f: 'the upper gar-
ma,.d.w 'broom, (T,M) shovel, container for 'affo-nu. 'affo-nu-ma 'how?'; ment of the priest of Israel in biblical times':
'addimiiwi h ..."'I'C 'red'; rubbish' ; ba-,.jJo 'in what way?, why?';
from Heb. 'epog, same, through Gk. epholld; also '"
'ajJo za-, ba,.jJo za-, ,.jJo kama, ha'"jJo kama
SEMITIC" Ar 'adima'be brown', Heb. ·agam 'be red' SEMITIC'; the connection with AT. 'idawa 'receplacle Amh. efud. In the other Semitic languages: Syr
(for Heb, 'iig()m 'pleasant', see 'addama, above), Ug. for holding water for ablutions' suggested by Fraen- 'for what?, and why?,;
'"puga, pegla, Ug. ipd, Akk <pallll, pi epadiil" '.
'dm 'rouge oneself, Akk. adamu 'red'. On a possible kel 17t (who translates Ar. 'idawa 'Waschbecken'), 'ajJo-ke 'how much more?, how much less?' costly garment' (see Baumgartner 75, D Cohen
connection between 'dm 'be red' and dam 'blood' and G. 'adawa 'sweep' being a denominative of (depending on the context); 1970:28).
(cp. also Aram 'tlljam 'blood'), see Buhl 10, D. 'Jddaw 'sweepings' is not convincing. zakama ,.jJo 'of what sort?, how much?, in
Cohen 19709 ETHIOPIC: Gur. aggii 'sweep' (Polotsky, lAOS what manner?, how?'; '.ffoffo, ,.traffo he:t.: I M.e:; see "jJo.
ETHIDPIt. Amh. addilmii 'be blood· red' (probably 69[1949J.39), Har. adu'manure'. ,.jJo '.nka, ,.jJo ',mga, ,.jJo-nu-ma 'anka, 'ajJo
dem'ed from adim 'red lealher', for which see above).
,.flikiyii, ,.fkiyii h4-ttY I htj:ll.!, (T) '.fkay.
'ooaw hY.ID-; see ,.d. fadfiida, ,.jJo-ke fadfiida, 'iJjJo 'iJllka fadflida htj:hY, (K) 'afk.yii htj:hY 'ring, clasp',
'how much more?';
'.doniiy hl'.C;", name of God; SEMITIC: the comparison with "hpk 'turn oyer'
'adyiim hf:!9"; see *dym. 'ajJojJo, ,.jJajJo, ,.jJaffo, 'iJjJa'iJjJo 'how?';
'lJdonuwi 'divine', (Heb. "apa~, and others) suggested by Dillmann
'ajJoyawi (T) 'such a, what a!'; 808 (followed by D, Cohen t970 :28) IS not con-
from Heb. 'agonii.\' 'God'. 'a~ara J hill: (TS) 'sweep';
SEMITIC: Soq. 'if-ol 'how?' (Leslau 1938 :69), Hob. vmcmg.
see <a~ara 'squeeze'.
,.dar ('ader) ""Ie (I. I.e), name of the 12th 'epa 'how?' (in Judges 8: 18; see Buh l 32). On the 'illusiiwiyiin h. ~:II-i'I'I!n (D 1406), ,.~ftusii·
Jewish month, 'a~ara II hill: (TS) 'delay'. particle ·pa in Semitic, see G, Garbini. Biblica 38
wiyiin hl\.tj:/l-II'I!r> (KG) 'those who close
(1957).419-27; and AION 21 (1971).245·8, For the
from Heb, 'agar; also Amh. adar (from Geez). reduplication of the last radical in "JJojJo, cp, Heb. the gate';
'af (pI. 'afaw, ,afawat) h'f: 'mouth, beak,
entrance, brim, orifice, border, edge (of a 'e~a~ii 'how?'. The element J also occurs in Ar. from Gk. pylOros 'gate keeper'. See also 'arleJalu,•.
'ade.ii hY.6o (K) 'the fourth nail with which sword)' ; kayfa 'how?', but its identification with G . 'Jifo, as
Christ was crucified', suggested by Jensen 1887: 423, is unlikely. ,.lIiitis
, htj:I\lIl.ll 'bitumen, pitch, asphalt';
the suffix pronouns are attached to the base see 'usjOli!o, below.
ETHIOPlc: Te. 'aJo 'how?'.
10 .. gldi II
-
>...<..'}\"{\ (T.M) 'perfume' the Septuagint gives any indIcation about the mean- ,.gada 1\1.1\ 'thighbone, shinbone, tibia, leg,
on"n",
- ing of -efol. Could It mean 'lhe fringe of the 'efol', large bone of the leg, shoulder of ammal', ;~ 1\"1«. (T Ko, 'large sh,eld'
rcrhapi rrom (ik 'JJf'"nu.f 'swcef-i.melling' (Muller). and 'elot would then be a transcription of Heb. , 394 mlsundeJ>tood A ' •
EnnoPlc: Amh. agada 'leg (of man), hind leg (of a shield' [Tayy:;', lran iat mho b~ara 'large
'epo<J?
'Ifiqid ••• rqud M·t1: , M:41Y.· (T) 'female - cow), ,hlObone'; also In CUSbIlIC: Af. afiedii 'ann' hiik"r and therefor s IOn of G, 'ag,,] for
goat, ~hecp "hleh ha. nol yet been covered' 'afa .. r 1\J.t»- ; see 'af Sa. agadii. ~y '~r~tli~~ fiJ>t_~;n~;,ongly renden G 'a~re
It looks like a plural of fqd Jt i!; either a mlspnnl or ..gale (fern. "galil) )'11\., (T) '~gale MI\. 'so- axgarawl warnor" ,
-orqul (SCC' ~lo"J or Ihe other way around 'afaw If (pI. 'a[awal, 'a[awal) "",II» 'sweet and-so, such-and-such, cerlam (peJ>on)'; ETlIIOPlc'."
Amh . a~re 'I arge ,h,eld' H 0
odor, scent, fragrance, perfume'; 'Jgaleyawi 'so-and-so, a certain (place)'; from Cushit . H d ar. Uf u~"
'Irqu' 1\~:"'K' (T) 'sheep or goal which has not lC. a. alflra (Cerull! 1936.2)1,· ,
'afawat 'sweet herbs, perfumed unguents,
,"'ct hern c(Jvered'; EilfIOP1G: Te. 'agale 'so-and-so', Tna. ·3giila. 'akiila, >agr (pI. '~gar, 'a-giir) ~"IC 'fo t
-iCC ·afi.JquI spices'; •
Amh. "gale, Gur agale. Conti Rossini 1912' 173 ('iJg' o. measure"
SEMITIC:Ar. 'afwiih 'aromatics', from Geez (G. Hoff- compares it with Qem. ayla, Khamta oyliil bea~s ~~~~~ :~!~~ dahiiy 'ray of sunlight,
,.feqyi 1\4,:t j' (T') 'preCIOUS stone'. mann, ZDMG 32[1878J.761) WIth a sg. fiih reCOn-
'trucled from the plural (Noeldeke 1910:237-8). ..gOI (pI. '~g"al, '"g'alat) )'1'A, (T) '.g"al (ba-"gr, 'anla 'agr 'on foo!') .
,.r.. 1\"'C ·du,t. soii' , b1-A, (K) '.g"1 lJ1'A 'the young of any animal (sab'a 'agr'infantry'); ,
ETHIOPIC. the root also occurs in CU5hitic: Bil.
SUtrTIC At 'a.fr. 'a/ar 'dust'. Hcb. <{jpiir. '{'prr abbuwii 'plc3'iant odor, aroma, perfume', Be. /ii~ or fowl' (also of humans, but the more frequent (ba'aj'alli sa'al "g, [ltJ 'at the first h '.
-aggar' _.( I __ our ),
ETHIOPIC Amh.Arg,Har Gur aft' 'earth.- SOIl', 'odor' For Qem. abab 'fumigate a utensil for term is "~gO ai, below); . : agga" p. 'aggaran, 'aggorayan)'pede _
Gar a{ariJ. Dlilmann 808 conMders G. la/ar an milk', see Conti ROSSini 1912.158. 'Jg"alt, '~gW"lt (pI. '~g'alat, _JgWlal, 'ag'alal)
trtan, IOfantry'; s
AmhariC loanword. unlc...s It I~ to be Identified with 'calf, heifer'; 'aggarawi 'pedestrian':
Hch. 'ePt". for VrhKh ~ Kutscher, Leshonenu 27-8 •
'afawa 1\"'01 (K") 'breathe, blow, sigh m "gOal, pI. "g"alal, (T) '"g"al'the young of any "g,awi (K') 'worm with many feet',
(lq64) -184-5. re- -+
lier; animal, fowl, or human, child, offspring, prog- E~HIOPIC; Te. ·agilr. Tna. 'Jgri, Amh. agar, Har
'.(r.~1 1\~C~-)-, >ee fa,&. denominative from 'a/'mouth'. eny' ; IglT, mglr, Ga.f. flg-ra, Our. agflT, Arg. lIIRU. The
'Jg"ala mawta 'orphan', Itt. 'offspring of a companson wllh Heb. rfffl 'foot', Ar. rtgl in Buhl
'ofr.tats 1\<;:t.'I'All (KO) 'precIOus stone'. 'afaya I hJ.1' (T. Y K*) 'bake', dead person'; 744 and Koehler 872 on the ,uthonty of Brockel-
Ia'a[ya (K') 'be baked'; 'Jg"ala maWI~nna 'orphanage'; mann 1908:227,231, and RiIilcka 55 (so al,o L1tt-
'.fsit, In bel. 'of,if 0..,. , 1\<;:,,-)- (ll), beta mann-Hofner 386) is doubtfuL For Us doubtful
'~fuy 'baked'; 'Jg"ala 'amaiz3yaw, (K) -~gWala maJ;yaw, 'ag"a1a
'af§Ol 0..,' • 1\<;:(1-)- (OT) 'hospice for lepers, con~ection with Jigr, 'ager of the ArabiC dialects of
SEMITIC: Ar. (Oat) haft (hfy) 'bake', mf/d' 'oven', rrli!hyaw 'man, men, mankind, mortal', lit. 'prog- Datma and Syria, see Landberg 1920:63, Noeldeke
(OT, who are by themselves, separated from
others' , SAT. fy 'baked', Soq, mofe 'furnace', Heb. -"pa eny of the mother of the living (that is, Eve)', ZA 20 (1907). 414, and LesJau 1958:49. For Synan-
(-py) 'bake'" Aram. 'aee, Syr. 'eeii, Md. apa, Ug. 'Jg"ala '~ma~~yawi, (K) '~g'ala ma~Jyawi 'hu- ArabiC )eger, Barthelemy 3 suggests a derivation
from Ok aphphf>U.. olh, transcnptJon of Hob. bel 'py, Akk. epu. man' ·• from legr (by metathesis of regO, I bemg taken for
hahopliJ See also aj"'l below.
- (jJ[rata ',gWala 'ama&,yaw 'human creature'); the article so that the ronn .ger IS taken for the
noun. Konig 144 (on the authonty of Ewald) denv..
'.fsol 1\<;:(1-1- (T)storage for gram', 'afaya If 1\",1' (T) 'become fat'; 'agala; see ·agala IJ; one would expect 'ag-
-a[uy (T), ·afuy (Sw. In D. 810) 'fat'; (g)"ala. Jagr from Jil/gar (with prothetlc J) > Iflgilr < rilgill.
,s perhaps to he IdentifIed WIth -afriJl. 'a/fOr. above,
that 15, the !tloragc for grain In a house by jtself SEMITIC: related to Ar. 'afii (,/y) 'be dense'. SEMITIC: Ar. 'igl 'calf, Heb. ·egrl 'young bull', "gore ),.,.t, (T) 'red color';
separated from the mam howe. Ararn. 'f~/ii, Syr. 'efilii, Md. anglia, probably perhaps from Cushnic: Sa. egarlll 'orange'
'ofyomiik.n, 'afyomiikan ~<;:I""'1tn ; "<;:\""'1 'calves', Ug. 'gl; perhaps also Akk. agalu 'donkey'.
'afO! 1\~+ (K') 'short sword. two-edged h'), (Ll) 'afyokm.yon h<;:l"h9"M 'grass- ETHIOPIC: Te. "gal 'calf'; with a reduplicated root 'agrigalyon h"lt."IAM (Ll), 'agrigolyon 1\"It
sword' hopper, (T') owl'; "IAI",} (T.M) 'rabbit';
In Te.Tna. g,lgal 'the young of an ass or horse',
ETlllOPIC Amh. a/a 'short sword' See also 'alii. from Ok ophiomakhon, ace.sg. of ophiomakhos Amh.Arg.Oaf. g,lgiil 'Iamb', Gur. g,lg,I, Har. gig; from Gk. khoirogryl/ion, ace, or khOJrogryllios 'rock
'kind of Jocust'. (with I becoming zero) 'the young of any animal'; badger'. See also 'akrig,lyon, kirogJrliyos,
:elil 1\.0+.-)- (S"
D 1406), 'cfol 1\.10:+ (OT)
In also In Cushitic: Kbam. gitgil, Kafa gager •. Conti
small drum kept beSIde a large one used for "ffoyiiwi ),h':j''I!; see '~jJo. ~OSSI", 1912: 199 compares Qem. glir, pI. gal-Ia 'agorgin 1\1C,?') (T) 'kind of bird'.
Jummontng troops' (Amh. tJriin). caJr. See also Cohen 1947:no.43.
'grt, ta'agrata +h"lkl' (T.Y.M) 'hasten. be
-agi'.zt, 'agi>ast h,?),'11-)- i h'?~il+; see 'Igmu. h"l-il; see gama,. fast' ,.
'<'fot 1\.~-)- (T.K) 'necklace of gold silver
cham', . (gaz'a f), '~gzi'. secondary form of hagrala.
'igon!e h.11m. (0 (406), 'egon!e h.11m. (K),
it OCCU~S In the expressIOn Mzganal zo'ejol 'necklace 'agada (Y'-gJd) h1f. (K*) 'prevent, hinder'; apparenLly represents Gk. goniai 'corners' 'agua' ",?"IiI (Tl 'castrated animai':
of "/01 (J udg.. 8.26). N.,ther lhe Hebrew text nor wh,ch has no correspondent in the Hebrew could it be a misprint for 1\,71'1{\ 'agasiir (Amh)
from Amh aggiidii, same.
lext of Ez. 41:15 quoted by Dillmann. 'pack animaJ'?
,.".il 12 )a~adu .01).... 13
- •
ETHIOPIC: Te. 'oho. 'uhu 'yes!', Tna. 'iJhiJ' 'all right'. •ahom a t..h OD
(MA) 'assemble In a row, ar-
'.g~il h"l'l'A: see gol. SEMmc. Ar. 'ahha,a 'd I . - ,
';lite biilii 'approve'. Gur. 0 'yes', yo 'here I am!'; ra~ge in order'. 'delay' Sb ah '-'th e ay , 'G~IT last, SAr h"h,
'81:)i h"l.r 'holy' (fern.); also in Cushitic: Bil. aho 'all right, here Jam!'. , .. ~eTi esecond'S h ' .
Dillmann 1907:/14 analyzes it, with reservations, as .ahmar t.ihODC (Lt) 'red': Heb. 'ahar 'behind' A ' . oq .. a-hen heh'nd'.
'fIgro.< 'hoi) , (masc.); , . . ram 'aha,'be heh d' S
'0 (see '0 L above) and -ho. 'hr (ahl) 'ta d . .' ID . yr
from Gk. haglos 'holy" fern. hagia; also Syr. from Ar. 'abmar. Pun 'h ' rry: elay. be lale. Md. ahufiG 'hehIDd',
'd~lya. Se-c 'agrasmiintoll. below.
. . rafter. Ug. 'hr
- ,. -
'tarry' ,ah . f •
r a ter -\lk
'ahbuy t.1I(J-f. ; see habiiy. ,ahur h""C. (T) ' ahuT t.II->C 'ram'; II
a~aru remam behind'. " .
•
'RgyOS h"ll'"fl. see ·ag)'ll. ETHIOPIC: perhaps related to Te. w.h4r 'bull'. The ETHloPlc: Te. ~Qr 'behind' (fe 'aker 'end' is In
,.hut "II->:" (Gr) 'fish' (constellation);
comparison with Amh. awra 'male' suggested by ArabiC ~O~~Ord), Har. ii~a.r-le 'behmd', GUT.
'agyismin!on h"l.rfl"'l11f11 (K)'Holy Spirit'; from Ar. ~illi. d' Abbadie 548 is doubtful. The root is common (Zway) Ir-anl (or Ira-nl). For Te ra"""f be
h· d . "uT rom -
corrupl from Gk. /tagiou pneumatos 'of the holy spirit', with Cushitic: Sa.Af. awur, aUT 'buH'. Som, aUr In '. aft~rwa~ds" GUT. (Wolane) re; 'back of th~
gen.sg. of hagion pnewful. See also >agya, above. 'a~ t.ih (T). sound produced by the throat; 'stallion', unless Cushitic: awur, aur is to be iden- body. ba-rer after, see Leslau 1979:5H
SEMITIC: onomatopoetic, as in Ar. >aMlQ 'cough', tified with Amh. awra. For Cushitic ··owr-, see
'.gz;' ""111." ; see gao'a 1.
>ah'ah 'sound of coughing'. Sasse 46. 'a~ara II k~l (T) Amh ml.1 Iii ....
=
'sw '(Y) . . "aga
'agzi'ab(.)~er ""I'I.Mlth.C 'God'; E';l{J(WIC: Tna. ·ul:zu biilii, tal:za{ biilii 'cough', Te. eep, = Amh. l1m riiggiilii 'stamp';
,ahrow
,
t.ihCID-; see /.Iariiwayii. it would seem thaI Ta ... ,.
lit. 'the master of the land' (see ga:'a J, bal,er); 'al:zu< bela, Amh. uhu alii, ahu alii, Har. ol:zo· baya, yya s ffiL 1 IS a misprint for
1.1m.
lag:i'ab (a) ~lertiK'i 'divine':
>C'g:.i'aba(leran"o 'divine nature of God';
Gur. uxu barii; also in Cushitic: Sa. ohot, Or. akki.
.. '.~~iit t.ihl\ ; hihl\·l-; see ~a~~.
,.hsii,
h"'t 'a~ara III k'/l (Y) 'widen. have (something)
ETHJOPIC Tna. 'ilg;i>abil~er, abbreviated (with me-
'aha
, -
h.lt. (K) 'aha t.;} 'cattle. cows'; .ahatti
, (for 'a~adti; acc. 'a(lGlta)
'one, only one, same';
(fern.)
fixed ID to the ground'.
tathesis) 'iI;gi, Te. 'ilgzaher, Amh. ilg::i.abilher. ag- ETHIOPlC: Te.Tna. 'aha 'cattle'. Cohen 1947 : n. II
identifies it with Egyptian y~ 'ox'; also Coptic ehe 'a~atta 'one time. once. one (thing). at the "'~raw >'''rCID-; See harawa, har.lI'.
zero ilg:ihar.
'cow'. Littmann, Deutsche LiteraturzeitfJng 1931,
•
sametlme~
• - -
'agilan, ' agizen h.7H1 , h.nl.1 'antelope'; p. 1404 suggests a common African origin. ('i-ba-'a!IGtti 'by no means');
EnnoPlc Ina. Joga;:en, ·agiigiin. Amh. agaziin; 'a~a{{ane 'together. in one place':
from Cushilic: Aw. agii::eni, Qem. agii::en. 'a~adu (acc. 'a~ada) t."'~ (masc.) 'one, a '.~atur t."''''C. (T) 'a~tur t.ih1:C. name of the
(ha-'ahattane, w;>sta 'a~allane. same);
third Coptic month (it correponds to G. h.-
,.b hll, (Lt) 'a~ h..,.
exclamation of pain or
certain, a, same, on]y one';
('a!Iadu 'ahadu, lalla 'a~adu 'a~adu, babba 'a/:ta-
SEMITIC: Ar. 'ihdii 'one' (fern). SAr. 'iII. Heb. 'ailal. aIir); •
grief. sighing; Ararn. iIaqii. Syr. hatfii. Md. IIda. Ph. ·~I. Ug. ahl.
'ah bahla (Lt) 'groan'; du 'everyone. each one, separately, individ- ETHloptc: Tna. hanli, Te. halle. hante. Amh. andit.
from Coptic (Bohairic) athor: also Chr.·Ar. hat"r.
••
ually'); •
For the masculine, see )a~,adu. 'a~aw, ,.~' (pI. 'aaa .. ) >'''IID- ""I'. (Lt) ,.h ""I
SEMITIC: Ar. 'ah, 'Qh, >iiJui, exclamation of pain.
'altha 'moan, complain', Heb. 'rihiih 'alas', related to
('i-'a/:tadu 'not one'); -
i
'brother, blood relation, kindred. kinsman. fel-
('i·ba-'a/:tadu 'not in the slightest'); 'ahattane
•
t."'.,.).; see 'ahalti.
•
'iiI). Syr 'ah. NOle that in Heb. 'aha/ay, 'aha/ey low-countryman. friend':
'alas!' the preposition "to, for' is agglutinated with ('a/:tadu ... wa'ahadu 'one . .. and the other'); the suffix pronouns are attached to the base
>a!l (cp. G, way and \rayle 'woe!'). 'ahiid (pI. 'ahadiil) 'unit (numbers from one to
'ahazrih,
, . h"'lI?ih , h"""t·ih; see
" 'ahezerah
ETRJOPIC Te. >ah, 'ilh 'ah!', Amb. ah, exclamation ten), unique';
'Qzaroh.
• -
'ahu-. ace. 'aht<·a_;
.
('a~;>lVa 'ab 'paternal uncle);
of sorro",·, gnef. iJh3h alii 'utter a cry of sorrow', 'ahud 'first. first day of the week, Sunday'; 'ah.h..,'· see 'ah .
Gur. ux borij 'sigh'; also in Cushitic: Bil. a~a,
'.&i11 (pI. 'aljiil, 'ab.lal) 'sister';
('a/.lud sanbar 'Sunday, first day of the week'); ('a~ara 'ab 'paternal aunt');
Sa.Af. ah. Som. oh. 'e~a l\,.~; see 'aya.
'ailOda (Y) 'make one, be one' (denominative); 'aba", (pl.) 'brothers and sisters';
",bo (,.ho) hll' , ("11'). expression of consent. ta'ii/:tada (K ') 'become united. be linked to-
'certainly!. yes. indeed. by all means, all right. gether' ; ,.~' >...,.... (Lt) ,.h "..,;
•
see ';>h;>w.
•
-
>iJhiJWamlt1 >ahaww;mlJo 'brotherhood, fraterni-
ty' :
'-
I am here!. (Lt) agreement consent'· la'had, I;>'~adil 'unity. being united' (n);
• •
'aha bahla (,I'.be) 'agree. consent. obey. prom- rna'/:tadil (M) 'one part'; 'a~il, 'a~el, 'a~e)ji kl.A j ktA : kM 'heap . -
la'ahalVa ' ta'MalVa 'be a brother, be brothers
and sisters, have brotherly love for, fraternize,
ise. submit, be submissive'; (mass) of dried figs or dates, dough made from
SEMITIC: Ar. )a~ad 'one', SAr. 'I:zd, Heb. >e~liig, figs or dates, (T) date palm. dried figs'; become comrades, contract an alliance. culti-
}oho >aba/a. causative: also 'persuade'; Aram.-Syr. haq. Md. had. Ug. ahd, Ph. 'hd. Akk. see also he/a II. he/a. vate friendship' (denominative);
'aha b.hilat 'compliance, submissiveness. obedi- widu 'only, alone, single'. •
)QstQ1aoawa, caus. of ta1abawa;
ence ,. ETHIOPIC: Tna. hade 'one', Te. had 'one another' 'a~ara I h"'l 'be kept back, be delayed, (T.Y) lii'aaii, /a'aljii, lii'aljii. (T) lii'i1b 'brothers, frater·
(b.hila 'oha fLI] 'consent, agreement'); (the expression f~r 'one' is woro): Gur. had, Amh. make follow" • nity, friends, friendship';
and, Arg. hand (for ad wilh inserted n), Gaf. Jggii.
SEMITIC Ar .iy 'yes, certainly', J:lars. >ahii 'yes', Ug. 'a'~ara 'keep back. delay'; ta'ahawo ( I) 'brotherhood. ties of brotherhood.
i 'truly'. For the feminine, see 'ahatti. The root is connected
wilh whd, below. . 'a~ari 'hindmost, latter'; brotherly kindness, brotherly love, fraternity,
'a~iiril (M) 'extremity, end'; friendship' ;
14 >akko
'akadn8
I5
arth PH I : 23 the initial vowel 'iJ of 'ahaz. 'ahz 'hostage, pledge, security, numeral,
;1I..·o. . . rdmE: 10 B h S . tic •
cipher' ;
• 'akadoa h h~'i' 'snake, viper';
'l;'- (3~ :1!!amsl the vowel a of the ot .e~ em~ . . ,. ('i1m.mna mQ>akala 'from among. from');
~~~;~a"kala
,. .) duc 10 the form of the femmmc >(J al. 'ahiz 'dOmInIOn, power, from Gk. ekhidna 'viper'; also Syr. 'e!se!!nii 'viper'.
lan~uagcs IS
w
ture, ~ connection, frame, framing. courtyard, Heb. kwl, (hif<il) heJ,iI 'contain': cpo also Ar. kala
SEMlTIC for 'si;ter': AT. )ubl, Saq. 'iJf~et, Heb. 'allO!, from Ar. )agrJar 'green'; also Ar. 'akdar'dark.col. (kyl) .'measure', Aram. kai (kwl), Akk. kullu 'hold
Amm. ,a~lal. Syr. !Iii!o, Md. ahata, Ph. ~(If, Ug. obf, enclosure, confines, boundary marker, posses- ared'; T~. 'akadar 'third infusion of coffee' (be- contam' , •
. ,
Akk. aillim. SIGn; cause of Its color), Tna. 'afs.iidiiray 'rather dark'. ETHTO~IC; Tna. >alsiila 'be equal, be suffiCient', Te.
ETH,opic: Te. bal, Tna, fWlI'ti. Amh. ill, "hM, ~rg. m •• ( J )haz, ma·(a )I]az 'boundary. confines, 'akla suffice', 'ak~1 'according to, as much as',
<~"iJd. GUT. Jt, Har. iJ(lil 'younger sister'; passed Into junctur~, place where things touch'; 'akafa hhL (KG) 'sweep, wipe': Amh. akkiilii 'suffice, be enough. be equal'; also in
Cushitic: Sa. ale 'elder sister', (mJ·.ljiiza 'beside, close to'); ,akiifi (T) 'sweepings, rubbish'; the expression 'how many?': Te. 'akal >ayi, Amh.
,
'ahaza (I'"ha:, ya'aba:) h'111 'take, catch, mii'(a)bazt (pI. ma'alpzt) 'stave'; ETHIOPIC: Amh. akkiifii 'scoop out'. man yanal, Arg. man yanal, GaL mim iikkawnr
h;ld, lay hold of, take hold of, seize, seIZe lo'ahazo/ 'capture'; passed, into Cushitic: Bil. akal 'be equal', Kham:
•
'akfar hh4.c 'chains, shackles'; okul·s make equal'. See also m'kl.
upon. grasp, connect, apprehend, pO,ssess,
SEMITIC: Ar. 'ahada
•
'hold, take possession of, seize', seems to be a plural of *ka/ar.
control. constrain. restrain. occupy, dommate,
SAr. >~d, Heb. >iibaz, Aram. 'iiba~, Syr. >ebag, Md. 'akal (pI. 'akalat) hlJA 'bOdy, limb, substance,
take captive, make prisoner, take as a pledge, ahd, Ug. 'bd, 'bd, Akk. aljazu. 'akiihi hlJ'l (T.K*.M) 'a cow which has milk, a hypostasis, person, nature, volume':
. ,
sus tam ; ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~lazii, Amh.Gaf. yaza, Arg. wiihaza, cow which is not dry'; marana >akiil Imanhood';
'a,ha;a, causative; also 'take as a pledge'; Our. ezii. see also kiihi. ·abp~a ·akala 'he reached manhood':
ta';h:a, pass. of 'alja:a; also 'be taken as a lahqa ba-'akal, same:
pledge, be liable or responsible (for a debt>'.; 'akko hit, it negates a member in an affinn- 'akak hhh (T. Sw. in D 1397) 'crumbled bread';
ta>iiha:a 'be contiguous. border upon, come In ETHIOPlc: Te.Tna. 'akal 'body', Amb. akal'person',
ative sentence: 'by no means, not' (see DiII- SEMITIC : Aram. 'akkii/sa 'ground or pounded drug'.
coniact with, be involved in (a battle or Arg.Gur. akal·at (from Amh); passed into Cushitic:
mann 1907:509-10; Lambdin 129-30); Qem.Kham. akiil 'body'. The analysis of 'akal as
anotber activity), come to blows, attack, be 'akala (y.·kal, ya'kJlj hhll 'be equal, suffice,
·akko 'akko, repeated for emphasis; coming from >a-ka.l, originally 'that which contains,
engaged (in baltle), contend, dispute'; be enough, be approximately, be about,
'akko za + verb 'it is not that' (it negates the volume' suggested by Nyberg 231 is not convincing,
'usla'aba=a 'make seize, make join, make ad- predicate in a cleft sentence); amount to, have enough'; with object suffix
here, make contiguous. associate, connect, wa·akko 'and not, but not';
pronouns; e.g. ·akala-nlli 'it was sufficient for
me' , >;old ~hA 'food. bread, corn, grain, fodder,
make engage In battle, commit to someone's ·akko-ke 'not' (see -ke); • bait, produce of the field';
charge, give as a pledge, receive as a pledge, ('akala lii,.la 'prevail over'); <awda ·akl 'threshing field':
·akko·llu, 'akko-hu 'not?' (one expects an af-
start a fire (that is, make tbe fire seize some- (ya'akkJl 'nearly, about');
firmative answer); SEMITIC: Ar. 'akala 'eat', SAr. 'kl'grain crops', Heb.
thing)' , 'a'kala 'be satisfied. have enough, find suffi.
'akko kamma followed by bii~tilu. or .alla, or 'alsal 'eat', Aram. >iilsal, Syr. )e~al, Md. akal,
>asta'oha:a
• 'make confront one another, make cient of, (Lt) make full, fill'; Ph.Ug. 'kl, Akk. akalu.
<iidi. or da·.mu 'not only ... but also, not
come 10 blows, make contiguous, connect. at. ta·akala 'be satisfied, be content (with). have ETHlOPfC: Te. >akal 'corn', Tna. >alsli 'cereals', Amh.
alone .. , but also. not... but'; enough' ;
tach, cause to take one another, bind one Arg. ahal, Har. axi, Gur. iikal.
another with a pledge': 'akkoza + verb ... 'alia 'not... but';
la·akala 'try to be equal, compete';
'akko ... wa'akko 'neither, .. nor'; 'aklil hh/\'A 'crOWD, diadem':
'alui.:;.
- .
act. part. of 'ahaza; also 'owner,
'amma ·akko, wa'iJmma 'akko, wa'amma 'akko.
'asta'akala 'give in abundance, satisfy';
master, lord, one who has power or do. >akiili 'sufficient'; from Ar. >iklfl 'crown'; see also ka//ala I.
mtnlOn'; ssa 'otherwise. and if not, or else, or';
'akul 'sufficient, enough';
('a&ii:e k'allu 'all-embracing, omnipotent, al. for ·al·ko (Praetorius 1886: 143; BrockeJmann 1908: >Q)kalo 'sufficient number'; 'akliros hh/I.C'iI 'clergyman, priest':
mighty'), 176; Rundgren 1955:36; Littmann-HOfner 377), .ko ma)akal 'center, middle, midst, intermediary'; from Gk. kIeros 'clergy' through Chr.·Ar. 'akliriis;
'ebu;, pass. part. of ·alJaza: also 'captive, kept being shortened from kona. Dillmann 1907: 120 ana. (zama·akal, zabama,.kal 'mid-, middle' (adj.); also Amh, akliros 'vicar'.
caplive, Joined, possessed by a spirit. holding Iyzes it, with reservations, as coming from 'a « >al, mii·akala 'in the midst of, in the middle of,
negative) and ·ko 'thus'.
(something), who holds, continuous, contigu. among' (the suffix pronouns are added to the 'akilas h h.1li1 (T) 'eagle':
ous'; ETHIOPIC: Te. >ikon 'not, no', Tna, >aykon, Amh. base mii'akale-); perhaps from Latin aquila 'eagle'.
(-al;u:a naJI [Lt J 'fusilief): .nk"on 'no' (Praetorius 1879:259; Cohen 1939:
324). (wasta mii,.kala 'in the middle of, in the midst
of'); 'akmam hh"'1"'; see kamam.
16 'altitin
•
,.J.inwn
I7
hh<'lll (T) 'termite, (K) kind of worm'; ~na
,.I.imon hh. '1"') 'klOd of animal';
'aksis
probably a plural form of *kis, hs, from Gk. kis
}aki~;tS, 'aktas, >akipo. 'aki!en, 'askatin h "'1'- ETHIOPIC' T T . -
from GJ.. . ilJrncwnnn 'a wcasel·like animal' (Hommel II t hll'l'll j hh.m.'} I hh.lll.'} j·Mllm.') . e. na. 10 'ola-bu ' there 1,. not ' ,
'weevil' . Amb G fH G
tn i 'xXI. 'preciolls stone, agate' ; '. a , ar. ur. a/- used to express a negall ...e
verb ~n the perfect (e.g. al-niig~iir(i_m 'he did not
, , 'akist hh.ll-l- (T) 'springs (of water),. from Gk. akhalis, acc. akhiiren 'agate'; also Syr. s~ak ), Amh.Gur.Gaf. alii 'W1thout' The denva.
,.km~yis MI9".fll (Lt) 'preclOus stone,
• 'a~a!jn, 'als-a.tis ' precious stone', Aram. 'Wsares. See LIon of Amh. alii from haUi (as tn G , ',mhal(1) With
'aksosya hllftll! (K*) 'power, authority'; also 'aqii{as, 'aq!e, 'ok {e, 'akdin. .
'k", L I.,.k",a 1'Mi't. (Y ,M) ·pant'. loss of b, suggested by Praetonus t 879 57 IS unlike-
from Ok. eksousia 'power, authority'. ly.
'akawa hhlD (K*) 'deny, deny falsely';
.k', n, la,.k",. ·"Mtt. (T) 'draw a bow'. )ak"'ata hho"~
(K *); see )a)kwala; 'alii '-II (mostly after a negative sentence)
perhaps related to 'okaya, below.
'a,kwala 'praise, sing praise, laud, give glory, 'but, but rather, on the contrary';
'.k,ig.IYOD hnt"lAI",) 'rabbit'; glorify, be grateful, thank, give thanks, be 'allii ... hi, 'allii ... ni, 'allii_..'cidj 'but also"
'akaya, 'akya
. (y.'kay) hhf I hllf 'be evil , be
from Gk, khoirogryJlion, ace, of khoirogryllios 'rock thankful, bless'; bad, be wicked'; >allii )arn 'except if, unless': •
badger'. See also 'agrogJlyon. la'akwra, passive; )allii diil(Jmu 'on the contrary' ;
with )~m> )amanna 'be worse';
ta'iikwala (K *) 'praise one another'; 'a'kaya 'make bad, make evil, do harm, treat ludolf 324 derives 'allii from Gk. alia. ltttmann
,.krap hnt.A' (T) 'pure';
• 'asla,iikWata (K·). caus. of ta'ak""ata; badly, act badly, afflict, deprave, pervert, 1964:372 compares it WIth Syr. 'ellii from 'en.lii 'lf
corrupt from 'okrQron, below. ,.kkut, ,.kkw.1 'praised, lauded, thanked'; not' .
corrupt' ;
'a)kI4!Oli, act. part. of )Q)k ....Qta; ta'akaya (T) 'be bad, (It) be hurtful';
'akr.sm.Dlon hnCll9",)1',} 'precious stone'; 'aUe la- (with suffix pronouns) hI\, I 1\_ 'woe
,.kkwiile 'glorification'; 'asla'akaya 'hold as evil, declare bad, treat to 1';
from Gk. khrysoli"IOJ 'topaz'. See also 'orkarsem- 'akk"alel 'praise, glorification, thankfulness, badly, do evil';
lon , karStmOlon with the 3rd pers. masc. the form is mostly
thanks-offering, thanksgiving, gratitude, Eucha- 'asta'akaya 'despise, Scorn, mock, dishonor'; 'a/lela, but also 'aile /Ollu 'woe on him!'; for
rist, bread that is brought to the church and ,.kkuy (fem. ,.kkjt) 'bad, wicked, villainous,
'akraron, 'ak,a!os, 'aqra!OS hnt·tfI'} t hnt.tfI 'woe on them' the form is 'aile/allan, 'aile/on,
II , h:t>':"tflll 'pure, unmixed (wine), (It) distributed to the people after the Eucharist'; evil, noxious, vile'; 'aile Ion;
epithet of Christ'; 'akk"ateta q".rbiin 'Eucharistic prayer, anapho- (,.kkuya, ba-,.kkkuy 'badly');
ra' ,. SEMITIC: Ar. 'alla 'moan', Heb. 'jjlil/ay 'woe!'.
'.kkuy, ,.kkit (n) 'misfortune, evil thing, ~ram. 'iilii 'lament', Syr. 'eli 'mourning, lamenta-
from Gk. akrolOs, ace. akraton 'perfect, unmixed, (~a/ola 'akk" aIel 'thanksgiving');
absolute (of Christ)': also Syr. 'aqra,on 'pure wine wickedness, viciousness, vice) wrongdoing, iniq- tIOn', Md. alai 'woe on me!, alas!', Akk. alia.
'akk"'aletiiwi (Gr.463) 'one who offers thanks'; uity, malice, calamity';
(not mixed with water)" ,.lIa ),1\, relative pronoun 'who' (plural);
mo)ak"at, mo>akot, (T) mii(akWat, morakol 'gift (ba-,.kkil 'badly');
of glorification, favor, (T+) vow, pledge'; for the singular, see za-;
>ek.sd.r, 'eksod." 'ek.sdare 1..nll.!!'c t 1..11ft ,.kay, same as ,.kkuy (n.);
for the various usages of ,.lIa , see za- ,
.!!'C ' 1..nll.!!'t., (T) 'eksedere 1..hil.Y"t. 'cham- ETHIOPlc: Amh. aSlakk"iilii (from * akk"iilii) 'say ,.kkuyiiwi (It) 'bad, wicked';
ber. (T) box, chest. coffer'; for the syntactic usage of the relative, see
prayers', mak"'atta 'vow, present, gift', (tii)mak. 'a'kiiyi (Gr), act. part. of 'a'kaya;
Dillmann 1907: 332-3, 342-3;
from Gk eksedra 'hall furnished with seats'; also k"alii 'make a vow', Gur. (Selti) ahat 'thanks', SEMITIC: Brockelmann 1928: 16 considers it to be the suffix pronouns are attached to the base
SYr. - 'cell, chamber', Aram. 'aksadrii'recess,
. 'aksedra - . Chaha, Eia axiida 'thanks, praise'. See also mak"'tti, related to Syr. 'akkaJii (from 'kk) 'wrath, anger', Ar.
below. './/i'a- (see below);
parlor' See also 'eskedera. below. 'akka 'hate, hatred'.
ETHIOPIC: Te. 'aka ('ky) 'be bad, be evil, deterio- SEMITIC: the only languages that make a distinction
'aks.fos hh<'lt.:ll (T) 'ability, cleverness'; 'akot ht>-l-; see 'akol. between the singular and the plural are : Ar laNilii
rate', Tna. 'a/siiyii, Amh. akkiiyii (from Geez), .kay
M has >ak:,ofQs : since M copied from T he undoubt- '.kkil "h.""; see ('akaya), ,.kkuy. 'evil' (n.); passed into Cushitie: Bil. ekay 'evil', Be. 'who', pI. (for the dialects, sec Brockelmann 1908'
edly misread G: fo for c: roo aka 'harm, mischief'. 324-5, Barth 1913: I 561f), SAr. 'I, Mh, Ie, Soq. 'il.
'akl.yar.n hll-l-!t.,} (T.D 1405) 'fish'; ETHIOPIC: while Te. has a relative pronoun Iii, and
'aksimiros hhft ",C'll (K) 'six days'; 'akyos hllNI (T) 'it is proper, it is fitting, he is Tna. dialectally 'aI, there is no distinction between
from Gk. *jkhlhyarion, diminutive of ikhlhys 'fish'. the singular and the plural. The situation is the
from Gk. "heksemeros 'of six days'. See also yaktiyartin. worthy', expression of approval when a reli-
gious dignitary is promoted; same in other Ethiopian languages.
>ekson h.hft') (T') 'olive oil'. 'aka!e htJlll. 'cloth of silk and gold thread'; from Gk. aksios 'worthy, deserved'. 'allu "II-
(masc.), 'alii M (fern.) 'these';
for the singular, see ZJ;
is there any connection with >ak(e, below?
'aksorgis hhftC1.11 (0 J506) 'exorcist'; 'aky.s! hllf-i1-l-, pI. of kaysi.
'ak!e hhm. (T), 'akiire htJm. (l) 'precious SEMITIC: Ar. )u/(j, 'ula>i 'these' (for the dialects. see
from Gk. eksorkisres 'exorcist' through Chr.-Ar. 'al- hll-, element of negation in 'a/b.-, 'alba; W. Fischer 1959: 102ff), SAr. 'Iw, ,In, Soq. elhe.
·aksargis. 'aksargfs. stone, agate';
see below; Heb.Aram. 'ellf, ane, Aram. Ph. 'I, Akk, ull';.
see 'akti!as, 'aq!e. ETHIOPlc: Te. ,.II-om 'these' (m.sc.), Amh . • Wh.
'aksiron hll<'lC"} (T' ) 'kind of grass'. SEMITIC: SAr. 'I, element of negation, Soq. 'al, Geez 'aI/a, Amh. al/ii. Tna. '.mnii, Amh.Gaf. ~lJn{j,
'aki!in h h.m. '}; see 'akii!>s. Heb.Aram. 'aI, Ph. 'I, Ug. aI, Akk. ul. Gur. nO. (variant of 'aI/ii, ill/ii) are also used as a
18 Jalidor ,aJadis
•
19
.~Imaqfitos
• marker G. '~lIanllin 'whoT (pI), Amh.Ga~. f: Amh. albo; also in Te.Tna. )albo 'ring', Har.
a~~:'anklet': from Cushitic: Aw. ale~u, Qem. a/iibo.
I ,.Iadis, 'aladas, 'aJados h,V11I , hll.l!lI , hf\
r unuta (Amh. also ;JlJanla) 'you' (pI) for Jnna 1'-11 'island';
•mnan., ".' 'these' (for na-;;,). The element
,.n.kku hAir 'those, the oth.,,'.
'.,llJ)~i1"la. GUT.1JUwl d "th a proper noun to 'aJbo II; see ·alba-. from Gk. Hellados (gen. of Hellas) 'Greece', pos- from ';JIl(u), see above. and -krkiu, for WhKh see
'ill/a. ,lila. :mnii IS also use"' d h' 'ilowers" ::ilkku, fern. 'antakku .
sibly interpreted by the Ethiopians as 'island'.
c\pres~ lhe I dC3 0 f 'so -,and-so an IS (0
nd those
,
,.I.bo hf\1l (It) 'sheaf';
C JrJnii tdklii moryam Takla Maryam a
-g'h h 'See also 'i'llakku, 'iJllon. 'aJ/ontu. 'alidas ""f.1I (T+) 'dry well'. ,.lkorab hAt>lll (M), "'Ikorap ).At>lT (T).
'alkora~ hAt>lA' (MA) 'flesh, body, (MA)
"111m. ETHlOPIC: perhaps Te. >alabiina 'ear of corn half-
,
,.IIi'.- hl\.h-IS theform of'alla with the, suffix
ronouns; it expresses the meaOl~g th,o~e
ripe or empty.
without'; e.g. zQ'aibo 'asara 'unsearchable', '.lIac1ku hA.l:-1r (T) 'wild cat'; , . hA"'t""'h (T') 'boundaries of the
'el~.~ h.A.lt.lt (T) = Amh. daggii siilam 'small '.Imihah
:a>a/bo b~alq"'a 'innumerable', za'albo aa!i)ala earth' .
building to the left of the western entrance to a
'who is without sin, who does not have sins'. would the initial ·.1- be the Arabic article?
church where travelers may spend the night'.
'alidor hlll'-C (K *) 'the second nail with >elemon, 'elamon h.I\,'I"1 I h.II'I"1; see 'ela-
ETHJOPlc: Amh. alba, alba (from Geez); e.g. sam
maw.
alba 'nameless'. For 'alba- with the suffix pronouns, which Christ was crucified'; ,.I~.zl ),A.lt1fA; see ~azl.
see Oillmann 1907:408,501 If.
derived from IIJl.C sador (see below) with II sa ",Imaqli!os hAoo~I\./fI{\ (l) 'kind of precious
,
'albo I hAil (KO) 'anklet of silver'; misread for ~ la (Euringer. ZS 6[1928].304). For the 'alki "AIJ (T) 'palace'; stone;
other nails, see sad~r.
could it be a corrupt form of la'aka? from tat. immaculalus (Euringer, OC 24[ 1927J. 144).
20
--
.I.mol
",llmot hll.,..:" (On. '.Imot hA"":" (D 1404) ,alqar hA4'C (T) 'euphorbia, cactus'_
- >alatinon
21
case, 0, Eisfeldt, JSS 5 (1960), 46 compares It with
'Hongh trJn,latcd 'lute' In OT; >.Iqatii ~A4':J' (T) 'kind or pumpkin'; Ug. m'/b 'cloakroom' from 1/&. >alyilon, '('liye!on hA!(fl1 , h.fI.\l.(fl1 (Lt)
the qu(llN pas .. agc from I Chronicles 15:20 ,has ba· ETHIOPIC: Amh. iI/tah 'piece of cloth cut for making :elYiilin h,A!"I1, (KG) 'alyii!ol hA!(flA
~ n:lf5t la~/a 'Olamol 'wlth lute~ on AI~m~t where
from Ar 'a/qittii' 'cucumber', See also qata, below. a garment' (from Geez),
sea eagle, (KG) snake-eating bird';
Alam\'t I ... a transcnptton of Gk. alQ/~:}/h, Heb. ../Iaqetru, 'ella qe~u, >e/leqe~u ~1I<f:'I'~ :
'fcJlamo!. ·Iute .. • of OT SS I refers to <;1n:trat and not ,.Iatinon hllt'i1, (K) 'aliitinon h~t'i1, (Lt) from Gk. ha/iaelon. ace, sg. of ha/iaflOS 'sca eagle'
11,11 I 4:'I'~ I h,/I.<f:'I'~ (TSw, in D 719) 'yel-
If1 G 'O.lanl£lt >aliilyon h~:"1'"1 'real, true, genuine'; note also Amh. a/yo.ton 'fish·ealmg bird' (rrom Gecz).
low, spangle or gold and silver, the rour apoca- See also 'e/ii!on, 'fblii!on, 'ew/u!on
that Tayya illustrates this meaning by translat_
'<Iimi", 'clim" hN'7OJ- , h,~- (D 1404, OT), lyptic animals';
ing G, 'aliitinon 'man who became God'; >ama hoo (preposition) 'at the time or, on, In
.. lemon, '<limon 11,/\,.,..1 I h,~""1 (D 1404) from Gk, "eklron 'amber, alloy of gold and silver'
'porch' , (it translates Heb. ~asmaf); also Syr. 'aleqrrun 'am. from ?k,alethinon (acc,sg) 'real'; also Syr, 'alftiyii
(rollowed by a time word)'; see Dillmann 1907'
418;
'truth (Payne SmIth 208), from Gk, aliitheia,
(r(lm Gk. ai/amnii;, transcription of Heb. ,elammiiw. ber'. See also ·allaketru, above. (conjunction and relative adverb) 'when, at the
'alat, 1'.111' (T) 'perrume'; time when';
'alon, 'elon hll-1 : 11,11-1 'salt, Dead Sea'; >elsii h,AII 'grove, (M) name of an idol';
see also malat. liJln·'ama. Ii/manna 'ama 'from the time of
from Gk halnn , gen, pi of hals '(sea) of salts'; also from Gk. ha/se, pI. of halsos 'grove, sacred grove', rrom the time When, rrom when'; ,
Su. 'dlii.\ 'salt' for 'Dead Sea', 'a/on comes from See also 'iI/SOthS.
GJ.. ,tho/aHa (im) halc"m 'Dead Sea',
'iliite,
, - 1\.~m : h./l.m (D), 'eliite
'elete
, h.~m. >JSka >ama 'as long as, until the time or until
'alsodas ~AM~:n, (TM) >alsodis ~A(\J!.n (T) 'fir'; the time (that), until' (prep" conj,); ,
'('Ioni, In >elonii selem h,lI-Cj /I./\'9" 'the 'woods, rull or woods, (TM) groves'; la-'ama 'till, until, at the time when (conj,), at
I from Gk. elate 'fir'; also in Syr. 'eliite 'fir trees' See the time of;
\alle) or Selem', from Gk, halsM.s 'woody', See also 'elsii, also 'iliirinus.
'albo 'ama 'not a day (like this), there IS not a
fmm Gl, aulfm I Sa/em J; also Syr. 'aw/ona 'valley' time when, at no time. never';
See also 'oli"lclni. >al,.lbuliih ~AnAn-~1J (T) 'constellation >eliile'as h,l\mhn (T) 'juniper';
Virgo'; probably for >eliirenus; see 'iliirinus, below. 'albo-hu >ama. 'albo·ni 'ama 'never';
>elonqe 11,11-1'1:, 'eo ''''oqe bo·'ama 'sometimes';
from ArabiC ·al·sunbula; see also sanbulii.
'elilon h.~/f11 (T) 'a bird or prey that devours bO-Jama···bo->ama 'at one time---at another
,.1I0ntu (acc, '.lIonta) ~1I-1"', (Gr) >allunlu snakes'; time' ;
'elsilas 1\.AIIAn (T) 'gateway of a church
~fl-1'" 'these' (masc,), compound'; see 'a/yiiron. za-'ama 'at the time (or this) that';
>,I/alllu (acc, ',lIiinta) 'these' (rem,); the suffix pronouns are attached to the base
it gives the impression of being composed of the
for the demonstratl\'C: plural augmented by n, cpo 'iliitinus,
- 'eliitunus 1\.~tIl).n I 1\."III').n 'made 'ame-; e.g. Jam·'ame-ka 'from your time, from
Arab,c article 'el and sii/., 'third', ,
Ar. (SpaOlsh) haulin, SAr. 'In, Syr. hiil/en. For ·ntu, of fir'; the time that you live', ,.,ka 'ame-hu 'until his
cpo also '.1f1Jmuntu 'the,', below. For the smgular >elsip h,AIIT (T,M) = Amh, wiigiin whose 'elii/enus
, 'kind of fir'; time'; the most frequent form is 'ame-hu, 'ame-
'this' M'e :~n{u Stt also ·Jllu. various meanings are 'side, flank, clan, kin'. ha 'when, at that time, next';
from Gk. elatillos 'made of fir'. See also Iilii.le,
·e/fite·as. za-'ame-hu, za-'ame-ha, '(the) then';
'alep;lp hI\. TT tT) 'the surroundings or a 'alsis hA/'l.n (TM) 'heretic, schismatic';
,
.. SCtIllS to COnnect G
frum -\r. IQmi,. also in Amh. "mer 'ammata (Y). 'ammala (T) measure by cubits able. no. I refuse': WIth other suffixes: 'Jnh,ka ~:"ala \o\l,th Ar. balJ, however Ar /;alii meotns 'yes.
. ''''''''<un
'.mlr n ' ........ ' .
da\, time.
.
abo 'the fi"t
-
day
'the
o f t. he mon th' (e .g . 'ama fast/'U 'fa'GIn/ruh d
(denominative):
SUtlTlC: SAr. 'mt (pI. 'mm, 'mn) 'cubit', Soq. 'emeh.
'JnbJki, 'JnbJkkJmu.
••nb.ya b,IoIabe unwilling. refuse. reJe.;t';
' doubt . &. also Rundg"," IISS:..l'p nd
~sslm: V('n S~cn 380 COnnects ,m, of ;nba~
, kk. m~. In In, .hrough'; <p. also ~kk. Ina ail
:llh
eleventh day of the month', lit. 'the tent ay Heb. 'amma. anc. Aram. 'mh, Syr 'an1mala, Ug.
amr Md. ama, Akk. ammaru.
SEMITIC: ';mb-is a compound of the negative element ~Ithout. Littmann 1964, '72 consldcn.. ' ''Ilh rocr-
'In and the preposition" 'in' For the negative '<'n, \at1on~ "In of . -1. '·1
and the 6"t day'); , . ' . ' ol'U'U a as a ncgau\"'C cJement.
k'~II" 'anllra 'all day'. lalla 'anllru every day. ETH'IOPIC: Te. 'ammat 'Forearm. cubit', Tna . 'JnJ- cp, AT. 'in. Heb. 'en. Samaritan-Aram. '111, Akk ETHI~P1c" Te. I,lnfhdl ·V.ilhout'. Tna. ~nbdld (for
'"mbiir, \c."e Praetonus 1~71 241. Amh, ~nbalii Ifrom
mal, Amh. amat (From Geez); passed into Cushitic : yanu. Ug. yanu 'there IS not' For 'Jn 10 EthioplC
w~'iHa 'dlnEra 'on that day';
Som. ama'amad. For the measure of the '.Jmal. see and Ar. 'in, see leslau, AIO.\' 29 (969).137-145. Geez) See also ~ (,<,hen. GLEeS 4 (1945-R) 62-3
ETHIOPIC'" Gar, OVft13ra 'sun', Gurage. ~mir •. _):"'~Ii" Pankhurst 19691: 32. ETHIOPIC: the negative '.In also OC4,;urs in 'JndiN • I
'sun' IS not to l'te connected with Amh. gamba r disk 'anbill. h'}IlA;I- (K 0) 'flute';
don't know' (see below), in Amh. ;mk"'an (see Prac-
of the sun', as suggested by P~aelO~us 1879:51'~i 'aml.nt h""T1T; see maIn. IOrius 1879:259: Cohen 1939:324), and in the Gura- from Amh an"illa: aho In Tna ',lmhl1ta.
The rOOl abo occurs in Cushlue: BII. Qu.a. ama
ge dialec.s As for G. 'JnbJ, cp. Tna 'Jmh, Mia.
'morning', Kham. amif. Reinisch ~887:30 ld~n.Ufie: 'amotorqe h'l"+Cof: (T+) 'bread';
'Jnbi bala 'refuse'. Amh . .Jmhi alii~ passed IOtO Cush- ('al)'anbarsin (hA)h111C:1I.1 (T,M) 'whICh"
It also with Sa,Af ahorj, Or. aboro. For '~nltr SU~ note that T has 'amolarqe. name of a country.
from 'mr (see '/Jmmara. above) with a possIbly bas~c
ItIC: BIi.Qua.Kham. emb,.... Qem. enbi)', In .he ioght not extoogulShed. which does not d"appear,
of the analYSIS of G. 'Jnbi as ·,m-b, it is doubtful
meaning 'shme, be lIght', see Rundgre~. Onencaita 'ametist, )ametas~on, )ametes~inos, 'arnetiSO~ils the Inillal '~/ ...eem" to he the ArabiC arth.:lc. hut the
32 (I Q6Jl. J 82. On a possible connection between that 'imbi is to be connected With ·ahaya. as sug- root IS not ArabiC,
h"'1.1;t'i'l' : h"'1.-"I'l(l11 ; h"'L1:I'lm. 'l'1'l : h"'L gested by leslau 1979·5 10 connectIOn w'th Gur.
'um,r and orr 'sun', see Leslau 1956: 186. 1;{I'I'1'l 'amethyst'; ebbd. 'an basi h111"; see 'anl>a.,Q,
'amraht
, h.,..C:hT, pI. of mar!1 (see mar~a). from Gk, ameth:vslOS. ace. amelhyslon 'amethyst'
'anoo' h 1i1b, see nab'a. 'anba,i (pI. 'aniibJI) h111"1 ·Iocust. gra".
'amsil h.,.."A. see masala. 'amlin
, h"""I1; see marana. hopper'; .
'.nb.1 h111A. (Lt) 'anbil h111A 'saddle';
'amisini! h.,lI.tT (D 1404,K') 'kind of musI- 'omtiton h""m.+1 (It) 'kind of disease', SEMITIC' Dlllmann fiS9 (follOWIng ludoit) conne'"
, van ant of ~anbtil. below ItWith Ar, "aha.to 'gush forth'
cal Instrument'; ETHIOPIC': Tna, 'lJllbJla, 'amPilta 'locust', Te, 'am-
'amaya hoof (T.M) 'accomphsh, fimsh·.
from Ok. amasenilh, transcription of Heb. <01 has- '.nbala 1.1011. preposition and conJunction: bata, Amh.Arg,Gaf 'Qn/'liita. 'Gur. amhiila, also
J"mi'n,!; also Syr. 'onsa ....niH'an (in Payne Smith 239), ~m .. h.,..lI; see ..,,, II. ta. ·without. save. before. except for. except Cushitic: Aw. anbiti, BII. ~n"ald. Kham. 'ahta, It
(that). excepting. with the exception of. unless may evcn be borrowed from (-ushitll:. W<.\j~ber8
'amser. 'am~ir h""/l,C : h""/f.C; see miisir. lana h~ '['; (when), but. but also. rather, outside of. be- 1937c: 188 connects" WIth Amh. anball alii "kIP',
'allsa 'but J' (note the form 'all); sides. apart from. regardless of. so that not'; but an/lil{{ alii is undoubtedl,!- it denominative. There
'ames\ihi h"'1.I'lY~ (T M.) 'the eastern door of is no connection between 'anbaNi and Or, a~,intsa,
-
a church. gateway of a church compound'; SFMITIC: Ar. 'ami, SAr. 'n, Heb. 'anI, anc. Aram.
:.a'imbala. same ~
as suggested by Praetonus, LD.lfG 43 (188Q)32I'2,
,tina, Syr. 'ena, Md. ana, Ph. 'n, Ug. an: augmented :a'Jnbala 'ama 'except (that), unless (that)';
for the terms connected \\lth the church ending 10
Brockclmann 1950:~8 thinks that the CUshltlC root
by k IR Heb. 'iin;;!;i. Aram. '"k. Ph. 'lIk, Ug. ank, 'Jnbala dii'amu 'but not. but'; :a'Jnnala dii'amu IS taken from Semitic.
-lihi "10 parte mlsllche", see Guidi 1906:921. 'unless' ;
Akk. anaku. For more detaIls, see Brockelmann
'amos, h'l"lt (T) 'load': 1908:297-9. Barth 1913:3, :a'.nbala :a + verb 'but, except'; 'anOO,. h 1fl"l (T) = Amh OIlnOla 'honey
ETHlOP1C: Te. 'ana, Tna. 'ane. Amh. ,me, Har. an, :a'Jnbala kama + imperfect 'unless'; made from the blooms of the !1",~ga-grass',
could It be an interpretation of the proper name Gur. ana, Arg. ay: also in Cushitic: Bil.QuaKham. (KG) = Amh. sall>ol, ",Ibol ·kond of grass'
'albo---;:a'anbala 'only';
Amos" from Heb. 'iimos? an, Be. ane, Sa.Af anu.
the suffix pronouns are attached to the base ·.Jnbale-; '.nbul, h11l-'I' (1(') ·hud. bloom';
'amat (pI. 'a'Jmiil) hOOT 'maid', '(}n- I ",-; see 'imb-, 'anda'i. it is composed or '.In- (for which see also ',mbapw)
'amalJnna (It) 'state of being a maidservant'; and -bala, from Amh, Jnbur
'.n- II h1-. in '.nka 'so then'. '.ngii'indeed·. SEMITIC: Soq. di-hal 'without'. Heb. hal 'not'. Syr.
SEMmc: AT. 'arnot 'bondswoman, slave girl', SAT. .. nooya h1i1f; see '>III>-.
'ml, Heb. 'omcirh} , Aram. 'amra. Syr, >am(J)!t1, '.lIbmu 'you (pi) take this!'; balay'without', Ug. bal ·not'. Ph. hi. Akk halu, bali
Md amla. Ph. 'ml, Ug. ami, Akk. amtu. On thiS 'without'. For hI augmented by I. cp, Heb. billi '.nbayna. '.mboyno h1I1f-~ I h""Of,~ 'for the
for this element, see· na-, >.mbala, and cpo Te. ';}nka
blradlcal roo •• see Noeldeke 1910: 129-30. Note that 'without', Ph, bit 'except', SAr hi-III, bl-tv 'WIthout'
'take!', Amh. ilnka. sake of. on account of, because of. on hehalf
10 Geez the final -I is considered a radical of the
As for Ar. bal, it expresses a denial after an interrog-
of. about. concerning';
root If one Judges by the plural ·a'il/nat. 'in h,1 'kind of measure'; ative or affirmative clause 'no. not at all. quite the
contrary' (see Blachere 780. lane 243). Sec also D, 'iJnbayna-zJ 'on account of this';
ETHIOPIC Te. 'Omal 'handmaid. slave girl', Amb.
anuit. From Heb. h,n through Greek transcription ein; cpo Cohen 1976: 65. Dillmann's 1907: 404 demation of from '(m~ and barna. For 'tin. see ',mbtJla; for barniJ,
also Ug. hn 'liquid measure'. 'Jnbala from 'ilmbala is unlikely since mb does not see below.
18 •• ngebeniy
1ln.di 29
'anadi ),~J!. (Ll) 'anda )'1J! 'skin, hide, 'andirdiinos "1J1.CII ... II (Ll) 'otter';
from Gk, en),dridos, gen. sg. of enydris 'otter'
SEMITIC: Nyberg 2.32 denves It. Wilh reserv3tio
f rom Ar. nogi', nagf' 'wholesome, healthful' "a'ga'a
ns, for the develop f
-
ieather, thong, "hip'; I > , . '
'ankup r h1h·T (T) 'fish, (MA) hyena'; 'ananyi ),'O1! (T) 'cloud'; 'anq"alit h'}*t\..), 'cheese'; 'anqat ~ 14':}-; see IIUqatu.
In the meanmg 'fish' ';mkup "-Hl-T is a misprint In could It be a transcription of Heb. <anan 'clOUd"! ETHIOPIC: Amh. anq" alit 'milk curds'. The Idcnlifica. >anqu!, anq"a! ~1ojl1' , h1""1' (T) 'nose'
relation to '.mkur "1h-1', unless the original form is tlOn with G. <".q"·an. ',111Q"an 'cream, curds', suggest.
'ilnkup and ,.m},;I~! would then be a misprint. Also. 'anpa'anpe>
. , 'anpa'anpe . "1Ah 1 A, ed by Praetonus 1879:VII, is unlIkely. It IS ,"deed
, 'anqa!awros h')-rm(l)-C'll. (Lt) 'anqatawros
Ihe meanings 'fish' and 'hyena' for the same noun see 'iJllpiippe. temptmg to compare '<Jnq"an with '.mq"alit, with 1I1-rIlj(l)-C'1l 'Centaur' , .
• ••
arc ~.trangc.
alternance of liquids, but '~nq"'a" is a Sccondary
from Gk onokt'",auros '~lss.centl\ur,
'ankup II ~'Hl-T
'anpanpe,
,. . , h'}A'}A, : ),')A'}A,; see 'all'
'anpanpe form of '<Jq"an. with inserted It.
mon'.
(T.M) 'raisin' -
pappe.
••
•
'anqoqaho, >.nqoqaho, 'anqoq"aho, 'anqoq"aho
(Lt) 'hormit';
-.
. 'anahartis ),'OItCm.ll , ), ....,Cm.ll
'anak"artis, -
)anpappe, -
);)npanpe, -
>anpanpe --
)anpa<anpc, ),)0- )'141-r" • ~141-r" • ),1.""",, • ~1414"" ,
'ansalil h 1MA (Lt) 'fennel',
pa"npe h1AA, .. h1A1~ ; 1I1A'}A, .. )'1A~ (K) 'anqoqa~o> 'anqoqa~o h,}41-r,f, : h')41-r,f, ETHIOPIC'; Amh. allS,JllI/. The identaficatlon of Amh
from Gk. unakhiirt>tes 'hermit'; also Chr.·Ar 'analju· 'egg' ; JIIsillal with G. sJlan 'dill' suggested by PractoTius
'}A, : ·h')Ah1A, 'ulcers resulting from elephan. 1879 157 doubtful.
rit IS
tiasls, pustules'; SEMITIC probably Soq. qeileilholl, Sh. qoh/'I. Mh.
'ankaso, 'ankaso, 'ankos, 'ankas )'1h{l : ),') 'allpapa (T.Y M),suffer from ulcers' (denomina, qo~a/el. Cohen 1947 no. 195 also compares it with 'nsr, ta'ansora 'f'h 1flt. 'become like an eagle',
h{l : ), 11>1l : ), 1hll (DT) 'myrrh. onyx, CIvet, tive); . Ar. kayka 'egg'.
denominative from 'allSJrt, pl. Of/'''5r 't!agle', below
(T) cj"ot cat', ETHIOPIC: Te. l<Jnqoq~JO, Tna. '(1ftq"'af Jlw, lJnqilali~l.
SEMITIC: Grimme 1914:261 connects it with Ar.
Amh.Arg. illlqulal, Gaf.Gur. dnq"ii,-Gur. also <mqu- 'ansirenis )'1fl.t:.tll (Lt) 'siren';
from Gk. onrks 'onyx'; also Aram. 'ena/s 'onyx', nabba (nbb) 'have a knotted stem', 'UI.bub 'knot of
la, Har. aqub. The root is common with Cushltic
. )t·nkii. See also 'oniki'on. hankilso.
Svr. . .
a stem' See also 'elpapu, ~limpappe. I}elpapa. Guidi,
Or. (h)anqiiq.i, Sa. Ullqiiqoho, '"q"aloi.>h, Had. qun-
see sarnOIl.
Aelh/Ops I (1922). 50 derives it from Ok. ilypopia, qa, Som. ugah. See Cerulli 1936:235, Cohen 1947.
'anku! h 11l-'1' (T) 'fish'; nom.·acc. pI. of hypopion 'bruises'. 'ansariq ),1flt-r (T.M) 'colored cloth (usuallv
no. 195. For the connection with 'testicles'. see Les- red), cloth of silk and gold thread'. .
sec 'OJn},; up I. lau 1979: 70, under >lIqulii.
'anparawzi 1I1A~II"" (T) 'bird of prey';
'Onikyon, 'Inekyon, 'anakyon .t.thl"1 : lI~hl"
•
'anqar, >anqir 1I'}."c • 1I1,+C 'the interior
';)nS<)sa- ~'){ll\ 'cattle, livestock, animals,
perhaps from Gk. • apharpazousa 'that snatches beast' ;
1 : )'1h1"1 'onyx, precious stone'; away', from apharpazo. See also >an{araw:a. part of the mouth, throat';
la'allsaSlI 'become like a savage beast, be like a
from Gk onykhion 'kmd of onyx' See also 'ankaso. ETHIOPIC: Te. <anqiir 'uvula, throat, palate', Tna.
'anaqa II~'" (K +) 'shout, sob'; wild animal, become brutish' (denominative);
'in uti h.)./\. (T. M) 'moth'. <anqar. Amh. anqar; also in Cushitic: Bil.Sa. anqar. 'ansus 'bestial. brutish, animal (adj)';
SlMITlC: Heb. ·anaq 'sigh'; related to Aram. IIJ'aq Af. anqara, Be. ankar la'allsasol 'brutality';
'Inama I Va'nam, YJ'nam) 'groan', Akk. n8qu 'cry'; see also nJhqa.
h~OIJ 'weave" , >anq"ari, 'anq"ari ), ,}"",~, "')""'t., (T) >anqu- SEMITIC: the connection with Semitic 'II.~ 'tame-',
'a'nama, causative;
'onqe (pI. 'aniiqay), 'anqet II''''': • )',}'I:'''' ra h1ojl~, 'anqori 1I,}41~ 'cell of a honey· suggested by D. Cohen 1970:';6, is not convinclOg.
la'anma 'be woven" ,
'hawk, kite'; comb' ; ETHIOPI(,: Tna. ',1IJ.5JSQ "101mal, beast, cattle', Te.
32 '.mta
..,n.tUS. Amh GUT ;mJiHQ, Dillmann 386 derives, it 'anol 1\'1:" (T.M) = Amh. doqma 'kmd of
-=:::-::~-=~~~~
I.
ba)3n1a kama, ba';Jnta :akama 'Conee .
__________~3~3 ____________________~'antidiqomi,..."
frC'm G, 'an,f(JJOWQ 'walk slowly'; so also Practonus tree' . (that whIch),; mlng 'be·
nIl, la'anlala '~1\1"'1\ 'be
1~1. Ij7. M Cohen. GLEeS 5 (1948-51) 86.
. ImpaUenl, ~nt,
seems to be a misspelling of 'arot, or the other way the suffix pronouns are attached to baJanU'a_'
. IIntaled, be mdlgnant, be weary or feel
,
around. e.g. ba)antPahu 'about him'; . annoyed, feel dlSgusI. (10: ° I be Idle loar'
'an>s1 (pi 'a 'nils) 1\1ft:" 'woman, wife, fe: la'ont;,lo " . "
Impatlenl"e. spite, dis{!ust annoy ..
male', ~er\'es also as sex marker with animals, 'anla 1\1-,., fern. 'anti 1\1·t 'you' (sg), SEMITIC. Soq. 'amI 'SIde' Dlllmann 1907:401 anee, (KO) Idleness',
connects G. ,~nto In ongin (not In me ' )' n.2 C ,
'aJras 'an.lsl (or 'a'nus) 'mares'. ·adg 'onJSl it also serves as a vocative element: e.g. 'onta A ~. . anmg \I.,th ('.mla·anl.lo 'accldentallv')'
b
He. 'el, r. · mda, and Identifies I'I WlI. h
'she-ass' • Jahuya 'you, my brother!'; 'antiil (K*) 'impatience' - •
• •
the demonstratlve pronoun. While Delitzsch 115
,
)anastiro 'women folk. women.
- SEMITIC, masculine: Ar. >anta, SAr. ", Soq. Iret, accepts the Idea of the demonstrative he re· I h
·d ·fi . " e c SIal
~nlii~e (Gr) ·repugnance: dhgust. mdignatlUn"
"''!Yes; Heb. )QlIa. Aram. 'onto, Syr. 'a(n)t, Md. anar, Ug. h
of tel entl cation with Heb. 't!, Ar. <inda. ala antal, (T) mal'antal 'Impatlent, (T) who
't1fl!lSIOI1'/, 'an.,srQv. >onJstJ)'Gwi 'female, femi- at, Akk. otta; feminme: AT. 'ami, Soq. hit, Heb, Koehler 100, Baumgarlner 97 likewl·se c . grumbles' ;
,
'att, Aram. 'nlY, Syr. Jalti, Akk. atli. For more
' . onneet It
mne, wIth Heb: "1 togelh:r Wllh, by Ihe SIde of', Ph. '1 la'anlallala 'be impatIenl, be un",lIing',
SEMITIC AT. 'UfIla 'woman, female', SAr. 'flf-I, >11, delalis. see Barlh 1913 :8-10. Akk. 1111 along wIth. For Akkadian cp Ih .'
'·h be' . . .ra eruu SEMITIC' Ar 'alai •. Ik
Mh leI (for ler; Bittner 1916:21), Heb. 'i.ffii « ETHIOPIC, masculine : Te. ';mIa, Tna. 'onta ()atta) '0 WIt, side. Rundgren 1955:201 denves '.mla wh . a"a In a disordered way (man
you!' (the pronoun 'you' is expressed by nassJ~a). o has lost hiS temper). get angry (RUlICka 1.55)
·mJa). Aram. "ntilla, 'iltJ!D, Syr. 'alto. Md. onto, from milnta; els.ewhcre (p.218) he denves it from
anal, Ph 'ii, Ug. at-I. Akk. assa,u « ansalu). Amh antii, Gar. ant, anto, GUT. alii (also axii for >tllI( aj > ·iI.'. It IS also pOSSible to analyze 'Jnla as :.nlal am 1.1,,.1\9" (OK T). '.nlalim 1.1'''''9''
ETHIOPIC Tna. 'anJslii},/i, 'anilsli 'woman', Te. '.:ISSEI which see Leslau 1979:35); feminine: Tna. )anti • 'In (for which see Akk. in, ina 'in, through'~ see also kmd of measure' •
(for '~m,.t), 'al/iiS 'female', Amh. ani/sl, ;milst 'worn- 'Qtli '0 you!' {the pronoun 'you' IS expressed by 'anbala, '~n=a) and a demonstratl .. e element -'(aJ
an' 9 GUT ,milst, iI,ito. Har. ;mils,i, Gar ans.Jtii. Arg. nJssJ~i}. Te. 'Jnti, Amh.Gaf. anti, Arg. ane. Gur ETHIOPIC: Te. >Jl 'on. m. by. \l.lth. because of'. 'JUa ETHIOPIC' Te.Tna 'anliilam 'a dry measure', For
im.,Jia. For ItS connection 'W,th 'ns. see nJ'sa. below. ati (also ax', for which see Leslau 1979.37). 'there',. Amh. ba·.mtii 'for the sake of' (from G ). more details on 'Jlllaillm St."'e Pank.hurst IQ69.
) T .... eez. 11117 .
The root also occurs in Cushitic; Bil. enti, Aw.Qua. a so .~n . na. mania, banta (for bii-'ilntii). Amh.
'.nsa) 1.1ftJ'. (KD 1405) 'supplementary mmta; with metathesis in Te. matan 'for the sake
enl. Sa.Af. alU. Qem. anti. See also 'antammu, 'an- 'ntlll, la'anlallal. "'I\')"'A'~I\; 'ee 'nll
monlh'; tall. of'. Tna. m,lan. See also Remisch 1909149.
from Ar 'an-nasi, 'mtercalary days of the Coptic 'anl.mu 1\1:"00- 'you' (pI. masc.);
year' '3nla I 1.11' 'through, by way of, by, at, into, '3nta " ~ 11' (relatIve pronoun, feminIne) SFMITIC' Ar 'antlU"u. Seq tin, Heb. 'tUlrm (from
to, in Ihe direction of, because' (see Dillmann 'who, that, which';
'anlr lll ). Ararn, 'anlun, Syr '(lI/em, Md. analun, lig.
'an~ir h "'lC, see na~~ara. 1907;401-2); Ihe suffix pronouns are attached to the base atm, Akk. allu For more details, see Barth
is used with various prepositions: e.g_ '.nta '.nli>a-; e.g. "lIIi'aya 'that (she) of mIne'; 1913: 10IT
'ansorra
•
1\1,.", 'andorra
•
1\1f"; see drr.
•
diba 'on, over', 'Jnta mangala 'through', )~nla for the usage of the relative pronoun. see the mascu. :THI?PIC: Te. 'allium, Tna. 'antllm, 'attum'o you"
d.~ra 'behind', ,.nta q.dma 'in front of, 'Jnta line pronoun :0. The final ·1 is a feminine milrker (you IS ,e~pressed by nJJJ,l~alk"m), Gur alum,
",,,Ia 'through', ',"la ~aba 'by, along', ,.nta Amh.Gal.Arg. ,lIInan/a is rormed with the mor-
'anasul
•
1\.,,,,,:,., see 'ansawa I. but the Init.ial )In .IS difficult to explain. It IS perhap~
•
ba~lilu 'he apart'; pheme of the plural imnii + atlla 'thou' Sec also
to be Identified WIth Te. '.11 ',"JIIla 'while she is', HaT.
Leslau 1956 ' 54 The root aho OCcur.. in Cushttu::
'an~a .. a I. 'a,,¥wa, 'a~wa (pi 'ana~ul) 1\11\ kama ';mla 'just as, as'; inli! 'she is' (so also Rundgren 1955 :2 11). Barlh
811. entin. Qua entail. Av.. am';. Sa. min. For the
'I' , 1\ 1 '" 'I' , 1\1,.'1' 'mouse, weasel'; it is also used as an expression of circum- 1913 : 109 states, "lch vermute emen berben- singular. see 'un/a.
stance; e.g. '.nla k".llahe 'all over', '.nla 'ayy schen Stamm" There IS the pOSSIbility of '.mla
SEMITIC' the connection with SAr ntjl\' 'destroy',
J.nol 'which way (did he go)?'; being common with Berber, but not taken from 'anl.n 1\1:"1 'you' (pI. fern 1.
Heb. ntho (nsy) 'fall in rums' (that IS, 'be destroy- Berber
ed') suggested by Nyberg 233 is unlikely. is used for the expression of an adverb, as In SEMITIC Ar 'unlunna. Soq 1m. He-b. 'aufn, Aram.-
ETHIOPlc: Tna. 'an{iJlm 'mouse', Te. 'on~oy, 'o1t$oy. )iJnta w~s!ii wa>anla >a/)iihii 'inwardly and Syr. 'Ullin, 'Ollt'n, Akk. nUllla. For morc details ....ec
Arg. hent; from Cushitic: Bil.Qem. ;miJwo. Qua. outwardly' ; '3nti'a· ~1tl\-; see ,.nta II. Barth 191.1 10ff.
tn,{ell-·ii. Sa.Af ondiiK·o. Kham. JCJWO (so also Prae- ba'.nla (zaba,.nta) 'about, concemmg, regard- ErHIOPIC Te. 'Jnt.m. Tna. 'ontm. 'Olt,'II '0 you!
1011 us. ZD.\fG 47[1893).338). Amhanc a,'1 'mouse'
ing, with regard to, with respect to, on accounl '3nl.kku (acc. 'anlakku. '.III.kk" 0) 1.1-l-h- ('you' is e~pressed by nJ.uJ~a'kJn); Amh.Arg
can go back to *01t$oy, *on~a)' > aJ'! (~;th n be- 'Ihat' (demonstralive), Har.Gaf Oriental Gur. same as m<l\cuhne; for
commg uro). In case it does not go back to .on~o)',
of. by reaSon of, for, on, for the sake of (as
West Gur. and Sodd". see L«I!lu 1956:54.
cpo Akk. oy~u 'weasel' See also honsawa, hanse. in the expression ba,.nta maryam 'for Mary's for the masculine, see :akku;
.. "
sake' [a beggar's cry)), for the purpose of, it is composed of '.1nta and -(k)ku, for whIch see 'antidiqomir!os, >an!idiqomirya!os 1\ 111\1l~""
'a~a .. i II 1\11\'1' (T) 'fly' (n). below.
because of, thanks to, on behalf of'; C(l1ft , 1\111\1l~""CJ'lnft'the religIOUS sect of
ba'.nla za + perfect 'because' (conj.); the Antidicomarianites (for which see W. H
'.np".1
, 1.1lt'l'A, 'aop"al 1\1lt'l'A 'kind of ba,.nta ZJ!ZJntu 'thus, therefore, for the reason '.nlikti (acc. 'anlakla) ~1;1-h·t 'thai' (fern.); Lampe. ed. A palrislic Greek lexico". Oxford,
ant. 1961, p. I 53a).
that' ; for the masculine. see :iJkIU;
see also ~ru~h'ol. 'a~nak'iil.
ba'~nta manl 'why?'; from 'Jnta augmented by ·k, -I; see also -(k)ku. from Gk. antidikomarianilis: see 'un!imJn:iil().~.
34 ~ appal~",oo
~kHI~I ________________________~~----------~--~--~----~'~'-2'~ 3S
",papa}" TT iT) -love, desire, .
'initoli hS(flf\. (Tl ')oung camel'. 'appela~oteo hA.A r-m. '} 'east "ind-,
'Opiip,' iT) 'fnend': \1 4().j translates It 'kind of ..
E~PI( -'mho ~1UJloIi ')oung female camel'.
demon' on the authonty of Ta~)a, but Tana from Gk. api/lolin. ace 5g. of apibolis, same. 'lI~P'fJ:') OS hAC.,r-fI (TI 'meat' ,
renders it v.ith Amh. wiidag 'friend' ~ote Probabl) rather ilIUmaI sacn
.... fUJi,. ~ ')/ll'~'\. '.nlUlu- ~ ')/ll'II-II; see
• that 'fnend' could be a euphemistic expresSion "'ppomidi ~ere ~A"'tJl AF.", (D), '.ppe-
I
for 'demon'; cpo also -ar,kt 'friend' (fern) used moo, "'~!"lmodi }"A.""~ I ~A""J1 fT), " -eppis qoppos., 'tppisqoppos h,A.1I • "'An I h,A"
I'l~AI'l 'bishop' . , _.
""filiI ~')IT\.fI.T iLl) 'small part". euphemlSticall) for 'snake_ See also 'eSFa Ip I, H IS a combination (If two \\ords . ~rpomidQ and
• liqa ."PPI!J qOf{'OsJrchblShop'
SE\OT1C probahfy to be c('Innected ~11h Ar. na!/a '3 II; podR,i; for epJ4)midii (from Gk. tpOrn';: ace ep&rn_
"'I!PIS q.oPfJC'~nnii 'funct.on of the b h p, q>l
small blt' Or lS then:" any connectJOn with Tna SE.\UTIC Grimme 1914:.264 connects It \\ilh Ar. Cial, see "ppe11UJS, below, for pod"•. see below
• • copa(]"
Wltilut '.:m1iJIut 'small poruon? ! ~abba 'deSire', Heb. 'ara f·b.}'} 'want"
, "'ppemidar }"A."'t~C (T \15w . In D 806). "ppe- from Gk. <pishp"" 'o'..ncer buhop also Te. • p-
>antimin'ito.
• • •
~ '}Ill."C!(flfl: see 'an!ldiqomii,- 'apirupe 1'I;r~T iT) 'church custodian'; midi }"A."'tJl (KG) 'marble; ., p-.q°I'PDS, Amh. cPplSqopPDS. ~ also kDrr ...
lOS I!isqop/?01, 'OblUqubW ..hu kobas.
perhaps corrupt from Gk. presbYleros 'elder. priest', (\1.107 "rongl) renders Tayya's " hnii Mriid
>anlorto. ~'}(flC(flfl (KLt) 'hell, the mfemo, see also 'arpa/N. [the Amharic translation of '~ppenlld>rl by >a~tu I'Ik1: (Tl 'intenor room used for pmJ
'hail', in fact it also mean, ·marbie'). cv"
!h; u~dm\orld, Tatar (legendar) animal)': "'pasfU }"Tfli: (T) 'tent'.
,
posslbh from Gk. en tarlora "10 hell' (Sahnger)~ also from Gl. abaJon 'inacceSSIble r()(.'fD of a tctnple·
"'ppiimidis, -eppimides,'eppemidis ~~"'tJlfl :
Amh. ;""0"01 (from Geez!. See also ba,baros. >.ppediqs.yo, '.ppe<!"'Isayo ~A.JI. .pfli": ~A.~
h, k "'t F. fI : h, A. "'t "I fI, (t i '" ppemedes ~A. "'L 'a~~I)don, 'tPPI)don hAY.f.") t ~A!,f."),
'antlri",i h')IT\t-1D-1f (TI -bird of prey';
.ph·r- (n name of a fabulous tree;
F.fI;
.. (OT T) >Ippo)don h~J""')enchanters, ",z-
- from Gk, epldeksiou. gen. of epideksios 'auspicious' ards> IT) S~tan',
from Gk. epornides Inom. pi of ,p5mu) ·shoulde.. ;
>appif hA.'t:, name of the eleventh CoptiC it renders Heb. kJ!tfXJ! 'shoulders, sides' OT 5 5 from Gk cpaoidiin (gen. pI. or <p;nws' 'enthant.
'""," ~')/I 'while, "hereas, when_ .. en as. I month (corresponds to G. hamle); nusunderstood Ez 4 f. 2 and wrongly rendered "PI"- er'
although_ even though. smce; also used peri- ! medii by 'width of door' ~
rhrastically as partIciple or adjective: e.g. from Copuc ,pip. See also 'abib. >aq(q) h+ (T) 'leather boltle',
n'~ya ktiliJ'Cin '3n:a YJqalnomu "he saw others "'ppemos, 't'ppemus, "'ppomidi ~A. 'l"fI ; ~A. see .Iso "qiq.
"'ppifimyi, "'ppifimyi ~A. 4-")! : ~ 1:4-") J'
standing' (see D,llmann 1907:~19, 484-5); 'Eij'phany' ;
"":'h : ~~""tJl. (Lil ",ppomido >J."'tf.
MITfe perhaps AT. 'idii '"hen', SAc 'd. Dlilmann 'pnestly garment made of two PieceS JOined on I >Iqabir M·I]·}- (T) 'thi,tle'
from Gk. eplphan,ia 'Epiphany'; also Amh. e"pifa . lhe shoulder' (translation of the Heb. 'ep(>tj).
190~ :419 analYZe\ G ·~n:a as >arr-:a; \'on Soden 380 I >aqlimidon ~.p~"'tf. '}. I TI >aqlillkdin ~+~"'I
compares '.JII (If ·~n:a "llh All. ina 'in, through'
n.Jya.
from Gk, epomis (act.:. ~g, epomiJa). same, -
II'} 't\\igs. (n euphorbia',
Rundgren 1955:202 hkewise g:i,'es to '.m ofwl:a the
, .
lidnlng 10 ..
'appolog.yu I'IAiI-..,\,- (LI) 'precious stone':
.,
"'ppoppi, . },,~~
.. "'ppippe
'"
I h.AA. 'hoopoe'; from Gk klimalldiin I gen. pI or klima,is) 'vine-
ETltIOPIC Te. ',mao 'while' {\o\ith a 'ananl J,.= (hat note that Gk, apologos means 'fable, stor),', branch'
from Gk . • popa (ace. (If '('Ops) 'hoopoe' See also
occurs on Tigre,. Pr.wonus 1879:80 demes Amh heppopO
>appolon I'IAfIo"); see >appal,yon. . "'q'es.)i h.pl\.fI.I', tGr 435) >aq1a'lyi h+ilfI!
>na ·"hi ..' from '.n:a; so also Rundgren 1955:61. .. •
'.
~church',
•
>ap hT (TMA M) 'warrior. courageous, brave, see 'al!l!argiJyon, >aqin, >aqini, ''''lin ~.+") I ~.+), I ~,+").
strong' ~ >appaiaYOD, >appoloo hkAI'"") : hAfIo") 'he (T.!l.t) ''''Ian ~+'), (D 1.197) ''''Ian 11+") 'thistle.
• • • • >appargayoD, 'apparoga"on hAC"'Ir-") I I'IAr:.,
see also sap who destroys" thorn, (T) low-grow 109 plant, parasitic plant';
, >
M: (Lt) >Ipporiewon Met".." (T) >Ipporgan
from Gk. apol/yon 'a destroying one': also Amh. ht.c"'/") 'prec;ous stone: _. from Gk akan 'Ihistle'.
>eppifi'3yi ~1:4-')'; see >eppi}anayii. api.Jron 'destructive enemy'.
..
see also ·;yopPQrgilyon . >aqinim 1'1.+),,.; see qJnurn.
q __ _____________________~J~6~_______________________________'_"r_._bo
.aqaq mlql.:. __t
' 'aribot 37
.q.q m.q.q >..,.+ ' "".,,+ (T ~t) 'pe>lle and 'ar hC (Tl 'lime'; ~:=~-=~:=~~~~~~~~~--~--~~
'a ribot, 'arabonal, 'arabnat ht-flt , hlfl'i"
____________________________o~'.~rgi~
mortar. perhaps for 'rr and to be Identified with 'er 'Sun ,
day' > 'time' t ' hlflH· (01404, TOT), '.rbot hCflt SE..\UTJC~
the connection wah ~rn. 'rk "be long'
ETHfOPI( mh aqiiq moqaq. ~ame (Gr0238) 'ground corn', (Heb, 'a,o~) suggeSied by Brockelmann Iq28 49
, unhkely .
"qiq >.4:+ (T) 'perfume boHie, preClou, slone: 'uri'u (T') h-t-h- 'waist' fr~~ _Gk; araphalh, tran~nplIon of Heb. hiirfpo!, EmoPlc - Tna. - 'ara··.,/<,Q- ' be o
Id-. 'ar05:'QM"I
- ,, 'tJroga')
~arleO! grams of sand (2 Kings 17~ 19 - =
,old. Te. 'arraga 'become old'. Amh. orra~a, araida
"
from AT ~aq;q \:..1.mc!lan' (gem). al~o Amh . I1qlq 2 Sam. 17: (9).
'lq:atc
, 'a"ayii hChY, (T) '."aya hCOY, see "'ya, beold' arORe 'Id' G ur, ragt?', Har ra~J ' -'
" 0 , The roots
'arbol ('.rabol) hCfl-l- (hlflt) 'kind of Iree'. are different In the various languages: ~rg (G_Te
'"qri~.,on h+{r')f'1 (Tl 'perfume 'era' h.t-" (DTB), 'era'e h.t-~, a name of the , ;;~~;"h), "~y (Amh), ,gy (Gur). Praelonus, ZD-
moon, ETHIOPIC Te. ';lrib 'a tree' See also 'arOI • (1893). 393, and Ceru)h 1936:268 deme II
'aqiron h,4'r.'1 (Tl 'ft)',
could be either a corrupt transcription of Heb. from Cushitic: Sam, rag 'to last' Kham , QTE'~ 'be.
perhaps fr(lm G~ okari "kind of mllc'
'aroda hC'JI 'one of the nails with which come old' is probably borrowed from Tna '~raf(a,
l'iireDh 'moon' or a misprint for 'eros, below, ,
Christ was crucified, (T) Ihe fourth one' (re-
~aqri!o, h~/rlnn , ,CC' 'ukrO!Ofl. fernng to the nail): .. rag I h.l"l (T): see 'frag I
'aru'er h~'tC (T) 'jackal',
from Ihe LatIn AREPO > ~c~ Aropo In which ~ .. rag II h.l"l (T), 'trag 'tl"l (KG) 'sword,
'Iqir»o h:"Cf'; see "arara III . d an dsubstltuted
'
'ara'ut hCD-t 'yoke, band for the neck, collar'; was mlsrea by Jl.. do; thus 'JiG'Jl.
po
(KG) sword from Balaw (Ihe ancienl Mushm
'Iqi, h,"'f1 (T) 'pearl. preClou, stone, 'arodD, ~C''1 'arodii (Euringer, ZS 6[1928].304) See
SEMITIC, from a rool r')I; cpo Ar, 'ur'UI1'K'Q 'yoke' also sodaro kingdom in northeaslern Elhlopia)':
rcrhars ~(trrurt from Gk akhiz,b 'agale' See also (Dilimann 309). mudaya 'erag (T) 'shealh', iiI. 'Ihe receplacle of
vzJ,.-d!•.1$. ETHIOPIC Te. 'or'Ol 'yoke', Tna. 'ar'UI, Amh. arul Ihe sword',
'OqalJf . 'ardab hCY.fI 'measure of capacilY for grain':
(from Geez). from rrK '. below; passed into Cushltic :
'Iq""t >'+f1f1~', 'aq",t h+f1t, see qaff. Sa, aro'ut. For Praetorius' opinion. see 'aroya, be. from Ar 'irdabb < Aram. 'a'lb~a. 'a,!al?ii (of ..reg h.t."1 (S" , In 0 1.196) 'kind of plant':
low Iranian origm) > Akk. ardabu; passed also into see 'ergiihe.
'aqt. h+m. l T) 'preclOus slOne, Gk. artabi. Coptic erlob, arrab (see Sethe. Nachrich.
'arabo hlfl (T) 'pledge, earnest'; len ..,'on der koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissen. 'origa >'t;J, (T) 'arigi, 'arga ht;J , >'C;J
mho bJri'llt' 'c-arafc' f[ranslallOn gl\;en b) Tana) I~
schoJten ;u GOllingen. Philologisch.historische 'roebuck, kind of gazelle, (T) c1ipspringer, gi-
probabl) a ml'pnnl for b~rjjflc ·crystal. quartz' See see 'arabon. Klasse, 1916, pp. 112-6).
II.lsi) od.lt. abo\(' raffe, owl' ,
'a rbi' I, 'arbii,.ttu hCIl" : hCIl".,,; see 'ardamis, 'ardam.s, 'ardamawos hCJI"'l.f1 , from Gk. oryga (ace. of orrks) 'gazelle'
'>qatu h"'m- (n 'monke)'
rabba'a, hCY.9"f1 : hCJI"'1JPIl (0 1405, T), name of a
Greek goddess (ArtemiS), 'argab hC;Jll (OT), 'ergab II,C;JfI (KLI)
'aqitin, 'aqi!on >',"'1TJ1 , h."'(fI1 'kind of 'chest, Irunk, (L1) kind of wood':
locusl' , 'arbi' II hCIl" (T) 'angels';
mlSpnnl for 'arbiih ~Cqil, 'arodayon hC'~f'1, (T) 'ord.yon ),C~f'1, (L1) from Gk. argab. ergab. transcnptlOn of Heb. 'argo:
from Gk IlttllAin (a".~ "r attuki5) 'kind of !()(USI' 'arod.ynon hC'~f.'l'') 'heron, (T) IbiS, slork', read as 'orgall. See also (MIt'rgah.
Sec also "t1rQq4rJ
'arbib hCllfi (L1) 'mYriads, (D.T) name of a from Gk. erodion (acc, of erooios) 'heron', '.rgeb hC1.ll (Gr 239) 'soulh, soulh wind',
"qit"' h,"''l'f1agate' , body of angels' ,
'arif httt: (T) 'Iasl year';
see wk51~S. oaqd.r. for the classes of angels, see Dillmann 287. under ... rgab
, h.C11l (T) '"alercourse formed by ero-
'Qrbab, from Ar 'arbiib (pI. of raM 'masler): variant of bari}: below. slDn ,
'jr hC (D 14(4) 'oath',
ETHIOPIC Amh. arbab 'a body of angels or of
troops' (from Geez). For 'myriads', see rabbawiil. 'araft (pI. 'ararat) hltt:t, (T) 'ar.ft Oltt:t .. rgahe h.C;J~ (T) 'kind of grass',
from Gk.. QrQ \0""" illsu S)T larii "ImprecalJon.
pfl)er cu~· 'wall, (Gr 239) bulwark, partIllOn of boards'; ETHIOPIC Ina 'argtlhe (also raghe) 'kind of grass
'.r,bon hlfl1; see 'arabon, SEMITIC: Ar, ·arrafa 'set limits to', 'urfa 'limit. fron- with which one makes baskets' See also 'ereg
"'r, 'ir M: I h.C (D 1404, OT B) ',un, (T) lighl', uer' (Dillmann 746), SAr 'rJf lW. Miiller 1983:
'.rabonat, 'arabnat hlfl'i"t , hlfl~t; see 277), Soq. 'arebeh 'wall' (WIth allernance of lablals) 'arginon hC;J'l'1, (L1) 'Orginon )'C;J'l'1
frHJOPf( HaT ;,sun', Gur arT It h difficult to
lno\\ \lhether this rOOt is horr~y,cd from Cus.hltlc 'ariihOI. ETHIOPIC: Te. ';lrJat'side'. 'stringed instrumenl, IUle, harp';
ISa,Af Q'rQ. Qab arlli), as suggested b) Cerulli 'arganona I\'addase, prayers to Ihe Blessed Vir.
'.raga (ya'rag) hl1 'be old':
19'6 ; 23~ or Yo htther it rerrescnb the EthlOPIC root 'arb'q hCO+, 'arboq hCfl+ (T.M) 'thorny gin for the days of Ihe week, hI. 'Ihe harp of
"nIr {G. 'ClIPllr ·sun. dol)'", see above) wllh "",cakened rose' , 'aragtiwi, ·aragay (fern. 'aragoJ't, aragit; pI. the praise: see Hammerschmidl, in Assfalg-
m POSSIb!) the E.thlopic root 'amIT was taken Ov'cr >a'rug, 'aragawayan) 'old, old person, full of Kruger 26,
as ,r In CushltlC and lben borroVted under Ihls form '.rabot hlflt (T.M) 'plain': years, elder, elderly, aged, senior, abbot, name
from Gk. organon 'musical instrument"; also Chr.-
b) the .. nous fthlopian languages. See also ." of Ihe prinCipal of Ihe nine saints';
for 'aronol, proper name of a place. Ar. 'arganiin.
, ,
Syr. 'organon 'Instrument', Amh, arga-
'Jrganna 'old age'; non organ.
.18 'arpape •
'arqamm
39
'ormii)-'ii 'gentiles';
. {\
Jar_gil '1.1.'}-
• •' ..' ce ('ara~a).
~ ~tlrl1Kiht'l, 'orqomin hC4'''7. ') (Gr.237), 'orqomin hC","'l.
rrom Heb. 'drammt (Ullen~o~1f 1968 122), . while ') (ID 1404,OT) 'thorn. acacia, forked pole, ' .risib h':'lI.ll 'dev,,:e for bringing »aler from
. . 'ara.i'
-arag."" hl.?'f : hl.;Jf,; see 'aragll. 'ormii)'li has a Syriac ('urmaya) form; also In Te. a well',
f'I J '" wooden .instrument used in preparing thread
'ariim~ Tna. 'ariimOlri. See Noeldeke 1910:35, n.4, ,
'argr .. o, hCll"1I (LI) 'while Imen' : and 'aramone.
for weaving: ETHTOPIC Amb a,a.~ib, same.
pcrhap~ frl'm Gl. dr~lJ 'shimng. whltc' corrupt from Gk. barkenim, transcription of Heb. • •
>arslmatradas, J8rsi matridi. Jarsi} matnyi-
'armodid hC'I"JlY: (T); note that 'armododo barqonim 'thorns ' See also bariiqenim.
das (malr.d.yiin) hClI.ouTI.JlIIhCII. : I
,.rig"iz h/''lll (KG) 'saddle' rendered by D 1404 pru!,offended, abused' is
'arqewonon, 'arqewonos hC</:ID"I;';'') : hc</: ouT':JI , hC"'. : ouTCft:1I (OUTCY:J"),
wrong since 'armodada is a verb in the perfect,
....hu h,CII" (T), name of a slar: 0)00/;';'11, (Sw. In D 742) 'artewqenon hCi:ID'</: (K) 'arsimortidis hClI.ouC1;JlII 'abbol, prlnci.
pal of the monks'·,
rcrh~ir" from SYL 'llryii 'Leo. the sIgn of the zodiac 'armaksahu hC"'IIl"1I" (T) 'Holy Spirit'. 'i,), (K) 'artewqinon hC1,.lD't';'') 'Juniper';
I(lf August' from Gk. arkhlmandrues 'prlnclpal of a group of
from one of the various cases of Ok. arkeurhinos
'ormami hC"'I"'l. (T) 'scale, balance, (KG) 'made of juniper', monks'; also Chr.-AT 'ars; malridas.
'.riih (pI. Wtjh.itl >'6o,}, 'palm of hand': judge' , 'arson hC(I') 'load, weIght, board';
SI MITIC Ar. rii~a 'palm of hand', Soq. ri~'~h. Hcb. perhaps originally 'that makes things quiet or bal- 'aroro (p'ror) hl.l. 'reap, gather, harvest'; see also 'arsos.
{dhal 'winnO\Hng shove!'. Ug. rh'~m 'hands (dual), anced' (see rmm II, ·armama). 'a'faro, causative;
A"- rjff" 'hand' (Holma 119) Brockclman? 1908 •
ta'arra, tOJorara, passive; 'orsas, 'arsis hC1I1I : hCII.II, (T,M) 'arisis h60
2JO (omparcs S~T lah.J!Q 'palm of hand (With 'aramane hl.ou). (Lt) 'uneducated'; [(J>rir 'harvest, crop'; 11.11 'herelic';
ahcrnanC'C' of liqUIds), mfi..,ar 'harvest, what IS harvested (produce, fa'arsasa (Gr.462) 'become a herellc, be a here.
ETHI(lPIC' Tna. rahar 'pa lm of hand' IS borrowed ETHIOPIC: Amh. wiiriimiine 'uneducated' (from tic' ,
Gcez). See also ·arami. fruit), vintage, summer, autumn';
from Ara!)ll' The comparison With Sa. harD 'hand'
su~{'sLW by Rcimsch 1890 ; 190 is unlikely. a secondary form of 'araya, below. from Ok. ha;resis 'heresy' through Chr -AT 'araslS;
••
'ormes hC...,,1I (T) 'chain, necklace'; ETHIOPIC: Amh. arrarii 'reap, mow', marrara also Syr 'ereJis. heresls. See also 'a/sis.
'.r~ hclI, see 'tlmko. see 'ormasaqos. 'gather the harvest, glean' (denominative from rna.
rar); also Cushitic: Som. urur 'crowd, mass', Sa.Af. 'arsos hC(l1l 'load, burden':
~.rkt' , In maS.lh.f. larke, see <aroka. arar 'glean'. from Gk. arsis 'lifting, what is lifted, load', See also
, , 'armiS3qos hC"'III.f>fl, (L) 'ormisqos },C"'l.1I
",11, (U) 'arnesqos, 'arneskos hC).fl",1I ! hC), 'arson.
'''kib >,Cll~l, see "kiih. 'erar h,l.C (T.K) 'sky':
111>11 'small necklace, chain, bead';
'ar;)stab
, hCII"Ill; see 'a"slii/fib,
.
'.rkubil >'CIl-I]T, 'arkubil hCIl-I]T; see rfi· from Gk. hormiskos 'small necklace'. See also ETHIOPIC: Amh. erar 'sky' (from Geez); see also
kubll 'armes. 'irna, above. 'orso!alu hCII"I"- (T') 'mirror':
'aroran h C' 60 ') (P) 'perfume'. could it be a wrong form for ·arsa~abu. 'ar;JS~ab?
'.rk ...... mlon hChCI'I.!1""'') (ID 1404) 'a stone 'irna h.C'i' (T.M) 'sun':
of golden color'. 'ar.s!ilib hCII"IlIll. (T) 'aras!i!ibalu hCII"I
perhaps to be identIfied wilh 'erar 'sky', below. 'aruran 1\~6o ') 'field, (K') a big Iree, wild date
ETHIOPI( . Amh. arkiir.\fmton (from Geezl See 'ak- "II]/\-, 'araslib
, hCII"Ill 'aslrolabe',
palm, (KG) pomegranate';
r~Jnunton.
'orna },C'i' (T.M.Sw. In D 1396) 'kind of ante· from Gk. a.Hrolabos 'armillary sphere'; also Amh.
lope' ; from Gk. arouran, acc. sg. of aroura 'field'.
ar~s{alab. Sec also 'asqoloba, ·as{atab.
'.rl.r.lus hCI\.~/\-1I (T) 'who closes the gate',
SEMITIC' Syr 'arna 'mountalO goat' considered a 'araray h606o.f. 'mode of chanl dedicaled 10 'or.slalilu hCII"I"I/\- (T) 'wizard':
corrupt from Gk. prlOr(l's 'doorkeeper' See also • •
'iflUSQK'IJon
loanword from Akkadian (so Jensen In Brockel· the Holy Ghost'; it is used on ordinary days
mann 1928.50), perhaps Soq. 'erehon 'goals', S~ from Gk. Aristoleles, Anstotle. considered a wizard.
and also for the main holidays of the year:
'aun.
'Irr.m. hl.OD (T Y M) 'weed. correcl': ETIlIOPIC: Tna. 'arara~', Te. 'arara. Amh. ararav: 'orsiy matr.yidas (malrnd.yin) hC".f. I OUT
. .
from Amh Qrrama; aho In Te. 'arriima 'weed out, 'arnab, 'arnab hCHl : hC'i'll (U) 'hare'; passed into Cushltic: Bi!. nira. The noun is possibly CfY:1I (ODTCY:n) 'abbot':
(OfTC'Ct', Tna 'orramiJ, passed into Cushitic: 811. onomatopoetic jf it is connected with Amh. ~rrilQ see 'arsimalradas.
arLim ' '''l''C'(:1'. Kham , arem. SrMITlC: Ar. 'arnab 'hare', Heb. 'arnr!Jrl. Aram. 'cry for help', arr 'cry for chasing away goats'. For
'arn'~ii, Md arnab, Ug. 'nhb, Akk. arnabu, annahu. the other modes, see giJ<Z, ~~zl. For the various 'arsiy.sros hC".f.IIC'1I (D), 'arsayaros hC".f.
'.rami (pI. >uranuriin, laramJytin) hl.". ETHIOPIC Gur arbiiri,iii 'hare', Har. ~lQrbaiiiio. The modes, see E, Wellesz, "Studien zur athiopischen C'II (T.K) 'archbishop';
'healhen, pagan, non·ChrlSllan, Infidel. Greek, Semitlc.Ethiopic root is perhaps an Arabic loan· Kirchenmusik", OC 9 (1920).74-106, Tito Lepisa
word. from Gk. arkhiereuJ 'high priest'; also Chr.·Ar, 'arii
gentIle. (1I) Mushm', 163, Velat 76, 78, 686. 'Qrus.
)QrQmQK';. 'aramiiy. same~ also 'speaker of
AramaIC',
'arpape hC;J"r; (T) 'archbishop. patriarch'; >eras "'6ofl (K), name of Ihe moon; 'rt, la'oral. 1'hl.1' (T) 'be crowded together,
see 'aparupe. see also 'era'. constrain one another' ~
40
,.. yob 41
-- - :-~~--~~--~--~-=----~----------~----------__________________~~f~tu
.. ~ 'tiC a siring. package by Sl!MITIC AT. 'ufwiyya 'mountain goat', SAr. )fltly-n,
Amh . urrata
[THI(IPIC
t)1ng'
Heb. 'an" 'lion' (ror wh,ch see Wagner 29-30),
Aram.-SYr. ·aryii. Md . aria, Akk. arwiu 'buck (of
gateway of the church; T renders it wrongly
by 'gateway of the church'; ';}fazi "to.,. see ,Qzii .
'arol "C·,·
"- (T) = A m,I doqma 'tree of the
g Ozelle Of
mountain goat)' . Koehler 86 considers It
. . h
an 'African' loanword without giVing, owever, the
from Gk. horaio, fem.sg. of horaios ·young. fresh, 'iis, In ,.I'iis l.A"fI 'myrtle' ;
t<mrerate highlands'; beautiful' .
see ,also 'Onol name of the African language. from Ar 'as borrowed from Aram.-Syr 'lita ac-
ETHIOPIC: Tna. ·arawil. 'ara 'wild animal', Te. 'arwe 'aryob hCf"lI 'constellation Orion, shimmer- cording to Fraenkel 139. In other Semitic lan-
'Oril 1>./.'1' 'the law, the Ten Commandments, 'serpent'. Amh.Arg .Gaf.Gur. awre 'wild anima," ing constellation'; guages ' Heb. 'aJii ('), Md, asa, Akk, asu.
the Odateuch (that mcludes the Pentateuch (with metathesis), GUT. also a~~~, name ,of a, SPirit
that possesses a person. HaT. un wild 301mal ; also
from Gk. orion through AT. ··uriyiin confusing the 'esa lI.fI; see 'ys.
and Jo,hua, Judge, and Ruth)'; final 0 nand '-:" b; also in Amh . ariJyob. See also
10 CU~hltJC' Som. iir 'lion'. See )awro.~ars, 'a~ur.
J{)riitilt'l 'referring to 'ora, devoted to Mosaic 'oryon. lis h..il; see loyasa.
laws';
'.rwar l.cwC (T.Sw. in 0 1396) 'uneven, rough'.
, - - 'aryam (pI. 'aryiimii/) hC!'!" 'heights, the
fn'nl Aram.-S!r '(lrol'lU 'a.bib hMlI; see sbb II, III.
high, the highest, highest heaven, seventh heav-
' .. w.r l.cw-C (T) = Amh. sansa, either 'pole
'artodok. "C-fP,hfl (T), 'orlodoks 1>.C-fP·hfl en, (Gr.t58) kind of zemii-chant';
'asbanyii "fill')!, (T) 'asbanyi "M')!
which two men carryon their shoulders in
(1).') 'orthodo" , 'aryiimawi 'sublime, celestial, lofty'; 'moon';
order to transport a heavy object' or 'food
'arlodok,ci,n. 'orlodo/.;..\,1.1'l1I\'i 'orthodox: SEMITIC: Heb. ramim (pI. or ram) 'the high heaven'
'jJrl.,dob,ll',l \)fthodoxy'.
plant' to be identified with 'ason~yti, below.
(Oahood 1968: 247).
fn."lm Gk orlh{lt/(,hcH 'orthodo\' through Chr.·Ar 'ariwil ht.'I!t; see 'arwe. ETHIOPIC: Tna. >aryam 'highest heaven, kind of
'asad MIJ:- (T.K), a sign of the zodiac (Leo);
·lJrtaduJ...s, alsll Syr, .ir,od.ibti. Tna. '1lTlOdoksan"l zemti-chant', Amh. aryam 'seventh heaven'; from
rym, below. from Ar. 'al-'asad 'hon'
'.rwil l.C'I!t; see ('arwaya), 'arwuy,
'arto" "C'~(J)- (T) = Amh ..all:o 'Cord,a
\h\s,mica (for whIch see Streleyn 1973. "'ryon 1>.Cf",) (T) 'constellation Orion'; 'asflililo, 'asflililii, 'asfalil, 'asfililos "fl4-lI..fIl :
•
'arwaya hcwf (K*); see /a'arwaya; M4-ti."1 , MLII..1' : ;'fl4-II.."'fI, (T) 'asfali-
no, ~b.n from Gk. orion; see also ·aryob .
la'arwayo 'become brutal, become wild, be- - 'asfalilo
Ii, , hfl.tIl.."1 : hfl.tll..fIl 'bitumen,
'artc"qrnon "C'I:m-'k~o'): sec 'arqell'lmoll come savage, become angry, rise against like a pitch' ;
'or.yiinos ).C!'lfl (It), a name of the sun;
wild animal';
•
-
see 'uryares. from Ok. asphallOs 'pitch'; also Syr. 'aspa/!on,
,.rtibos, 'arlibiis "C"Iflfl : "CtIl.llfl, (T) 'Q'Qrwaya, causative;
Amh. asfoli!, asfalr. See also 'aj/a!is .
'artabo,
•
"Gmf1fl <(1).') 'ar!ibis "C"Il)fI 'kind 'nsto'anvaya, >aSIQ)Qrawa 'render wild'; 'aryires, 'oryares hC!tofl : 1>.C! tofl, (Lt)
of measure'. '.m-uy (fern, 'arwil) 'wild, fierce, savage'; 'asfaluto, 'asfalilu, 'asfalil, 'asfalilo hfl.tl'l-m :
'or.yanos 1>.Cf'lfl, a name of the sun; • • • •
St'e ·ordab. lo'arwayo( I) 'cruelty, fierceness, savageness'; hfl.tll..m : hfl.tll.. '1' , "fI.tll..fIl (TSwin
explained by Oillmann 774 as coming rrom Heb. '6r
D 753) 'sesame';
'.ratil "t."IA (ll) 'measure of "eight'; the verb is a denominative from 'ar»,£" above. brrrs 'light or the sun' (so also J. Halevy, JA
9[1867J.385); perhaps rather a variant or the rorm perhaps rrom Gk. asphalllOn 'clover' (Muller).
from Ar '0"01, pI. of rllli (01 Gklbfra] onglO). See 'araya ht.f, <araya Ot.f 'gather, glean, (Y) 'orayo.nos and to be derived from Gk. ouranos 'sky
al50l"l U". separate' ; > sun'. See also 'irna, ·aryos. 'asafim, 'asefe' hflL'!" I "tl..(.1. 'storehouse';
'.r.". "t.w (T) ' hurt, inJure',
'a'raya (Ll), causative; rrom Heb. 'dsuppim through Gk. esephim
ra'araua n ) ' t'te IOJured'. la'aryo (K'), passive; 'aryos hCf"fI (T+) 'sun'; see 'aryiires.
wuy (K'), pass. part. of 'araya; also (KG) = 'osf.n!u l.fltj:')-!: 'how much?, how many?,
metathesiS uf ' tlT 11l'OI{.Qra. belo\l. 'aryul hC~1' (T) 'supper',
Amh . kardiid 'kind of grass'; - how long?, how often?';
'..... "C'I' Ill) 'doak of dark hlue silk, blue SEMITIC Heb. 'ara ('ry) 'collect, gather', Ph 'ry, 'arz (pI. 'a'ruz, 'orziil) hClI 'cedar'; Dillmann 1907:361 derives 'ils/anlu from an interrog-
s,I'. , Akk. ani 'granary, storehouse'. ative >il and sa!ilntu 'what IS the size ofT. In connec-
SEMITIC: Ar. >arz, Heb. '(rrZ, Aram.-Syr. >arza, Md. tion with sa/tin, properly 'prominence, size'. Praeto-
ETHIOPIC: Te. 'ur5 (·ry) 'gather, glean', Tna. 'arii.
from Amh. unl"Q. an) kmd l"lf silk stuff. arIa, Ug. arlo For a Hittite origine of 'rz, see Rabin
yd; also In Cushltic~ Aw.Bil. ar 'gather, glean', See nus 1890:370-1 denves 'asfanlu rrom 'aifo-"n' ('aifo
also 'arOra, 1964: 164-5.
'.... e (pi. 'aralll/, 'arallit) hC'!: 'animal, ",Id 'howT in Geez; Stint 'how muchT in Amharic, from
ETHIOPlc: Te. 'orz, Amh. arz. Noeldeke 1910:43 wsn > ·'iJ/sanl > Iilsfanl. by metathesis). Rundgren
"nlmal , t><ast, "lid beast, reptile':
'ry, 'a'eraya hl\.t.f (T.) 'consult a sorcerer to states that G. 'arz (also Ar. 'arz) is borrowed from 1955:40ff analyzes 'ilsfanru as coming from ·'a!-siln
'IIrll', mJdr ·'nak •. serpent, dragon', Syr. 'arzo..
find out the future, have a predictIOn made'. -Iu, Sim representing s lengthened b.y n, the. un-
'aTln" harLS 'unJl"om. rhlOoceros·.
derlying ronn bemg 'ayfO-siJ-n-tu, It IS mor.c hkely
'<UKe :~rt 'SIlver d"h In the form of a snake'; 'arzo hCII (T) 'priest';
",royi 1>.C! (TO 1404, OT), 'oriyi 1>.t.! (0 to be derived from saln 'size' with a prothetlc.' a~d
ar"'ora, 01', ....1 .... see below, a suffix -lu by analogy With the numerals endmg m
14(4), proper name 'Beautiful' referring to the perhaps rrom Gk. hiereus 'priest' (Muller). See also
,arlO. -W. See also Gur, most (Leslau 1979:431), and -'u
•• dar 42 'askil 'askilon
43
from ,.,,-ka (so also partially Eltan, AJSL 44(1927_ •....(Muyl
'a,far hi'l.tC 'kInd "f dIsease'.
fnlm Ar "OJ/or ' yellow' ; it could then r~fer to
8J.186). Rundgren 1955 :32 analyzes 'ask a as coming
with reservations. Heb. 'r-tk(i/ an Akkadian loan-
word. H Bauer, ZS 10 (1935). 168 Compares tlu
- -
'oskit (pi 'cJsakt. 'usakJ/) Mlh,·}- 'te tlele. em
from ·',m-si/-ka > 'ilssiJko > '(J.lka, but there is no
Jaundl~c (Cp.- also Ar. safar 'jaundice'); also Te. root WIth Ararn. siI¥ol 'duster of grapes' S taha (of man or woman)'; g
need to introduce the element 'lin even if it OCCurs
ETHIOPIC Amh. askul 'bunch of grapes' (from
~~ITIC
'04iir ',ellow', Amh. as/ar 'fever that makes one
elsewhere as in ',mza; see also Rundgren 1955 Ar 'ask 'Iabla of Ihe vulva (0 Chen
haggard' Sec also sarra, :ii{rii, 'asfor, 'as/iirs. Geez). Amhanc askillla 'kmd of bmdweed' is not to
28-32. Dlllmann's 1907:395 Identification of wka
be compared with this root, contrary to Leslau S 0 3~. _WIth reservatIon.). Hob. >rItk 'Iesllclc'
with ~ad·ka is unlikely. Likewise unlikely is the yr ·cska. Ug. uJk. Akk Lfku -
'Isfir hi'l4-C (D) 'yellow. (T) precious stone'; 1958 ' II. See also sakala. ETHIOPIC", Amh . ,~.t k"" testicle , (from I':"- ) <-- I
identification of 'ilS (of JiJsko) with Ar. f;aytu 'where'
(rom Ar 'as(ar 'vellow' (see also 'os/ar, above). As 'aJak t. '-J~ Z . ~d S.
suggested by Praetorius 1879:269. Conti ROSSinI
for 'prcciou~ sto~e ', It could come from Gk. sapphei· 'askilon hilllll-,), (T) 'askiloni lIi'lllll-~
1912:77 connects 'iJska with Bi!. -sik, ·::.ik. Qem. -zi
r(l.( ·Iapls lazuli' suffixed to a verb to express a consecutive action.
'cluster of grapes'; 'ask~!in hi'll1m. '). ,ee 'akiil .•s.
opre Ion (or ¥s .l)p II 'e\'il SPlnt' strained, reslricted' ; a COl n ,· also Amh aJlar precious stone, )e\locl'. See 'a,... d "fI/DJ:" ' black ,
(Lt)
'a,fa', (lI) 'asr 'fastenIng (n), band. l1e' ; also JOfJWO.
from Ar 'aJtt-ad Sa: also ~tntilJ
-..(.)p fI, '<5(.)1'" "'fiT I "'fI-" (M) 'evil 'pICit'; ".val (n) 'binding, lying, bunch, bundle';
sec '('j ~ Jp 1 mO'Jsar, mO'lJ,rar. maJilsart (pI. maJii.fJr. mij'iI.fU . 'a,alarb >,"-rC1I (T) 'people or goods brought 'a\.. i, "M'C , see so,
riil) 'stnng, rope, bond, bundle, knol, snare, together from vanous places' I
'<5(.)1'" "'fiT (T) 'basket'
obligation, vow (spiritual bond), connection, ETHIOPIC" Amh . oJtarJh, same, IS)"~ t;) 'it. §cc IJ 'SII ,
'"'padakloni "flAf,hll-t 'turtle', Jomt, a Joining of boards',
,
(rom Gk 1J.~pldok.hl'limi 'shield turtle'
rna'JJa,a gahr (1I) 'black magIc', (on Ihe rOOI 'asiilarmu ""1'eD'" (T) ' moth, (\1) but- '."ay >'flf, (T), <\cI,lmalion of JOy ,
'asara used In magic, see Strelcyn 1955 XXII), lerfi y' ;
from Amh d.IJU)' for Yo'hl,h ICC" ha..tayo, nelo,,-, .
'a,piidi!os, '&spadalos "fllV!fIlfl : "fIA.II1'fI SFMITlC Ar 'osora 'bind, lie', SAr 'JJr 'take cap. perhaps from. 'iI.fal 'fi~c' an~ ·'ar,"u ( rilmu , of
'klTid of Ihorn used for perfume, (Gr.240J kmd
of )'trfume',
tive'. Heb. '(h'or 'bmd. tic', Aram. 'lisor. Syr 'e.f ar,
Md, asr, Ug. 'Jr. Akk. estru 'enclose, confine, take
unknown origin , For moth In connection with ,.sa,. hlPl (TS), '8\8" 0"'(. IY) 'foll0w
'fire', cpo Amh. yd3.w/.lral "moth ', hI. 'the dlOner of look
captive.
, . for Iracks' (denomlOahv'c) , ,
from Gk o,{palatho.v 'shrub Yielding fragrant 011', Ihe fire' 'dla" (l T) 'a.' a' ' path , Irace, Ira~k sole of
alw S)'r 'mpa/ilu,f . ETHIOPIC: Te. 'asro 'bmd, fetter', Tna, 'osara, Amh,
fOOl, fOOlpnnt, "sn, m.trk ,
auiirii. passed into Cushillc Sa. 'osar 'pnson' 'aslarO!> "fl1'C'fI (T ' ) 'sky, heaven',
'i>Sqabl. M+1I1; (T ) 'field', Sf\tlTlI" Ar taf(Jr. 'Ur "trat.-e, track , S\r ,!t, Soq
see also '.lJkapapa, and perhaps also ';,sq,Jrt 'aser "Il.C (T) 'praIsed'; perhaps from Gk a.f1t'fOJ, gen , ~g. of a.uir 'star' also 'Iho, ' follow' (wah h < I), Beb, >OJ., 'walk, Aram
Te. 'astir 'heaven", See also 'aHar , 'illaf ' pla~c', Syr "cI!ra. MJ "(ra. Ug. IJtr, ~H
''''Iuf >.fI.,,": (lI), 'a"luf bfl"'~: (l) 'b"hop'; probably a qualification applied to Au, (Asher),
one of the twelve tribes. aff /J I fU, ~'C 31 0 Onver 10 Bdumgartncr 11)67 51 '
frnm Gk, rpukppo.f 'overseer, bishop' through Chr.-
'asala
•
"()m IT) -bring hack. return' , E THIOPU • Te '(L~ra 'folio" the trace' 'aJlJr 'tral'(,: .
Ar 'Usquf, CoptiC epHqopOJ In which the mitlal p 'asrab "flt-1I, 'asriibal ""'It-IJ-)', see saraha ISprobably for 'aSota. 'a·Ucm of .~('Ia (see iM"r wta). Tna,tJJ.JilfiJ 'folio\!' the tral:cs', 'Imi,. ' tracc' Amh .
was laken as the Coptic article and Jkop became milr ' footpnnt'
See also 'abala.
u'qu{ IBlttner
'~.Iku/
W/.KM 2311909].250), Sec also 'asorayon, 'asiirnyon, 'asarayon "{lCI"1 :
1"1 I "()CI"1 'small coin, (KG) markel',
""C 'asliiliib ""'I"l1l1l (T). 'astaloba,
, , lobi hfl
'",Iii
'as.. iik "1"'I'h, \Ce 10k
' ..qolobi "fl4>II-IJ, (K ,T) "sqalobii "fl4'1I-1J mll-~ I "fI"lll-lJ (l.t) 'astrolahc';
from Lat. ossarius through Gk. o,,;sor'-on 'small 'a~aba MIn (T Y.M) 'anolOl, gre,he'
'a\trohtbc ' • com', also in Syr, 'auorii. The meaning 'market' corrupt from 'arJ.Hiiliih, abo ....e. 'ash (T) 'grease' (n)
corrupted readmg of the Arabic form wj-l as seems to indIcate a place where one deals with
u~~, (~ 'aHa/lih).
COIOS.
, . ""'Imt-m." (T. M), 'astarot
'Islariitin , ,,/"t"lC'-)- 'a~bii'(a)t (pi 'a.,an.·) "'I'IJ()')- 'tinger lOe,
(KO) 'idol', kind of mea,ure',
'>"1..1 M+C~' (T) 'field', 'isisa~ h.()A.n, (K) 'esisiih "'1'1."1) 'ra.sin cake
made of dried compressed grapes', from Gk. A.Hart{~n, ace . of A.fitarl(~. name of a SFMIJIC Ar . 'ub/J' 'linger', SAr ~h' St'l<l, 'f1ha~,
perhaps a mJ~pnnt for ~J5qJblt, above,
transcription of Heb. 'Mila.
goddess Heh. y,n.,_ Aram Jlb·a. S)r I-b'd, \ld Iha, Ug.
u.~h' I ,
"'''Ia,in "fl4'm,1 'myrrh oil, (T.M) reslO';
'.s.... "()m (KO) 'heal, give power" Tna \lJ/JhJ', Te f,l"'II, HJr ala"Ji"ia.
FTHIiIPK
corrupt form of Gk. staktin, ace. 5g. of slakli '0" of 'osol h{l:", see 'asawa. 'asawi (K oJ 'healer'; Gur IJlrhlll, Amh Id/. Arg. t/JJ, GJI'. Juto. \\uh b
myrrh' See also JJluqale,
..sal h"-r 'fire'; 'uSOI 'heahng, gIft of healing, remedy, (T K)
splrllual power';
becoming ~ao .
'asql,uqi!e "fl4'm-J'1T\, (T") 'perfume'; ".fiiliiwl 'fiery, crealure of fire, of fire', 'asabsib
, , "'111'1.11 (T). 'ee 'd.wn_uh.
ieC' JJluqUlf. qa.luqillf, Sn.UTIC ~kk a.Hi 'healer, physu':l<in' (from Su ..
S[MITW Heb. 'e!, Aram. 'lSsu!ii, Syr 'eiiilo, Md
'Sata, Ug. i.fl, Akk. iialu, menan a:u; see Leander, /'A IRII904-5)J90) > 'asbat "lI'lJ-r (T,M) 'wea,el',
"sqel.lS "flot'!'fI (l.) 'ascetic', Aram.·Syr. 'asyii 'healer'. 'Q,fJl 'heal', Md. aJU > •
EUIiOPIC": Te. ',l$ul, Amh.Gur dsal, Gar. iJ.'ialii, to be Idcntlflcd with 'Ill/ill
from Gk mkhiJ 'hermit'. Har d.far, lJUl, Arg. ilsad. Ar. 'as 'healer' (haenkeI261) > Gcel 'uW11 (Nocl-
dekc 1910:54) For Hcb, 'iiw;n 'deadly aCCIdent', to
'asar. (Y".lJr I "()l, (L.T) 'asa,a ""'l 'lie, tic be conSidered a euphemism Originally meanmg 'heal. 'asfir I "l\'~C (T), 'asfur "lI'4-C (S" In 0
'esle'.kiran "'M:"'h.t-1 'fish'; , ' .
1397) 'crudely made hockey· ball
up, blOd, felter, fasten, Imprison. restralO'; 109', Or to be identified with Ar 'QSil'U 'be sad,
'Q~sa,a. CCiu!,atlve: is there any connection with 'OkliJyiiriin, above? afflicted', see Buhl 55. . perhaps from 0k sphO/rel 'ball' IAmb",s)
ta'UJru. passIve; also 'tie one~lr·, ,ETHIOPIC": Tna. 'oHay 'bravol'. Amh J.uiil', Te. 'aso
benefit, hall' are to be connected With 0 , luuuyu 'asfir
•
II "lI-~C, see s.>fr
,.",rAt 46 '.tlWI
,
- _.- •
47
,.,lil Mt4.-l' (T.M) "tone marten' (animal 'atrikon h-l'tl',) (KBT) 'prophecy';
Jete 'pass', Heb. 'lilii ('IW/y), Aram. 'ola, Syr. 'eta,
ah"ullhr SilO of a cat which makes burrows), ETHIOPIC : Amh. olrikon (from Geez), See also Md. ata, Ug. 'Iw. -
'take a small amount of bread, pinch' and,
SN' also '>(J\bal. 'o·olrikon. ETHIOPIC : Te. 'ala ('Iw) 'enter. come, return home' therefore, wrongly renders G. 'alaqan by .fist
rna. ·atawa; also In Cushitic: Bil.Qua.Dem. em:
,..Iodi t.~1VI (T) c Amh , .s_
'tr~ of the hot 'atrikos h-l't-I'll 'precious stone'; Kham. el.
small amount, pinch'; . ,
1,,;'lands which has edible berncs. from Ok. Qltaken, acc. sg. of Quakes 'locust' Sec
from Gk, anlhrakos, gen. sg. of anlhraks 'coal, 'atewoqe~ hi;JP-II,), (0 1405), 'aleweqeh h1;'Il also 'aqatan.
precious stone of dark color'. -II,), (KG) 'galleries'; .
'o,m.1t t.~9"A·}; see ~ml 'a!Tons h1'c.")ll 'reading desk';
•
'alron t.-l'f':,) (T) 'lectern, reading desk'; Iranscription of Heb. 'alliwiiqihii (Ez. 41: 15). see 'alrons , 'atron.
'o,ni",il Mt~''''l\ (T.M) 'kind of oat';
ETHIOPIC' Tna. 'alronos 'reading desk'. See also
S~~ also h.lffsiHnj/, '~npwa/. 'alewqinos, 'alewqinon hi;tD-</:<;ll ! h1;tD-</: 'a,irqon, 'a,orqon, 'a!Tiqon h"lC~') ! t.1'C~
'alrons. 'o!rons. If' (KG) = Amh. ziigba, a large tree resem. ') ! h1't-~' (0 1406, OT 584) 'firstlings sacri-
'I 'ian "~l.; ~c(' :\'1"", .yora. bling the cedar. fi ce ' ,. ,
• 'atrons, 'atronos, 'atranos h-l'f':,)ll , h-l'f':<;
'ost t.~.} (T M) 'ball of wood or woven lealher
II I h-l't-Ifll 'throne, seat, tribunal'; ..,o'i h.1'h (T), ""oyi "1.(fII (It) 'willow tree'; scribal erro~ for loparqon "TC.f1 (so 0 1406); from
, , Gk. aparkhon, gen. pI. of aparkhe 'firslling'. See also
""r' uscd 10 hod,ey game , from Gk. thronos 'seat'. See also 'alron, 'a!rons. to be identified with 'i!iJYo, below, from Gk. ilea 'opporge.
• •
'willow'.
'alaI a (y,'w) h-t-t 'be removed, be taken 'a!Taski I h1'~lllj (T) 'steep narrow path'.
away, Withdraw, (ll) faint'; 'ataba
• hmn (MA) 'gather, collect'.
'OS"I Mlf (1): ,or 'adora 'a'lala 'remove, take away, put away, put aside, '&!Taski II h1'~lllj (T) 'gathered, piled up'.
, .
'e,eberyos h.m./l,Cr-ll (ll) 'terebinth';
turn away, put off, cast away, dismiss, with. 'o,as hmll (T) 'sleep, slumber' (n)
..,thanim t.,·l-tht9", see 'alamm. draw, dispel, displace'; corrupt from !arbenlos, below.
•
la'OIOIO. la'allOla, pass. of '0'1010; also 'disap. 'o,asalu hmf'lll- (T) 'butter' .
'Ilimin, 'otimen, 'atimon h;""'I..') 1 h;r"t') ,
'albil
•
h1'IJ-l'; see •lilb.
pear, absent oneself, depart from, recede';
h;"",,) lranscription of Gk. olhamm, from 'asla)alala (Lt) 'remove'; 'a,aya hmf (T) 'cause to pester, cause to
'atili
•
h"lll..; see loli.
• annoy'.
Hrb. )"fra~ ht;"'!iinim "'plamed as the month 'alali (K*), act. part. of 'alala;
10 "hKh form,," the overflowmg nvers still 'a,li'os h1'''''ll (T) 'fly' (n). misprint for 'on!aya (see If!Y).
• -.lui (fern. '>!all) 'removed, taken away, dis.
ha\(~ water kft. See also 'alanim, 'el~anim. tant' ;
'a,las h1'''ll (K*.KBT) 'black velvet or satin'; 'i,oyi "-1'1, ,",oyi h(fll 'kind of tree';
',Iula 'separately, apart';
'Itimen, In f..e 'olimen <j:t, I t.;J'''t') 'kind see also 'e!a'Q, above.
'iJUiite 'removal'; from Ar. ,atlas 'satin'; also Amh. alIas 'black velvet
of rlanl '. • •
'a)tiili, part. of 'Q'lala; or satin', Har. a{lds 'silk'. law how. 'or" ,
set If m4n II .
la'alali (Gr.463) 'displaced, removed'; 'QW---'QW 'either---or" ,
>e!mopomor h.1'''''''''C (T) 'kind of bird of 'QW---'QW---'QW ,eIt. her---or---or ' ;
'olton ".,..,. 'o\'~n. furnal."e" SEMITIC; the comparison with Soq. 'oti 'weak' sug- prey'"
(bo'ala 'alon 'balcr'), ';Jmma---'Qw, 'ammahi---'Qw 'either---or';
gested by Leslau 1938:77 is unlikely smee G. 'olOla
fn'\m Ar 'altUn < Aram.-Sn. 'attuna, Md . attuna 'faint' (as given ih.) is a secondary meaning. 'alnin
•
h1''''); see •Inn l. Ar. 'ow, SAL 'w, Heb.Aram. 'aw, '0, Syr.
SEMITIC:
< ~l 01"". •
(lomm<m 12). ETHIOPIC ' Amh alliilii 'remove, take away'.
'a,aqa hm'" (O.T.M), <a,aqa Om'" (Y.M); see
'aw, Md. ru, Ug. u, Akk. U.
ETHIOPI(. Tt Tna. '~/on, Amh. ,lion EnuoPlc: Te. 'aw 'or', Har ow; related to
"Iot h-f-l'; see ('olowa), 'alwal. flwq). 'a!woqo. Tna.Amh.Gaf. wiiy, Gur we; also Cushitic: Sa. o.
- .
'alanun. 'atawa (p'IU) h-tID 'come, come home, go ..,aqu hm4! (T) 'hedge, fence, enclosure'; 'awwa "OJ; see ·ww .
home, return home, return'; '.Iqu 'wooden wall';
'owwa hID 'yes, of course, certainly, indeed,
.. tinim h;/'t9" (T \I) ·"h·er vessel' 'O'IOWO 'bnng, bring home, bring in, bring even so';
related to 'afq II. As for 'J!qu, it is not to be
about, yield, send home, let go home'; considered a foreign word as suggested by Dillmann
'a!ur, 'Iter t.1:C : t.·!:C 'November', ('O'IOWO "manno 'bring awai); 805 fOllowing ludolf.
SEMITIC: Ar. (dialectal) 'aywa, 'ewa 'yes', Mh. aywa,
ewe.
fwm (optic (BohatnCI arMr See also lulur 'illwOl, 'iliOI (n) 'coming home, coming, return·
'a,aqan hm"''), (T.M) 'a~aqan h"l:J>,) 'kind of ETHIOPIC: Tna. 'iJwii 'yes" Te. 'I!wii, Amh. awo,
ing home, return, yield (of crops)'; awon, Gur. awo. While phonetically it is possible to
'"targh on t. ,,"C,;J $"') (T " \1) "tall, discourse'. locust';
mil'laK 'place to which one returns, home, derive Amh. awo, aK.·on 'yes' from the root 'mn
pcrhap$ to be Identified "lth Aram. lurgJmana M 395 misunderstood Amh. q',nl,,,a 'wingless 'believe' (G. laman 'true', with weakening of m. as
domicile, return, going (n)';
'Iran lauon (sec- larg-am:l). Or "'lth 'atrtkon. locust' (the translation of G. 'o!aqan given by suggested by Praetonus 1879: 27), there is no need
SlMITIC: Ar )alO ('lyJ 'come, arrive', SAr. 'Iw, Soq . Tayyii) as being derived from q'iinii!!iirii for this derivation since awo, Ow has the nature of
48 II W5;Jnt
~~~~'---------------------------------~------~-=~==~~~~~~~~~==~~
oval The rool also 'ewliilon h,II)o/\{I11 (T.M) 'locust-eating cran e';
49
•• h•
\ll"t'urs In
.
un ,ntcfjCfllOn C\pre .. slng appr
('us hIIIC
"
Be. OH')( J'\les' ' BII '
..
l'tlIt·O.
•
see ·all'amn.
. .
,.w.sl ('aw.sl) hllJ-{l.'f- (Om-{l.'f-) 'blrd of --
'·Y (acc. 'aya, pI. 'ural) hf. 'whtch , "bt~,
.
prey' ;
....... hm-(J (T) 'front leg'. 'ewon h,jP1 'idol' ; the denvallon of 'aW~SI from 'a'h-'ast and its bemg what kind?, what sort of", what al'. In~"'Dlte
·whoever. Whatever' I
could it be a transcnption of Heb. 'a'tq>n 'Wicked_ borrowed from Heb. 'ayi! 'bird of prey', Ar. «i>il
, ... k.k. hm-hll . see 'all'kaka. ·lI on·. suggested by Dlilmann 1907 ;306. is unlikely. 'ay-nu 'what', whIch'. of what kind?, what",
ness, uncanny words'?
See also >aws.mt. 'Qy-nl, ,'ay-hi '\\hocvcr, whatc\-'cr. whkhever'
.... k.modes hm-h'l"J!.{l (D 1406. aT) 'waste-
'wr, la'aw.ra .,.hIDI. (V). la'.wara 1'OIDI. (T) with prepositions : ntJ'(J)' '10 Whlt..:h·?, In what",
land. dry land'.
' be wounded'; 'awel h'BT (T) 'shout, cry. scream'; by what? at what?'; !a'm' 'for WhlCh~ ~m'OI'
from G~_ l1ukhmocifs 'd ry , arid' 'from which? for whatT, -
sec also 'awara (above), unless the root la'aworo ETHIOPIC: Amh. aw ala ·cry. bark (hyena),. Amh.
with suffix pronoun~ : 'Llvalomu 'which of
IS
- -,n m-hl'tl." owwawQ ' howl'; related to 'awYQwa, below. See also
.~ • (T) 'awk.siirayii hm-
)a~k~S8ra)'a " and is to identified with f)vr ' be blind '.
• • 'ww. them?'; see Dlilmann 1907; 119.335-6:
hl'tc! ',Yn3xa num ;
)awri~ars, '8wriras, l3wriris hl&t..,f,CIl : Ar 'a.l'Y 'whlChT. SAr. ')' 'whatsocver',
SEMITIC·
(("Irrupt from Gk. synoksoria. nom., acc. pI. of hm-t-C{l : hm-t-~{l (LI). 'awra~ars hllJ- '.wil, 'awet h'l!.'f- : h'B.'f- 'feast of nativity of Mh, ey, Heb. 'e 'where?', 'i =r 'whICh"" Aram. -e
J I 'fJ(lkJarirm,
C,hC{l (T.) 'rhinoceros'; SI. John the Baptist'; 'what?, where?, how?', 'i~u 'where now')' (Jug-
yo~annJs 'awit 'hymn for SI. John the Baptist'. mented by ~a), S},r, 'CJ_I'"ci 'what')', 'aykJ 'where'}"
'.wkiyiinos hm-h.,rC;{l 'ocean'. Tna . !JOriS. 'awrarii 'rhinoceros', Te. ~a.
ETHIOPIC:
Ug. 'y 'any', Akk., ayyu 'whlChT, See aho Jensen
from G~. OkmnoJ 'ocean'; also Syr. 'uqi)'onos, ris, Amh.Gur. awraris. Ar. I;aris is considered a
'awle hllJ-1; (GrA36) 'messenger'. 1889:4n; Brockclmann 1905 ' ]n; Barth 191]
Aram. ,oqayoniiJ. See also H"iJqa)'anos. Geez loanword (Noeldeke 1910 : 57). See also 'arwe. 143ff; 0 Cohe n 1976: 16, under 'YY; Pennacch:etti
98ff
' .wranqi hllJ-t-14! (T) 'wind'; 'awl;;r hm-;l-C ; see (watara). watr.
,...1 hm-A. (Lt) 'awl Om-A 'vapor, mIst. (T.M) ETHIOPIC' : Te. 'ari 'whl!.:h?', Tna '"yran, '''rnmar.
dew. (Lt) hum,d,ty', see also ·owraqis. also 10 n"biiy 'whither?' (from ndh 'or), kumar
'awliiy hm-;l-K- (KG) ·tent' .
SL\i!TI(": Ac '(it ('w/) 'vapor that rises mornmgs ' how!' (from kuma 'oy), Har oy 'whICh"". Gur l"
'awriiqis hm-t-4!{l (T.M.D) ' tempestuous wind'; perhaps a misunderstanding for 'anlar htD-:J'C 'w hereT ; also In CU1ihltlC Aw,Sa.Af. or 'who'l
and evenings' .
ETH1UP1(": Te, 'ola I'wl) 'be moist" 'a wl, ' raln~ from Gk. eurakyl6n ' north-east wind' ; also Syr.
'cords of a tent'. which')', BII.Kh am. au, Qem. IJ~'. Som, e (see also
Dolgopolsky I) I).
'\eason (m the lowland)" Tna. 'ou'al ' humid, 'owla >ewraqelidon. See also 'owriinqi.
'.wl.
•in sallim 'awl• ~1I.?" I hllJ-1' 'kind of
'dew'; Amh perhaps also awlo nafas 'stonn ' (Kape- •
tree' ; '.yo hI'- 'distance, separation'.
huk). 'awraris, 'awraros hlD-t-~{l : hllJ-t-Cil ; see
)awra~lQrs. it translates Amh. !ilqur aWl ' plante de la famille des
'a .. I.' I horA{J 'olive tree, oak. wood from ' iyobib h.1'-1J1I (T') 'sun'.
Solanacees' (Strelcyn 1968 :86, 1973 ·no.37).
olive tree' 'awris hllJ-t-{l. transcribes Gk. horiisis 'appear- '.yobiili hl'-lJlI. (TM) ·litigant'.
ETHIOPIC Tna. 'OH-/;1' 'wild olive tree'; from Cushit- ance'; the lexicographers misunderstood it and '<wi!, 'iwi! h,'I!1' I h.'I!1' (lI) 'cord';
IC Sa. iilu' translated it 'stars (T.M). circling of the stars from Ar. bayl (Bezold. Kebra Negesr. p.92. n.5) 'iyyobel ('iyyubel) h.1'-/1,A (h.f./1,A) 'Jubila-
(aT). splendor' (K). tion, trumpet':
,... 1., II hm-A(J (T) ·rebel. outlaw'; 'awlebadl hllJ-m.O.t:'A (T), 'awlebad.1 hm-m.
• • >iyyobe!yos. ·iyyobe!yolJ . 'IITobel"u 'J ubilee
c('Iuld be a metathesis of 'olult'a, below. 'wry, la'awraya ,,.hllJ-lf (T) 'be angry. be nY-A (M) 'bean'; year' ;
enraged' ; from 'aw!e bad! (bada!). for whIch see below.
'a .. log.yii, ' .... Iagiya hm-fIo'?! ' hm-II1.! 'the from Heb. yap,! through Gk. ,obel; also Syr. ruP,-
denominative of >awre. metathesis of 'arwe, above. layi 'jubilee year', Tna, 'il'obel. ·;yubel, Amh l),obt'-
hle;sed bread which is distributed among the 'awliiki, 'awtike hllJ-"llt. I hllJ-"lll. (T M)
• • !yu.
derfY at the end of the Mass'; 'heretic' .•
'awr.yon hm-C1'-1 (K *) ' next day ';
·a",!ug..yos (K) 'bie>sed'; 'ayhi h1-Yo; see ·av .
from Ok, aurion ' tomorrow '. refers to Eutyches, the heretic. ca. 378-454 (see
·ulI!ug,l.\UI/ (K) 'ble,,!' (Gk. eu!ogesol/);
F.L. Cross. Th, Oxford Dictionary oj Ih, Chrislian
from Gk. <'Ulo)1,a 'blessed bread'. through Chr.-Ar church, 1974, p. 484). 'ayhud h1-u.Y:; see YJhudii.
'awasa I hIDf'l 'cause to mix ';
·u}tli'.~irjJ: also Tna. >Q ldo1:iya 'eulogy', Amh. awlo. ta'awasa (T.M) 'be spilled. be diluted';
gnu, '.yh hK-'l ·flood. the Deluge' ;
'ow!ini hllJ-mS (T.') 'small skin used as a
related to hws.
•
hosa
•
'move, shake'. bag'. 'eh~ 'drown with a flood' (denominative);
•... Ioni, ' ."Ion, ' .wloni horflo~ : hm-fIo') : >ayba (V.T.M) 'destroy, drown' (tr.J.
hllJ-fto<; (D 1406. aT) ·Iowland. platn'; 'awasa II hIDf'l (T) ·boast. brag'. la 'ayba 'drown (intr.). (K) be covered with
'ww, '8WW., '.wowa hID , hIDID (K *) 'shout';
from Gk au/fin 'hollow between hills'. also Syr see fowyawa, and 'awel, above. water' ;
'awsonl hllJ-{l1.'f- (Gr.436) 'eagle, bird of prey'.
'QK'!iina, '(J'tt'hmo 'valley. open land', See also 'elona, ETHIOPIC:Te. maya ~aJ,'h 'flood' (from Geez), Tna
see also 'awast
'.way. hIDf (MA) 'be sweet, taste sweet'. 'ay&,. Amh. maya ay.h (from Geez). W Muller.
50 . -
'·Yyaspid - .
Jiyyaspm
•
•
, • 51
\fUJk n 74 (J Qb I), 20~ compares it wIth Egyptian
S« als(' ' I'~ , I y~ '). "0)'1).1'0 .
& from Gk. aer 'air' ; also PbH. >awlr, Aram . 'Owira,
Syr. 'a'ar, Md. aiar.
'iyyispin
,
h.fitA.") 'jasper' , -
>a'eyaya (T Y M) rendered by Amh, lamiilliUii
'OJi
ETHIOPIC' Te.Tna. 'ayyar, Amh. ayyar. from Gk . iaspin (acc. , g. o[ iaspis) 'jasper' See also
liyyosl!id. ·;y}'tispis. 1'''''/11'1 ' return ' ~ howevr r. In View of ta~a}Q
>Ih. ,.ha(T Y S" In 0 797) 'igmte, set on fire';
1~:Qrh~ (Y) 'be Igmted'; 'oyyar /I hfC, (K) 'oyyir hfC, name of the liimiilliJsd 1'-1111 IS an error for lamrusil/l;
. - second Hebrew month; >iyyispis h.fitA.it 'jasper' , 1'''':"11 ' be Itke, resemble',
pcrhars from 't'~O (see 'DV&> 'drown ';ith a flood. •
'aya~n 'equal' ;
destroy "> destroy through fire, Igmte from Hcb. I/)yar, through Chr.-Ar. ·ayyar; also Syr. from Gk. iaspis 'jasper' : also Syr "):a.spis. See also
·;yor, Akk. ayaru . 'iyyiiJ"id, 'iyyiiJ"in. yiiJbis. 'ayay 'equal, aSSOCiate, IIkene", Image, appe.!r-
ance' ,
>aylul hf-It-A, name of the sixth Hebrew
'ayyir hfC (T) 'precious stone'. 'oyat hfT (T), '~yat MT (Lt) 'shroud. wind- >.yuy 'equal, comparable';
month ; ing sheet'. 'ayal 'equality, likeness. re<emblance, analogy
(rom Hob. 'diil through Chr.-Ar. 'ayliil;,at,o Syr. +hft. (T) 'be changed around,
,
'yr, ta'ayyar.
, alle~ory, example, conformIty, harmo ny', -
·tn/lil. See also ·j/uti. -iloli. return . 'ayit I hfT (1I) 'wafer (made with honey)';
>ayata . 'ayal'lila 'equally. in like manner, like' ,
see also >ay(y )aylil.
)ym~ lema, cernah.00 : ~oo 'make a hedge f~r 'ayaya (T) 'equal, resembling ; equality, resem-
'.yyur "f.C (TKBT) 'punishment which befalls blance' ;
a pen, bring cattle into the pen for a rest; a wrongdoer'; 'oyit II hfT; see 'ayaya.
mJ,(. / )'am, m.,(. )yam 'stal/, pen, sheepfold, same as 'aydl; al~o 'neither mOist no r
lQytiytil.
restlOg place of cattle during the heat of the probably for '.yyur 'reviled, in,ulted, offended' (see 'ayyata hf+ (T) 'swell, be lumpy (wound)'; dry (hider ;
'yr II) . >.yyat (T.M) 'swelling, lump, bruise'. mJ'yay (Lt) 'point of reference'
day';
ETHIOPIC : Amh . • yyur, ,arne. It is difficult to know
ETHIOPIC; Tna 'ema 'sleep (cattle)" ma'emi 'place whether Amh . i1yyur is borrowed from Geez or the 'ayte hf-i: 'where?, whither?' (see Dillmann SEMITIC: Syr. ' K)" In 'awe 'agreemg, 10 con(ord '~
where cattle rest'. other way around. 'f'!'ewf 'agree, make an alliance' (Dlllmann 791,
1907: 379);
Noeldeke 19tO: 190, n. 2l. The suggeslJon made b,
'a),te-nu 'where?, whither?' ; Srockelmann 1927)8 to denve G . 'aJ-·Ql" from A~
'iyyimin h.f"t'1 (0 1406,OTT) 'shovel, (T) 'ys, '<sa (Y"is) ",f1, 'ayasa hffl (TY), 'ayasa
ba->ayte 'where?, In what way?, how?'; 'tiYQ 'slgn' (not e'tisting 10 Geez) with the adjectival
spoon, (OT) a tool to rake a fire'; Offl (Sw. IR D 796), '<sa 'l.f1 (1I) 'waste away,
languish, (T.Y.0.796) be turbulent, rave, be '.m-'ayte, >.m-'ayte-nu 'Whence?, (Gr .233) by -oy, the meanmg bemg ' mit dem"ielben ZeIChen ver-
from Gk , iamin, transcnption of Heb. hay·ya·im what means?, with what motive?'; sehen', is unlikcly_
'shovels' See also yamin, confounded, boil, boil over, quarrel, go here
baba 'ayte 'whither?, to what placeT; ETHIOPIC : Te. >ayay 'relative, kinsman ', Amh, Q\'aya
and there looking for something, groan in 'comrades, partners who are equal In age and statm:
distress, (Lt) soften, grow soft'; 'ayte-ma 'where?', 'ayte-nu-ma 'where?' ~
'ayyana hf~ (K'); see ta'ayyana;
'ayte-ni 'anywhere';
la>ayrana 'ltve wel/ and comfortably, be pam- ta>esa (0 1397) 'be patient'; 'ay(y)ayat hff:" (T) 'pure honey',
('i-'ayle-ni 'nowhere');
pered' , 'is 'roaming here and there' (n.);
>ayte-hi 'anywhere'; is connected with layiil 'wafer (of honey)'
SEMITIC : Ar 'ana ( 'K'n ) 'enjoy peacefulness. relax' SEMITIC: Ar. ·ayisa 'despair of; related to Heb. Y'!
(O,llmann 797) (OI['al), Ar. ya'isa. composed of lay and -Ie. 'ay(y)ayiy hff~, (T) 'harvest'.
SEMITIC: Ar. 'ay-no 'where?', Heb. 'Q)"ye 'where?'
'aynu, 'ayni hf-). : hf-~; see 'ay. 'ayasa hffl (T Y.M); see 'ys, >esa. (lengthened from 'ay), 'ayin, In min 'a)'in , me'Qyin 'iyyizebu h.f/l.1I- (T) 'bridle, rein';
'from whereT, Aram. Ie. 'an'e 'whereT, Syr 'oy-kti,
'iyyasebu h.fll.lI- (T) 'wasteland, desert'; Ug. iy 'where is/are?', Akk. al 'whereT ETHIOPlc ' Tna. ~inoh 'rein', Amh. il:ab. :ab, Arg.
'.yapa hfA (MA) 'descend, go down'. zab, Gur il:ab; passed into Cushltic Kam. :abd.
•
ETHIOPlc : Te. 'aya 'where?', Tna 'ay In .aNiy
one recognizes the root 'ys 'waste away' , Qab. "aba.
'where?'; augmented by -I ID Te. 'illtaya , 'aliiy
'iyopporg.yoo h.f""C"If"'1 (T) 'precious stone'; 'where?', Tna . layti, Amh . yiil, Arg. yed, Gur et
• •
see 'oppargilyon. 'iyyise~ h.fll..lt (TM), 'aysa~i h1-it"'- (T) 'no,
•
it is not'; 'iyyizer, yizer h.f/l.C I ,t'/l.C (0 1406.0T)
'.yawi hf'!!; see 'araya. 'crown, (Lt) blue, blue garment';
'ayquni, 'ayqoni hf-'*'i : hf-~'i 'icon'; one recognizes the negative 'i.
'.yiy hf1- (T) 'earth'; corrupt from Gk . nettr, transcnption of Heb. ne:tr
from Gk. elkona. ace. 5g. of eikon 'plcture, icon, 'crown'
'iyyisemer h.fll."'lC (T) 'precious stone'.
hkene5s' through Chr.-Ar. liqlina, layqlina, quna; could it be a qualificatIOn of the earth as being even
also Aram . 'fqona. Syr. yuqna. Or level according to Tayya, and to be compared
'iyyisinibi h.fl\~1] (T) 'pillar, pole'. 'oza "" 'while';
with layayo, below? in the Aksum ,"scription 9. 20 (see L,ttmann
'iyyiqiq hJt'l> (T) 'colored cloth'. 'iyyispid, 'iyyisped h.fitA.Y.: : "-fitA.Y.:, (Lt) 1912:27);
'.yaya hff (TS) 'make equal, even out, (K ')
'iyyisapid h.ffl·A.Y.: 'jasper';
'Iyyar I (pI. 'ayvarat) hfC 'air; • be equal'; to be identified with '.m:u.
from Gk. iaspidi, dat. sg. of iaspis 'jasper'; also
'l>T or 'aJr, sky, the h'ghest sky',
'ay),ariiH'i 'aenal, of the air, ethereal';
Amh. iyyaspid (from Geez). See also ';yyiiJpin,
'iyyaspis .
la>ayaya 'be equal, be comparable, be com-
pared, be paired'; 'Ozi "If (T.M) 'one who does an '"Justice',
• la>ayaya (K') 'resemble one another'; from Ar 'ada ('dr) 'hann. hurt'
52 'IZarih
-
•
~-.~Zi~ri:n~______~__~~~~_____________5:3~____________________________~)."., .
'7~, '.'t" '''"~" hil·n,Url ("G) 'explore, 1,)(1k ,z),mat.'zil ,.:to~,,1II. (T) 'separation, disin_ nscription of Heb. 'Qziirii( h ) 'barrier, enclosure'
,
legratlon , t:~ Dlilmann 1406, rather than ofHeb. :~ara(h) as 'Q'Qzzaza (K·). causative;
at soml'thll1g I..'arl"fu11\ "
undouhtedly for mil/a'zal, borrowed from Ar. nlU'ICI_
~ven by Dillmann 1404, under 'ahazraM la)a~:aza. passive; also 'obey, be under some.
\,manl I,f (h;-/I It 'cHldha:oho- one s authority';
:d/. from '0:010 'remove. set aside. segregate'; also 'aziriin 1\11.6-1, ninth Syrian month;
, la'a:a:a (K') 'take turns obeying',
'Ilabl hUrl (" 0) ',purt out, 'qUirt,
.
Amh m.J·<Jzo! 'diVIsion in reclling the Psalms'
see also ~a::uriin. 'aSla'a:aza (K') 'cause to obey one another
,
'l1s1o'n:n/)a ' unnate ~ cause to order each other" , •
>allala 1\11/\ (T K.M) 'be strong, grow up, pre- ,azraq hlft.~ 'dark blue, dark green';
"\lfTtI f\r 'O;Ob11 'flo,,' vail, be superior'; JQz:iizi,act. part. of )0::0:0, also 'testator,
i:TlfllWll perhaps Amh . a:a"" 'dung of b~v~ncs 'azraqa (MA) 'dye to a blue or '" a green secretary' ;
'a.<la'a;:;:ala (V) 'strengthen';
"hlCh ha . . (('"cl..'tcd in the pcn', Sl~ also 'a:aha. color' ; 'n:"Z 'commanded, ordered. obedient',
'a:;:lil, (KBT) 'az;:iil 'strong, strong man, COura-
geous, brave', from Ar. >azraq 'blue' (for its. Persian origin. see (il'aZGZ 'commandment. decree, command
'Illlbi hUll (T.M~) 'tie, btnd, s.\\, (T) braid', Eilers 627); in the other SemItic languages: Syr. edict, law, ordinance, order, precept, prescn~
,,,:: iJh (T.S" "' [) 1197) 'braid of silk'; ETHIOPIC': Amh , azziilii 'be strong, powerful' (from 'azraq 'dark blue', Md. zaruq 'blue (eyes)', Heb. in hon, will. provision';
Geel). ;eba(h) zar,qo(h) go (Hos. 7, 9) translated by
f TlfltlPIl ·\mh d.·:(lhd " 'C, braid, plaIt'. la'azziizi 'commanded, ordered, obedient, sub-
Driver (JTS 33[1932J.38) 'hoar hairs are grey upon missive';
'a2mar I h lfooC 'purple, scarlet'; him' (so also Koehler 269, but Baumgartner 273
' ITib, '1IIb, 'l.1ob hl/1l • hU1I t 1\fl1I 'hyssop, tQ'Qz::aZOI 'obedience';
from AT 'QJmor. 'sich einschleichen' following J. Slau, VT 5[1955J.
nllnt ' • ('i-Ia'azz"ot 'dISobedience');
341).
ma'aZUl (Lt) 'preceptor, instructor',
rr(\m Hl"h. '1.":00. the- other Semlilc languages .
In 'almar II 1\lf oo C 'kind of tree',
<\1 ~7:ab. -\ra"; y:oM; also Ar. :u(ii, Syr. :iipa, 'azyib 1\'11'11 (T.M) 'depth, abyss'.
U . :Upu .... Aram.-SymK > Gk hnsopflJ 'hyssop
- , ETHIOP1C : Amh. o:amiJr , a:amiir 'a tree the leaves
SEMITIC: Ar. 'azza 'incite, urge, Instigate' (Ambros}.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. 'azziizii 'order', Te. 'a;:ii:a, Amb.
(Stt I (\h'lI5('h, n(\, )bb) J-M a hthhography on the of wh.ch are wrapped around the dabbo-bread When 'azzaza 1\HH 'order, command, rule, exercise
azzii:ii. Arg. t::iiza, Gar. i::ii:d, Gur. a:iizd; passed
rlant, sec 8'lUmgarlncr ~h .t " baked' dominion, instruct (an inferior), prescribe, into Cushitic. Kham. o:eJ, 811. aded (with alter-
EnnoPJ( Amh . a=ab 'h)~"op', Te. 'i!iop. See also .nake a will, bequeath'; nance d' z), Dar. azaz. Kam. a:zaggo.
~'Ol' '.zmara 1\'11 00 6- (K') 'crop, harvest';
from Amh. o:miira. See also ::ammara III.
·./Cb htli1 'soulh. ,outh wind',
(n"''''SIG 'a:fn. name of the Queen of Saba); 'Il" (pI. ',nan, .a·ziill) ~'II1 'ear';
'a:ehtiwi 'southern',
SEMITIC: Ar. ·udn. Soq. 'idihen, Heb. 'ozgn, Aram.
Sf ~flJl( z\r '0:111/1 ' s(luth wind, southeast, south', 'ugnii, Syr ·edna, Md. 'udna, Ug. udn, Akk. uzun.
Ar lOman) r:rtb 'north "ind', Mh ha!teb'south ETHIOPIC: Te, 'il:Jn, Tna. 'aZnI, Gar. ~znii, Har,
",,"d' IS« ""lIees, Z Dlle 49[ I ~95J 507; Landberg uzun, Arg. i:in, Gur. azan, See also 'zn, ma'aziln.
190'1 170 "·9: :-'o<IJr'e 191062·31.
ErnroPlc Tc Tna 'a:~h)outh-east, south', Amh . lzn, mi l3un, mi)3Zan, mi)azant, mi)3Zant (pI.
~,b For the same w(lrd e:\rre~mg different dlrec- ma'ii:,n) "'I~lf1 ; "'I~H1 • "'I~'II1:to i "'I~
lions set' also Santin. U,:to 'angle, corner, border (of garment)';
ma'ii:an 'cardinal points, zone';
,.,h• ~1I'l 'hard stone, flint';
('abna mQ',)::ant 'corner stone');
[rolorlc Tna . lQ:aJ)l1 :ahil qil:ahU (q <.. • by (,.'sa mii'dZQnt 'head of a corner, corner
hyptrcorl«tion), 'lQJhil (rrom 'a:hll), Amh. a:ohu stone');
(from Tna), T< ...ng.hh'lIh augmented n) 'quartz', ma":"n (Gr463) 'angular';
n6gtdlra 'put quanz ston('S on a lomb' (denomma-
f 1\C) Thc root is l'ommOn with Egyptian J:& 'cut from 'J:n 'ear', above;
".lh • reapmg·hooK' t('<'nll 1978.163, al>o RSO ETHIOPIC ' Tna. mii'az;m 'angle, corner', Amh. maJa-
4811973-4J'I, but s« Ros;ler, m Lt,lau 1983 _135- ziin, Amh. Gur. mazan,
b)
>.zeri ~116-, see 'azarii~.
·at~i mat~i hlf~ • ''''If;) (T') 'day and
OIght" . .
'azarib, 'azrib,
"
'abezeriih. 1\H6-,), • ~'II6-tlt ,
1\m.I16-tlt (D 1406), 'azera 1\116- (KG) 'barner,
EnuOPJ( Amh a:iuJ ma:iuJ. sam< Ifrom Geez) enclosure' ;
,ober
55
' Wl
S.MtTlC : posSJ~ty _Ar. gabara 'du.!' (Baumgartner .
832 under '.raga Ill) ; Dillmann 832 (follOWing :arne proud, be puffed up, boast, be boast
Gesenius) suggests Heb, 'arai?O 'desert' (from "rb) ~ be arrogant, magnIfy on=lf be exalted'
ETIfJOPIC 'Te, 'abra 'become waste', 'abar 'dryness' ta-aha.v afK.) ' compcte', I ,
Tna . 'obara 'become meager, become dry', Amh' 'osta'anaya . 'alla'ahbaya ' breed canCel!,
abar 'drought', HaT. ab~r 'famme', Gur. abar 'dry swagger, exalt , raIse' ,
season', also 10 Cushillc : Sam. abar 'dry season :osta'a~aya (K 'J 'cau ... to compete',
( 0 famine', Bil. 'abar 'dryness', Sa.Af abar, Or aha; .bbuy proud, arrogant, boastful . haughty in_
'famine', solent' ;
<.ber /JI\.C; see 'aber , (,.bbuya I.bb 'presumptuous' ),
EnllOPIC W . Muller suggests Te. 'abiillt 'strong,
'U' o./J (Gr 437) 'excrement of a horse',
mighty (torrent)'. For rna'~ba/, cpo Tna. rna-bal '~bay 'greatness, size, magnitude. magnificence.
'wave, storm', Amh. mabiil. rna'abiil (from Oeez). <.bre! /J-fI&.-'I-, see bry II , majesty, honor, glory';
<.bi /JIJ (It) 'dung'; 'abiyy (fern . 'abbay; pI. com, 'aMaH) ' big
See atso m'bl, below.
FTluoprr: Tna. 'dung'. Amh Jbiit . <.briwi, <.briy (pI. ,.briiw.yon) /J1It-'/! /J-fI great, large, important, lofty, elder, 'old , no~
t-"
'1110 j
lid
•
lafoddama, passive; bn-mii,.dotu [Lt] 'WIthout delay');
ralh«. ~ut ahl'" "'llh a negative '(not) yeC~
also used \A IIh $uffi\. pronouns: e.g. ~adt-hu 'he still'; ta'odama '.gree WIth one another upon a fixed (ba'ola mo,.dol 'Monday after Easter);
tIme or on any other matter'; tnJ'la)doll (pI. ma-odJw) 'ford, passage, cross-
Sr.MITIC 10 connrxtlon wuh the rool 'oda ('M'd, 'Jddum (K '), pass. part. of 'addama,
N'lon) . AT. -ada (' H"d J used adverbially 'more' ing, anything that makes cross (e.g. bridge)"
,.dme (pI. ,.dmeyot) 'time, set time, proper masl.,(.i do,. (K'), same, '
(Barth 1902 . .14, Landberg 1920-42:2338·9). SAr 'd
again' (W Muller). HaTS. ·ad'still. yet. again', tvfh .
time, opportune time, season, period';
SEMITlC Ar 'ada I<dw) ' run, pa~s·. SAT 'dw'move
'ad < 'ad. Heb.Aram. 'od (see also Jean-HortlJzer (ba-,.dme [It] 'on credit');
march', Soq. '<1.\' 'cross', Heb. 'iigii (' d\) 'stnde' (~
20). l'~ 'd'still' (ha-,.dmehu 'in due time');
also Wagner 91). Aram. raga 'pass by', Syr '.lela
ETHIOPI( Te. 'ad" ')'et' Barth 1913 :60 ana· ,.dme),ot 'holidays'; 'pass near', Md . ada , ·da 'pass by. pas.!<i over', U-g.
Iyz~s G. -ad, as commg from ·ad-ye. y bemg a 'd)' (M.e. Astour, JNES 27(1968].25)
SEMITIC: the connection with Ar 'iddiin 'time' ,
demomtratlve. Aram. 'Iddiinii 'time', suggested by Dillmann 1009 ETHIOPIC: Te. 'oda ('dy ) 'cross', Tna. (ta)-adcia
following ludolf SOl, is doubtful. The root is per- Gaf. addo, Har. ada, Gur. od/'; passed IOto Cushltlc:
'><I (pI. ',dall', 'a,.doll') 1J1: 'man, male, hus- Sa. adaw 'go', For miil,ldcJI, cpo Te. ma'do. Amh
haps related to Ar. 'o=ama 'invite (to dinner)' with
band'; pI. 'men, people'; alternance d: z. modo. Har madu 'across' See also "ldilH'
SEMITIC : Heb 'r<f.l·e~ In Ps. /03:5 IS rendered by ETHIOPIC: rna. '~dme 'age, period of time', Amh.
Dm.r (JTS )6[1935].155) 'thy prime' and com· Gur. Jdme; Tna. <addiimii 'invite to a banquet', Te. 'adaw /Jf-m-, pI. of ,.d.
,"" II IJ6 'lot',
pared with the Geel root. (tii)'odiima 'make an appointment, invite', Amh.
ETHIOPIC Te 'ad 'tribe, family, people', Tna 'add, addiimii 'make an appointment'; passed into Cushit- ,.diiwi IJ.I\'J! ; see 'adaya. secondary form of "ldiJ. belll\\..
'counIT), \'1l1age, people'; also in Cushittc' Sam. 'ed Ie : Qem. ;uime "time', Kham. edem 'invite'
'people', ,><I.w (pI. "dJwon) /J1:m-, (Gr.298) 'adow '""ii, 'o~ M I IJb 'lot',
'udr o-1:C, (T) 'udr h-1:C 'excuse'; o1:m-, (T) ,3d a .. /J"m- 'enemy, ad,ersary', /Q<tida\\'a, (T) lu'<idu\\,u 'cast lOb, be .\Signed
'><Ii MI, see 'adaya. by lot' (denomlnatlve);
from AT. cudr; also 10 Te. 'adr 'excuse', from AT 'oduH'I" 'enemy'; also In Te. ' ado; or could
it be derived from 'adalt'u 'transgress. become an 'aslo'olimnJ 'draw lots, ca\t lOb, l:ause to dra\\
·~o /),,; see fadawa. lots' ,
'udat O-f-T; see ,,,,d. enemy'?
r~~fdawe, 'udou(' 'casting lots' (n),
'000 Pf-, 'ud 0-1:; see 'wd. 'adawa (y.'du) Of-IV, (T) 'adawa t.f-IV 'cross , 'adaya (p'dij of-f (YK'), 'adaya hf-f (T.M) SEMITIC. Ar. 'idll/I) 'piece, portion'; rct.\ted to Ar .
'ud 0-1: 'aloe, stem of aloe'; cross over, pass over, pass, transgress, exceed, 'pay, pay back'; ~a;: 'fortune,luck, good fortulle', Heb. IIt',\ 'arrow'.
surpass' ; 'ada)'; (K '), act. parttciple, Ug. ~; 'lucky'_ On i.l pov'Ilble rCla(H~n' between
from AT 'ud 'aloe'; also Syr. fuga, Tna.<ud. Amh. 'ardawa 'bring across, take across, transport'; 'arrow' (Heb. "t".~, Ar ~a:~-ll) and 'fortune', see
ud.
'adii 'debt, compensation, responsiblhty, fault,
ta'adawa, ta'adwa 'go beyond, step over, pass sin, guilt, punishment'; Hommel 1879:65; Neeldeke Iqlll . I~7·8 Flel<,h
h,,""" .23 I connects 'lot' With ',ld ·bol~. mon.:eJu de bQl~
'ad ada (I,.'d.d) Of-f- (T) 'be removed to a over, pass by, surpass, exceed, encroach, trans- (ba'iila 'ada, bii'la ,.do, "do 'debtor ,
pour lirer au sort'
distance, be discarded, Hee, be exiled, be humil- gress, deviate, rebel'; creditor');
ETHIOPI(': Tc. '.1.\ 'lot', Tna '.Ha, ',Il'a, Amh.Arg.
iated, (K) remove, taradawa 'cross one another'; (y.dallawo 'ada 'he is held responSIble, he is Jra, HaT. h.Ha. h,!d, Gur cl~: also 10 CushitK . Or
'a'dada 'remove, make disappear, chase away'; 'astaradawa 'make cross one another" , responsible'; see dnlawa II); ita. Sid. h,ttl.
',dad'repellmg, removal, rejection, expUlsion, radawi, act. part. of fadawa; ,.dow; (K *) 'debtor, creditor,
humihation' , 'ad.w 'something that one crosses over, one
who crosses over';
SEMITIC: Ar. 'adii ('dy 'pay, repay' (Dlllmann '""e (pI. 'Jdniit, ,.tit/yiit) IJ\ 'vermin, worm,
secondary form of 'adawa 'pass' (Dllimann 1013 1011), Akk. idii 'hire, wages, rent' (D. Cohen 19798). moth, caterpillar',
follow 109 ludolf), SAr (h)'d.· 'remove (boundary 'adJWa (Gr.298) 'across, opposite'; ETHtoPlc: Tna. ,.du 'debt', 'udiil'a 'p.y back', Te. 'a~i(l.,'a, 'ud.ra (l"l'~JiJ, (T) ·U.yurll 'breed worms,
stones)' fJdo, same as fJdaw; ,.day 'debt', (tii)'adda 'owe', Amh.Arg.Gur . • da produce worm_, get" orms, he caten by worms,
,.daw (pI. ,.dawot) 'place where two ways 'debt', Amh adiiyyii 'owe' (denominative from ilda rot, putrefy' (denominatIVe);
'.dala Of-II (K') 'distnbute'; meet, crossroad, fork in the road" , 'debt'): also m Cush\uc Qua ada 'debt', Qem SI'MITIC related to Ar tulia 'moth·worm' (Dill·
from Amh. ad.~·l··
uQ Q. ,.dwat (TS) 'act of crossing, passing over, trans- adu, Kham . edu. Cerulli 1951:~04 also compares mann 1026); if so, cp, also Heh. 'cH, Aral11_ 'cHa,
gression, violation (of duty),; Kafa eral 'lend'. Syr. 'ai~ci, Akk. Cl.~(HII
'adJ 01:A, see 'adl. taradawi, part. of tacadawa; ETHIOPIC: Tna. 'J:\'(' 'lan',l', Amh, .l~t C(lntt RO~'11lI
'a~~a 011; see 'dd.
• • 1912:208 compares Cushluc Qem_ ~J.\'ci 'worm',
mii'Jdot, mo,.do (pI. ma,od.w) 'the opposite
,.dda.ma Of-"", (T) 'addarna hf-"" 'appoint a SIde, passage, bank (of river, sea), ford, ferry Qua. [1tl.U, Kham. ~e.ta. BII. qde;
,.~ I (pI. w!a"" ,.<,Iawol) iJiI 'tree, shrub, bush,
tIme, deSlgnate',determine, lix (a time, a price), boat';
con\!oke, invite; wood, stick, staff (of spear)'; . 'a'diidiit
'dd, , hMII-r (T) c Amh. ./lirg 'plCce
(mlhdota 'across, to the opposite side, '>I/a", 'herbs, beams formmg the frame of a of cloth which is as wide as the width of the
)Q<dama. same:
beyond, on the other side of, along'); building' ; loom'_
58
•
59
-.d.d. (""dod) 0111.. (T) '.~ad. ""1.. (K) (.al/rna '.gr 'shinbone');
.ega '\.1; see 'yg.
• (.al/l1Ia j.ga 'skeleton');
•
ber, (D) whale, sea monster, <.nfori ,)1';:&-; see 'anJora. lace' « Aram. runqQ).
from Ar 'anbar(Noeldeke 1910:62) 'a certain odor- from Ar canas· Ifrom t he sg fumu,) 'clements'
ETHIOPIC: Amh. antiqii 'put around the neck' Tn also Amh
.If
'b . ,
Iferous ~ubs(ance, an excrement found in the belly <anaga m1 (K".Y), 'anaga h~1 (T.M.MA) 'tie, ma'niiqy~ 'necklace'; related to Tna. 'angiit '~eck~, . . anas.1r su stance, element, the four cardi-
of a certain great fish which is called by the same nal directions' (from Geez).
bind, (K") make earrings' (probably a recon- Te, 'angat, Amh.Har.Gar.Gur. angot, Arg, angad.
name' (Lane); also Soq. rombeher 'amber', Amh. structed denominative from <ang); Cerulh 1936:234 and Cohen 1947:no. 71 connect It
asa anMm 'whale', Tna. tonbar 'amber', Te. 'amhiiri, with lJanaqa 'strangle' 'ansari ,)1/\60, (T) '.osori "'/\&- 'Pentecost',
'ang. 'anag (pJ. 'a'nug) 'earring, nosering, chain
Som. rambar, nabl" 'whale'. See also Landberg from Chr.-Ar 'ansara. transcnptilln of Heb. 'a.fo:Jra,
(for the neck),; <anq" (pI. 'a'naq") ,)1.,... 'precIOus stone,
1920-4223J2ff. On Akk. amrulm) 'amber', see
Landsberger 120. SEMITIC Ar. rintig 'rope of a bucket, loop on the pearl'; 'ana,a O~m (Y) 'feed',
lower part of a bucket'. The comparison with Ar «anq"a bii~ray 'mother-of-pearl'); ma'iim (T) 'food',
<anbasi (pJ. <anab.st) 0101') 'lion'; ganiga 'be over-affected, be coquettish', Heb, 'ng «anq" ~ama/mi/ 'emerald', lit. 'green pearl': see mOfcin!ii (Lt) 'rich sweets';
ranbasG""; 'leonine'; (hitpa'el) 'be of dainty habits, find pleasure', Ararn. hama/mil); see fakaIa. above,
~anhastiU'it
'lioness'; 'tinag 'be soft, be tender' suggested by Baumgartner '.nuq (Gr) 'surrounded by gems',
ta'anbasa 'have a lion's nature, behave like a 805 IS doubtful. <an,a,a O'}mm (Y), 'an,a,a h1mm (T \1)
ETHIOPJC: the comparison with Te. ranig 'beautiful' SEMITIC von Soden 1422 connects It with Akk.
lion, become a lion'; unqu. uqqu "n ng , . 'scrape, scratch',
suggested by Llttmann-Hofner 475 is doubtful.
SEMITIC: Ar fonbas 'lion' is considered a Geez ETHIOPJ~: ~n3. riJnq"" 'precious stone', Amh, anq~ ET~IOPIC: An:h, atlii~,iirii 'scrape, smooth b)" scrap-
loanword by Arab lexicographers (but see Hommel csngug, cang"ag" (pI. fang"'" agMot, fang"'"ag . . .at, The denvauon from Ar. 'anaqa 'carry around the 109, Te. 'OrU!1 I~'iida 'crad. (nelo\- leather)'. Tna
293 who Identities it With Ar. <abbas 'lion'). Ruzicka 'anag".g") 011-'" , 01-"'.,.. (D.K), 'angug, neck' (see above) suggested by Dillmann 990 (follow- fa!ii!.l balii 'crack, squeak' Sec also h,mtala. htlll.w-
114 also denves Ar. 'anbas (and G. 'anbasa) from ~a. ' .. - .
'ang"ag" h 11-'" j h ,.,...,.. (T), 'angug ,)11-.., ed by Buhl 606, Baumgartner 812) IS doubtful.
Ar. 'ahasa 'look sternly, frown'. Noeldeke 1904:77 Praetorius 1890:42 considers It a Greek (onf'ks)
(Sw. in D 993), 'angog h 11.., (KG) 'turtle,
reads the noun as "1n~ 'anbasa (with .) and sees no loanword. . <anzara 0111'-, (TLt) 'anzara h'}11'- 'playa
connection with Ar fanbas; he considers G. 'anbasti lizard, an aquatic reptile (resembling the croco-
musical IOstrument (fiute, lyre, Pipe)';
a Cushltlc loanword (could it be Kham. absa?). dile), (Sw. in D 993) cunning person, sly'; <anqab ,)1-}>1I (KBT 1010) 'large basket used as ta'an:ara (KG), pasSive,
ETHIOPIC: Tna. 'anbiisa (with .), while Gur. and SEMITIC: Ar. 'ungiig 'long-bodied, long-necked', re- a grain measure'; (Qn:iiri, act. part. of fQfI:ara,
Amh. a"bilssa (wntten "1n~) can go back Clther to ferring to horses and camels (Dill mann 993, Hom- from Amh . • nqab. Praetorlus 1879:99 denves, with '.In;irii. (T) 'iln:irii 'musical intrument (flute,
'anbiisa or <anbiisa. mel 93). reservations, Amh, anq;,b from G. fiJqab, from 'qb lyre, pipe),;
ETHIOPIC: Tna. 'angog 'lizard', 'ang"ag" may 'sala- 'guard'. ('.n:ira sah~at 'Lyre of the Praise', religiOUS
<anblZa 01011, (K.T) 'anbaz. h1011 'be faint- mander', Amh. angug '3 kind of desert snake'; also text, for which see Hammerschmidt 1977:94);
hearted, be disheartened, fail (heart), be weak- in Cushltic: Be. nignigo 'lizard',
ma'an:a, 'slOger, mUSician (flute player, piper),
mmded, be cast down, faint, be foolish, (K.Y)
wander about restlessly (one who is mentally 'ang"at (pI. 'ang"aliil) ",-,..:r-,
(KG) 'angut ,)1 troubadour';
ma<an:art (fern) 'slOglOg woman',
deranged), (T) wake up with a start'; 1-:r- 'mandrake, (KG) citrus fruit'.
ta:anha:a (T.M, with.') 'become stupefied, be <.nq"ayi ,)1.,.." (Lt) 'OUIlCe'; En~IOPIC; Te. ',melar 'Hute', Tnn, ',mdIIT, Our and,Jr,
famt-hearted, be foolish'; <anin on, (T) 'anin M,1, (KG) 'al'anin 1.A secondary form of waqel. with alternancc d::; Amh. also ,m:ira 'lyre', nii::iirii
'anbu: 'faint-hearted, downcast, senseless, fool- on 'impotence, (T.M) genitals'; 'tune a harp', Te. ',1II:iJ' 'flute' (10 Reini~h
ish, bewildered', 'ansaba 01()0 (K"), see ta'a"saha; 1887: 34): also in Cushltlc 811. andi, Brockelmann
from Ar. rinnin 'impotent',
1950:21 denves the Geez root from Cushuic. See
.'anba:e 'despondency, faint-heartedness , insan-
ta<ansaba (H) 'foretell the future, divine';
also 'Jnd.1r.
Hy, despaIr'; moronsJb 'soothsayer, sorcerer, wizard, diviner';
~Jnb3:3nna, same; Getatchew, BSOAS 43 (1980). 214, n.)O suggests, <oqa P+; see <H'q.
<.naqa (ya'naq. y.'naq) O~+, (T) 'anaqa hH with reservations, Ar. nasib 'luck' However In view
ErnloPle: Amh. anbu: 'stupefied' While the' is the 'carry around the neck, hang around the
1st radical of the Geez root, cpo also Amh. niibbiizii of ma'asab (see 'sb I, ~Iow) It IS likely that the <aqab I 0+11, (T) 'aqab h+lI 'uscent, moun-
neck" , ongmal root is rsb and taransaba is augmented by n tain pass, declivity, steep place',
66 =,.:q:.d:·~____~__~____________________~6~7~______________
SnflTll" AT
•
'aqal\J '3<:cent. mountain road', Heb. 'aqbat 'guarding, observing, keeping watch, vig.
•
l\Z~l. 'a'qabi (Gr) 'depositor, who hands Over for qa -s stumblc' For the augmcDlcd It In the $ . ken
ETHIOPlc: Amh . aqd structure of bulldmg". The language,. see Praelonus IS79 99 ; [ ..tau 19~LVt
8
Fnuopu " 1na. 'oqiih 'a~cent'. Te. 'oqab 'steep hill', safekeeping'; noun ma'~qad ~ou.ld be denved from 'aqada 'bind,
Amh ol/ilNit 'upward ~Iope, ascent' ma'aqab. ma'aqab (pI. ma'aqab) 'sentinel, tie', poSSibly Indlcatmg the beams tied to one
another. See also faqad. above.
'oqala,','.'q,IJ 04'/\ (T Y S~ . In D 975,',lj'del,m_
'Iqlb II, 'aqib 04'<0 , 0.+<0 'thorn'; guard, guard-post';
It, (K ll) gather (IT"intr), be collcct<d"
ma'aqab (pI. ma'aqaban) 'watchman, sentinel,
ETHIOPK Te. <oqbo 'thorn tree', 'Q'qa/a 'gather water in a ha 10 or in a 'f"t!\Cf.
guard, depositor'; .aqada (Y"qad) 04'1., (Gr.291) 'aqqada 04'y. VOir, cause to gather water' ,
'aqaba Ir"qab) 04'0 'guard, stand guard, maraqabi'depositor'; (T) 'aqada J\4'y. 'tie, bind'; , la'aqala (ll). passive;
watch, keep watch, keep safe, safeguard, keep, ma'qab (Gr.469) 'guard-post, enclosure, pen'; ta'aqda (K '), passive, 'aql (Gr) 'lake, pool',
tend (flocks), preserve, take care of, care for, ma'qab.nna (LI) 'deposit'; '.qud, 'aq"ad 'tied, bound', ('agla bah, [Gr.469] 'ocean, 'ea).
take heed, protect, handle with care, observe (ma'qabanna naway ILt] 'deposit'); 'aqad (K') 'binding, tying' (n); nJJfqa/ 'pool. pond, Cl~tern, re~er"oir'
(the law, a holiday)'; ta'aqabo 'preservation, care, preservation of (ffk)fqo/a mayol 'reservoir'); ,
SEMITIC: Ar. 'aqada 't,e. bmd', SAr m-'qd 'fixed
'a-qaha 'put In charge, hand over for safekeep- the natures of Christ'; determined' (?), Sh 'aqod 'make a marriag~
Ing, keep safe, protect, preserve, give to keep, SEMITIC ' ~r 'aqala 'collect', ma<qul.l 'place that
SEMITIC: SAr. <qb-I 'fortress, stronghold, watchtow_ contract', Heb. riiqag'tle, bmd', Aram 'oqad, Syr retams rain watcr' S\.'"C also nI'ql.
leave in trust, keep in trust'; er'. m-'qb-I 'guards' (W. Muller 1983:277), Amor- "qag, Md. aqd. -
ta'aqba, la'aqaba 'be watched, be cared for, be Ite 'qb. bqb (H.B. Huffman, Amorite personal names, ETHIOPlc: Te. 'aqda 'knot', Gar. aqqiidii, Gur 'aql 0:"1I 'understand 109, mtehgenee, pru-
kept, be preserved, watch oneself, be watchful, p.203), Heb. 'qb in ya'qo!!-'el 'God watches you' agada. with q-d > god (so also Cerulli 1936.231. dence' ;
watch out (nol to do something), wait, beware (Montgomery, JAOS 52[1 932J. 196). Ug. 'qb 'be PololSky 1938: 149, n. 5); passed mto Cushillc ' Sa
near' (from the original meaning 'follow someone akad 'tie' Sec also 'aqd, above, rrom Ar. 'aql: also Tc 'aI/I. Tna ,tJqli 'pauenl.'C'
of, be on one's guard, take heed, be careful, Amh. aq.J/'mtelllgence' -
take care, observe'; closely'; see Dletrich-Loretz, 80 23[1966].131). The
(Ia'aqba 'J/nanlla 'be preserved from, avoid, verb 'qb 'guard' is possibly a denominative from 'qb (aqafa, see ,arqafa: 'aqqama ('.qama) 04''''' 'delimit. define.
sta) away from'); 'heel', that is, 'be behind someone, watch, guard"
'a'qaja hb4'L 'trip someone, make stumble , decree, pre>cribe, encompass, direct, detam .
ta'aqaba 'watch one another'; AT. 'uqb 'heel', 'aqaba 'come at the heel of', Aram.
'iqba 'heel'. Syr. 'eqbii, Heb, 'aqe!!, Md. 'qba, Ug. hinder, impede, present an obstacle to some- confine. hold in check, restrain';
'OSta'aqaba 'cause to watch, place guards'; one, offend'; la<aqqamll, passiv~;
'qb, Akk. eqbu.
'aqqabz (pI. com. 'aqqabt) 'guardian, guard, Ia'aq/a, (T) ta·aq/a 'trip, stumble, be hindered , raqqiimi, act. part. of <oqqama:
keeper, watchman, protector, official'; ETHIOPlc: Tna. 'aqqiibii 'guard', Te, 'aqba, Amh. be offended, be scandalized, be shocked, be "qqllnt, '.qq"Jnt 'limited. defined, decreed, de-
('aqqiibe lIabib 'orator, spokesman, advocate, aqqiibii 'guard, protect, tend livestock', Har. eqiiba crooked, be perverse': termined, who is 10 full measure, kept withm
observer); 'wait, expect', Gur aqqiiwii 'count' (rrom 'guard, ta'aqaja 'withstand, make one another bounds, moderate, (Gr ~40) bound, tied',
('aqqiihe r.-s, 'aqqabe saga 'body guard'); keep, watch > keep track of > count'), Amh. stumble, (LI) be on bad terms, think evil , raqm 'measure, limit, enclosure, extent. capaci-
('aqqiihe sa'at 'Times Keeper' for the emper- iJqqub 'cooperative banking in which each mem- disparage' ; Iy, moderatIOn, end, completion, maturation.
or's schedules as well as for the hours of the ber gets hIS share by drawing lots'. lit. 'that which is rule, decree';
"qu/. pass. part. of 'a'qa,a, also 'recipient of
prayers); kept. guarded'. GUT. aq".b. For '.q.bl 'concubme', ('aqma "',,,;iill'e [LlJ 'adolescence'),
offense, offense, offenSive',
('aqqiihe saray 'physic.. n. magician, witchdoc- cpo Amh, ilqqubat, qubat, The connection between
'lIqaje (Gr.470) 'stumbling block', (ba-'aqm 'moderately, in moderation'):
Geez '.qub and Har. qoba 'equal (person or one
tor. <ee Worrell I, 182-3); 'aq/at (Lt) 'contest, variance'; ('aqm-a + noun 'according to'):
member or a palT equal to the other)" ancient Har.
'.quh, pass, part. of 'aqaba; also 'reserved '.qaft 'impedimenl, stumbling block. obstacle, ~.lqqame 'determination, definition, 'itatute, as-
q6bu 'fixed' suggested by Cerulli 1936:427 is doubt-
(for), heedful, cautious': signed standing, attendance,
rul. The root also occurs in Cushitic: Som, u~ub hindrance, scandal, offense, vexation, fault';
('.qllha 'cautiously'), 'aqlllat 'fitting proportion';
'watch. guard', Sa.Ar agabo 'protectIOn', Blhn akab 'a'qiiji (Gr), act. part. of 'a'ga'a;
'aqib 'observance', 'watch' is borrowed from Tigre. See also m·qb. ma'aqaf, ma'aq,,/' ma',)qiJjt 'stumbling block. SEMITIC Ar, 'aqim 'constncted, obstructed', (Oat)
-_>q.ht (fern , of "qub; pI. 'aqubal, 'aq.btiit) hindrance, offense, cause of offense, scandal, 'aqam 'curb, obstruct', Ar (Ycm) 'ullma 'em-
'concubine' (lit. 'guarded'); insult'; bankment (of a field),
'aqad 04' $': (M), 'aqad J\4' $': (T) 'clay jar
'lIqiibe 'keeping, observing, walch, custody, ma'aqa/iil1'i 'scandalous'; ETHIOP IC: Te, 'aqqiima 'be ablc', '(llpm, 'l1qJnI 'abili-
protection, safety'; placed on top of a hut';
ta'aqiiji, part. of ta'aq/a; ty, strength', Tna, 'aqmi, Amh. (lqJm 'ability, limit.
(mal'aka 'uqabe 'guardian angel'); probably the same root as 'aqd, below. confines', Gur, aq.n,,·'abllity'; passed into Cushllu.: ·
la'aq/o(t) 'scanda l' ;
Crah'a 'ugahe 'astrologers'); Aw. akilm 'means',
"uqab~yoh'i 'referring to observing'; SEMITIC: AT. 'aqaJa 'bend, make hooked'
'aqd O:"$':, (T) 'aqadu J\4'~ 'arch, vault, capi- ETHIOPlc: Te. ranqiifa 'make stumble', Tna, 'onqdjd, '>q"in b*,), '>q"an Mt'), (B) '.nq"in c)')*')
'.qh,nna (Gr.470) 'supervision, watch, surveil- tal of column';
lance'; Am h. aniiqqiifii 'cause to stumble', Tna. "q>/Ol 'cream, butter. curds', note thaI KG I has
mii"qad (pI. ma'aqad), architectural term, (T,M) 'obstacle', Amh.Arg, ."q4al, Gar Jnq,/ulii, Gur. 'Jg"{J/, bUI KG II has '.>g"li,,;
68 farabi
- - 'arb.
69
'aq-ana (1\:.) 'pnldllce hutter' (denOmlnat'~C);
m,' "q"iin (M) 'receptacle for churning
SI'MIIIC" Ar 'oqrah 'scorplon" Sh 'aqreh. Heb.
'aqru~. Aram. 'aqrabha. Syr. 'eqqarbii, Md. arqaha
'.rba, 'araba I (YJ'wh , p 'r"h j OCO I Ot!O '<Ot
(sun, heavenly bodIes), (KG) becomc evening',
- -
Phoenlc,an) ongln (M"""n 10-31) . 1 , T
·rf
(with melathe~is). Akk. aqrabu (".. West SemitiC). bUJ'l • 'T • (') n e ';Jr -
butter, IQ'raha 'cause to set', pawn. na .."ho n• Amh ariJba" For the
R. C'. Slclner, A A L 8, 4, p. 18 bring, up Ihe POSSlh""y
t 1Jf10rl( related III hq-n 'churn bUller', Te. h~"a~ 'arab 'west, (Gr288) sun,ct', SemitiC rOOt 'rb, cp, Ar 'aruba 'SlYe tamcst-money
of connecting 'qrb 'scorplon' with ··rqb 'mou\C'
' buttcrml!~ ' lhe connccl!on with Amh . onq 01" 'arabi 'western'; SAr r" rb 'gIVe pledges', l1eh 'li'uh ' land ba,l ro':
ETHIOPIC Te. ·arqah. 'arqah (with melathesl~). Tna ,
'mill curds (sec al~o G. '.lnq"alil) suggested hy ,,,bal 'selting (of tbe sun)'; Aram , 'art~ >,ou(;h for'. Syr '.lrt'P ' pledge oneself,
'J"'IJrblt, Amh aqrab. In the meaning 'ScorplO' G.
rra~lorlus IX7Q:\,1 l!i unlikel),. The root occur,; In give ~cunty . Ug 'rb 'enter u • pledge· Akk
'ol/rah IS borrowed from Ar ·al··aqrab. 'arabiiwi ·western'. eruhbatu 'pledge' Dnver 1957 '64connccu Ihls rOOt
(U~hllll' Sa '(Iqan 'cream'
mJ'rab 'west, setting (of the sun)', ~Ith Scm. 'rb 'enter'. AH , trl~pU'" 'enter', AT iuraha
'aqrab II O-l-t.lI (KG) = Amh, iJmh"ay 'bush (mniiba dahiiy 'wes!'), penetrate (arrow), set (sun, starf " for It Je.scnbci
'.qiqir O."'tc, (T) 'aqaqir h:l'4:C, <oe 'aqiir haVing bItter red or yellow fruit'; miiwabl (KG) 'west, setting (of Ihe Sun)'; the debtor as 'entenng' the creditor's houte In Je..
\cc also qarah. rault of payment"
'aqir (pI. '"qaqll, (;r.469 'aqaqlriir) o:l'C 'drug, SCMITIC Ar. garaho 'sct (sun)', SAr, rn-'rh 'west',
medIcine, condiment, spIce, enchantment by
mean, of drug!t'; 'aqqa~a 0"'' ',
(T) 'aqq~a h"''''
'ensnare, entan~
gle, cause to stumble, impede, defraud,
Heb. 'orag 'set (sun)', Aram 'arup, Syr 'i1re~, Md.
arh, Ph, 'rb, Ug. 'rh, Akk, aeb. Noeideke,7DMG
'.rabnat OlllH· (T) ' leather coming from a
foreign country',
SIMITII. Ar. 'aqqar, pl. 'aqaq"'r 'drug' (of Aramaic 54 (1900). 155 con.iders 'rb to be the onglnal form, from 'arab nal .
(T.M.Gr.291) pIerce, afflIct', Arab,c g of lirb belOg due to the presence of r.
on~Jn, see Fracnkcl 163). Soq~ 'eq~e '~hoot: S!,~out', ETHIOPIC" Amh. arrt..ihii 'make Moroc..:an leal her'
'a'qasa 'ensnare, bmd the feet, overthrow, over. ETHIOPIC: Tna, 'arubu 'sct (sun)', Amh. arriiha
Hch. ';qqar 'roOl', Aram 'Iqqara, Syr. 'iqqara ro01. from (' j arab 'Arah, fore'gn ' (I«: Lesl.u, Th,'
come, cast down, repel, suppress, cause to (from Geez). For mil'rfih ' west', cpo Te,Tna. rnJ'rah,
rnroll"mai herb' Sec for thl~ foot Schwally, 7DMG Muslim World 3911949)307.8), Amh arah also 'red
52 (l8Q81140·2, stumble, supplant, defraud, cuI off'; Amh m<1rab, mil'iJrab, Gur mariih, mJrab. leather' For nOI. ~ not,
EJIIIOPI( AmM. aqaq" 'mixture of \PICCS' ra'aqJa 'stumble, be ensnared, be overthrown,
be thrown down, (T.M) bend'; 'arbs II (ya'rJb) OCO (K') trade, be a mer. '" I, '.'rara hlJl4. 'rest, find rest, come to
'aq".ra fp'q".r, p'q"arj O<t.t!, (T) 'aq"ara 'iJqsar, verbal noun of 'aqqasa; chant'; rest, be at ease, find rehef, cea'e, dIe, make
h.t. ·",11 up, wrap up, bind up, knot, confine, Ju·qii. /ji, act. part. of Jarqa~a; miiwab, mii'Jrabr, (OT) ma'arah, ma"'Jhl rest, give rest, gIve relief',
retain, collecl, (LI) curdle, form, fashion': 'market, trading place, (T) market.goer'; 'iJru! 'resting, sull, tranqUIl, who IS at ea",
SI.MI11< Ar. 'Qqa,a 'Iw,st and platt (the hair)'; idle, dead',
''''q\Jrf.l (DTW 952), causative; Brockelmann 1928 543 compares Syr "qi,a SEMITIC Heb. 'urah• 'exchange mcn.:handl\C', rnu'uriib•
lcJ'oq" ra, l1as\J\'c. also 'be conceived': 'twl!tted' 'articles of exchangc', Fraenkel 1891L 74 connects It (wuJa. ha·wuJ 'quietly');
(t" '()'l'J/,tlqq>l'ar ',ncomprehensible, inconceiv- with Syr. 'urrep 'change money' 'arif'rest' (n);
FTi-IIOPlc:Tna. 'aqii~ii, 'anqi.i,rii 'make stumble, Im~
able) ; pede': passed ,nto Cush,"c: Sa, aqa.' 'tic'. EnlloPlc: Amh, ma'iJrabl 'market-goers'. I IS possi- '"raJe (Gr.469) 'resl';
cflqU', p<i$~ . pitrl. of 'aqKara, ble that mQ'arab is a transcription of Heb. matilrii~, 'iJrafr 'rest, peace, qutet, respIte, repo .. ,
'.q'r (pI. '~q"ar) 'bundle, sack, bag', 'uqat O,.,.·},; see 'wq, and the verb 'urha IS a denominative. comfort, death',
"q'",r ([t) 'bag'; 'a'raji (Lt), acl. parI. of 'a'raJa,
('~q"raraayn 'pup" of the eye); 'er '\C, (T) >er h.C 'watcher, guard,an', epIthet 'arb OClI 'eve of Sabbalh, Friday, the SIxth ""',,af 'rostlng place, quiet place, Slle. reSl.
of angels; day' ; dence, support', also 'a measure of length,
Sl.MlllC the connection with SAr 'qr 'the wall that 'J/ala 'arb, 'arh 'il/ar 'Friday';
SUrr(lrlS 8 rcser\'tllr' suggolcd by Avanzlnl 1978: from Hcb. 'er through Greek transcription l!ir , chapter of a book, seetton of a book, common
61 I pos~lhJe However accordmg 10 SabDic. It'- po,"bly from Ifeb. 'rr!,!? (Jabhiu j, sec Noeldeke antlphonary, collection of hymns and chants,
SAr 'qr mean" perhaps 'land ""31cred by ram' (ora Pl.; see 'u. 'r. 1910:237, also In Tna. 'arb, 'Friday', Amh , arh, punctuation mark' (sec also m,J'Jraj, below),
Rrodelmann 192728 compares 'q"' with Ar, 'oqa- Gaf arhii; passed Into CU\hltIC. Aw. arb" Kam , SEMITIC" the suggestion made by Praelonus 1890 :23
do "IC, bind', Ihe, of whlc:h is due to ' Relmwortbil, harh.
'arab Ot!lI 'Arabia', to consider G. 'a'rara it denomlOatJve from Ar
dung' ~llh 'U\ura ' Iu~, hind' KurIo 'room on the upper floor (where one takes a
'arah, 'ArabIan, ArabIC'; 'arban. OC(I~ (Y.), 'arbana hCn~ (T,) 'remove
E1HIOPIf" lna ·m/ura 'colk'Ct, retam water, kecp resl)' IS unhkely, Jeffery 65 (follOWing Ludoll) de.
In C'uslOd)·'. Te 'u'I,a 'III: up, wrap up', Amh.
'arahan:; 'Arabian'; the h uns from grai n' , nves Ar 'al-'a'raf'the wall which separates Paradise
'oqq·ara 'collect". Bar aqcira 'wrap up, make a SFMITIC Ar. 'arah. 'arahiyy 'Arab', SAr 'rh 'bed· 'arabon (Y), pI. 'araholliir (T) 'hull removed from Hell' (Surah 7:44) from G 'a'ra/a 'rest', Ar
bundle', also 10 CU.hll,c Bed. huk.r 'I,e, bind', OUlns, Arab!t', Heb. 'urill] 'Arabia', Syr furabiyii. from gram, ground corn, groats'; 'a'ra! being pOSSibly a corrupllon of G m:l'Jru!
Sa I\f. «Jqar S~)mah oho/i 'leather bag' compared by See also 'orahnat. ETHIOfJ lC Te, 'ara/a 'take a rcst', Tna. 'arti!iJ, Amh.
RemlKh 1902 23 IS the Or. okole and IS not to be ETH IOPIC: 'arhana is pcrhap!> a denominative from
'arahon, from 'rh with the suffix -n and to be urrii/ii. Arg. harriila. As for G. m,J'.mjf 'a measure
connecled Wllh G 'Jq",1r , 'arabi Ot!1J (LI) 'wilderness'; of length', and so on, It is also to be derived from
COmpared Wllh Te, 'arhay ·cutter'.
tran'tt:nptlon of Heb. ·urii!?ii. NOle, however, that 'a-raJa 'rest, take a rest', thc root refernng clther to
'aqrob I, 'aqrib (1'( 'aqii"i>1) O-l-t!lI , 0-l-t-1I, a measure of length, thai is, a M:ctiun of the r~a.d
(TI 'aqrab, 'Iqrib h-l-t.lI , h-l-t-lI 'scorpIon, Bilin also has aruba 'wilderness, desert' where no '.rabon, 'arabon 0~(1'} I ht!(1') 'pledge, ,ecuri.
lran\CnptJon of Heb. -arubii can come into consld· ty, earnest money'; where one stops or lakes a re~t, or 10 a ~1I0n
"hIP, (K) ScorpIo (>lgn of zodIac)', erallon. of a book where one stops or rc:;ts before gomg to
from Gk. arrhabiin. ~ame, of Semitic (Hebrew or the ned seclion. For m,)'Jriif In thiS meaning. l'p
70 'arq.
·rf _ __ _ _ _~~--~~~-:-:.:.:: 'tnl a 71
Te Tna nu'rd.f '8 mea!'ure of length', Amh mJ>raf, arrdKii, Gur. ariigii 'have intercourse' (euphemism ....at
rro~ 'go up, ascend '; for the euphemism 'have parenls or children), be wanting, (T) be hun-
For m4';,ra{ 'antJphonary', see Hammerschmidt
intercourse', from 'go up', cp- Heb. 'ala in Gen. ry' ; ETHloPI(, Tna 'urluJa'Te«)nC11c' Te r "Gild Mtiqa
197 7 09
31: 10); passed 1010 Cushltic : Btl arag 'go up' For forraqa "stnp na k ed' ,
g ~m,b. arrdqa -straighten out'. (as, }DrriiqJ 'rtton:
'rf II t •• ir.r. "'~lL (LI) 'cover one another', G . mO'3rilg 'rank, degree', cpo Tna, rna'arg, Amh. 'o'roqa 'make naked, stnp naked . ,Irip bare, (lie , Gur, (at )a"aqa ; also In Cu hltlc Kham aT'"
BII. .ralc Sa ' • o .
, -"
. ur q. JUm , ergo, See also ' grata
m.)'rJtil 'co\'cring, cover, turban'; Gur marog. make. emplY, empty OUI, uncover, lay bare.
,
relauon to ~rjarit, for which see depnve ;
melathe!'ls
~arara ,
In
'.rag I ~l"l, (T) ,.,rag h.l"l 'trap, cage, snare,
beehive, basket';
ta'orqa , to'arogo 'be naked, be slnpped, be
denuded, be em plied, undress oneself, be be-
'rr I, 'OO'orlro »,}'ll (lll ' become bhnd'
'Jr.rt (KBT 1010) 'kind of eye-dl«a~' ' -
'.rr IIC": 'spoon, handle or a plough, plough, ETHIOPIC : Amh. trag 'cage full of young birds'. reft (of parents or children), be VOId, be de-
SEMITI~ ' ~ondary form of Kr 'OTa 'be t'lhnd' ",uh
(contrary to Brockelmann 1950: 17 who sepa- redupltcaled last radICal.
rales w[ 'spoon' from w[ 'handle of a '.rag II ~l"l (Lt) 'inner parts of the body, prived of'; . ETHIOPIC ' Amh . ;U~rt ' lmd of cye-<1lsc:a~'
entrails'. 'Jruq 'naked, bare, emply, VOId, stnpped, de-
plough'); .. . void of, destitule'; also used with Possessive 'rr II, (",rir ·l-tltC (T) 'de<erted area. de'olale
·.,fa masqal 'spoon serving for adml.nt~t~nng area',
'.raka (y.·r.k) Olh (1I) 'be friendly With'; suffix pronouns, as In 'Jruq-u 'he empty-hand-
Ihe Eucharist'. IiI. 'spoon of Ihe cross (It IS so
called because the handle has a little cross); to'iiraka, (T) to'aroka 'be friendly with some- ed' : prob~bly for tJ'rir 'harvest, crop' !from 'rr), but the
one, be a friend, make friends, associate, be a (wuq b.'.si 'mere man, ordinary man') ; meanmg 'deserted area' given b) Tayya \(Cms
SOflTle Ar, Kara/a 'scoop', migra/a 'big spoon', companion, be joined'; wiiq 'emptiness, nakedness'; with posses,ive strange. Or would the meanmg 'deserted area' de.
Oat. magr~fa 'large spoon', SAr. 'r/ 'well from nve from the meaning 'harvest > harvested :'>
'osIQ'oraka 'cause to become friends, recon. suffix pronouns '(he, she) naked, bare, emply,
whIch one draws water' (AvanzIOi 1978:64-6), Mh. deserted. abandoned'?
garor'dra\4- water', cile' ; empty-handed, devoid, alone, merely',
ETH',oPIC": Tna . ..,ft 'handle ofa plough', Amh . .,j. caruk 'friend'; wqan 'nakedness, genital,'; 'arar OlC 'lead' (n),
Gur. urf; also 10 CushJtic: BII. erblina (pI. erfiin) 'ark, 'ark (fern. 'o"kt; pl.m. 'orkan, fern. 'Jrq.nnii, (M) 'Jriiq.nna 'nakedness';
ETHIOPIC Te,Tna. 'urar 'lead', Amh, arar: also to
'handle of a plough' (passed inlO Te. ,.,bana), Som. ·orkat, pI. com. 'o·"kt) 'friend, intimate, best wqat 'nakedness';
Cushitic ~ Be. arer 'lead', Kham . aTlr, 811 ari.."j
irfi· See also Cohen 1947:no.110. For G. ·.,fa man (to a bridegroom)'; fJraqowi 'naked'; 'bullet'
maJqal, cp. Tna '3rfo miisqiil, Amh. Jrfii miisqii/ (mo~~a[a 'orke ['orke], collection of short
(from Geez). SEMITIC: Ar. 'araqo 'stnp (a bone) of flesh', Hob,
hymns or salam at the end of the lives of saints '(iraq 'gnaw" Syr. 'arreq. 'Irara Oll (D 14J~, 14]]) 'be equal',
or of the Senkesar [so called after the name of ETHIOPIC: Te. fQrqa 'be naked', Tnil. 'ariiqiJ, Amh "'rir (D 1432, 1433) 'equalily, the same thing,
'Irga (I'nag. J"'"g) OC1 'ascend, go up, an equal thing',
chmb', the composer 'Arka S,llus 'a friend of the arriiqii, (tii)raqq"'iitii 'be naked' (denomina-tlve from
'a'rago 'raise, lake up, lead up to. offer (sacri- Trinity']); raqut), Gur. Jnrbraq 'nakedness', where one recog~ EnlloPlc Te. (tii )'arora 'be equal'; ;} \C'Condary
fices, Mass)'; ('ii"kt zor.mqoto k"st.nnii 'godmother'); nizes 3raq preceded by the enigmatic 3nd. There is form of 'array!', below.
to'arkot (LI) 'friendship, association, associat- no connection between this root and 'arqa II 'be
raragi, act. part. of 'arga; . , .....rt IIcc·l- (KBT 1010) 'kmd of eye-dISease';
JOg; fnendly', as suggested by Hommel 91, n, 1.
'>rug 'who goes up, offered (sacrifice),; see 'rr I.
wgot 'asoent, ascenSIon, assumption (into heav- ETHIOPIC ' Tna. (ark; 'friend', ta<arii/sii 'be friends',
en)' , Amh. ark 'fnend'; also m Cushihc: Af. arki'bnde- 'arqa, '.raq. II OC.,. • Ol.,. 'be fnendly wtlh, 'Irsu OCt\- (T) 'precious Slone',
(wgota q'>rbiin 'offering of sacrifice, end of groom's friend'. In an old Geez graffilo, 'arakt (fem. be equal, reconcile, effect reconciliation, (K ')
sacnfice'); of 'ark) seems to be used as a euphemism for slraighten out'; 'aris OM", (T) 'Iris »til 'hut, tent',
(ba'alo wgot 'AscenSIOn' (40 days after 'snake' (see Lillmann in Noeldeke 1910'89). See 'a'raqo 'make equal, bnng about peace. recon- probably from Ar. fori! 'hut made of tWigs. "ooth.
Easier); also 'arqa II cile'; Irellts'; cpo also SAr 'TJ, 'shed, hut' CI, Soq '''ri.l
maw.g (pi. mo,arJg. mo'ii"giit) 'ascent, grade, to'araqa, (T) ta'oroqa 'be reconciled, reconcile 'hut' (see also Noeldele Iq I0 j II.
carina iJt.C;; see rarraya, oneself' ;
rank,. ,
dignity, hierarchy, degree, ladder, step,
stair; to'iiraqa 'be reconciled wilh one another, make '.rit O,:.,l-, (T) '.rit »t-·l- 'bed, couch, bier,
mO'org (1I) 'staircase': 'araq I Ol:" (K') 'sweat'; peace with one anolher'; scaffolding' ,
mJ'riig 'ascent, ascending road, ladder'; from Ar. 'araq 'sweat'; also Amh. ariiq, 'aslararaqa 'reconci Ie' • ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. 'oral 'bed'; I!; not to be
(mnago hagar 'ciladel'); 'oriiqi 'peacemaker, intcnnediary, mediator, connected with Heb. 'l'r~'.i 'bcd', as suggested by
'.raq II Ol:" (K') 'arrack, anise'; meek' ; Dillmann 964, The root is probably denved from
SEMITIC; Ar, 'araga 'ascend' (for the possiblJity of Cushitic: Bil.Kham. Sa,Af. arc;t, BII. ariil'rest II1lhe
from Ar. 'araqi; also Amh. ariiqe. ariiq;, '''g, 'orq, (T) 'Jrq 'reconcilialion, peace';
Ill. bemg a Geez loanword, see J, Blau, in Ben- shade (caUle dUflng Ihe heal of Ihe day)'
HaYYlm 69-7~I, Heb. 'arag (Ullendortf 1968: 1291. '3rqiina 'concord';
'arq., '.raqa I (y,'raq, y""g) OC.,. I Ol+
possIbly Heb. 'aruga 'garden bed', 'be naked, be emptied, be empty, be aban- '"q.nna (M) 'state of agreement'; '.rit IItT; see ('orral'o). WUI'.
ETH1QPIC' Te, 'arga 'go up', Tna. 'ariigii, Amh. wag.y.nna 'media torship' (ra ther than 'naked-
doned, be orphaned, be childless, be bereft (of
ness' as given in Gr.469); (urat ~I..:"; see 'n'r,
,
, Ifr,"'1 72 (asba
•
,
73
(arra)'a~ (araya (y.JrriJ Olf 'be equal, be e~en, (arriizi act. part. of <arraza;
tra nsll·teration of
, Chr.-Ar. isbiidikfin,
• from Gk . sa-
be Ie~eled off. be level. be smooth, agree with, <arruz, ,(T) >arruz 'clothed, _d~ess~ d' ; . despolikon body of the Lord and resolved by ,<assuy, pass. part of ~assava'
. ,
CI,mcur. be the same; make eq~a~, render 'orraz, (T) 'arraz (pI. 'arrozot) clothIng, gar- ~~k etymology into tasba diyaqon 'salary of the asset, <Jssayat (pI. fJSSfYQf), (T) 'JS.'iel 'wages
equal, make straight' (perhaps. ongmally '0- ment vestments, apparel'; deacon.• ~ayment, retribution, recompense. remunera~
rora, mtransitive; rarraya, tr~nsltlve), (rarraza )albas, )albiisa rarraz 'changes of rai- tIon, compensation, reward';
'sb I, ma'asab ODoil-fl 'soothsayer, sorcerer,
'a;ral'a, (KG) 'aceraya 'equalize, make e~ual, ment'); (',ssela (T) 'for'; for the development of mean-
ta<raz/ 'clothes'; diviner' ; 109, see bezawa, be:ii);
make even, make uniform, share equally;
10'arrOl'a 'be equal, be the same'; augmented by n in ransaba, above. la'sil (K') 'gift, bribe';
ETHIOPIC: Amh. araz 'clothes' (probably from
ta'iirayo (Ll) 'become equal to one another. be Geez), Har. iraz, Jraz, Gur. araz. This root also csb II; see marsaba. ~EMITI,C: Harth 1893:56 compares Heb. 'asa ('51')
in agreement with one anoth~r'; came to mean 'be naked', denominative with a make With G. 'asaya (so also Dillmann 974) thai
'asto<arraya, )as(oraroyo 'consider equal, make privative meaning, :rom Jra~. 'toga, c1oth~s'.: ~mh. 'asaqa, 'ssaqa 0 ... .,. l OIP"', (K ') 'assaqa he translates 'einem antun. entnchten, geben'. He
equal. level'; .. {t}arriizii 'be naked, Har. araza, Gur. (tjaraza. See Ot""', (T) 'assqa h ... .,. 'weave, embroider, (Y) also compares Ar. Safa (Sty) 'act' (but not 50 Fraen-
WUI' (fern. wil) 'equal, Identical, the same, also (araza, above. roll up, twist'; kel 1898 :32). and SAr. 's,y 'sacrifice' (so already
equitable, equivalent'; , . ta'assaqa (K '), passive; Brockelmann 1913:5t4. n.I, and also W. Muller
(wuya. ba-wu)' 'equally, to the same extent),
cesa q.,, ; see <ys, 1983:277). For the root 'sy ('5.v), see also Rundgren
'osaqi (K '), act. part. of 'osaqa; 1968: 161-2.
r~rtir 'equality'; <asuq, (T) >asuq 'woven, embroidered, varie-
'.saba (YJ'Sab), (KG) 'assaba OliO, (T) 'asaba ETHIOPIC: Amh. ~seI 'remuneration' (from Geez).
rarrayal 'equality'; gated, of various colors, (Lt) who has a malig-
w,yanna 'eq uality, state of equality, agree- h ... O 'hire for wages, engage, recruit, pay a 'iiSii q.., 'fish',,
nant ulcer, (T) shaped, sculptured';
salary, recompense';
ment'; . 'osq, (T) 'asq 'thread, embroidery, many-col- EruIOPIC Te.Tna. rasa, Amh,Gur. a.w, Gar. asa;
<aTina 'equality, agreement, (0 1433) the eqUi- 'ossaba 'let (premises), lease';
)arsaba, caus. of rasaba; ored gannent, woven (embrOidered) gannent, from Cushitic: Bi!. rasa, Kern.Qua. a:o.
nox' : (T) black felt cloak';
(ha-wina 'equally'); lo'asba, la'asaba, pass. of 'asaba; also 'hire for 'assam I OIPI., (Y) >aSSaro hlP{" (T) '8ssar8
(za-'asq 'many-colored');
Ia'rin (T) 'near'; oneself, lease for oneself'; h ...1. 'invite, call a meeting, inaugurate',
marassaq 'weaver';
tiJrrinG 'equality'; )astafasaba 'let, lease'; (aCosra. taraSsara 'be invited';
rna'asq, (with " T) 'garment made of gold
ma'array 'equal, who makes equal'; (assabi 'hireling, lessor'; . , c.Jssur 'in vi ted' ;
stnps ;
)amarraYG, see mrry; 'assab, 'hireling, day laborer, salaried, merce-
nary; SEMITIC: SAr. rSzq 'layout, installation, such as dig- .
, - ,. . .
{;Jssare lflvttatIOn;
.
rasur ~feast. banquet' ;
SEMITIC: Lindberg 87 compares G. 'arriiyii with Ar. ging a well, cutting a road, terracing' (W. M(iller
'ol'ara 'make even'. The connection between this
'asb, (Lt) 'iisb. 'asbo, (T) 'asb 'hire, salary, SEMITIC: Ug. fsr 'serve drinks at a banquet'.
1983:277), Md. 'sqa 'band, snare'. For the meaning
r~ol and G. 'ar'ul 'yoke' (rom ('a)r<aya > 'araya payment, price, rent, wages, reward, remunera-
'twist', cpo perhaps Heb. riiiaq 'extort\ Aram. ro.saq
suggested by Praetorius 1890:31 (following Hupfeld) tion, compensation, profit'; 'aSSara II OIPI., (T) 'ossar8 hilI. 'give a tithe,
'oppress'.
is doubtful. (assabe 'remuneration'; impose a tithe' (denominative);
ETHIOPIC: Amh. asq 'multicolored' (from Geez).
ETHIOPIC: Tna. rariiyii 'reconcile. pacify', marriiyii 'ossiibiiw; 'mercenary' (n. adj.); 'a'assara 'order to give a tithe';
'be equalized' (denominative from mJrray), Te. 'ara lafasiibi, part. of larasba; also 'lessee'; 'asset btl.-l-; see 'asaya. la'ossara 'be imposed (tithe), be given (tithe)';
(rrl'J 'reconcile', Gur. ere; also in Cushitic: Qem. la'asabo(I) 'compensation, lease, hire, price 0f ',ssur (KG) 'tithe that is imposed';
iru:s 'equahze'. arii),-S 'make peace', Qua. are 'be the hire'; 'astar OilTC (in an inscription, Littmann 'asr" 'ten' (used with fern . nouns);
equal', Sid. arar-si ' reconcile', Som. ar 'peace'. See 1913) 'sky';
SEMITIC: Ar. <asaba 'pay hire [or a stallion's cover.
'aSsart" 'ten' (used with mase. and fern.
also 'arara.
SEMITIC: SAr. rttr 'star god', Heb. (astorf!, ancient nouns);
ing', SAr. 's)b 'hiring charge (of beast)'. It is, how-
Aram. (fr, Syr. restera, Md. <stira. Ph, <strt, Ug. <asr 'ten' (used with measures);
'araza OI.H (K ') 'be less, be wanting, be de- ever, possible that the Ar. and SAr. meaning is
ficient. be meager'; derived from the original meaning 'a stamon's cov-
'Itr(I), Akk. iSlar; see G. Garbini, RSO 35 (1960). riihr 'tenth';
25,8; AION 24 (1974).406-10. On the bibliography, 'aSur 'Ihe tenth day, ten days';
to'ar:o (K') 'lack clothes or food, be naked'; ering of a mare' and 'give hire [or a stallion's
see Baumgartner 851. See also 'astaros. casra 'twenty';
'ar:'lIna (K') 'lack' (n); covering' is secondary. .
ETHIOPIC: Tna. {tii}<asbii 'be hired', <asbi 'pnce, ETHIOPJc: Te. 'astiir 'heaven', Amh. asliir 'star'
'os (a) ron (Lt) 'decade';
[rom Amh. arrii=ii 'be wanting'. See also 'arraza. salary', Amh . asb 'salary', assiibii 'serve for wages' (from Geez); passed into Cushilic: Bil. aSliir 'sky'.
('as(,)ron qiilal [Ll]_'the Ten ~?m.m~ndme~ts');
(probably from Geez); passed into Cushitic: Sa. 'asaya (ya'si), 'assaya, <asaya O... f I OlPf, (T) 'iiS(J)riiwi, 'iiS(a)ray (fern. 'asa"t) tenth ,
'arraza, (K) 'araza (ya'raz) OI.H 'dress, clothe, 'asbe 'salary'. See also 'asha diyaqon.
furnish clothing'; >asaya h ... f 'repay, reward, recompense, re- 'asriit, 'asriil 'ad, (T) 'asral 'tithe, a tenth part.
'a'razo (Lt) 'help to dress'; quite (a favor)'; offering, gift, tribute'; "
'asba diyiiqon oilO ' -'1.,4>,) 'the central
la'arrazo, (KG) la'or:a 'be dressed, put on ta'asya, to'asaya, passive; also 'accept pay- rna'ossar (Ll) 'assessor of a tithe;
square of the consecrated host put into the ment' ;
clothes, be clothed'; chalice" ,
ma'saril (M) 'tenfold'; . ,
rassayi, act. part. of <assaya; la'(a)sarl 'tenfold, ten tImes;
74 (~afa
tere, onerous, difficult to perceive, inconceiv- ('a~ada wayn 'vineyard '); matJ$o 'door', cp. also Tna. ma·~o. The root also
enclosure' ;
able, marvelous, astonishing, stupendous'; SEMITIC : SAT. '-'~d 'villages' (Muller 1983 :278). occurs in Cushitic: Kham. le~uw 'tic, bind', Aw
(ba-'iJsub 'hardly, barely'), connected with 'asq 1 'branch', Ihe hedge bemg a~iaw, Qem. anJiiH' (Conti ROSSini 1911168). See
ETHIOPIC Amh. o$iid 'garden, sacred grove around
a church'. made of branches. also (asaH'a II,
('iJm-'iJ~ub 'hardly, grudgingly, with difficulty,
scarcel}"); '!'\. t.·.~. (U) "'Ol\'''' 'cling to'; '.s..... II (ViJ'su) Ollm 'cut off, detach' ;
'.
'iJsubiil (ll) 'harshness'; <.~.fa (Y"~'f) Oll~, (T) '.~af. "11~ 'bend, so translated by Dillmann 1023, but it can also
SEMITIC : perhaps Ar, 'asiqa 'Slick to' (wilh f-q > s-q
'iJ~ab 'harshness, rigor, severity, difficulty, fold up, double, put on clothes'; be rendered 'shut off and :n thiS case it is
or with an original s.q > $_q).
trouble, toil, calamity, necessity, need, want, ta'alja, ta<a~afa 'clothe oneself, cover oneself identical with 'a~awa L
lack, wonder, marvel'; with a mantle, be clothed, be wrapped'; ·a~.r. Olll, (T) 'a~ara "Ill 'press out, press,
fa~aba. same; squeeze, wring out'; ·.t.b. (Y"I.b, )'d'tab ) 0.,.0, (T) >.tab. ".,.0
<a~afi (K·), act. part. of 'a~afa;
(=amana 'asabii
, 'hard times'); <.~uf, <u~uf 'folded up, enveloped, clothed, 'Qssara
,. 'twist'·, 'seal, mark with a seal, bless with the sign of
'.~abiiwl, 'iJdabii"'i(Gr.471) 'harsh, severe, pow- double' ; ta'~ra, passive; the cross, make Ihe sign of the cross, (K·) cut,
erful' ; (~~ari, act. part. of ra~~ara; finish' ;
(h/'e ',~ufat 'twofold');
'.~bal 'harshness, difficulty, (D 1433) necessity'; <aif, (T) ·alj (pI. >a<~'ft, <a~fol) 'cloak, mantle, 'a~~ir, (T) 'a~~ir 'juice pressed out'; >a'taba 'make the sign of the cross With the
'.~biJnno 'vexallon, troublesome life, difficult robe, tunic, raiment, sacerdotal vestment (a purpose of blessing';
hfe' ; SEMITIC: Ar. (a-rara 'press out, squeeze out', Soq. \fr,
sort of cape of leather bound at the waist by a Syr. '.~ar, Md, ~r ('~r), and perhaps Heb. 'o~r' ta<atba, passive; also 'cross oneseir:
ma '~biil (ll) 'difficulties'; <iJtuh 'sealed, blessed with the sign of the
girdle),; Hammerschmidt 1970: 156; 'oppression' (so also Baumgarlner 823: on Ihe Heb. ,
'asab~ib, (T) >a~ab~ib 'very hard, (T) narrow cross;
'~afe 'putting on clothes, manner of putting root '~', see E, Kutscher, VT 2[1952J.57-69), and
path, time of famme'; on clothes'; SAr. I-'$r 'struggle with one another', As for G . <utahe 'sealing, the making of the Sign of the
'~#r 'juice pressed out' (3 passive participle form cross' ;
76_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~-::.:~-
(a,aqa
taUlml _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~
~~~!q____--------------____________~77~_____________ ___
.
..,Ibar 'act of «ahng_ act of maklOg the Sign 0
f SrMITIC: Ar 'ata!a ·fold'. SAr. 'if·mantle'. Sh. 'otaf
'fold'. Heb. ra!OP 'envelop oneself with', Aram.
connection. with G. ~a'aqa (With metathc<.;lsl
'en- I meanlng~ of ~oda'
- -
the cros~'. close. clasp •
mii'3lab (pi. ma,aIJb) ·seal. sign of the cross. 'dtap. Syr. '>tap 'clothe oneself. Md. atp. Ph. ' tp-t ·a»d,. (T) '0.-" (1'1. .Q .....,jd. 'Q'W<idiit) 'CIrcle
'wrapplngs' (?):
C'<'N worn b, Chnstians around the neck. brace- ETHIOPIC Amh. attli!1i 'fold' See also 'asa!a
,.tq O'r~ (K'): see 'asq.
•
I ~~cun, c~c1e. Circumference, threshing Hoor'
- 'attir O"lC (U) ·grocer·. Urt. hall. Judgment seat tnb I '
let' , law. Jud _ . una, coult cf
Sl\IIT1C_ SM ,tb '\0". destine' (Muller 1983:278). 'air ari (Lt) 'itinerant merchant'; nr . gment, as'\.embly, counCil, district. tn~
<atana (YiJ'!iJn. }'a'!an) Om~. (T) >a,ana hm~ . on,. neighborhood. VICinity area penl'~ ~f
ETHIOPf(. Tna. 'alobii 'make the sign of the cross, lIme':
'b~rn IOcense, oft'er incense, fumigate with in- from Ar 'a~!iir 'merchant of perrume~. candles. and "u ...
I ,
"-mh Olfil/!Il; Tna. ma'lob 'cord worn by Chnstl~ns so on' (DozY)' from 'i,r 'perfume' For the root '!r
cense' ; 'a ..d- (followed bv suffix
around the neck '. Te. mo'orob, Amh.Gur. marah. In the other Semitic languages, see 'alana. round about'. - pronoun,) 'around,
For the marab In the Ethiopian culture, see Walker la'a!na 'be fumigated with incense, be burnt •
18. Tadde,. Tamr.t. DES 9 (1959).38-42. The root (incense)' ; ErHIOPIC" Tna. ra!iira 'trade', 'u,ar; 'itlOcranl ped- 'a",da 'around- (ad, ).
pas<.;ed IOto Cushitlc: Sa. marelob, BII. ma'tob, Or. 'alani (K ') 'who burns incense'; dler', Amh. a!!ara 'sell perfume, be an 1llOerant 'a'wadat (GrAH) 'meetlng place of the elders
malaba. See also m·tb. raiull <fumigated with incense'; peddler' . The root for 'perfume ' al50 occurs In Te. synagogues'. '
•
'J{f. Amh. J!r, Tna. ~J.1!ur.
(rowda 'ilk/, rawda mii'Jrar 'lhre~hing tloor')'
•
fa[iin (pI. fiJ[iinat) 'Incense';
<attama 01'01' (T K') 'become angry'. ('awda 'u.lad 'COUrt'): -
(~alola 'iJ!an 'Ritual of the Incense'); <atro 0'l'C' (It) 'kmd of antelope';
'.((urn (It) 'crushed',
('iJiana mogar. religious song consisting of eleven • ('awda mak"allJnI 'court of law'):
morolf,un, mO'iiftJIIJ 'angry, prone to anger, ETHIOPIC. Te. 'e~ro 'dwarr antelope'
Irate, passionate, quarrelsome, fierce, furious. ve~ses. sung after the communion); Velat 64;
('o",da naga" -The Cycle of the Kings', a book
fiJ/not 'incense offering'; <atiro<! O"lC~, name of a planet (Mercury). deahng with divinallon and fortune-Ielling, It
irascible' •
m~r[iin 'place where one offers incense' ; • C?nSlsts of CIrcular drawmgs; . .ee Conti Ros-
SEMITIC: perhaps Heb. 'tm (nifral) which occurs only marJ[ant (pI. mafii!iJn. mOta!iJnt) 'censer, thuri- rrom Ar. 'urtirid. 5101. RS£ I (1941)_127-45. Hammerschmidt.
10 Is. 9; 18 rendered 'verwiistet. erschtiuert' (Baum- Six 198389):
ble, (It) fumigation with incense';
gartner 856). Note that the meaning of Heb. rtm
(",f'al)'~ dark' (so also In various Arabic dialects: SEMITIC: related to 'tr (with alternance of liquids):
,.tas.
• - ,
IJIOS, rJ!as sneezmg.
•
.
(p''''') Oml'l (T M) 'sneeze';
('Qlnla qamar 'Iunar cyclc'):
('allda qJSI 'court of law'):
see Blau. , T 5/1955).342) may likewise explain the Ar. 'a!!ara 'to perfume', ri!r 'perfume', S~, '~!r SE~ITIC:Ar. ra{a.w '~neeze'. Soq. ·('Io.~, Heb. 'tir as• ('all'da sah· 'battlefield'):
meaning 'get angry' from a metaphorical expression 'perfume', Aram. ra!ar 'smoke', Syr. 'e!ra'incense'; Aram. 'o!ai, Syr ril!aSa 'sneezing'
such as 'his face became dark > he became angry'.
('D1l'da 11'01'11 'vineyard'),
note Heb . • ralar 'perfume' (with t). Brockelmann
On the other hand, one wonders whether 'attama is ErnloPIC: Te. ~a!{ii,fa 'sneeze', Tna. hOlasii, Gaf. (r,l',JS£l 'GII't/a ramal 'New Year').
1927:28 compares 'a{ana with Sem. (Ar.Syr) '{r
not a reconstructed verb from mO'oltilm which 'perfume, scent', the n of which is due to 'Reimwort- iftlisa, Har. ~a!{iJ bura, Gur. i-;Il.i.~ii hlh'u, aug- flldat, verbal noun or 'oda; also 'circle, circuit,
could then be a derived nom mal form of moral bildung' with tanana 'smoke'. ~ented by II in Te. hatl/aJa, Tna. hll"rti~ii, >,In!.l.fO turn, orbIt. revolution. procesllion',
'anger' (see below) with the unusual suffix -m. ETHIOPIC: Tna. ra!ana 'fumigate, perfume, render bii/ii. Amh.G ur. anli{liisii. The root probahly passed ',wwride (pI. 'JII'l'ad'Tci/) 'going around (n.).
fragrant with incense', Te. raIna, Amh, a!!ana, Gur. 1OtO Cushitic: Bil. he!iS y, Kam. haflliJ.\'a'l', Qem. circling. revolving, circular course, revolution,
'atar OTC. (T) >atar hTC 'pea'; ariiS, Or. ho!!isso.
atana,
"
Har aliino. For 'incense', cpo Te,Tna . 'illon,
.
cycle (of year)';
SEMITIC: perhaps from Ar.(Aden) 'atar ·pea·. Amh .Gur. iI!an, tan. The root passed into Cushltic: IIJiJ'li'iid 'circle, circuit. periphery, circumrer~
'~!iis 6"111 (T) 'eyebrow'
ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. 'olor. Amh.Arg.Gur.Har. afar, Sa.Af. <alan. See also ra!!ar. ence. border. village';
Gaf. alora; m Cushttic: Or.Kam-Tem. acora, Qem.
'iw ~ID- 'bending. curvature. broad part of tarawl/ot 'transgression';
Qua. ozar, Kham. ad", Sa.Af alir.
<a,aq_ (YiJ'!iJq) Om'" 'gird. gird oneself, gird thigh. Resh of thigh_ (T M) front. socket of hip-
SEMITIC Ar 'ticia fwd) ·rclurn,l.:ome had.. to', SAr,
<atara OTe: (Y.M), >ata .. hTe: (T_M) 'seize. about firmly. put around the waist, fasten. bone';
restrain' ; 'wd're turn ', Heb. ·il\IH'~/'surround·. Ug. 'f 1\ Id 'go
grasp, lay hands on. hold tightly in one's fist':
SEMITIC AT. 'awQ fWy) 'bend' around' (de Moor 130). For the connection with
ETHIOPIC: Tna. ratara 'seize, grasp', Te. 'ol((ira 'af!aqa, causative;
Ar 'ada 'custom', Syr. r~rii~J(i, sec Buhl 568,
'seize', Amh. illIar(l) 'that which can be seized with 'a!aqi (K'), act. part. of 'a!aqa; '"d, <oda (y.'ud) 1'1. 'go around. turn around. Koehler 685. Baumgartner 751. Sec also 'Jdi.a.b1.l\c
two fingers' '.!aq (K ') 'act of girding oneself; Cllele. encircle. encompass. surround. circulate. ETHIOPJC" Te. (til Jruwiidd 'turn, go around', Amh.
,.!iiq (Gr.471) 'girdle, belt'; revolve, turn'; awn-ada 'go around' The root 'lrd 'go around' IS
<a,ara (Y"I~() Om"- (DYM). >a,ara hm"- (T)
mii-!aqil (It) 'waistband'; lawwada, (T) )oU'u!oda 'Issue a decree. proclaim'; not to be identified With 'wd 'tell' llf Ih~ "arious
·fold. wrap, pl .. t·;
'a'oda. causative; also 'send around. lead Ethiopian languages (see le>lau 1979 111-2). For
la'a{fa (K '), passive; SEMITIC: Dillmann 1Ol7 analyzes it as 1o!aqa and
around' ; G. 'awd 'threshlOg floor', cpo Tna ·dI\'lll. Te. 'Ilwd,
'J/u(. pass. part. of 'alala; also 'which is wo- considers it related to AT. !owq 'necklace, collar'.
Gur. awd, HM. iid. The root alsll occurs 10 Cushit-
ven, web, texture'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. 'a!liqli 'gird'. Amh. (t}a{tliqli 'glrd tarawda, pass. of (oda;
ic: Or. UdCl 'threshing Hoor'. Kam.Qab. (idu, Sa
oneself', Gur. (t)a,-!aqa 'place a lid over ajar', 'awadi. act. part. of 'oda;
'a!l 'which IS woven, web. wooden roller raude. The spelling of G. -odu >'1.. i~ a varilnt
Te. 'andiiqa 'glrdle' (WIth augmented nand t-q rawwiidi. act. part. of (uwH'ada; also 'crier, spelhng of 'ot/a If.. and there is no re.lson to suggest
around which a weaver winds the finished
becoming d-q by dissimilation), for which see Litt- herald, preacher, messenger'; two different roots 'oda and 'oda, as stated. With
portion of the cloth';
mann. ZA 14 (1899).25. A. Ambros suggests a rJ"''''ad, riJwwud, pass, part. of the transitive reservatIOns. by LOfgren 1927: 108
78 'wq
-' .-.-----~--------~ -
79
'a\'nal (LI) 'evli eye'; has magayy., OJ>1J'.C (as does also the Asmara sponse_ alternate in reciting the Psalms' (denom-
'~rl'a1Ja, (T) 'ay),ana 'contemplate, observe, ~er Bible), for which see gayyara I. inative) ; 'zr~(T) 'azara (wilh ,) hilt. 'brighten up'
c~i;'e, view mentally, (T. Y.M) evaluate, examine, mara:;ar miin~ ~ - '
EnuoPlc: Tna. <iJzli. mode of chant, Amh. J:/. See rna) _ '. . ~_ur, mJfa;;ar (pl. ma'ti:ar), tT)
inspect, put in order' (denominative); . 'ys, 'esa 'l.ft (LI) 'soften, grow soft'; also h,z/, and Velat 76, 78.
, . a.ar ShtnlOg splendor, bnlliant rays, (OT)
IO'OYYOIIO 'contemplate (observe) attentively, light, a crown lhat shmes" ,
Ia'esa (0 1397) 'be patient';
examine. guard, keep'; , see also 'ys, >esa, even though 'ys seems to have an 'azama 011 00 (MA.Lt) 'conjure, cast spells'; rna':ur (Lt) 'surrounded with splendor';
la'oY(J')ano 'camp, set, set up a camp (pOSSI- opposite meaning. 'azami (Lt) 'magician';
bly 't~ seek for oneself a well to esta?lish a ETHIOPIC Amh. m;J';ar 'rays of sun' See also IW:r.
from AT. (azama; also Amh. azzamii 'practice Sor-
camp'; so Dillmann 1007), congregate; with .. yat flfT; see wa'ya. ,
eery. 'auaza Oil" 'be strong, be steadfast, be vig-
lii9/a, 'besiege'; orous, be firm';
rayyun, pass. part. of royyana; also 'considered 'ayaya (ya'yay,ya'yay) Off, (Y.T) 'ayaya hff -., 'sz.qa (ya<:aq) 011'" (Y.M) 'become marsh- ~perhaps '~:a:a 'be strong', and 'a::a:a
carefully, selected'; 'err, wander from, deviate, stray, be ignorant land, (K *) dig, make a hole, drill'; overwhelm III ~a:;=a;alllli 'it overwhelmed me'
liJ(ayyan1 (pI. ta(iJyyaIllGt, ta<oy;m) 'camp, taber- 'azoql (pI. 'azaqiil, 'azaqtiit), (T) 'a::aqt 'pit,
of, not understand, be mistaken, be different, rather than translating 'a::a:a 'become strong'
nacle. tent. army. hosts, troops, company, as- be distant, be separated'; well, cistern, dungeon'; and consldenng -lin; an mdlrect Object. a:s
sembly, congregation, choir'; Ia'ayaya 'be diverted from the right path '; SEMITIC: Buhl 578, Baumgartner 766, and Leslau suggested by Dillmann 1004);
SEMITIC: AT. 'QY'I 'eye, source', SAr. ryn, Soq. rain. rayyuy ' insane, senseless, dul1, stupid, delirious, 1958:39, following Dillmann 1003, connect it with la'a:za~a (Lt) 'be overwhelmed';
Heb. <ayin, Aram. rena, Syr. roynii, Md. aina, raving, different, distinct, schismatic'; also parti- Ar. 'azaqa 'dig up' ; cpo also PbH 'a:aq 'd'g'. If 'asta(a::a:a 'conduct oneself as being strong';
Ug.Ph. 'n 'eye', Akk. fnll. cipial meanings of 'ayaya; e.g. 'who strays', however, the origin of the Gecz noun <o;oqt is the ":zuz 'powerful, mighty, strong, huge';
ETHIOPIC: Tna. 'oyni 'eye', Te. <in, Amh.Arg.Gur. and so on. verb <ozaqa 'become muddy', the Arabic compari- (',J;:!uza 'strongly ');
o,'n, Gar. ina, Har. in; Tna. <oyyana 'explore the son would not be valid unless G. <azaqa 'become (~zziz, (T) 'o::;z (fern. fG:z(i:) 'mighty, strong,
SEMITIC: Ar. gawa (gwy) 'err', 'aIVii «wy) 'bend, muddy' is a denominative from <Qzaqt 'pit, well'.
c~mp of the enemy'. The root is common with vigorous, excellent';
twist', Aram. 'awe 'curve', >afawe 'be wrong'; von ETHIOPIC : Amh. aziigl 'deep pit' (from Geez), Te.
Cushitic: BiL 'il 'eye', Qua.Kham. el, ALSom. iI. filZGZ 'power, strength, vigor, dominion, excel-
Soden 267 compares Akk. ewu(m), "etwa 'belasten 'aziiq 'swamp', Tna. fQZaqfi.
. ", .
mit
lence, dignity';
'yr I , 'ayara oft. (K*) 'mix, blend'; '.zaq" flll"'" (T) 'precious stone'; SEMITIC: Ar. <a::a 'be powerrul', SAr. f:~t 'strength',
'ay)'ur (K *), pass. participle; '.yiy.n fl~f.1 (T) 'chosen'; could it be a misprint for ~iJnq'" ,,~).,...? Soq. <:z 'give strength', Heb. fOZ 'strength ', Aram.
ETHIOP1C: Amh. ayyiirii 'mix, blend', seems
•
to be for 'iJyyun (see (ayn) . <aza;; 'be strong', Syr. 'az 'be powerful', Md. a::=
'azara (y.'zar) Ollt. (K*.M.DTW 481), 'azara (fUJ 'strengthen'. Ph .Ug. <; 'strong', Akk. ezi:u 'be
'azlaba, 'azzaba olin ; hlln 'assist, uphold, hUt. (T) 'spatter, sprinkle'; fierce, be furious'.
'yr II, 'ayyara Oft. 'rebuke, reproach, (T) de- help' ; ETHIOPlc: Te. 'Qzza (·zz) 'be strong, be mighty',
la'azra, ta'azara (L.Gr.296) 'make an attack
spise, mock, make fun of'; Tna. 'a:iizii, Amh. azzdzii 'be firm, be solid'. This
IQrozzaba, passive; upon, press into, assail, (D) be strewn, be
lorayyara, passive; also 'revile, make re- root is not to be connected with Amh. a:zii:ii
'asla'azaba (Y), 'Qsla'azaba (T), 'asla<azaba scattered, be diffused, spread itself, (T) vall-
proaches, reprove, scoff, insult, affront, offend, 'command', as suggested by Littmann-Hofner 480.
(M) 'protect, uphold'; ish from sight', (T.M) la'azra +h'llt. 'go from
despIse, defy, (Lt) brag';
note that the Amharic translations fii.!dgga and one place to another' (that is, 'scatter oneself), 'zz, 'as'ozaz. h(lPII", (T) 'a.'oza,a h(l"'111
'a-'~I'Uf, pass. participle;
oS!dgga given by T.Y are contradictory since fa!agga pitch camp (referring to pitching the camp in 'become cramped, grow stiff, be benumbed, be
lara)')'",.! 'reproach, aspersion, offense, dis-
means 'seek protection, lean against', and as!agga various places, that is, go from place to place). torpid, be stupefied, make benumbed, make
grace, dishonor, infamy, derision, mockery,
means 'give protection'. The passage of Judges 15;9 favors Dillmann's stupefied, make obstinate, make refractory,
insult, abuse, insolence, arrogance, subject of
SEMITIC: Heb. ,aza!> 'help' in Jer. 49:25 (Driver, and Tayyii's meanings; affect with convulsion, (Lt) stimulate, intoxi-
reproach, disgrace';
iQR 28[1937-8].126; see also Barr 140), Akk. aziba- cate, (T) limp';
-.
taro}','aro. same', SEMlTlC: Ullendorff 1977: 127 accepts Ludolf's
I" 'help' (n); perhaps SAL 'db 'followers, adherents'
translation 'make an attack on, assail', and com- the derivation from 'azzaZQ 'be strong', 'Qs'o:aza
SEMITIC. AT. 'ayyara 'revile', SAT. 'yr 'disgrace, (W. Muller).
pares Ar. gazura 'be abundant, be copious' (so also 'sich versteifen', that is, 'starr, steil' sein' suggested
shame', S~. 'er 'disgrace', Heb. 'yr (polel 'orer) Dillmann 1003, with reservations), Ug. gzr 'hero,
're'ile' (Dnver, VT 3, Supp. [1955].72, and Barr 'azibi 0 111) (K*) 'dung of bovines'; by Stade 37 is unlikely.
125), Akk. aru (KlDnier Wilson, iSS 7[1962].181). from Amh. azoha. See also >azaba.
83
intrepid' (for which see balsa II. below). as against
Barth 191 I :23, n. I. The root IS perhaps Com n tabii'ada 'be estranged f
alienated from rom one another, be
with Cushitic (Bil. bis 'get angry', Aw. bas 'be ;;'.°d one another'
worse') rather than being considerd a borro . . 'OStabii'ada, (T) 'astaha'ad '
· . d wing ba'iidi (K *) a, caus. of lahij'ada,
from Cush IUC, as suggeste by Cerulii 1938: 196. ' act. part. of ha'ada'
ba'ud'different d' f"
",'sa II -111.1'1 (K*) 'grow, grow mature be ed strange u' Ivelrse, orelgn, alien, alien.t-
, , nusua changed f .
B fl strong, be swift' (denominative from ba'a;,)" ors, undecided d' '
-
,0 vanous col-
' ISturbed (mind),'
ba'asi 'man, male, husband, person, someon~" ba'd 'other d'n: '
foreign'; , I erent, strange. alien. outsider.
(b.'aSf nagus 'a certain king'); ,
ba II 'in, at, into, on, by, through, with (by month (corresponds to G. sane); b.'asit 'woman, wife, (Lt) female (animal),; bU'iide, (Gr.190) b"iide 'change d· ...
vanatio d' . • Illerence.
means of), after (kind and means), by reason from Coptic paone through Chr.-Ar. ba~una. See SEMITIC: Ar, ba)u~a 'be strong, be intrepid'; for the n, lverslty, separation"
of, because of, out of, on account of, accord- also bawani, payon. passage of meanmg, cpo Ethiopic tb f 'be stro ng' b.'thnnii
, . 'chan
. ge, d'fl' " . vana-
I erence, mutability,
ing to, concerning, against (contiguity)'; is Amh. tabar 'male'. • tlOn, dIverSity, separation"
used with suffix pronouns; e.g. bfJka 'in you'; ba'.nta 111.'.,.; see 'anla 1. ETHIOPIC: Te. b;]>(Js 'husband', G. ba'i/sit is formed mastabii<Jd, part. of >astaha<ada:
from the mase. ba'asl through the suffixing of lhe
with suffix pronouns it also expresses posses- ~EMIT1C: Ar. bO<llda 'be distant', borda 'after' SAt
b.'sa I (y.b>as) -111.1'1, (T) "'<sa -11M 'be bad feminine marker -t. The identification of b;PJs; with
sion; e.g. b.ka 'you have'; ,~d 'r,emove to.B distance', b'd 'after', Soq. 'ba<ad
become worse, be vicious, be irritable, be harm: Gur. m;JS 'male' suggested by Praetorius 1879:50 is
bo, botru 'he has' (that is, ba with the suffix fler, Heb. (mlb)ba'ad'from behind' (Ill. 'from oul
ful, be unsatisfactory, be severe or aggravated unlikely. of the distance of), Syr. ('a)b'ed 'drive far away'
pronoun of the 3rd masc. sg) also means 'there
is, there are'; the negative 'there is not, there (pain)' ; mab'edii 'distant, remote', Ug. bId 'behmd'. Driver:
)Qb'osa, causative; also "do harm, torment, ba'al 1I1l-l-, (K*) bu'at trll-l- 'entry, entrance ~T 4 (19541.244. interprets Heb. b••at} as meaning
are not' is expressed by 'albo (see above); • •• •
harass, treat severely'; entenng, begmmng (of month, fast)'; . n exchange for, In place or coming close to Ethiop-
bo + za + verb means 'someone, something'; IC b'd.
bo+:a+verb ... .,abo+:a+verb 'one who ... taba'asa, tabii'asa 'fight with one another see bw'. bo'a, below. See also balala, ba'att, below.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. bald; 'another stranger' T b"d
the other who; some ... some'; struggle, use force, do violence, attack, ac; 't' "e,aa
fiercely, wrangle, quarrel, contend , strive, ba'alt 1I1l-l-, (Lt) ba<alt 1I0-l- 'cave, den" , .' range~ (probably from Amh. biidal, ba,.d
bo )GmG 'sometimes'; anot~er , Amh. badii 'be separated, Isolated', ba'Jd,
bo'ama ... wabo'oma 'one time ... and another compete, exert oneself, be in conflict with one see bw', bo'a, below. Note the geminated t of ba'aa bada . s.tran~er, non~relative', Gur. bada; passed mto
. , another, be antagonistic toward'; as against the non~geminated t of balal 'entrance',
tune; Cushlllc: Bit bad; 'foreigner', Qem. bada 'stranger'.
babba- (that is, repeated ha) serves for the 'asrabii>asa (K), caus. of tabii'asa;
ba>iisi (K *) 'bad, harmful'; ba'ata 1I1l.,. (U) 'begin (month)'; ba<ill (pI. 'ab,./t, ba'iiw'/I) H'lA 'owner head
expression of the distributive 'each'; e.g. wa- of family, husband'; ,
nas'u babbadiniir 'they took a dinar each'; ba>us 'bad, vile, unsuccessful'; denominative of ba'at 'entry', above.
bii's, (T) bii's 'contention, conflict, fight, ErnloPIC: Amh . batii 'begin (month)', Tn •. biihatii, is also used in various compounds in the con-
babba 'a~adu 'one by one'; babba b.heru 'in
fighting, altercation, contest , quarrel" , ba'atii, biif:tatii. It is not to be connected with Te, struct state, as in ba'iila lada 'creditor', ba'ala
diverse lands'; .
'anbiita 'begin', as suggested by Brockelmann waddet 'calumniator', and so on;
bohu, bonu (that is, bo with the interrogative . (K*), verbal noun of b.'sa ',
b.'sat
see balfa I.
element -hu, -nul is used in a rhetorical ques- mab'Qs, mab>;Js, part. of >ab>asa; also 'that 1950:37, nor is it Coshitic, as stated by Brauner-
which is rough, rugged, bad, disabled, tripping Plazikowski 1953 :265 . ba<il II lI'lA, (K) ...<.1 -II,\A 'the Phoenician
tion; e.g. bonu 'aqqiibihu 'ana 'am I his keeper?',
bonu )itQ)ommiJru 'don't you know?'; a httle, abrupt, litigant'; god Baal';
bii< I),) 'palm of hand , cubit" ,
for more details, see Dillmann 1907:374-90, mabii'ast, pI. (U) 'who attack one another'; from Gk. baal, Heb. ba'al.
mastabii';JS 'combative, rival, antagonist,
M'a (K*) 'measure with the arm span' (de-
407, 437, 493, 510ff, 513, 532; for the ex- nominative);
fighter, warrior, who stirs up a fight'; ba<sl III lI'lA 'festival, feast day, feast, ban-
pression of the distributive, see Dillmann 1907:
373-5. from Ar. bii' 'cubit'; also Te. ba'. quet';
SEMITIC: Ar. ba,jsa 'be wretched, be unfortunate', ba'iil t.kalr 'fixed festival';
SEM1.T~C: b~, hi (Arabic); for this preposition in SAr, b's, 'be bad', Heb. bii'as 'smell bad', Aram. ba'iil 'il.ka/r 'movable festival';
SemitiC, see Brockelmann 19J3:363ff. ba<ada>. "'<da (y.b'ad) 110$', I -11M'. 'change,
b.:e! 'be bad, unpleasant, wicked', Syr. bel')!, Md.
alter, dlStmguish, separate, render alien, (Y) be (gabra ba<iila 'celebrate a festival');
ETHIOPfC bii., Te. ';1b, Tna. >ab, ha (as in bJyii 'I blS, Ug, b's, Akk. ba'osu 'be of bad quality smell
have', lit. 'in me'). bd'
a . , altered, be separated'; 'ab'ala 'celebrate a festival';
ETHIOPIC ; Te. b(}'tJsa 'be angry', Tna. bii'Qsii 'get )ab(ada, ca usa ti ve', taba'ia 'be celebrated (festival),;
b<1'8 fill ; see bw'. taba'ada, tab.'da 'be a stranger, be separated, b.'ul 'festival';
wo~se'. Amh. basil 'get worse, get aggravated
b8'ama 1I1l"" (MA) 'arrange, put in order'. (pam)', hiissala 'disease', GUf. hii'asii 'become move away, emigrate, change the dwelling ETHIOPIC: Te. Tn •. bii'al 'festival', Amh.Arg. bal,
worse'. The meaning of G. taba'asa 'fight with one place, .change (intr), be changed, be alien, be Gur. bOlol, bal; passed into Cushitic: Sa. bal, Mo.
b8'llDih, ""unih IIIl-'i'U ! -II1l-'i'U, tenth Coptic another' is not to be connected with b's 'be strong, unfamlhar, deviate from, become other'; bo.ro.
84 ""(.)ri,,i 85
b.l la
-
With Ar /,1, Heb. p'l. Rabin HS:91 also compares j1e',or, Qem. bira, Had, ha·urll. See also Conti
bo' I. / • r.h'alJ <lM/\ 'ne nch, be wealthy': 'nl 1912 178-9, and bo'a,a II. above . bibih IlIJU, (T) bib; IJ . ,
G. h'/, Ihe root of mab'al, wllh Ar. /a'ala, Heb. ROSSI
'<1b'aio 'make nch, enrich'; " p{}'a/. COPlic month (co 0.. name of the second
"c1.ftabtafa 'acyuirc \",ealth, covel wealth, ETHIOPIC Gur. b./ 'acllon' (see leslau 1979: 138). ",,(.)riiwi, b3'(3)riiy flbt-'f : flbt-,f., see f rresponds 10 O. I~J"'I) '
rom COPtiC paa '
biN (pi '<lh',II) 'nch, wealthy. owner, posses- Dillmann 983 (followed by Brockelmann t908:273) bJrJr, "'. POD", Ihrough C'h, ' ~r Mba
'llr, master, head of family'; considers it a metathesis of mati/bal, for which see babik Ilo.h (0 K) 'f .
(1m-fa ,f,'ag~a 'generous'); ." , wit /lllr (KO) 'calf of ~eg', which Ad . rUll of the tree of Paradise
'abba/a
(hiNa 111,1.<114 'skilled in wntlOg); '. bO'iiliill'i (K 0) 'big-calved, am was not ,uPposed to eat'
b'l II, 'all<ala "flO/\: see ba'iillIl. ETHIOPIC K and OTW 16 '
M ..,II (fern. of biN) 'mistress of the house, seem be reconslrucled from Amh , bO/ 'calf of with Amh . bnail.
b<l',;1 (pI. 'oh,.11) 'owner, possessor. master,
10 ' . '-b I}"Qk
' ar8"(under blYah) cl)nn«tll
bii,.liiy Ilb'lJ'.: see b.'la I. leg' clean, disgust;ng' Note t;at c~n~lder v. orthlCSi, un.
head of famtly'. Adams, p, 28 correct~ it rumpp. Da hump!
h"1I1 'rich, wealthy'; ",'ez. fI'l.H (M) 'lead away, carry away': melon' (equivalent to n to Omh hurLk 'water-
ba'ara I (y.h'ar) 1I0~ (K 0) 'eat up completely,
1>."1 'wealth, riches'; burn up, set (a field of grass) on fire, set
the fonn is unusual. the ArabIC Vor/age. m.tll hUI'~) On the baSh of
hih,itll' 'rich. wealthy': ablaze': ""3Zii 1 flbl/, (T) b3'ezii fI'\.I/ 'kind of ante-
mab'~1i 'one who makes rich'; lope, gazelle':
biibbala 1111/\ (K OTW) 'be be
SEMITIC. Heb. bii'a, 'burn', Ug. b'r (Moor 109, messed u b ml\ed up,
IIw~'", 'that which serves to honor; _ p, e confused, be scattered'
Caquol 203). Geez b'r may be a transcripllOn of the ETHIOPIC Te. b.'.:=a 'kind of anlelope' Amh 'abahhala (K) 'mIX. confuse'
SE:MITIC· Ar 1>0'1 'husband, master, owner' (~or Hebrew root brr taken from a biblical passage; cp., w'';, b",:a; probably from CU,hIlIC Sa.Af h"lda bah.1 (T) 'be' ,
'master'. as a pOSSIble loanword from South ArabIa, however. Te. bariire (with metathesis) 'the fire broke lI1g confused (n), bell1g scattered'
'anlelope', Som. bJ'id (With allernancc d :). Sec also
-.ee Rabm ~6, nO.2), SAr b'/"master, owner'. Soq, out and spread', bari/' 'fire in the wilderness' See from balbala be·o· bM '
bn,ii II. back t bll c mlng by a!i\lmllJtlon, gOing
;'a'al 'ma~ter, lord', Heb. ba'al 'owner. husband', also ba'ara II. . a (see bll II). It may also stem from an
Aram. na'oM. Md, bit 'lord, master. husband', """ii 11 flM. (l) b3'ezli fI'\.·" (Gr 190) b3'izi mterpretatJ~n of the Tower of Babel symbohlln
Lg.Ph '''' 'master', Akk be/u 'master: owner'. ,. ba'.ra II (y.b'ar) IIO~ (K 0) 'be stupid, be o/l'l.~, (T) b3'3zii 1I~I/ 'kmd of musical instru- confUSion. See also baMal I g
ETHIOPK Tna . bii'al, bo'al 'master, Te. baral, ignorant, be a fool'; ment (horn. trumpet. Rute), small bell, cym-
Amh Gar Gur ba/: passed inlo CuShIIIC: Sa.Af bibil 1l00A, name of a fictitious bird,
/Ya'elo 'master, husband' For 'wealth', cpo Tna, SEMITIC: Heb. bii{ar likewise has the meaning 'be bals';
stupid', and Geez htr may have been taken from a from Ar 'ab.ibi/ (Qur'an 1063; 'ee Jelfery 43-41;
barill ' nch', btJ'li 'wealth'; denommative ba rliil'ii 'be ETHIOPIC. Amh. b,'.:a 'trumpel, RUle' (from Gcez); perhaps also Amh , h.blbJ I!:),a 'brown and black
rich' biblical passage (see also harara I). For the relation so called because the horn (as musical Instrument) bird'
between brr 'be stupid' and bi/ri/r 'horned cattle' tesembles the horn of Ihe anlelope (ludolf 247,
(below), see b.hma, below.
bo'l. II (I',h'al) flM (Y K), be'ala 0.0/\ (TS), Hommel 390). See also b.h.no,l bab/iit r Ilfl'l'}- (T M) ,\alty and muddy
ba'al. 110/\ (T) 'marry. take a wife, be a spnng';
ba'ara JIJ (yab'ar) IIO~ (K 0) 'dig, plough, bib r ~fI (KO) 'gate, door':
husband, (T Y) 10\e'; T also = Amh. liiqiima!- break clods'; for the meamng 'muddy spnng', cpo Nibbalf.l 'be
liilii 'be spOiled, be treated indulgently',:should mabw (K 0) 'one who ploughs, plough (n), flOm Ar biib < Aram (Fracnkel 14). mixed up' (see above)
be Amh. aqiimatriilii 'spOIL treat indulgently': instrument for digging'; bib rr ~fI (T.Mk) 'goat's mIlk', babliit rr IIflH (IM), bibl.t Ilfl'lr (0 IWb)
ol'oiii (I\:) 'mamed woman, (T M) love. affec- m.b'iir (KO) 'instrument for digging';
lion' (rather 'mamed' since It renders the Heb. perhaps an onomatopoetic expressIon from the 'chIseled and smoothed trunk of tree'
SEMITIC Heb. bi'er 'remove, sweep', Neo·Syr brr. sound of the goat (see babbaya).
b"iliiil, Syr. btJror 'pluck one by one, pick out', S~. emboyer bib3ni Ilfl" (T) 'mer'.
h~'olii (OT 579) 'loved. honored'; means in fact
'mamed, wedded' rendering the Heb. form
'destroy, spoil' (from b', with Ihe prefix .m
< .11). bibi I 1111 (Gr.457) 'bishop, pope, high eccle-
siastic, patriarch' : biibut Illl-r (D 139b,KOM) 'tortotSe, turtle',
b.'iilii 10 1s6~ 4 quoted in OT 579. 113,.. (pI. 'abiiw) flbC (K). b.,.. ii flbt-
(T KO), b3'(3)riiwi, b3'(.)riiy lIbt-'f : flbt-J', flOm AI. biiM 'pope' < Ok pupa.. (Graf 19) ErHloPIC: Amh. babul, ~ame. Sec also bah"",
the \erb IS. a denominative of ba'iil L cpo also Ar
ba'ma 'marl)' Soq. ba'a/. (K.D) 'ox, bull, horned cattle, (K) stuptd per- bibi rr ~~ (KO) 'grandfather, anceslor', biibule ~Il-i: (K 0) 'wheaten bread baked 111 an
son ': oblong shape (like a tortoise shell)"
SEMITIC: Ar. baba 'father, grandfather'
be<.I. 0.0/\ (T); see b,'la fl. SEMITIC: Ar. bO'ir 'camel', SAr. brr 'cattle', Soq. ETHIOPIC: Amh, babllle: see babul.
be'er 'camel', Heb. bi/'ir 'cattle', Aram.Syr bi/lirii, bib. HI 1111 ; see biibiih,
11'1 /, ma"'al, mab,.1 (pI. mabii,.II, mabii,.liit) Md. b;ra, Akk. biir" 'young calr. babbaya, bebaya 1I(Jf I o.llf 'jubilate, be
ETHIOPIC: Tna.Te. b.way 'ox, bull', Amh. bOre, bibi ~ 0.; see biibiih, happy' ,
ODflOA I ODflbA 'lion tool. axe':
Te.Arg. bara, HaT. bara, ba>ara, GUT. bora; T~.
SEMlTlC SAr btl 'work, excavate', Akk. bilu, "etwa bi/rer 'young camel', from AT. barir. The root IS "'ba (l,1l (Gr.190) 'go around', ETHIOPIC, onomatopoetic: Tna, bub bala 'produce a
'\\,-'affe'" (\on Soden 110). One IS tempted to com. sou nd (Howing water, or an angry person)', Te.
pare Ug M 'work, bUI Ug. M IS to be Identified
Common to Ethiopic and Cushitic (so also Cohen ~~ be Identified with bebaya II 'roam restlessly' (see bubb bela 'bark', Amh, baba alii 'shout', (anlbabba
1947 no. 386) BilKham. birii, Sa.Af. be",a, Be "'low).
'make shout'. (an)b"aM"a 'make a nOise', bu a/ii,
""~I)I badn 86 bld.1
-----------~~----------~~.. 87
bod ...
ftubh ala. al,,('1 10 Cush.lIe Som. biM 'sound of the
Rutc' (for which <ee RCIOlsch 1902:70). The Gee?
shake', Te. biidhiida, 'anbiidbiida, Amh. lanbadah.
hodii. tiinhodiibhodi1; passed into Cushitic: Qem.
badna (pbdan) Il~~ , (T) badana Of.~ 'be.
come a corpse' (denominative),
had, 'race
tah~-'-
.
--~
(UI)
90 91
-
b.>ltmal 'mutene", dumbness, difficulty
•
bohanza lIU'}" (T.M) 'kind of flute'; bhb~ I. bi~bo~a l1.nllth (~nstead of ha!lhaha of -~-
In bih, (pi 'hL _
to be identified with bil(ilza (see above), with ~i) 'flo" roanng, rum~le ; , . a '''HI, hahr.!) 11m '
spealmg. ocean, large mer' w C sea. lake,
mahlwn, .,,&hiimi (K ,), part. of 'abhama; augmented nand h". ,anbii~ba~a 'fl~w roarIng. rumble, roar, re-
bahraM'. biihraru.:i ,:at, northwest north,
<\r 'ahlwm 'bereft of articulate speech',
sound, well up ; . 109 to the sea; nne, manltme, pertatn-
,\ntm( bihrara I1U~~; see bii~rara II. ,obhab.~a (T) 'flow roarIng, drIp',
'--Ieb. ~h('mii 'animal, without speech', Ar, bahfma (hamUm biihfJ):uWi 'se"<QIC k nes"))
'
biihbOlt (K') 'roarIng of water', '.
'801mal' J~ considered by Jeffery 85 a Hebrew loan- baharus 1111,,"0 'cypress';
word. :~nbii~bii!11. manbii!lbiiltl_ (~I. manhii.hhii.!lal, SEMITIC: Ar bahr' 1 "
bahra IS an ArabiC Isea, arge mier'.. SAr bit,. Svr
variant of biros 'cypress', below. Note that baharus ",)nbii~ba~iil, manba~ab~al) waterfall, flood- lu ;swamn<o:(') "et o~wnword. Akkadian hi,.t~.I¥;Q..
ETHlOPI( Toa. /liihClma 'be dumb', Te. biihama,
is quoted 10 Dillmann 494 under biibrus. ,
Tna. b~h,;fm halii 'speak In a low voice' For the gate, cataract; ~ " wa as<erla f'" (
relatwn between 'he dumb. be mute' and 'animal' as
is connected by Fronzaroh 1QbU \Ion Soden 122)
bii~. bi~ii, ba~i 11.n : 11.1, , 11.1" (T) ba~ n"t SEMITIC Ar. b~. bb expresses noise: hablJa 'have a but the connection with Scm ~',~' p. ~88 with Mr.
In Hcb. "~hemii. see btlfora II. . Ih'I I'
'greetings., al.; hoarse voice', ba~bi;ha 'hoarseness', baMa. ba~baha be excluded. . r well should not
bii~ bahla (yabe) 'greet'; 'grumble (camel)', ba~~a~a 'pool of water' - ETHIOPIC' Te bahr' 'T
bohemol, bohemol
•
1IY.'I"0}- , 11"'-'1"0}- 'hippo- also used with the suffixes of the 2nd person: En"OPlc: Tna. bahbahe, bahh.he 'flow roaring, Arg. biih~r. A·mh.· ba~: burn'~e:at~, Har b~ar.
potamus' , bii~ii-ka, bii!l-ka, ha!,a-ki 'hail to you!'; spnnkle', b"ah biila '~ow" (a ,;aterfall)', Har. buh mto Cushuic' Bd bah S . e root pa5.'ied
baya 'now', Amh. (Ian)b ahb a 'gush, bUbble, be Qe m bar·· . , ar, a baher;; Be behar.
from Hcb. /I,lht'mol 'hippopotamus'. Amh. bahemot See also bJ~ra. hiihrartJ, bel~w.
come~ from GCC1. For Heb. bJhol101, see G.R. Dnvcr.
SEMITIC:
ETHIOPIC:
- -
Ar. bah bah 'bravo!, well done!'.
Amh. Mha 'feehng of joy', Te. bah bela
poured in large quantity', baba alii 'make nOise'
In len della Vida 1956:234ff. bah bela 'rejoice', Tna. bah biilli, ba~ biilii 'take
, For the basic meaning 'roar. make nOise', cpo also bo~er (pI. haM""" bahiirm bah-' _)
lI"'-C' . . . all mal
Te bubu bela 'bark', 'amba bela 'low', Tn •. bubb region, province, district. .country
pleasure, be pleased'; passed into Cushitic: Bd. bah.
bahana (l',hhall) I1U~ (K ') 'fly in the aIr bOla 'make noise', 'ilmbab bala. Amh. hu alii 'roar', homeland, land, place, nation, part of a text'
bubbubb ala 'gurgle', amb"a old 'low', Har ilumbO
(smoke, dust)', boho,
. ' "11th; see bwh.
in 'aboha . mdlvldual book of a collection (as, for tn:
baya 'moo', Gur . .1mbabba ·pop'. For the conncc-
bah,n (K '), act. partIciple; stance, the BIble)'; is also used 10 expresSIons
SC~ biihnana I I
bih, , /l.n : 11",-; see bahe.
. bohe - lion WIth the root nbh 'bark', ,ee ContI 1980: 74.
about weather, lIght, as 10 masya b,her 'it IS
art mfluen(ed h~' o\r ,~a'whar 'pearl. substance. hJi,utii»'i 'solitary, anchorile';
tTl" ~wer, authonly, penmsslOn, con«n!', b>~., bih, bi~ 11"\ I It.., i - - :....
~"'N,iing 10 '-oddckc, WZK.lf 19 (1905). 407, bih,ltu, I!'aha~altu 'only, but, however, yel, of P PIC Te. biil!ala 'owna thing alone, take for (pi Mhol. blhal. h.>heyat) ,~tl., (T) b>be 11""
"Vcc2 bOhr'H' 'Perle' "crdankt seine Bedeutung natu- neverlheless, other Ihan. bUI ralher, on Ihe E"'I~r Tna bahalii 'acquire, have power'. Amh. Hommel 381 conSid . 'PPOPOlamu,'
does not atve lh C en It a COPlI..: loanword hut he
ra, hypos-'a,~"J ft.'rJona dem Verkennen der Bedeu- conlrary, moreover' (see also Dillmann 1907: one~'d~m,"ate. take possession', miibl 'pnvllege, -, e-' e OptIC fonn I t l b '
tungSfntwlCklung von (Ar.) ~alt'har_ Dleses bede~tet 414); bat(1 authority', Dlllmann 495 consider'l b.1J.tla a il] demon:;:.. monster' (with the .IS el er the COptl(
luna(hst ct\\a '\\-'csen, QUlOtessenz', dann erst Ju- bahJlIii 'moreover;
,
nght. inatlve of mabal!l, from boha (~C bK'J.t. boha. pl. (lr COpttc 'p
Jeh" . agglutmated trtKlt
\\el'. und \H1hl 'Perle' wle biihr(})'''- However, ac- Offi
den ) The root passed into Cushltic Bil. Sa. bahat (E8)plian) bih. Note ~ha~o~ - . ra ..smg throug '\r.
babJlil 'solitude; wilh suffix pronouns (e.g. below. 63 ConSiders Ar bih an. Ulmann. L ~ ~I (1908)
cording to Lane 475 and Blachere 1957,_lt woul.d
<;cem thai the pnmary meamng of Ar. Kalt.'har IS
bahJlilU, and so on; see Dlllmann 1907:363) 'lake possession of, . anCient Eg)ptlan loa ' d
b h" nwor ,
(~i, :~~~~"';1(~~~(~~; b:~:h'a
"Jewelry. pearls' developed into the, meaning of 'alone, only, merely, sole, solilary. privately,
oneself, individually'; bhl III, b~ata Oth+ (Lt) 'begin';
',ubSlancc' On G bah"..., see Cerulh 1957'20-23, 11111"1-
, 01 of ba'ala, above. (M) 'decay bee ' a, a~a I1tl.O./,
Hammcrschmldl 1967'112-3, Mario da Ably-Addl, ('Jllta ha~Jlil- [with suffix pronouns] 'separale_ vana
., ome pUlnd be
Iy, aparl, by oneself, alone'); rot Sl k ' ",orm-ealen
55ft. bih.
,
tit. b;;~3titu Il,'ht:" I Iltl.·t;·", see bIll I. , In, pensh, be de'lroyed' '
(ba-biibJlil-U 'he apart, he alone, he merely, he 'abah' hah'Q' d '
b>hr. (I',/>har) lItl.l (K'.Y.M) 'be wide, be - - pro uce purulenl mailer'
,
extended' ;
.
privalely'); oohtot
,
11tl."':", b>~tut 1Itl..,,:,., see bii~lIalfa, b'bbll!I, b.~' b,!1" , huh" hah' , ulnd d'
(·akko ba~Jlilu ... 'adi (wa'iidi, 'iidi-hi, 'adi-ni) rOllen, "onn-ealen' , - - p , CC.yed,
denommati,c from hii~r 'sea, large river'; cp. also 'not only ... but also'; bihtow. 1ltl.+1D 'be alone. be solitary, be h·bh.b (1I) 'rOI, pUlrefaction"
Ar. bahlra (V form) 'become broad, become deep'. (·akko bii~'lilu ... 'alla (,allii-ni) 'nol only ... bul separaled'; ,
It could also be a denommative from biJ~er b,'bbiilJe (one would «peel b,.h:Mh"e) h'hoM_
tabii~lOK'a'be alone, be sohtary, lead a solitary b'b"hWe, (T) " .. h/llihe 'i>Utr~f~<t"'n
also'); le
!bad, (Ji.)
bibr.r. I Iltl.ll (K '.M) 'sink (intr), seek to (babbabG~Jlil- (with suffix pronouns) 'each life' , smell', . ,
,
Jump in a lake'~ alone'); b.hlJ1I' (fern, b./lIIII) 'alone, SOlitary, segre-
6iibJlawi 'hermIt. anchorite, one who lives in ~EM.ITTC Ar. bul)~r 'dates begmmng to rot' Mha
'aMhrara (Ji.') 'sink (Ir), drown (If)'; gaied, isola led, one who leads a sohtary life'; rol (Dillmann 517), , -
solilude, solitary, deserted'; b,hlOI (Gr 184) 'oneness, umqueness, unity';
denommatlve from bii~r 'sea', with reduplication of ETHIOPle: Tna. bahb.he 'rot', Te. bahb..ha 'putfcf)'~
the laS! radical: cpo also Ar bahira (X form) 'be bJ!i/.nna (LI) 'solitude'; b,hllll (from b.!II'II'-I) 'oneness, integrity, u- also 10 Cu,h,lle' Sa. bah 'pulrefy', Qua boil", Som,
covered with water" bahlJnnawi 'pertaining to solitude'; niqueness, the only one, the only begotten', buq (Dolgopolsky 2831. The rOOI " related 10 Tna
mabbat, (Lt) mab!I.1 'that which is pure, un- (bab.hlul [Lt] 'alone), /lll~" bii~" ii, bo~· hn~· ii 'be worm-eaten', Amh, /l(lAi1h-
biihraralllltl.ll (K'T.M), bahr.r. IllJll (Y) mixed, unviolaled. whole'; bokii_
, b.hlall'e
, (K) 'the being alone, seclUSIOn, solilan-
'be slartled, fear, be frightened, bol!'; ,
SEMITIC: AT. ba~r ' unmixed, anything that is eaten ness; bak Oh (0 \JQ6,T), hok Ph (0 1410,K ') 'scab,
'abiiltrara (D. K), 'ahaltrara (L.Gr. 181) 'cause alone without seasoning' developed into the meanmg b.hIJII'annii
, 'anchorilism, soh tude, solitary wound' ;
frighl, starlle, ternfy, chase away'; of 'alone, only'. life' ;
Tna. biillatii. bahtiiwii 'be alone', bahru. Ihe conneclion wilh Heb. bohaq "cab' suggeSled by
ETHIOPIC: Tna. bahriirii, bahriirii 'be frightened. slar- ETHIOPIC: . b.hmnnawi 'pertaining 10 solilude or ancho-
"
bahtu 'only', Te. bii~ala 'be alone', Amh haeca ., , Dilimann 1430 and accepted the \-'ariou5 dlctlOn-
In
tie', Te. hiihariira. In view of the fact that b~rr, a nllsm ;
'only', bahlawi 'monk, hermit' (from Geez). The anes of Hebrew" doublful. 0 Cohen IQ764Q
1,2.3.3 root. could be denved from a 1.2.3 root with tabii~'lawi 'one who leads a solitary life, an-
derivatIOn of bahara from ba 'with' and >ahatli 'one' hkewisc e'presse5 doubts about thiS c{1nnecllon,
reduplication of the last radical (for which cpo Ar • chorite' ;
hah,ra 'be startled'), the G, and Tna. root is blJrr suggested by Praelonus 1879: 140 and by Brav· bakk Oh, bakka Olt; see bkk.
mann 1977:554 is unlikely. See also ba!i/awa, below. tabiihmwo 'solitude, solitary life';
rather than bhrr
the verb is a denommatlve of ha~r1liilf', for which b>ke 1Ih., see baka),a.
b~t II, b>~ta (y.b!tat) 1Itl.+ 'have power,
bahrus.
, b>hrus
, l1tl.o;.ll : lItl.o;.ll 'reed, cane, ICe bill I
,tubble' , have capablhty, have capacity, have means, •
b.k·~a (pbk'ah) Olt./, 'blow on Ihe fire hy
prevail' ; oo~.w 11tl.1D- (T) 'foresl, woodland'. mouth or Wllh bellows';
h,,'a hiihrus (1I) 'kind of reed' ~
'ah~ala 'give means, give power'; 'ahk".ha 'blow on the fire, mflate the bellows,
SQme of the biblical passages quoted by Dillmann labahata 'have Ihe power or means (of al- ba~iw>rt O.l,ID-C:"; see h./ter,
•
born', cpo Tna . bii!s~ri, Te.Gur. bakar, Amh. bahar, bala, in 'abala ~Oll; see bahia, above. bolbol balli, amb'.llibbatli, balal bara 'flicker, blaze'.
Arg. bahar; passed inw Cushitic: Bit Qua. bager, This root is common with Cushitic: Or. belbel biil(3)~a II I)A'" (Y) 'hide, conceal'.
Kham. baur. bah (yabla') OAO 'eat, consume, devour; -+ 'flame', Som.Be. bal6l, Sa. bolol, Bil. birbir. bura
(figurative) accuse, calumniate'; (with alternation of liquids), Som. also belbel 'flame'. bol3~or {lA'!'C (D), bolahor {lAIfC (T.M),
(bal'a mahaM 'he violated the oath'); Cerulli 1936:259 (under lablab) thinks that Semitic· bolaher {lAtC (Lt), name of Satan;
bak'ara 1I 01",.: (Y.M), bakora Ol>l: (T) 'be Ethiopic is a Cushitic loanword . Dilhnann 650
'abl.'a 'feed, give to eat'; be identified with h.,yal (see below), frol11 'balyal
10
suspended, be put off, fail to occur, stop considers n-blbl a metathesis of Iblb (for which see
tabal'a 'be eaten, be consumed'; > 'b.lyar > b,laher. b,I,hor. R.H. Charles, The
(intr), ; lahaba, below). The meaning 'flicker, blaze' is con-
(zayatballa' 'edible'); Ascension of Isaiah (1900), p.15. quotes Gesenius
'abk'ara (K) 'suspend, put off, hold back, stop nected with'shake, sway',for which cpo Amh. bii/ab- who derives bJI~()r from Heb. baral qiryii 'Lord of
tabiilafQ 'devour one another';
(tr), give up'; balli 'shake, sway in the wind', Tna. biilbata, Te. the world'.
'astabal.'a 'incite to eat one another, (Gr.182)
tabak'ra (K) 'be suspended'; 'abalMla (augmented by,) 'flutter, quiver to and
urge to eat'; bolhit {lAth.T (T.M) 'white quartz that
bak"ari (K'), act. part. of bak"ara; fro'; also in Cushitic: Sa. bal'tremble', balM/'hov- ,
balafi lone who eats, voracious, gluttonous, er, float'. sparkles in the sun';
b.kur (K) 'that which is put off or suspended';
consuming' ;
Tna, biils"'iira 'be suspended, be absent', balbala III OAOII (Lt) 'predict through instead of balbil, from balba 'be sharp' (see below).
EnuoPlc: ba/u r 'eaten, corroded';
Te. bakra 'neglect, not work, delay', Amh. biikk~'iirii b.lla, 'food, that which is eaten up, leftover, omens" ,
'be suspended, farl to be held' (rather than biikkiirii b"",a (yablab) OA;, (KG) bal~. OA'" 'be
residue of food, fodder'; ETHIOPlc: Te. ('ajbalhiila 'talk like one possessed'. sharp, (KBT) be smart, be clever, be quick';
~1I
96 bal aq biliq
, ,
•
97
basansos fllI'){I{I; see bason (a)s. 'stir, dilute'. See also ba!ba,a, below.
b~a, Ph. b~, see Buhl 89, D. Cohen 1976 :52, and bassala n~1\ 'tear, lacerate, cut, separate, strip,
"
bsr (D), baSara (yabs.,) , b..ssara nIP': (K'); Masson 22. For Ar. bfsa(t}. see Vollers 1897 :295. peel, dissolve';
For the Egyptian origin of Heb. b~, see T. Lamb- ba~~a (yab~iih) nlrth, (T) ba~~a nlr"l 'arrive,
see 'absara; taba~fa, tab~sala, passive;
din, JAOS 73 (1953).147-8. On the Sanskrit or happen, befall, come to pass, occur, fall to
'absara 'announce good tidings'; ba~~iif 'piece, (K) torn part, stripped part, rag' ;
Tamil origlO of this root, see Rabin 1968:436. See one's lot, appear (in court), reach, amount to,
tabasra 'be announced (good news)'; ba~~afat, baNafat 'torn part';
also bison, bisanso. result in, pervade, extend, be accomplished,
>aslabsara, caus. of >absara; (K) reach a mature age'; SEMITIC: Ar. baHala 'strip or clothes or posses-
basr (Gr.456) 'good news'; wSii! fI"'I' (Lt) 'carpet, rug'; (ba~~a fa'afa 'attain'); sions', SAr. b# 'torn' (see M . Hofner, in Baum-
basrat 'good news, gospel'; (ba~~a lamawit 'be near death');
gartner 1967: 108), Aram. ba!al 'split, pee\'.
from Ar. bisa{; also Amh. bilS!, Har. bisiir
(ba'iila basrat 'Annunciation'; celebrated the ETHIOPIC: Tna. bii~~iil 'stub. cul piece', Amh. bei{-
ba~~aha 'bring (charges against), prove
29 of Maggiibit), ws!iiwros 1I1111)tD-C'1I (Gr.426) 'cross'; liila 'be torn, be uprooted'.
(charges)' ; The root is related to J,/: Ar.l""ala 'split', Heb.
basratiilll 'one who brings good news, evange- from Gk. slauros 'cross' through Coptic pestawros, 'absa~a, causative; also 'bring, bring forward, pi~!el'bark, pee\', Aram. pa!~el, Syr. pa!al, Md. NI;
list'; pe being the article, through Arabic where a foreign deliver, lead, make ready, convey, demon- Te.fon~iila 'separate', Tna.fiin(iilii (with augmented
'absiiri 'one who announces good news'; p becomes b. strate, explain, prove'; n). See also barara, below.
bisa1tumi I 12 biters balrafiyik 113
: ~~----~~__~------------------~~______________________________~bo~I~_.I.
.
•
bi.altumi /lilA.,,"" (T.M) 'red onion'; balk, (Gr.t88) balk 'broken thing, a cut, a bslrsfiyik flT£:"'!tJ (T), a misprint for
,
slash, gap, animal that. has been torn apart'., OT£:!CtJ balrayiirk, below. E~IOP1C: Tna. bii!~e 'make an InC1SlOn' Amh
combined of hrsal (for h~al) 'onion' (see ba~al,
batkat 'fracture, breakmg'; ba[!a (from b,~). b"'at!iirii ·~ratch, tear', Tc·biill.l'w
al;'llwe) and or Willa 'garlic' (from Ar. flim) .
SEMITIC: Ar. bacaka 'cut off'.
(augme~ted by I); passed Into Cushltlc' Bit /liiltt'h
bstirikun fI;t-61l-') (Gr.457) 'Fathers of the (from Tigre), Be. be~/ha 'cupping' See also b(uh~.
bisin
, Illl,) (Gr428) 'big'. ETHIOPIC: Te. biilka 'cut off', Tna. biiliilsii, Amh. Church' ; ,
dabrawa 1.lIllD (K ') 'be well-developed, be (dablarii s>m' 'tabernacle'); Or. ripa. Jril!Q 'hide' suggested by Praetorius, ZD-
MG 43 (1889). 322-3 is unlikely. See also diM, dildk.me .I!'.l!'1l"'L (T M)' , .
well-~rown (child), engage in ilIicit sex'; (kiihnaca dablarii 'clergy of the royal camp') ' see also "-"_ '-- . scales (for welghlOg)'
UdU<lffYm, below. '
Jabarii (K ,) 'engaging (n.) in iIlicit sex'; (Iiqa dabcara 'provost of the tabernacle')' ' dabal1'a 1. depa.
>adabcara, (KG) dablara 'spread as an a~ning dudileb .1\,.1\11.11 (KBT
EnuoPIC: Amh. dabbiirii 'be well-developed, be
or as a tent' (denominative);
dede (pI. dediil, dedeyat, dedayiit, dediiyiil) 1.1. (T) = Amh ." 1026~ 'desert, dry land'.
wel1.grown (child)'. Could there be any connection 'door, courtyard, gate, vest.ibule, porch, Open . ) amadar boca place of the land'
with ·andabarii. above?
ladablara 'be spread as an awning, be pitched ETIIlOPIC: Amh dud I '
space (in front of a church)';
(tent)' ;
(dede barhiin 'outbuilding on the eastern side
world, Jerusale~ d a eb j d~daJem 'c:e nter
of the
d.br.yimin .l!'lICY'·'O (K 361) 'Book of dablur (K) 'spread as an awning, pitched (_ dad) 'f '. ryan, desert, from dud
of a church where the Host is prepared'); - . oundauon' and aliinl 'world' T ,. '
Chronicles' (also called ~a~u~iin); (tent)' ; translanon 'place of the la d' . . ayya s
(dede saliim 'small building to the left of the n IS strange.
transcnption of Heb. ditJre hayyiimim, same; also in dabliire (K') 'spreading as a tent, (Lt) tent"
western entrance to a church where food is
Syr. d~bar yamin. See also daryiirnin, baryamin. dablariiwi 'one who makes tents'; , dild.mos ..I!'.I!';il (T), didimos ,11....1.'1"1'1 (K ') =
distributed'); Amh. manCa tWin, fork of a road'·,
dbs • .l!'1111 (epigraphic Geez) 'honey'; from Gk. diphlhera 'skin (used as a tent), leather'
(see also dabtar, above); also in Te.Tna.Amh. diib- SEMITIC: the identification with Heb. dalte (plural from Gk. didymos 'twin, twofold' .
SEMITIC: AT. dibs 'honey'. SAr. dbs /, Sh. debS, Heb. tiira 'unordained member of the clergy', Amh, dab- construct state) 'doors' > dede suggested by Bezold
d>biis, Aram. dlibasii, Syr. debSii, Md. dubio, Akk. ciira 'tent' (from Geez). For Ar. da/tar 'album' A in Dillmann 1907: 286, n.2 (so also Brockelmann dildon .I!'.I!'1 (Lt) 'cold and strong wind';
- - -
dispu. Fischer 1953 :39 suggests either a Persian or a a;eek 1908: 179) is unlikely.
ETHIOPIC: Amh. diigg 'door', Te. diigii « diigg;
ETHIOPIC: Amh. didiin. dadiin 'fierce and cold wind',
ETHloprc: Gar. dabsii 'honey', Arg. dims, Har. dus; borrowing. On the diibciira, see Walker 115-6; Lif-
Tna.Gur. diibiisii 'dilute boney with water' (denomi- chitz 9; Ullendorff 1968 :91 -2 ; D. Levine 171-3; E. Praelonus 1871: 50, pOSSIbly by pseudo-correction daddaqa, dadaqa f.f.+ 'happen, OCCur sudden-
native). Hammerschmidt, in Assfalg-Kriiger 99-100; Velat, of d> g> g). The identification of dede with Te. ly, come upon unexpectedly, fall upon, crush,
Les Cahiers copCes (Le Caire), no. 5, 1954. IJdde 'door' suggested by Littmann-Hofner 383 is press upon, knock down, strike hard, (T) at-
d.bbus (pI. dabbusiic, dabiibisiiC) .l!'fHl 'club, doubtful. tack by surprise';
iron mace, goad'; dabawa I (yadbu) .l'.01D (K'.DTW 327) 'be diidaqa 'knock down, strike';
from Ar. dabbiis. considered to be of Persian origin hidden' ; dod I .I!'.I!'; see wdd.
cadaddaqa, see cadiidaqa;
(see Landberg 1909:341, 1920:694; W. Mar,ais dabul-a, ba-dabul (D.K') 'secretly, quietly, un- dad" .I!'.I!' 'voice, sound'; ladiidaqa 'happen, come upon, happen to ar-
1911:290). See also d>mbus. d>nbus. expectedly, opportunely, properly, decently'; nve, happen by chance, befall, fall upon, ap-
see also dabaya. SEMITIC: Ar. dawda 'cries, shouts, noises'.
dabata I 1.0.,. (T.MA.M) 'be bent, walk bent ETHIOPIC: Amh. (tiin)d"add"a 'be heard (series of pear, occur, surprise, meet, rush into';
over'; sounds)'. See also dodawo. dadq 'accident, chance, event (unforeseen), ca-
dabawa " 1.OID (K*) 'press down on one'
dabul (T) 'bent, bent over'. lamIty, that which befalls, (T.M) contagious
(speaking of sleep);
dodo fI.fI. (T.sw. in D 1398) 'fire for burning the disease, fever':
dabata If 1.0.,. (T.M) 'level, make level, (M) E'IHlOPlc: related to Amh. diibiiyyii 'stamp the earth'. (dadqa 'perchance');
cleared-off trees and bushes of a field'.
connect two banks of a river with a bridge'; Note also the Amharic expression anqiJ!f diibbiitii-w dadaq, see dadq;
dabul (T) 'leveled, evened'; 'sleep pressed down on him'. dJddiiqi (Lt) 'sudden';
dud )I..I!' (T) 'uncle';
ETHIOPIC: Amh. diibbiitii 'press down (in measuring ETHIOPlc: from dqdq, from wdq 'fall> fall upon,
dabaya (yadbi) .l'.or (T.Lt) 'hide, lie in wait, SEMITIC: possibly a 'Lallwort' (see also Noeldeke
grain)' happen' (Dillmann 1907: 132): Amh. diiddiiqii 'pur-
approach stealthily, attack by surprise, fall 1910: 121), as in AT. dada 'wet nurse', SAT. (Qata-
upon suddenly, assault, pillage, invade, destroy, ban) dd 'uncle', Soq. dedo. Heb. dOd- 'beloved , sue and suddenly attack an enemy'; perhaps also
d.but .l!'n--l-; see dabalVa I.
uncle', Aram. d6tjii, SYT. diitjti, Md. dada, Ug. dd Gur. dudaq haUi- 'be confused, not know what to
throw down, (K') playa trick on someone';
dabtar 1.lI.,.C (K '.Lt) 'notebook, register'; 'love', Akk. diidu 'favorite, darling'. Some of these do, be surprised, wonder'. Ruzicka 197 connects
ladabaya (Lt) 'be struck, be attacked" ,
nouns may be derived from the root wdd'love'. 'dqdq with Ar. daqqa 'break. bruise' (see dqq, be-
from Gk. diphthera 'skin. leather, parchment'; also tadiibaya 'attack, assault'; low). H. Bauer, ZS 10 (1935). 176 derives daddaqa
in Amh. Tn •. diihliir 'register', Te. dii/liir, Ar. da/lar, dabiiyi, act. part. of dabaya; also 'invader'; ETHIOPIC: Gur. dade, form of address to an old
man or to an elder relative; also Cushitic: Had. from *Iawdaqa < wdq 'fall' (that is, a 'verkapptes 1-
Aram. dipillra.
- SEMITIC: Ar. (Dat) daM (dby) 'creep', dabb (dbb) Kam. dadda . Reftexivum') > *dawdaqa > daddaqa.
dabtarii (pI. dabcariic, dabiiear) 1.11.,.':' 'taber- 'surprise', Aram. d>qii (dby) 'lie in wait'.
nacle, (royal) tent, hut, pavilion, sanctuary, ETHIOPIC: Te. diiba (dby) 'waylay, be hidden', diib- deder 1.1.C 'kind of thorn, thistle';
dadak 1.1.11 'frost, cold, (K.T.M) highland (that
(by extension) unordained member of the dtiba 'hide in the ground', Tna. ('a) diibba 'hide, lie from dandar > dedi d)er.
IS, a cold region)';
clergy who is well-versed in traditional church in wait', diibdiibii 'hide in the ground', Amh. a-debii
'hide, lie in wait', diihba (db') 'play wicked tricks ~EMITIC: the derivation from Ar. *dak '(wahrschein- d.d.rkom .I!'.I!'cl19" (Gr.438) 'scales (for
learOlng and who performs the hymns and hch) was den Boden stampft und breit, hart macht'
on someone', diihiiyyii 'ambush'; related to GUL weighing)' ;
sacred dances during the Mass, cantor, choris- suggested by Ruzicka 196 is unlikely. Reinisch 1890:
ter' ,. (a) dii/ii/ii 'crouch down to lie in wait'. The rool
also occurs in Cushitic: Bil. dib-s 'hide', Qua. diib 101 compares Sa. dadii' 'rainy season', but the is there any connection with didrakam 'double drach-
(dabcarii marcul 'tabernacle, Holy of Holies'); 'bury'. The derivation of the Ethiopian root from phonetic correspondence is not normal. ma' conceived as weight? See also dadbme.
didrak.lm 124 dafar dal"a 125
-
ETHTQPIC; Amh. _diifiidda/ii 'mix water with ing re d'1- dar. r• (yadfar, yadfar) 1.t...: 'dare, be bold, be
didrak.m, did.rk.m, didorkome, didorkomii I '!Jig a , dii.$!i, Hac. dog 'elevated r
'.
.... .e-.: 119" : .... .e-CIl9" : .... .e-CIl"1 ! .... .e-Cll "'I , ents such as geso·p ant, ground barley sprout audacioUS, be insolent, be Irreverent, affront'; IC: Sa.N. daga 'hIghland' BI gd oU~d , from Cush.t·
(ll) dod arkoma .e-f.CIl"'l 'a double drachma'; rna k
eh ( e must " 'J.
lor wme, with! 'must of wiSlo' (da/ara lii'ala 'treat with Insolence'); dag. ' I, ag On, above'. Qua.
Gur. dafadiifa 'brew beer'. ne, ,ad/ora. causatIve;
dag"a~ili, dag"a(;}li. da "'~(
from Gk. didrakhmon 'two·drachma coin'; also Syr.
dfd<lmkmii See also darbrkam, darkame, diJrham.
- -
dafana (yadfan) 1.t..~ 'cover, hide, conceal to
dafra 'be degraded, be offended by some-
I)'
ne's impudence;
, I}I\. ; 1.'llll\. .
.
g a ale, dag .'.1.
w_
. f..'l01\, : f..'lbl\,"k d
t..,..
didarkano .... f.Ch'i (Lt) 'purple';
bury, obstruct, lay aside, block, bake (unde;
~ tfori 'bold, daring, insolent, audacious'; palm leaves, (T) garme~t of I tnl of palm,
ashes)' ; , pa m eaves'
perhaps from Gk. 'dldarkanos 'double purple' (W. tadafna, passive, reflexive; d:/ur 'one who is treated with insolence';
Milller). See also darakallo. dafani, act. part. of dafana; dafTat 'audaCIty, boldness, Impudence, inso- ~!o:71a~ ~a~~~QYii, dagobiyii, dog.biya t.1
~. ',,~, ,.." ! .....,Q! 'k'
dafun, pass. part. of dafana; lence, irreverence, shamelessness'; cricket, caterpillar'; , md of locust,
dodowo 1'-.e-9' (Gr.477) 'disturbance, perturba- (bacia/rat 'boldly, presumptuously)';
. , dafin 'obstruction';
tlOn ; ETHIOPIC: Tna dag'aM ( I ..
dafnat 'covering, hiding, burying'; SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. daJara 'push', Akk. dapliru sis) 'kind f . ' , a so godabo, with met.lhe-
se-e rbd I!.
diifant. dafanta, (T) dafant 'cake baked under 'become sated' (for the passage of meaning 'be sated b" . R ~ .cncket. Te, dangiibiit (instead of diin,:("a-
> be bold. be insolent', cpo Amh. riiggaba 'be sated, 01 In em!Sch 1887: 108) Amh d' b d" .
ashes (that is, covered with ashes), (K) night 'wingl I , . ago e, 'ilgobJva
dedaya ~f.f 'begin to run (child), toddle'; .. ,ess oc~st'; from Cushltic; 8il. diing~ abe ~hn-
blindness' (lit. 'covering of eyes'); be arrogant, be insolent').
dab. locust (Brockelmann 19'0'28) H .g .
SEMITIC: Ar. da'da'a 'run fast'. ETHlOPlc: Tna. dalara 'be daring, be bold, be in- may be 'bl -. . owever. H
madfan (pI. madafant) 'treasure, hidden treas- poSS! e that the Te root dim "b '
ETHlOPIC Amh. dodde 'steps taken by a baby learn- solent" Te. daJra, Amh. daffara, Arg. diiffiira, Gur. through If' . . go a cut
ure, sepulcher, (T+) box'; ,. . cut 0 IS the origin of the noun fo
ing to walk'; Te, diiddiJ'a 'run quickly', probably dajiira; passed into Cushitic: Bil.Qua. dafiir 'be cncket, locust'. r
also deda 'take by lhe hand' (ifil refers to training a SEMITIC: Ar. da/ana 'hide, cover, bury', SAT. mdfn insolent', Aw. defor-g"'a.
child to walk). 'corn-storage pit', Ar. (Yem) madJan, Soq. defon
dirrin, defriin ....<;:6-1 j ~<;:6-1 'kind of fir dagdaga I 1...,f..1 'be lean, be meager. be ema-
'bury'. For Syriac, see d%ni, below.
daf' f.<;:lI (K ') 'doorsill, threshold'; ETHIOPIC: Te. daJna 'cover, block up', Tna. diiJlina, Iree', (T) = Amh. qara! 'kind of tree (Osyris CIated, (Lt) waste away, wither away';
Amh. daffana, Arg. daffana, Har. diijana, Gur. compressa)' ; 'adagdaga. causative; also 'beat until small'
SEMITIC: related to Ar. doff 'leaf of a door'.
diilana. For diiJanl 'cake baked under ashes' from dagdug 'meager, thin, lean, emaciated,
ETHJOPIC': Amh. daf, danJ 'threshold', Gur. daJ SEMITIC: Syr. dapriinti 'juniper', Ug. dp"', Akk.
'doorframe'; passed into Cushitic: Kam. de/a, Or. da/ana 'cover', cpo Amh. diJ/ufl 'a wheaten bread
dapriinu.
- gloomy' ;
daru. (cooked under ashes)', Gur. daJun 'bread of inferior dagadag, dagdag, dagdag, dagdiig, same; also
quality' (lit. 'covered'), Syr. (amlrtii 'cake', from difat Jl.t..-r (T) ' loom' ; (T) 'crumbs';
dah (yadjii') f.<;:O, (T) daf'a f.<;:h 'thrust, lamar 'hide'. The root passed into Cushitic: Bil. dagdage 'leanness, meagerness';
diiJan 'bury', Aw. deriilli1-~wa. See also daJnala. ETHIOPIC: perhaps to be compared with Amh.Gur.
push, kick, cast away'; daffit 'snare'. SEMITIC: Ar. (Dat) dot!! 'grind to a pOWder'.
dalu' (DTW), pass. participle; darn, dafn 1.<;:1 ; .e-<;:1, (K) diifon .<\<;:1 'laurel, EruTOPIC: Amh. diigaddiigii 'pulverize, become thin,
dal' (K') 'thrusting, pushing' (n); (T) juniper'; d.gg 1:.., (K '.KBT) 'belt'; be emaciated'. For 'beat untit small', cpo Te. diigdii-
d,l'at (DTW), verbal noun of dal'a; SEMITIC: related to Aram. tiJpii 'drawstring. waist· ga 'crush under foot> -make meager, emaciated',
from Ok. daphne 'laurel'; also in Syr. dapne, Aram. Tna. dagdiigii 'trample, step on', Gur. dagadiiga
SEMlTIC: Ar. da/ara 'push' (on the various Arabic dapnii. - band', Syr. te~I';, Md. takra. Arabic dikka. likka is
'squeeze' .
dialects, see W. Ma"ais 1959: 1289/1), Sh. deja'; considered an Aramaic loanword (Fraenkel 55).
related to Akk. da'iipu 'push'. dofoni 1'-1.:)., (T) dafoni 1.1.:). 'coffin , reposi- ETHloPtc: Amh. d3g(g) 'a sort of sash of cloth
dagdaga II 1...,1., (T.Y.MA M) 'be early morn-
ETHIOPIC: Te. da!'a 'push', Tna. daJ'e 'push', da!'e tory, sepulcher, (T) box'; wrapped around the body over the clothing from
ing, get up early in the morning';
'crush, squash', Amh. daffa 'push', Gur. dliffa'a chest to waist'. M. Cohen 1931 : 109 compares dag( g)
from Syr. duen,; which perhaps goes back to doJana, with Gur. diiqol 'bell' (cp. also Gar. daq"ata), with 'adaJ(daJ(a (K ') 'cause to get up early in Ihe
'turn on its side (e.g. a vessel when emptying rna·
above. d·q (Gur.Gaf.) > dog (Amh.G); also in Cushitic: morning' ;
DUrer
Aw. dung; 'belt'. See also dagdaga Ill . dagadag, dagdag, dagdiig,dagdig 'early morn-
dafnata 1.<;:~'" (T) 'bake';
dafdafa 1.<;:1.1.. 'cover with boards, plaster'; ing' ;
denominative from dO/iJnl (see da/ana). d.gg"ii .e-'l'antiphonary supplied with cantilla- dagdug (Amsalu) 'one who gels up early in the
dafdaf (Lt) dafdiif dafda/. dafdof 'covering lion signs indicating the proper intonation of
with boards or plaster. (T) floor, pavement'; morning' ;
dafantar 1.t..1+C (r) = Amh. qammo 'a tree hymns' ;
whose fruit grows in bunches and is edible ETHIOPIC: Amh. dagaddaga 'get up early in the
ETHIOPIC: Tna. daJdiiJii 'put earth on top of thatch' ,
ETHIOPlc: Amh. d3gg"'a; see Strelcyn 1974 :6, Ham- morning, hasten olf' (from Geez). The verb is per-
Amh. dafaddaJa 'coat, plaster, besmear (with oint- cooked or raw'.
merschmidt 1977:90. See also (swm), sam. haps a denominative from dagdag 'cock' (see below)
ment), . • •
dafar 1.t..C (K '.Lt) 'hill'; whose crowing indicates the early morning.
dag" dag<a, dag"<a 1...,lI j 1."'1} ! 1.'/'I} (Lt)
dofdof .e-<;:.e-<;: (Ll) 'brewage, (K) must of ETHIOPIC: Amh. daJar 'hill, height that blocks the 'highland' ,. dagdaga III 1...,1.1 (K') 'gird oneself';
wine' ; view' . ETHIOPIC: Tna. dag·'a 'highland', Amh. diiga, Gar. 'adagdaga (K'), causative;
126
d ~d"ll._ degana dag"a ra
•
•
127
tbK~ (Am"lu) 'one" ho has girded himsetr, (dagama + verb expresses 'again, a seCond dog"ora J','l-t. (KO) 'brood, hatch' - --
•
tbgdiigr (K') 'glrdmg oneselr (n); lime' of the action of the verb); ~etat~esis and reduphcatlon of the la t radlcaO. He
fntlorlC" Tna. 'OI1d);dilgii 'gird oneself'. Amh.
'adgama (K 0), causative; dog"r ~l'C, (KO) dag"r 1I.1'C 'plough beam'; entJfle~ It With Ar (Oat) hadmala and LL
so I
tadagma, pass. of dagama; mala 'd~tro • ( h ...~
a diJgiuhfJga 'wcar the .\"Jmma·garment around the SEMITIC' Ar dog, 'wood of Ihe plough 10 whICh Ihe . Y Wit metatheSIS hdm dhnt,. oind
augmentation \l,uh l).
\\alst". The verb IS either a reduplicative of dilgX dagami, act. part. of dagama; plowshare IS attached', EniloPIC Tna. dahmamii 'd(''itroy'
'tx-It' (ahtwc) or a development of meanmg of dogda- d,gum (K 0) 'repeated, reciled', ErnloPlc Tna. dug'i. d.g",i 'plough beam', Amh ,
ga If 'gC'1 up early In the morning> gird oneself dagJm (fern. dagJmt) 'second, other, further' Gur. dagar; also in Cushllic: Be. dUKure. Sa. dU1{re, daberi .o;~t- (Ll) 'gunpowder' ,
and he read) 1('1 move', For a similar development. (dagJm 'orit, 'orit zadagJm, 'Deuteronomy'); , Or. digre. from Ar daMra 'ammUnition for war" also \mh
cp Hch. hWdm 'rise early. do something early', (dag,m I,dat 'regeneration ); dahera. • • .
dcnOmmall\-C from .~'f~fm 'shoulder', the verb mean- (dag,ma, ba-dagam 'twice, for the second lime dag·.~a I (y,dg'J~), dagg'a~a 1I.'l-K 'pnck.
ing 'load (10 the early morning) the back of a beast puncture, goad, poke, prod, transfix, pierce,
secondly, again, further, furthermore, onc~ da~ara (pdhafJ 11.".<1.. (T.M) 'pensh, be Wiped
> get up early, do somethmg early 10 the mornmg', sting, smite, punch, wound';
more. moreover'); out, ?e spOiled, (KDTW 174) pu,h ",de. reo
dogdog ~"I~"1 (T) 'cock'; tadag'~a, passive;
('idagma 'no more, never more, no longer'); pUlse;
tadag'usa (K'), reciprocal of dag'a,w;
SrMlTlC AT dagt'ig 'domestic fowls: cocks. hens. d,gam (K 0) 'repeating, reciting the prayers' dlih!'pushmg out, expulsion, plundcrillg. (T M)
(n) ; 'astadag'a~a 'slander, express enmity through
chu:kens', from an onomatopoetic dgdg, for which rUin, disaster, perdition. corruptIOn',
cpo Sh. cdt'Xdt'g 'make a tapping noise' See also dagimot'repetitlOn'; slander, cause dispute, sow discord';
dag' ~i, act. part. of dag' a~a; SFMITIC: Heb. da~ar 'pu!lh away. lnod off', Aram.
dagJd)!a II. dagamawi, dagamay (fern. dagamawit, dag,mit)
dagu~, pass. part. of dag'a.1a, rbhae, Akk da'opu (von Soden 146); relaled 10 Ar
'second' ; dahaf'push' (see Landberg 1910: 860).
dogdug ~"I'<:'''1 (LI) 'fearful'; thg" ~al, verbal noun of daK'usa;
mJdgiim 'place, time, or book for reciting, a ETHIOPIC: Tna. dti~/lri:i 'damage, harm. mJun~',
ETHIOPIC Amh. (dJ Jdiigiiddiigii 'rrighten, cause to piece in the d,gg'a to be repeated' (Velal 469); ",adg'J~, madg~, madg'as 'goad';
Amh. daft 'push, push over, sho\"c\ related to
be afraid' mastadag...·a~. part. of )astadag"'a~a; Amh. daDa (df') 'push over'. Gur diiJ"'/iJ'd"ap-
ETHIOPIC: Te. dogma 'repeat', daggiim 'second infu-
SEMITIC: the closest root is Aram.-Syr da'(J~ 'prick, pear, be extinguished'
dagafa (r~dli.J) J',U. (KOKBT) 'sustain, prop, sion of coffee', Tna. diigama 'repeat, recite', Amh
support': daggamii 'repeat, add, recite prayers', dagam 'sec- Slick, Ihrust in' (so also Dillmann 1133), bUI Ihe
phonetic correspondence is not regular do~ka (y,d!lOkJ ~"'h, (T) do~ka ~h 'creep.
ond', diigmo, diimmo 'again', Har. dagiin lisa ' review
ETHIOPIC: Tnil.Amh. diiggiifii 'sustain, prop, Sup- ETHIOPIC: Amh. madg"a! 'callie prod' (from Geez) crawl, go on all fours, be lame, limp, h.,itate
a lesson' (that is, 'do it a second time'). The root
pori one's family', Te. dagfa, Arg. deggafa, GUT. (in speaking)";
passed into Cushitic: Bil. dagiim 'repeat'.
deJ!g~rii; passed into Cushilic: Bil. diigii[ii 'sustain', dag'a~a II 11. 'l-K (K oJ 'arrange, arrange well, 'adhaka, causative;
A" degaf-~"a. dagan, dogan 11.;)'1 : f.;J'), (OT) dig;;n .II..n, prepare (food for a wedding feast), deco- th!luk (KO) 'one who crawls, who creeps',
dagaga 'y.dg.g) J',77 (KO) 'be superior, be (K) degan J!.;J') 'curved, winding, bent, turned rate, cover with leather'; m,d~ak (K 0) 'place where one creeps',
proud' ; Ihe wrong way, bow (n)'; ETHIOPIC: Amh. diigg"'iisii 'cover with leather, make SEMITIC: related to Ar. daha~a 'drag on the ground'
ETHIOPIC: Amh.Gur. dagan 'carding bow', Har. designs on a book cover' (nole Amh. dg"s, wllh s, (Dilimann 1084).
ETHIOPIC Amh daggaga 'be proud, be arrogant'.
as agamst G. dg'!, wilh !). ETHIOPIC: Te, dii~aka 'crawl on hand~ and knec~'.
dig{m 'bow', (ta)dogana 'be bent'; also m Cushilic:
dag"ha J','/<U (H), dag"~a 11.1'''' (U) 'strike, Som. degan 'cardmg bow', Aw. dagan, Sid.Dar Tna. dahaJsii 'stamp', Amh.Gur. daha, d<Jka.
fighl' ; dahi 11.'/. (T.M) = Amh. g'a.l'ya 'kind of pea
dlgiina.
believed to cause paralysis of the legs if eaten do~l_ (yad!lOl) ~"'t1 (KDTW 15t) 'flee, be
ETHIOPIC Te. dagha 'strike' is not to be connected digen ./11.') (T) 'pan, frying pan'; with milk or linseed'. defeated';
with G. :iig~a 'close', as suggested by Littmann- tad,~/a, (L.Gr.313) tad.,"'a, (T) tacL'~/a 'with-
see also fegan, tegan I.
HOfner 54t The root passed Inlo Cushllic: BII. dahal 1I.UCI (GT.438) 'gold'; draw, retreat, retire, flee, be pUI to flighl, run
dagah 'strike' (from Tigre). deg_n_ J!.7) 'pursue, persecute, chase, follow,
mispnnt for dahab, from Ar, dahah; also Te.Tna. away, (K) be defeated';
dagaJ I 1I.7C1 (T) 'shackle'. track (hunter),; diih ab' go Id' . da~1 (K oJ 'fleemg' (n),
~adegana, causative;
SEMITIC' Ar. da~ala 'remove to a distance, flee'. The
dagal If 1I.7C1 (T) = Amh. gagano 'ibis'; degani, (KG) deggan, act. part. of degana; dhm, madihamt oo./109"-l- (0 1394); for mada-
conneclion wllh Ug. dhl'fear' (Fisher 65), and Syr
probabl) wrongly laken from danqal = Amh. gaga- SEMITIC the connection with Syr. dagan 'be blurry maht,
•
for which see damha
•
n. d.hel 'fear' (Appleyard 54) IS unhkely. Schuhhess
no 'IbIS" 4 hnes above dagal in Tayya 101. (eyes)' suggested by Brockelmann 1928: 142 IS un' 66-7 likewise connects various SemitiC roots mean-
dihmama ./100000 (K 0), da~mama -'\"10000
likely. ing 'fear' and 'flee', See on thIS root H. Rabin, IDS
d.g"lommi 1:l'CI'" 'necklace, bracelet'; (T), d~mama ./IihoPoP (KG) 'demolish, destroy,
ETH10PIC: Tna. dagiinii 'pursue', Te. diigna 'chase, 2 (t972).363, 367
metatheSIS In relation LO dalg"'i1mma II. below. drive away', ( rii)dagiina 'persecute', Amh. diiggiillii (K) dig, scratch the ground, cultivate, pile up ETHIOPIC: Te, da/~a 'reject. dnve away' (with me~
'Irack' (hunler; from Geez). Reinisch 1902: 105 com- (grain), make a bed (for flowers, vegetables)"; .. IheslS), Amh. dalla (from dl') 'ftee', cpo also Tn.
dagama (rJdgJm) J',700 'repeat, do a second pares Som. (mi)dgan 'hunler'; cpo also Bit. dugan Amh.Gur. rbl'victory', HaT. dili. The noun d31, Ji/i
SEMITIC: Praetorius, ZDMG 57 (1903). 275 connects
lime, be again. recite prayers or incantations'; 'chase away', Sid, dugannii. 'hunter', II wilh AT. hadama 'demolish, pull down' (wilh would then mean 'act of makmg someone Hec', that
128
• •
-
dohn.
-
dbr 129
J~. '\"h..'IOr) - (SO also Praetorius 1879:385; d'Abbadie EnuoPlc: Te. diiha~a 'slip, stumble'. Tna. diihasii madhani 'redeeming (adj), redeemer. savior';
('an)diilha~a (with augmented I), Amh.Gur. 'd~ti; ('anta dJbra 'behlOd');
(mad~ane 'iilam 'Christ', lit. 'saVIOr of the
774) 'glide, trample, crush'. The derivation of Har. diga world');
(:amtbb r 'from behlOd. ofter [timen,
dab.nsi dahand. .e-.lt'}l\ , .e-.lt'}' 'a little 'come' from db¢ suggested by Littmann, ZA 33
mad1]anil 'salvation, deliverance, safety, redemp-
( amtbbra [conl] 'after that'),
stl~k ~s~ f~r ;triking a stringed instrument'; (1921).108 IS unlikely. The root db<!. dl~<.i is un-
tion, medicine';
('amtbbra-za 'afterwards. loter'):
doubtedly connected with Bit ga/~al 'slide', ();mJ~&~a :anlussa 'from now on');
ETHIOPIC Amh. tbhJn,fa (from Geez). madh;miiwe 'salvation'; dabaru end, posterity';
da~.~. I (yadljiilj) "')'1 (K*) 'excavate, hollow madhaniiwi 'saving' (adj);
dabara (yadhar) ""'t. 'divorce, repudiate (a (daljiirita 'at the end, backwards beh d In
out'; ,atbhno(r) 'guaranty for a person';
wife), send away (a wife)'; dJhuh 'hollow, excavated, concave, chasm - the back'); . 10.
-
'\\flgh' and dla\. dly 'dra\\. water from a well'
(dalwala, ba-dalwal 'duly, justly, rightly');
SEMITIC' Ar dam 'blood', SAT elm, Heh. dam.
d,'IIIUd 'resoundmg'.
tadlii 'pleasure, enjoyment, delight, raplure, (/.lIl1d\·oice, sound, loud noise, rumbling, ru-
Practonus 1890 : 3~ note· considers It related to Ar Aram,·Syr thmii, Md. dma. Ug, elm, Akk , dcimll,
"alia f dll J 'indicate'.
luxury. charm, affluence, dignity, glory, suita-
See on IhlS biradical rool Nocldeke 1910 I 17 IT.
mor, report. noise, whisper'. . .
ETHIOPIC: Tna , JiiliJkii '"elgh·. Amh. diilla 'be bility, propriety, appropriateness, prepara- ETHIOPIC' dam.
dJrlllJall'i (Gr) 'noisy, one with a good vOice:
. ,
measured out, be weighed', perhaps Te. dilla (dill') tlon ; 'adn;{i~1i (Gr.475), madmad (K') 'thaI makes
·knoy., ex:aclly' (that is, 'by weighing'). Praetorius 'adlawa, 'adlaIVa ga~~ 'doing favors (n), favor- dom ',V" (T) 'slave'. resound' :
1879132 connecls It wllh Ihe rOOI dldl'level' (Amh. itism. flattery, partiality, hypocrisy, taking EIHIOPIC: .. ,soun d·
Te. 'adma,~a ,spe ak' , Tna.. 'ud·.
Tna Har.Gur). See also da/awa II sides' (n): dm', 'admo'. h.l:"'J"o 'reach, obtain, receive, .... Amh. ddmmiilcl 'cry out. make noise , fi.Jm~
(';'adlaIVa 'impartiality'); attain, overtake, grasp, acquire, find': ~1U.!a, "Qund'.• pass~d into Cushitic: Qt!m. d,mllf
VOice, :I
dal ... a II I yadlu' YoIIID 'be suitable, suit, be 'asradiilow; (Gr), part. of 'asladiilawa; 1M renders Y's adiimmiiqii [Amharic transla· 'sound'.
fittmg. befit. be appropriate, be proper, be madal/aw, madlaw, madiilalV, madlall'; 'hypo- lion of 'adm,'a] 'make red-hot', but it could
seeml), be correcl, be becommg to. behoove. damha I Yo'J"'" (T Y.M) 'possess, acqUire. daml-
crite, unjust judge'; a.lso mean 'cause to sing together with other -
be conventent. be meum bent upon. be neces- madalall' 'fitting': nate' ;
Singers' and possibly be a development of the 're' above
sar~, have to, be one's duty, deserve, be useful, madlul 'fitting manner, suitable manner'; related to tim', )amnJ'Q 'reCel\e, acqUl, '
meaning 'participate', as IS the case III Te.
,
134 dammana daJD. nmtn 135
• -
damha II {\'Jdnltiil! r.9"'"
(K.Y) 'dip, dunk, (dmm) 'be silent', PbH . dimdem 'to silence', Aram. damanm m 'obscure, very gloomy, rather
•
plunge, ,In.,draw with a ladle, scoop up WIth damdem 'lie in a stupor', Md. dndm « dmdrn) 'be
deprived of speech or movement by emotion, be
cloudy' ;
bnghtl.;' gleam' (.asagainst Ltslau. I4l..1S
82{196.j.3), Amh. dammjqJ 'be bnghl tcolor) be
a ba,ket, (Y T K) penetrate, know thoroughly,
, stupefied', dmm 'come to a stop'; for Ug. dm 'be SEM me: the connectionfi with Heb. domrn 'dung', hvely', Arg. diimmiiqa 'be beautiful' Gur <I... '__
,),' ~ . amaq/J.
e\amme: A damana 'manure a eId' (' elg. '-be .
u rZlehen [den H af. uamaqa 'become Ii vel)"
tranquil', see Caquot 532. The root is related to Ar.
madma" (K), madma!, (T), madmab, ma~mabl dama (d",m) 'stand still', Heb. dama (dmy) 'be /kern suggested by Buhl 165 is unlikely. Land-
(L D), madma!, (L), pI. madama", madamab, silent', duma (dwm ) 'silence', Soq. deme 'sleep', Md.
:rg 1920:848 gives Ar. dmna basicmeaning 'be r.
damrnara I OD (. 'InSert, add, JOin, "«ociate,
madam'''1 (L) 'ladle, cup, bowl. spoon for obscure" but in fact thl~ mea~mg. appl~es only ~o G. UIute, nux, mmgle, confound, multiply (m arith-
- .,
administering the Euchanst, grater.
dum 'be quiet'. J. Blau, VT 6 (1956).242-3 connects
the root dmm J with dmm II. See on this root G. v.
dammana, while there IS no Justification for It for metic)' ;
the various meanings of Ar. dmn, lb. tadammara, passive, reflexive; also 'ally on=lf,
Schick, "The stems dum and dmm in Hebrew", JBL
damiih 1.:"'Iih, (K) dama~ 1.:"'1"1, (T) doma,h ETHIOPIC: Tna. diimmiina, diibiin~ 'cloud', Te. have tntercourse';
32 (1913).219-43; N. Lohfink , VT 12 (1962).275-6.
,f;-"'IU 'head, crown of the head, skull, summll ; diimiina , diibiina, Amh.Arg. dammana, Gar. diim- ladamlimara 'mingle with' (Amharic fom,),
For a bibliography dealing with the Hebrew rOot
ulna, GUT. dammiina, dobana, HaT. diina (with m > dammiiri (Gr.315), act. part. of dam",,,r,,;
is either borrowed from Ar. dimiig 'brain' or is dmm, see ib. 275, n.1.
;ero); also in Cushitic: Aw. danllniinii. Qem.
connected with Ar. dammo~1Q 'incline the head",. a ETHIOPIC: Te. giimiim bela 'be silent', ('as)dammiima dammur 'added, mixed, united, joined,
'be astonished, astonish', Tna. ('as)dammama 'be
damlina, Had . duban-co. Cerulli 1936 :245 (followed
denominative from *dinuib. The root also occurs In conJoint, mmgled, common; sum, total';
by Brockelmann 1950: 33, and Appleyard, Abbay
Amh. dama" 'top of the head' (probably from astonished, be marvelous, astonish', Amh. dam- (tidmmura 'jointly, implicitly');
9[1978].52) connects these nouns with the Cushitic
Gee,), Arg. damah 'head', Gaf. dam"Ii, Gur. dum mama 'be astonished, be amazed', GUT. dam bara tidmmii,. 'joining together, mmgling, connect-
rOOI tum, dum 'be black', See also Dolgopolsky
'head. haiT of the head', Te. damqat 'crown of the 'be quiet': passed into Cushitic: Bil. (as)damiim 'be ing, unity, uniting, union, oneness, mlxmg,
amazed'. 1937:51.
head' (with g > q in an Arabic loanword); in mixture, communion, intercourse',
Cushitic: Aw. diimi 'top'. Or. dumi 'head'.
dmm II, dammama 1.0000 (K *) 'close, cover,
r.
darnanmin 00'}"'1.1- 'obscure, rather cloudy, damara (Lt.T) 'mingling':
W Muller suggests that G. tidmab (with bJ is Ihe very gloomy, (T) storehouse' (lit. 'dark place'); IJdmJrI 'union, union of the two persons of
original ronn and considers it a cognate with Ar. fill up, heap up, level';
dimiig and not a loanword from AT. dimiig. SEMITIC: Ar. damma 'stop up (a hole), level'.
ETHIOPIC: Amh. diimiinmin 'heavy cloud', See dam- . . communion,
Christ, .
connection, mixture, asso-
mana. elatmg, assoclation, addition, multiplication,
ETHIOPIC: Te. damiima 'close the udder', Tna. diim- intercourse' ;
damakan 1.:"'Ih1- 'large bird of prey, (T) young
diimii 'finish', Gur. damiiddiimii 'block the mouth of d.rnanq 1.:"'11-'" (T) 'large bird of prey';
lion' ; tadammiJro 'unity, union' ~
someone, finish thatching a house'.
see also d;muinq, dilyomiik;m. see damakim.
the root is not to be connected with Syr
SEMITIC :
dmm III, dommat 1.:00~ (K *.DTW 359) 'shout- damarto 'wonderful, marvelous', as suggested by
damali, damale r."'Ift. l r."'If\, 'heifer (wor- . " domantos,
, domintos
, 1.:"'I1-I"f1 j 1.:"'I1-1'f1 (Lt)
109, nOise; Brockelmann 1928: 158,
shIped as idol), (T) idol in the form of a lion'; 'diamond' ;
ETHIOPIC Te. dammara 'intermingle, mix, add, sum
damala (MA) 'make an idol' (denominative)'; SEMITIC: Ar. damdama 'rumble', Heb. damam 'weep'
from Gk. adamantos (gen. sg, of adamas 'diamond'). up, heap up', Tna.Amh. dammlira; Tna. also diim-
(Dahood 1966:24-5), Ug. dmm 'grieve', Md. dmdm
from Gk. darnalis 'young calf, heifer'; also in Amh. bard (with augmented b). The connectIOn with the
'mutter, grumble', Akk. damamu 'moan, mourn'. darnaqa (pdmaq) 1.00." 'crush, pound, grind,
diimali 'image or likeness of lion' (from Geez). Amharic root gmr, :mr 'begin, start' (for whIch lIee
ETHIOPIC: Tna. diimm biilii 'resound, give forth a
grind to powder, bruise', (T) = Amh. qii!!iillii Leslau 1979:317) suggested by Praetorius 1879:8615
dmrn I, damarna (yadmJm) r.oooo (Lt) 'fill sound', Amh. damm alii, diimmiimii 'make noise',
'be fine, be thin' (should be = Amh, aqiit!iinii unlikely. The root passed into Cushitic: Aw. demer-
with admiration'; (a)diimaddiimii, same, Gur. cbmm barii 'make noise f'o. For the Geez root dmr, see Hammerschmidt
'make thin');
ladamma, ladamama (GrJI5,U) 'be silent, by falling', damdam balii, same. 1961: I52ff. On ao expression In the Anaphora where
ladamqa, passive;
stop. be Immobile, be stupefied, be astonished, this root occurs, see J.M. Hanssens, OCP 7 (1941).
dammana r.oo~ 'cover with clouds, darken, be damiiqi (Gr.315), act. part. of damaqa;
be amazed, marvel, wonder, be dumbfounded, 206-32.
clouded, be dark, be spotted, (T.M) be thick, damuq 'crushed, bruised, pounded';
be confused'; be dense' (denominative of dammalla); damaq, damq 'powder, pulverized substance, dammara II r.oo(. (Lt) 'kick, tap';
'admama (D) 'stupefy, astound, astonish, 'adammana, (L) 'admana 'envelop in clouds, crumbs, dust';
(Gr.315) remain immobile'; SEMITIC: possibly AT. damara 'destroy', Mh. demor
render dark, darken, make gloomy'; dJmqat 'crushing (n), pounding';
'asladamama (U) 'be surprised, wonder'; tadammana, ladamna 'be covered, be obscured, damraz 1.9"(,11 (T) = Amh. Jllb'a)' 'bush
SEMITIC: AT. damaqa 'hit on the mouth and break
dJmam 'stupefaction, astonishment, marvel, be darkened'; the teeth'. having a bitter red or yellow fruit'.
wonder, (K) silence';
dammani (Gr.474), same as dammane; ETHIOPIC: Amh. diimmaqii 'crush, squash'.
tidmmal (K*) 'wondering, astonishment'; darnasa I r.oo(l (DTW 335, under dlibbiisii) 'abol-
dJmmun 'cloudy, covered with clouds, obscure,
madmam 'stupefying, astonishing, astounding, gloomy' ; dmq, >admaqa 1\1.:00'" (U) 'adorn, embellish'; ish, destroy, delete';
wonderful, marvelous; miracle, wonder'; tidmuq (U) 'adorned, embellished'; ladamsa, passive;
dammana (pI. dammallal) 'cloud, mass';
tadammo 'awe. wonder': dJmus (DTW 335), pass. part. of damasa;
(qasta dammana 'rainbow'); SEMITIC: Akk. damaqu 'be pleasing', Ug. dmq 'fine,
SEMITIC onginally 'be silent > be deprived of (JJge dammana 'tender flower, spring flower'); good' . ETHIOPIC: Amh. dabbiisii 'be destroyed' (with alter-
speech > be stupefied. marvel', as in Heb. dam dammane 'darkness, obscurity, cloudy sky'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. diimiiqii'be pretty', Te. domqa 'shine nance of labiaJs). See also damsasa, below.
dlmasa 136 dandar 137
•
•
damasa II ' , pdmas ) 1.01'1'1 (T) 'cover, hide'; Aram. dew 'demon', Md. daiua, from Persia d- ETlUO Ptc : Tna. dandiir 'ttilstle', Amh, diindiir. See
damsa \Io:'} 'be dark';
ErnloPlc: Amh. dino, name of an evil spi ~
Mercier 295, n. 18. n. ee
;w. also dede r .
dangal 1.')111. (Lt) 'stalk of papnus'
ETHloptc : Amh dan a" -
dat""", \K} damus 'dark, clouded over, cloudy'; In Lake Tana a~d IS g!\edPrap)TUS reed which gr('lW{
SPdITIC Ar damasa 'cover, hide, (X[JI form) be d.nbo,k".1 f:1f1bti'&\ 'den, cage, net'; d.oga~a, dang~a 1.118 1.112\ 'be terrified,
j u, or makmg l.:vtk'\l-bo.u~·
be shocked, be dismayed, be alarmed, be per-
cloud\ . from daba'k'al, augmented by n. ~I\D(a1lii, dang"aUat, dang"allit J!.,)1v" , I.')
ETHIOPIC' Amh. diimmasii 'tarnish, lose luster', dab- plexed, be perturbed, be upset, be astonished, ,- T I J!.11v"T 'II' T)
danbasa 1.101'1 (MA) 'wrap up, roll up, make be stupefied, be confounded, be amazed, be flower" I y , ( = Amh. suI 'sun,
biisii (with alternance of Jabials) 'turn dull or dark', ,
damu.s 'black cloud'. a bundle'. disturbed in mind, panic, tremble, quake'; (pge dang" allal 'lily');
'adangar!a 'terrify, inspire fear, dismay, strike ("r!a dang' allii 'stem of lily').
damsasa 1.9"1'11'1 'abolish, obliterate, erase, de- d.nbus f:11l-il 'club, iron mace" ,
with terror, alarm, perturb, astonish, amaze" ,
stroy, quench, blot out, extinguish, wipe out, represents dabbus, above, with augmented 11' d.ng31 (p.1. danag.£) f:1"1A 'chaste (young
ladangar!a 'be struck with consternation';
efface' ; also dambus, above (with nb > mb); cpo als~ ~e: dangur! 'frightened, dismayed, confounded, dis- man,) cehbate (monk), virgin';
'odamsasa. ca usa ti ve; da/u/nbus (Landberg 1920:694). . dang./I (pI. daniig.!) 'VIrgin, maiden';
turbed, alarmed, astonished, terrified, terror-
tadamsasa, pass. of damsasa; also 'be lost'; (danga/bah/>e 'twofold Virgin', that is, in bod'
danba,a 1.1nll (T.Y.M) 'support, sustain" struck' ;
ladamasasa (Lt) 'destroy one another'; and spm!)', )
danbiiz (D.T.M) 'bar, pole, forked pole, p~op, dangiir.!e 'terror) dismay, astonishment, amaze-
damsasi. act. part. of damsasa; also 'destroyer'; ment, dread, stupor, tumult'; tadangala 'be a virgin, persevere in virgtnity'
support, beam, wooden box for a musical instru-
damsus. pass. part. of damsasa; dangatjannii, same; (denominative);
ment, (K') plectrum for the bagana-harp', (Sw.
damsase 'destruction, blotting out, oblitera- madangar!, part. of ·adangada; also 'terror-in- dangiile 'maidenly beanllg. virgtnit), Virginal
10 D 1116) = Amh. sansa 'pole that two m
carryon their shoulders in order to transpor~~
tion, perdition, annihilation': spiring, terrifying, horrible, stupefying, amaz- punty' ;
madamsiJs. part. of 'adamsasa; ing, astonishing'; dang.lanna 'virginity, chastity';
heavy obJect';
SEMITIC: the Identification with Heb. smd (hif'il) dangaLmnawi 'maIdenly';
ETHIOPIC Tna. danbaz 'stretcher' (for which SEMITlC: the connection between dngfj. dng$. dng!
'destroy' suggested by Barth 1893 : 10 is doubtful. "h8 see tadang./o 'virginity, chastity',
RemlSc I 87: 107), Amh. danbuz 'plectrum for th and Ar. nagafja 'vacillate' suggested by Praetorius
ETHIOPIC: Tna. diimsiisii 'destroy', Te. diimsiisa, tLmgal from ngi {Ar.
biigiina-harp'. e 1879: 137 is unlikely. Likewise unlikely is the connee- SB!lTIC,: the. derivation or
Amh. diimiissiisii. See also damasa I. tion with Syr. naqas, eigentlich 'gestossen werden' nagala beget} suggested by Praetorius 187Q:77"
diinad ~<;f: (T.M.Sw. in D 1407), danii! ~<;T suggested by Stade 39. unhkely.
dam~iiwi 1.9"lICf!, variant of dansawi; see dansa-
(Lt) 'one of the nails of the cross, (T) third ETHtOPIC: Te. diingiira 'be frightened, be startled, be ETHlOPIC: ,Te.Tna.AmhGur. dimg,/'virgin': passed
wa l. nail' ,. mto Cushtttc: Sa. difJgil 'girl who has rcached the
shocked', Tna. diingiirii, Amh. daniiggii{ii, Arg. da-
tran.scription of Latin tenet; see Worrell [II 88, n. 7; lliiggiita, Gur. daniiggii{ii. Littmann, ZA 33 (1921). age of marriage' .
d.mmat I f:ODT 'cat'·,
Eunnger. ZS 6 (1928).304-5; Strekyn 1955 :80, n. I ; 107 (followed by Cerulli 1936:245) compares dng~,
SEMITIC: Dozy I, 45 (followed by Noeldeke 1910: dng{ with dnbl (for which see Lesl.u 1979:21 1). If
dang"oza 1.11v1l (K'), danga.a J!.')111 (T.M)
and siidor, below.
58) considers Ar. dimma-t 'cat' a Geez loanword. In this comparison is correct. the original root would 'braid, plait, make curls';
view of the existence of the root in Ar. (Yem) dimm, dandana 1.11.~ (K'.MA) 'be fat, be stout'; have to be dng'" with g" becoming w,b in dnbt. The dangu;, dang"a: (pI. dJnguzat) 'curl, bratd. act
dumm 'cat'. W. Muller considers it a cognate and root passed into Cushitic: Qua. daga, 'be ter;ified', of plaiting'.
SEMITIC: Ug. dn 'powerful' (Aistleitner 80), Akk.
not a borrowing. Khamta dagi~.
dananu 'become strong, become of even thickness', danaka (yadn.k) 1. ~h (T.Y.M.Sw. in 0 1398)'cut
ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. dammu 'cal'. Amh.Gaf. dammiit ,
dandannu 'almighty' .
Tna. dum. utterance used to chase away a cat. The meat into strips to dry it';
ETHloptc: Amh. diiniiddana 'be fat, be stout', Arg. dangaga 1.111 (T.K*.M) 'delimit, mark off a
root also occurs in Cushitic: Bil. dummii 'cat', Qem . danak (T.K') 'meat cut into strips';
diiniiddana, Gur. daniiddiinii, Littmann-Horner 532 boundary' ;
dami, Som. dummad.
suggesl Te. diindiina 'lift heavy things'; passed into SEMITIC: from a root dnk 'be short' '> 'be cut'; see
ladangaga, passive;
d.mmat 1I f:ODT; see dmm I, III. Cushitic: Qua. diniidiin 'be fat'. Kam. diden . dangag 'edge, border, boundary, rim, brink, dank. below.
dandana 1.1~<; (K*) 'kind of leaf that serves bank of a river, seashore, margin'; donk f:1n (K ') ' bed with short legs, midget';
dammawa 1.ODW (K.Ll) 'issue blood , bleed ,
as a medicine'. dangage, same; from Amh. dank, same; also in Te.Gur. dtJnk, Tna.
become blood' (denominative from dam)'
dangug 'limited, marked off by boundaries'; Har. danki, rrom a root such as Tna. diitdii~ii 'be
·adammawa 'make bleed" , ' dandar 1.11.C 'kind of thorn , thistle" , ladangaga (Ll) 'limitation'; short'. See also danaka, above.
ETHIOPIC Te. diimma 'bleed', Tna. diimiiwii, Amh. SEMITIC: Ar. dardar 'thistle' (G. dandar < dardar by E:"IOPIC: Tna. diingiiga 'delineate borders, deter- d.nk"iin f:11;l,1 (Ll) 'tent';
demma. dissimilation ; see Brockelmann 1908: 226), Heb. dar- mme, define', Amh. diiniiggiigii 'delimit, decree, de-
dar, Aram . dardar, Syr. dardare, Akk. daddar« 'a fine (laws)'; also diiniiggii (with palatalization of g) ETHIOPIC : Tna.Amh. dank"an 'tent', Te. d.,kkan,
dino .I!. 'i (Ll), name of an evil spirit;
thorny plant, wild thistle'. Note that Ar. dardar 'decree, institute a law'. The root also occurs in Arg. dukkan; also in Cushitic: Or. dunkan, Sa.
SE.M.ITlC perhaps connected with Syr. daywiinii 'evil 'thistle' is considered a transcription of Reb. dardar Cushitic: Qab. Had, danga. It is from diinga that duMn, For Amh. dank"an Praetorius 1879 :99 sug-
Spirits, demons" from daywii. daywinii 'demoniac', (Dozy I 432). Gur. dang is borrowed. gests a borrowing from Ar. dukkiin 'shop'. As for
danl.. 138 dan.," 139
~~----------~------------~~. • ¢,qil
G d>!lk'an, he ,tates IZDMG 64[1910).623) that it danqawa ~J4'OJ 'be deaf, be hard of heari dans, (LI) ddn~ 'envy, strife, contention';
numb', Gur. danazzii-ii' . .
IS an Amhanc loanword. be ignorant, be stupid'; ng, see daJl,~awa I. diriiZiil:Ol - • pas~d mto Cushilic
)adanqawa (K *). causative;
daDana (r.dJl~n, pdnan) ~~~ (D.Lt) 'stoop ddnqaw 'deaf, hard of hearing, simple, plain" dansawa I ~Jl\OJ 'be envious, be jealous, be
down. bo\\ down. recline. be submissive'; gre~dy, (y.T! be stingy, be unfeeling';
depa Y.. T, dipi i\.:r; see d"p, d,'pa
tianqiiwe 'deafness'; ,
donnalla 'walk with a bent back'; ladanii~all"a envy one another, be Jealous of daqqa 1.+, daqq ~-l-; see dqq.
danqiiwi, ddnqiiwi 'simple, plain, deaf;
'odnana. causative~ also 'bow down, bend, be ddnqunii (Lt) 'simplicity of character'; ne another, contend enVIOusly with one
tdted. vield, be submissive'; oano
lher , (Lt) shout at one anot her;
'
dhaqduhq) J!"-l--'l.~ (Gr~38) 'colonnade (of a
ddmm :bent, who stoops down, lowly, submis- ETHIOPIC: HaL d6nqa 'deaf', Gaf. diinqu, Gur. don~ dansawi, dan~awi 'deceitful, ill-disposed, en- cure ':
go; also in Cushitic: Or. donqo 'stupid', Som. doqon . .. ,
Sive, subjugated'; vious. stingy, avanclOUS ; ETHIOPIC' prob bl be .
ddnllone 'inclining, stooping down, subjection';
'[001', Tern. danqa. For the connection between
dansa lV 'envying, holding fast to something';
d'· du: a y to Identified with Amh. mil-
doq".ndoq 1:4>".1':+, d.nq".nq" .1':'4>"4>', from Ar. daqiqa; also in Te. ddqiqiit, Amh, diiqiqa. dora f.t.; see dwr, d.r~ii ~e, (M) 'region where monkeys live';
doqudoq" .1':"'1:4>' (Sw, in D 1100) --: Amh,
daqqasa ~4'(1 'be , sleepy, ran asleep, slumber" , Tayya quoted by M 486 has varifa ~C,
dangapr, danga~ar 'narrow colored stnpe par- dur )l.C 'forest':
alleling the wide colored stripe of the samma- 'adaqqasa, causahve; dor 'wilderness'; diir~iilie, (M) 'robber' ;
garment', daqqus 'one who slumbers, on~ who is asleep'; from Amh, du, 'forest' < dabar (for which see see darasa.
•
doqqiis 'sleep, slumber, drowsmess'; [daba,a], dabr); also m Tna. dur,
dqq, daqqa, daqaqa (y.dq.q) 1.4' j 1.4'4' m.d.qqas 'place where one sleeps, bed' (note darf.,. ~Clj:h (T.Y,MA) ~ Amh, darrarii, per-
(T Y.M) 'be small, be a child, be thin'; that or>');r manta, the Amh, translation of G. dar'. ~CO (DTW 381) 'sink do,;n, become haps m the meaning 'be broad-chested' (de-
daqaqa, daqqaqa 'crush, pound, grind, m.d.qqiis given by Tayya, p. III, is to be nearly ftat (roof formerly pitched) ; nommatlve of darar 'chest'); darf.'. would
powder' ; corrected into or>~;r mann.ta); then be a denominative of darf~>u 'hump',
'adqaqa 'grind, pound, crush, make fine, weak- E'Jl{IOPIC: Amh . darra, same.
,, SEMITIC: related to Ar. dukiis 'sleepiness'. below. Note that Amh. diirriitii also means
en •
ETHIOPIC: Tna, daqqiisii 'sleep', Amh. diiqqasa (from d.".,'a ~CO (Y), dar... '. 1.ch (T) 'be deter- 'patch, pile one thing atop another (like a
d.qquq 'crushed, pounded, ground fine, thin Geez). mined, be harsh, be severe'; patch),.
(voice), weak (voice), small';
ETHIOPIC: rna. diirrare 'beat, strike'. darfa'" ~CIj:'" (T) 'hump (of am mal)' :
daqfq (fern. daqqiiq, pI. masc, daqfqiin, pI. fern. doqa! 1:4'T; see wadaqa,
daqiqiil, daqqiiqiil; pI. com, daqalV.q, daqa- see darja'a, above.
dar' I (pI. >adra') 1:C() 'coat of mail, breast-
W.ql, daqay.q) 'crushed, pounded, ground, daqiiw.q 1.:1'tD-:", daqiiwoq! 1.:1'tD-+T, da-
qiiy.q 1.:1' r.+;
see (dqq), daqiq,
plate, harness'; damli! ~e,(.l\T (Gr.475) 'dolphins';
slight, thin, minor, small, little, young, child, (dJ,'a 'angaNi 'breastplate),;
son, servant, children, little ones (also of ani- from Ar. dar/i/'dolphin' (for which see Dozy (435),
daqiiyoq ~:1' r.+, pI. of daqiqa. dam'a 'wear a coat of mail' (denominative);
from Gk, delphina, ace, of delphis 'dolphin',
mals), offspring, progeny. disciples'; tadarra'a, same; also 'be armed as with a coat
(daqiqa daqiq 'grandchildren'); darra 1.1.; see drr, of mail'; darga I (yadrag) ~C1 'be joined together, be
(daqiqa I/abiyiil 'minor prophets'); dmu' (Ll) 'who wears a coat of mail, armor- united' ,
daqiiH"qt 'newly converted Christians'; dar ~C (M) 'pearl, divine fire'; plated'; darraga (KG) 'join, unite';
daqqaq (fern, of daqiq) 'small particle'; misreading of dar III given by Tayy', reprint. See >adraga 'connect, join, assemble, harness';
daqq 'little ones, children, sons, servant(s)'; SEMITIC: Ar. dir' 'breastplate', Soq. daralt 'put on a
also dar I, II, garment' (Bittner, WZKM 30[1917-18],352, n.3), radarga, tadarraga, passive of 'adraga;
(daqqa prh 'chamber servants, eunuchs'); radii raga 'be joined to one another';
Noeldeke 1910:53 thinks that Ar. dir' IS borrowed
(daqqa ma:mur 'disciples'); dar I ./lC 'race, generation'; >astadaraga 'cause to be joined to one
from Geez.
daqiq.nl/ii 'childhood, youth'; from Aram,-Syr. dara. See also dor III. ETHIOPIC: Te. dar r 'coat of mail', Tna. d.1r r j, Amh. another' ;
madqaq, madqaqt, (Tl madq.q 'mortar for grind- dir, lhr. dorug 'connected, joined';
ing, (T) grinding slab'; dar II IIC (T,M) 'dry season'. (ddruga 'jointly, together,
. equally');
,.,
dar' IT .l':C() (DTW 382) 'warp';
SEMITIC: Ar doqqaqa ' reduce to powder', SAr. dqq dar III IIC (reprint T) 'pearl'; darg 'union, connectIOn. conJunctIOn;
'flour', Soq, Mh, daqq 'pound', Heb, daq (dqq) ETHIOPIC: Amh. dar 'warp'; connected with Te. (darga, ba-darg 'jointly, together, equally');
'crush', Aram. d.qaq, Syr, daq (dqq) 'reduce to misprint for dor given in Tayya. diirra 'patch, sew together', Tna. dtirra'{J. dargat 'conjunction, union, connectIOn, ahgn-
powder, crush', Md. dqq, Ug. dq 'small', Akk, ment, incorporation, company (busllless), asso-
doqaqu 'be small', duqq"qu 'crush'; related to dkk,
der .l'..C 'monastery'; darabiwi ~1.1l'l!; see darbaya.
from Ar. dayr 'monastery', of Syriac (dayra) ori·
ciation, choir';
dky, dM'q: Ar. daUa 'crush', Soq, dekdek 'beat',
Heb. dalsa (dky), Aram. chka~, Ug. dk 'pound, gin (see Fraenkel 275); also Amh. der. darbaya ~CIlf 'throw (a weapon), hurl, hit (d.rgala 'in a crowd, together');
mix', Akk. dakaku, Syr. duqa (dwq) 'something hard, shoot, pierce (with a weapon)'; >adragi (Gr,475) 'one who assembles'; ,
broken'. For 'child', cpo Syr. daqd.qii 'young chil- dor I f..C 'pearl'; Jlldarhaya (Gr), passive; 'adrago 'afras 'the harnessing of horses;
dren', dorchqa (Aram.Syr. by dissimilation), Md. from Ar. durr(a) 'pearl'; also in Aram. dura, durra. lac/art/haYti 'throw at one another, pierce'; ladiiriigi, part. of tadiiraga; _
dirdiqia. Md, dura (Fraenkel 58, 210), See also dor II. dIlWh(fll'i (Lt) 'bowman. spearman'; 'astadiiragi (Gr,475), part. of >astadaraga;
142 darkame 143
darak ano
- - - -
SI\tllH pt.~rhrlr~ Ar . 'a)dra~(} 'insert something dariigon 1.t,ln (Lt) 'dragon'; darakano, darkano f.t.h'i , 1.Ch'i, (Lt) dark i-
duriip .ll-t.T (T M) 'chief. leader'
rnlll • from Gk. drakon 'dragon'; also Amh. diiragoll, no ,l'.CIJ'i 'purple, hyaclll th-colored, bl ue';
ETHlorll' Te fitlrga 'ml'\;", Tna. diiriigii ·unite.join', derpa (MA) = Amh lum" "h
Aram. darq(ill, Syr. darqiina.
f m Gk. darkanos 'madder, Rubia tincloria. dye 'eat feed' b . , . u~~a a lransialed
\mh d{l/T1l1:a 'l1ccomc ,)nc, be united, be combined' , . ut In vIew of du"ip 'ch,el' I,od' ...
Irl.))""Slhly !'''Ilm Gc('z); passed Into Cushilic: Sa. dorho, doroho (pI. daM'arah) J'.CIJ' : J',.r:1f ;~de therefrom' (W. Muller). See also didarkano. should be d
ren eredbe admini>tercd'
' c" cr It
~Ja"Q.,! 'bl' unill'd' Sec "Iso dargu II. 'chicken, hen, rooster, cock, fowl';
doriikiis J'.?lJil; see dargas. dur~pi p..?1: (T.M) 'whIte SIlk, dye'.
darga 11 1.C" (Gr ~ 17) 'assign an allowance. ETHIOPIC: Tna. dar/tO. Te. derho, Amh.Arg. doro derap (MA) 'purple';
transfer the righls of property"; Gur. tara; from Cushitic: Qem.Bil. dirwa , S' a. darom 1.r:'I" 'south wind'; dl/riip (T) 'color, dye'
dtiraga 'assign an allowance. charge, delegate ' ; c1arlto, Aw. dllri, Som. doro.
. . , transcription of Heb. diirom.
-
rad(irt'J,tll 'he assIgned, receIve an assIgnment; darqodas ~C4I~il 'galelle',
darham (pI. darhamiit, daraham) ~CIJ'I" 'dir-
'tJ.\'f(JcMrllga, caus. of /adciraga; d.riimo ~t·'1" (K) 'a sleep-demon'; from Gk . do rk acIos, gen. sg. of darken 'gazelle'
ham, gold coin';
diir,i,,;. (GrlI7) dara,,;. act. part. of darga, ETHIOPIC Amh. diiramo, same. See also ,priimo. (Hommel 1877:xxlX, 86). Sec al,o darqii;
dar£lgc1 ; from Gk. drakhme through Persian d(i)rahm, and
d,"'wug 'asslgned'; Ar. dirham; also Tna. diirhim, dari,.,.l, Tc. diirhJI1I d.rmiin(.)q, darmiin(a)q ~cn7')~ , 1.C"'I1ol> diriqon -'lt4l1 (D), d.riqon ~t4l1 (K), duri-
d",go 'assignment, charge. delega lion' (perhaps Amh. darim, darh()m, For Aram. darkamonii, Syr: 'thigh bandages, trousers, drawers, undergar- qon . .ll-t4l1 (L.D.T), darqiqon, darqeqon,
from Amh. d.rK" 'allowance of food or mon- daralpna, sec Fracnkel 191, Jeffery 129. Hebrew
ment, loincloth. tunic' (M 496 'without intelii- d.rqlqnon ~Ct4l1 , ~C'l:4I1 : ~Ctol>'j1
darkemon( 01) is an Ararnaism. For the value of the (KG) 'one of the seven heavens, (TK) lhe
e, '); Amh ,""h,m. see Pankhurst 1970, I: 55-6. See also
gence' is a mistranslation of Tayyii's labbalha
'adriigi tGr.47S) 'one who assigns, one who as labb alba, for in fact it means 'pantaloons'; seventh heaven, (KG) lhe sixth heaven' ,
didrakiJnI, darkame. see also diJrteqon.
delegates' ; likewise M's rendering 'jealousy' is a mistrans-
'a.lll/dar,igi (Gr.475), part. of 'astadaraga; daraka (yadrak) 1.t.h 'be rough, be hard, be lation of Tayyii's qanat, which also means
darqiqon ~Ct4l1, darqiqnon ~ctol>'j'); ,ee
tl1(kiragi~ part. of tadiiraga~ weli-trodden, be stubborn, be savage, be cruel, 'beJel; diirigon.
E mlOPIC' Tna,Amh. durragii 'assign a regular alIot- be harsh, be fierce, become angry'; darmiinq( a) zaha'si zahaq"e (Ex. 28:4) 'a
men I of food or money to a poor person', Te. daruk 'hard, harsh. ferocious, fierce, rough, man's girth around lhe hips' (Ludolf 498); it darqiis 1.C:J>il (TM), dorqiis P.C:J>il (K.Sw. In
dal'raga '(ransfcr a debt', dargtil 'share', Amh. dJrgo savage, cruel, stubborn'; slands strangely for Heb. mi~nfpr!, Gk. kidar;s D 1407), doriUs P·t-lJil (Sw. In D 1407) 'ante.
'allotment or food or money'; passed into Cushitic: 'miter, turban'.
- lope, hide of antelope worn as garment, shawl-
madrak 'doorway, doorpost, threshold, porch,
Sa dllra~ 'gIve an allowance of food'. like garment made of a single layer of cloth';
entrance court, vestibule'; SEMITIC: Ludolf 498 and Dillmann 1092 connecl il
darga III (y,,,Ir"I() 1.C1 (Ll) 'rise in rank'; (madraka Ijolj 'threshold'); with AI. durmiik, durnuk 'kind of carpet, kind of from Gk. dorkas 'gazelle'. See also diJrqodJs.
>adraga (K*), causative; SEMITIC: Ug. (m)drk 'rule, dominion' (that is, 'harsh. garment' (for which see Dozy 1 438). Fraenkel 289
derives it from Syr. rarbiinqa 'tunic' (from Persian drr, darra 1.1. (K'), see ladarra;
tbrgal 'rank\ ness'). In view ofG. madrak 'doorway, threshold' it
tanbimak). He also compares it with Ar. :;armallaqa ladarra, radarrara '~r,'- , 'N~(''- 'eat dlllner,
is tempting to connect the root drk with Heb.
from Ar 'rank, stair' in a dialect in which g
dara~u 'kind of cloak made of wool', and not with durmik. dine' ;
pn)nounccd g' also Amh. diiraga 'stairs',
Aram.-Syr. drk 'lread upon, slep upon' (so Dill·
IS ETHIOPIC: Amh. di1rmanq 'trousers that have close- darar 'dinner, supper, supper time, food, vigil',
mann 1095), but the basic meaning of G. daraka is
fitting embroidered cuffs'. (dariira $om 'eve of Lenl, fasl on lhe eve of a
dargu I (pI. durag'lI'j f.C'l- (K ') 'tweezers, 'be rough. hard' developed into the secondary mean-
plOcers' ing 'be well-lrodden' (hence 'doorway, threshold'), holiday');
d.rmus ~Coo-il (T.M), beta darmus IIA' I ~r.
see al.\o mt'dar,?u. and it is not to be compared with the Semittc root ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. darar 'meal', Te_ (1.1Jdarriira
drk 'tread upon'. -il (Sw. in D 1407) 'kitchen, dimng room,
'find nourishment, eat', Tna. (Ia)diirra 'eat dinner',
ETHIOPIC: Tna. diirriils-ii 'press, oppress', Te. darriika (KG) slorage house, (K) forest' (it translates
dargu II 1.C1- (K') = Amh. mallahiiq'J'a Amh. darar 'eve of a festival, supper eaten at that
'push away'; Amh. miJdrak 'threshold' is borrowed Heb. ya'ar 'forest' in 3 KIOgs 7:2 = I Kings lime'. Praelorius. ZDMG 47 (1893). 387 demes ,t,
'paste, glue: 7: 2);
from Geez. with reservations, from Cushitic: Or. dariira
defl\'t.:d from darga I 'be Joined'. 'midday meal'. The root is pOSSIbly common with
from Gk. oikon drymou 'house of the forest' (nikon,
dark"ak"t ~Ctt-lt--l- 'doorpOS1, door hinge'; ace. sg. of oikos 'house'; drymou is the gen. sg. of Cushitic: Bil. deriir ;dinner', Af. dirar,
dirligbo )\.?"I(l (T) 'farmer'.
seems to be a feminine of *dark"'akw; drjimos 'thicket'. The translation given by T.M.Sw. is
duriigb". JIllllariigho da"igbo (T') 'head farmer' strange. doriir P.?C (Gr.438) 'millet';
ETHIOPIC: Tna. d;"k '" (lis-it 'doorpost'. Reinisch 1890:
ETHIOPIC: Te. diiriro 'kind of grain', Amh. dorar 'a
darga~a 1.C"I,h (T.Y M.Gr318) 'patch, mend'; J 14 cites Te. dJrk ..'Jk ..·• but Te. has no labiovelar. d.rn3q, darniq ~C')-l- : ~C(j'~ 'quail'; variety of sorghum'; also in Cushilic: Sa. dariro.
dargalla, dargahu, (K) dargiih. (KG) darga~ The root passed into Cushitic: Sa. durkakil.
ETHIOPIC: Dilltnann 1095 and Praetorius 1879:71
',mall piece of cloth, rag, stuff. new p,ece of dansa (yadras) 1.1.1'1 'compose a religious trea-
Identify it with Amh. dJr~;JII 'partridge'. In thIS
cloth. (KG) patched garment'; darkame, darikme 1.Ch"'L 1 ~tl1"'L 'dirham'; tise, compose a book. discuss, interpret';
Case d-arnaq would go back to dilrrJq, with q> ? (for
ddrgaha I,hs 'new c10lh '. from Gk. drakhme. See also dJrhJm, didrakam. which see Cohen 1939:36). 'adrasa (K'), causalive,
_. __________________~1~4~4____________________________~da~s~i~~~~~
darts
--- -- 145
davraya
tadarsa. pa"s. of llartJ.w~ sec IClt'{'qell (c ndmg -qen). onc of the names f h
, fifth heaven. 0 t e dasq.n .l:'ll~'}, (T.M) dasqan Y.M''} 'small dtsh ETHIOPIC"
daP'dsi 'wnlcr, commentator. mterpreter ; used ror the Euchanst'; . .Ted
. owa"1 'd Istnct, COuntry· It
109 to conne\:( with Amh dilw ~l"
It IS tempt-
tbrus (1\.-), pass. part. of darasa: darwiis .l:'C'I'(l (T) 'wild olive tree'·, church parish' but A h' d' a pcnphery ~f the
tbnat -lrC3tl'i.c. dissertation, exegesis. commen- from Gk diskon. ace. of disk os 'dish that ser"'es as t' • m . awol IS prohtbl\l
, see also dars. a portable table'; also Chr-Ar disqa, disqisa. Syr ex enslon of meamng of diiwdl 'bell" . fi' J. un
tar), poem. disqos, Aram. disq6s. disqii, church belr ' . Specl cally the
dJrsQn 'treatise, homily. dissertation, discourse.
> area around the chun.:h bell'
dariiy .l:'t-J'. 'oak';
...·ommcntar) ': dss 1, dassa, dasasa (y.ds.s) f,(l : f,(l(l (K' dawal 11 Y.mA 'bell'
nudriis 'trCJllse, commentary':
from Gk. drii. dat. sg. of drys 'oak tree'. See also
DTW 395) 'lean to one side, be bent'; dawwala (K'.DTW) '~mg a bell';
d.Jrs. d.Jryos.
Sr.\IIT1( ~ Ar da'dW 'study' (considered by Jeffery ETHIOPIC : Amh . diissiisii. ( liin )das.~iiJii,
Jastiss alii SEMITIC: Brockelmann 19'8 144 '
Syr d-I d ... , connC\;ts It With
I~~-Q to Ix or Hebrew origin; see also Landberg daryiimin .l:'Cf"7. '} , (T) daryiimin f,Cf"'l.") 'be bent over, lean to one side, smk down' E . a ( wI) 'move. qUiver' .
IQ~O'750ft). Soq. claos 'study', Heb. diiraJ 'seck. 'Book or Chronicles'; ~IO.~I(,: . Te.Tna.Amh.Gur. dClwiil 'bell' H-
dss II, dassa, dasasa (y. d"s ) f,(l : f,(l(l (K') dawwal· 'nn
, ga
bell' . Te. dawl,·ala.
.... da . n~·iI"a, a r,
Tn.
study', Aram .• Syr. d.lra{ 'examine. interpret', Md. from d.JhrJyiimin, above, Gur . d"awwa'ra; a Iso In
. Cushitic: 8d . dawtllii ' 'bell'.,
dr.~ 'teach. instruct'. Ug. dd 'seck', For Syr. mad- 'hide, conceal, screen from view';
ril.ila 'school' being horrowed from Arabic, sec daryos .l:'Cl"ll 'oak'; Sa.Som. dawa", SId. diill"iila.
SEMITIC : Ar. dasso 'conceal'.
Schwally, ZD.lfG 51 (1898) .137·8.
from Gk. dryas , gcn.sg. of drys 'oak trec '. See also dwr, dora (y. dur ) fl./. (K ') 'stir a fire, place
ETHIOPI(" G darcJ.w is considered by Nocldeke dss III, dassa, dasasa (y.ds.,) f,(l • f,(l(l (K')
d.Jrs. dJ,al', wood on a fire, burn',
1910;>8 a Smac loanword Ullendorff 1968 :97, n 5 'touch, reel, grope one's way';
(follo\\l ng Polotsk)) thinks that the Ethioplc forms darizon f,tl',} (OT 587,K) ' partilion wall' ,, SEMITIC: Ar. (Oat) diira (d'lt'r), dahar 'stir the fire'
"tally with thelT Hehrew rather than their Synac SEMITIC : Ar. dassa ' touch, feel with the hand ' (for which see Landberg 1920:859).
di.l'ori:oll (Sw. In 0 1407), same; ETHIOPIC : Te. diissiisa 'touch', Amh. diissiisii. dassa.
counterparts'\ cp, also Te . diirsa 'recite. read', Tna.
rrom Gk dlOri=oll (Ieikhos) 'separaung (wall)'. sa 'touch, feel, grope one's way'; related to Tna. dawii ..h f,'I'CU , pi or dorho.
diIrasii. Amh. diirrasii 'compose a book', For lis
connection wllh GUT, diiriisii 'pralse 10 song, slOg dahsiisii ' touch '. The root passed into CushillC: Qua.
diis .II(l ' hut, cabin, shed, shelter'; dflsiis, dase 'touch, feel', BII. dahas diiwil .II'e-l- ' Psalter, Psalms of Davtd',
and dance', see Lcslau 1979 :221 The root passed
1010 CushltlC 811 . dri.~ 'preach' ETHIOPIC : Tna.Amh,Gur. dos, Hac. diis, Te. dOSQ',
from the name of David; also Syr dawfd. EthlOPIC
dassel (pI. dassayat) f,(l.-l- 'island'; dawil . •
from Cushitic; Sa .Som.Af. das, Bil. dosa (Brockel.
dariis f,t-(l (T) 'sleep' (n); mann 1950: 18-9). See also da&s. ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. diisel 'island', Amh . diissel , Gur dawaya (y.dway) J1,mf, (GrA77,Y) dawya
ETHIOPIC Te ( mii )drii.'I 'resting place (of cows, of diissit; passed into Cushitic . BII.Sa. dosel
dassa f,(l; see dss. f,lD"f 'be sick, be ill , be diseased, fall sick,
gOJb)'. Te. d,;,\u 'lie down. rest (cows)'. perhaps suffer, be sorrowful';
dasaya (y.dsi) f,(lf (K·) 'step on, trample on,
Amh . baldiiruJ 'stahle master' dasbulii .l:'1l1l-1lJ 'chier, master'; dall'lI'aya 'make sick';
• crush underfoot';
from Gk . despota, voc.sg. of despotes 'master, lord', 'adwaya 'make sick';
dars j1,C(l Ill), dars .l:'C(l (T) 'olive tree'; SEMITIC: related to Ar. drua (dlYs ) 'tread on', Heb. tadall'a),a 'feign illness',
"Cc also J;mnis, dask f,(lIl 'evil spirit or demon that brings Aram.Syr. diiJ (dll's) 'trample, thrash', Md . du/,
dawiiyi 'sick, ill' ;
about a disease, (T) pleurisy'; Akk. ddSu; is also related to Sem . dlts,
•
for which see
da" .l:'C(l. (1.1) darus .I:'",(l 'oak'; dahasa, above. d.>wwuy , d,"'w,), (rem. d'II'''''),I, pi m,
ETHIOPIC : Amh. diisk, diisq, same. See Worrell ETHIOPIC: related to G. ( to )dahasa , above. d'lI'lI'uyan . d'"'11'.yan) 'sick, ill, dtseased, weak
from Gk drj'J 'oak trec'· see also cbra)" tbnos. III 138, Eunnger, ZS 6 (1928).97, Streicyn 1955;44, (voice)';
da"ant' f,C(l~,
(GrJ 17) darsen f,C(l. ,}, darsin Mercier 282ff dassayil f,(lf-l-, pI. or dassel. (beta d'lI'w.yan 'hospital'),
f,CI\. '} (KG) '~tnd or medicine, (KG) perrume, daskan, d.skan (pI. dasabn) J',(lll'} : .I:'(ln'} dawe (pI. dall'eyat, daw.yat, dawayal) 'disease,
dawe 1.'1/; see dawaya. sickness, illness';
(KI odorirerous tree', (D), daskan, daskano f,llh'} : f,(lh'1' (T.M),
d<lSkan .l:'llh'} (Lt) 'stag, kind or antelope, (dawe si~ 'rever');
from AT dar ;'Iin; of Persian (dor ti"i') origin; also dawal I (pI. >adwaf) f,mA 'region, territory,
(dawe q".sl 'bubonic plague');
Amh. danulI, diJrJiinc 'a n odoriferous and medical tbex, (Sw In 0 1098) buffalo'; district, area, boundary, border, frontier, lim·
tree cmnamon' it' ,. duy 'sick';
ETHIOPIC' Te. diiskiina 'buffalo', See also Hommel
dawala, dawlVala (K·.Y.M) 'delimit, define' (de- SEMITIC : Ar. dQlV/)'a 'be diseased', Heb. da ... rdwy ) ,
dar~a f,a. (T.M) 'rob, plunder', 390. 392.
nominative); Aram. Ibwa, Ibwe, Syr. cI.wi. Ibwa (dIl'Y ), Md. dwa
danii (T), dar<,lii (1.1) 'robber'; dasippodii f,I\.M, (T) daspidii f,M. •.II, (K) 'be wretched, be miserable', Ug. dll' 'sick', dwy 'be
ladawala 'be a boundary, be a border, be sick'; von Soden 166 compares Akk. dawti. damu
EnooPt(" Amh. ihrraliJ 'ravage, destroy (by raiding)' dUpedi f,M..)\, (Lt) disippiitli, dispidi, disip- contiguous, be Iimitrophe';
pidi, disippon, .III\.M·'- .IIllM ; .111\.1...11' I 'stagger' .
cbrteqon .l:'C"1'41·) (DT), dartiqon .l:'ct4l'} (K) SEMlTlC: Dlllmann 1123 connects it with Ar. dolo ETHIOPIC: Tna. diiwUVQ 'become sick', Amh. diiwK'o·
.l;I\.A'} 'hare'; )'ii (from Geez); Te. diiwa , dawa 'give a medicine,
'the second heaven', (dwl) 'turn'. The connection with Md, dill 'move
from Gk dasypoda, ace. sg. of dasypous 'hare'; also about', Akk. dolu 'wander about aimlessly', sug- cure' is taken from Ar. diiwQ, The root passed mto
see also miiritbrllqun. dariqon. For the ending -qon, In Aram. da~lpf (Krauss 186). gested by Dietrich 295, is doublful. Cushitic : Qem. duwii 'disease'
d.ni 146 dUZYahu
- - •
d.,oil~.I·
,
(n 1407,T M), diy. ,~••r (Gr.323) dyp, depa y"'1' 'lie in ambush':
)'l'llS', tT) nam . . ~)f n . . lar, dipii 'ambush, lying in wait, snare'·,
dJ)'f/f lir1l'O.\ (I) 1401,T). same; see duhGl'o.
fr(lm GJ.. FtW,\ 'Zeus', gen. dl(1,\. ace. din. diiyaq "I">} 'bulwark':
transcription of Heb. diiyeq.
du~ ~.f. '"d:.
s,'(, "all'aI'd. doyaq M~,>} (T) 'jar made of hide':
(M's dar>q is a misreading of Tayya's doyaq); D• fJ
danaba ":fll (Y.'" M) 'go lip, climb, rise':
from Amh. dJ~'vilq 'large waterskin of tanned hide'.
l:.lHJOl'll, Tna. Jm'j'OPd ·J!'(,'cnd. chmb', Te. (t.J)dcir-
l'/il>a 'swdl up (hody)', perhaps from diba 'on, diyiqon (pI. diyiiqoniil) -'I..f4l,}, 'deacon' (see deJa '"" ; see ~Y', ~'e)a, da'G' - - ) ,t hunderstorm, crash of thun-
(pi '.da'a'at
lHe!', at'll'\\.'.
• .
Walker 105-9, Hammerschmidt 1967 : 120
di,di' n,!1" (T) ~i'~a' 'IMiI, (Lt) sa's.' lIh d~r, thunderbolt, thundering, (ightning (KG)
di)'iiblos ,~..fl1l1·fl 'devil', 130): ' • • • • g Ittermg, sparkling'; ,
(liqll di,l'iiqon, liqa diyiiqoniil 'archdeacon')' lIh 'abortion, aborted foetus, stunted, shoots,
dil'iiNos.jll'l (0,,4 78) 'dlabolic': ETHI~P~C: Gur. !,at, (at 'thunder, lightning', Arnh.
(r,,'Sa diyiiqoniil 'archdeacon '): ' cost, expenses, troublesome matter, problem':
fr\"lm Gk .I1uho!rIJ 'dnd'; also In Te.Tna,Amh, Ija,da'a (MA.M), ~a'da'a (T) 'abort, miscarry, ~a< a~a .~.~ke nOise, crack', fa! alii 'crackle', Tna.
dlrdbill.,-. liur (/4lhlfm
(n,,(qll diyiiqon, manfaqa diyiiqon 'sub-dea- ~a ta bala crackle', Te. ?orQ<'crash'; also In Cushil.
con '); bear expenses, remain uncompleted, be little'
!c: Bed. !bv 'crash of thunder', and in Moca tev~
'drm, 'ad)iim (pi) h¥:.f9" 'area, regIOn, out- diyiiqoniiy 'deacon': (denominative) ; crackle'. ' .
Sklfh. enVlrOn'i, horders. limits. bordering diyoqoniilfit. diyiiqonayt 'deaconess'; taqlJ'tja'a, ta$a'$iJ'a, (T) tarjaracjaca 'remain un-
nile .... l'(mfincs, dlstnct. province'; tiiyiiqol1al1nii 'diaconate': completed, be little, (T) be impure'; ~.'I~ Mil (T) = Amh. diiniiqq"iirii 'be deaf, be
diqqunllo. diqq"';)llnii 'diaconate'; )Q(jii>cj;Jla, )a~iiJ$iJ'a 'hire' (lit. 'cause to bear stupid' .
Sf \1ITW IX'rhal" Ar Jmnnmm 'mo\'e In 3 circle.
!Urn' 'X-e also miIJI''im, dayaq"ana (D), deqona (K') ' become deacon' expenses');
~.b' (pI. 'aljbG'at) MI~ 'hyena':
(denominative) ; cjii>t!a' with the meanings stated above comes from
d"1omiik.n ¥:Mh') (Tl ')OllOg elephant': the root l1'ej' 'go out' (see below). This rool explains SEMITIC: Ar. dahu', dab' 'hyena' Soq. dabuoah Heb.
-.('C' JJ'l) d,muikiJn. from Gk. diakoIJ, diakol1os 'deacon'; also in Te.Tna.
the meanings 'aborted foetus, expenses'; cpo Heb. ~af!il\ PbH. ~aqil( ' hyena, leopari, Ara~ .. Syr.
Amh.Gur. diyaqon, Chr.-Ar. diyakun, Syr. diyaqun. 'Of!'a 'hyena' (Brockelmann 1908: 156): von Soden
~~'f~a'im 'offspring, descendants', likewise from the
dan ana .t~f~ 'Judge. 'clllcnee. punish, con- See also zeq"ana, zilyiiq"'ana, with a variant z:d. 143 (fOllowed by Fronzaroli 1969, V, 55) also
root Yf 'go out; AT. ejU'{iU), ej;)4;' 'many descend-
demn. (Olwid Jillnn' 1
compares Akk. bi4u 'hyena'. For the origin of Heb.
diyorizon -'l.f'6J1'}; see darizon. ants' even though there is no Arabic root wcj'
fiJdmYilnu. ra~~lve. meaning 'go out'. Praetorius 1879:84 connects G. ~iiqi1\ see Buh1 672, See also stJ'b,
dtllTiini ·,iudge'. d.yiis, d~yos ¥:ffl • ¥:f'fl; see daya, ejii'rja' with Amh. fatUI 'young of chicken'; how~
~abdana /111": ~ (MA) 'put on a dress':
d"rtUIl (K') Judg.od. com'lCted"" ever, (a(ut probably derives from an onomatopoetic
d.,m 'Judgment, damnatIOn, condemnatIOn, d~yospori, d.yos pori, diyos pori ¥:f'fllot- : expression {{ For the connection between dii)dii' see •tabdan, •rabnada.
doom·. ¥:f'fl : lot- • -'I.~fl : lot- 'diaspora, disper. 'problem' and taej{j'tP'Q 'remain uncomplete'd, 'be
SIOn· , ~.bn (pI. tiJban, 'aljban) 611'), (T) sob. lI'ff1
incomplete', cpo Amh. gudday 'problem, matter',
SEMltl( .\r dana (fir" 'pa, judgment, condemn' 'handle, ring attached to a box or to another
from Gk. diaspora 'dispersion', from g"'iiddiilii 'be wanting', that is, 'something that
S·\r IQa.) d,n 'judgment. punishment', Heb. dan utensil'.
is wanting, that is to be done. matter, affair', The
d," . 'ludge' 1\), \1d dun 'judg(" (\l. daiana 'judge' dayost.yabu ¥:f'flT fit (T) 'string or belt of
meaning 'be little, become little' could be derived
tn>, Lg dl'n Judge' (\ 1, AU d,anu. Janu 'judge' (v), colored glass beads worn about the waist'. ~abart /llleo}' (Gr.443) 'the ko.w-plant':
from 'bear the expenses> spend> become little'.
,fananu )ud~e' (nl. ~oeldcke 191O'.W thinks that
(, duo." ·JUd~mcnt'. Ar Hcb, d'fn, Ar Heb, danan d~yotribu ¥:f'Tt-1t (T') 'kind of hawk'. For the meaning 'troublesome matter', cpo Amh. if there is a lack of precision, tjabart may then be
ra~a. connected with !abarl 'palm' (for which see below).
'judEc' (n) Iff' t4thn from AramaiC. Zlmmcrn '23-4
IS,"I t~(' ,-lplnll"lJ1 Ihat ,-\k.k di;'IU, dinu 'judgment" duzii, duzduzi .1\.1/ : .1\.11.1\.1/ (T) 'sea pirates': ~a'at /I"T; see walj'a. ~abs. (yaljbas) /1111'1, (Y) ~absa lIffl'l 'be slack,
d~m' Judge Ii the onglO of the SemitIC root ETHIOPfC. perhaps Amb. diiziiddiizii'thrash', become withered, be limp, become weak, be-
K.ufman 4.1, "5~ Ihonks that the root dyn IS ~i'ot, ~i'ot 'l.),T ! "'-),T, (Gr.365) si'st "'-h-l-
come infirm, be powerless, become paralytic,
commDn SemitIc. For Ar din 'religion, Judgment'. duzduzii .1\.11.1\.1/; see duza. 'low grounds, valley, meadow, pasture';
$C(' JetTen I ~~ , be intimidated';
duzyihu .l\.1Ifll (TM) 'bell'; SE~ITJC: Ar. ejaya 'village, countryside. field', for 'adbasa, causative; also 'weaken, lame, disable,
eJtilOPIl Tna thi.~.l'iJna 'condemn', daniirii 'pa% whIch a Geez origin was suggested by Noeldeke
~udgment:. daynll, J,lriria 'Judge', Te, danJ'~' dayfW (note that the print is not clear; it could be 1910:59.
(Gr.376) intimidate';
mool3h'r f t~ dana ';.tcctpl a verdIct'. Amh Janna di:yiihu or dezyiilw); tadabsa 'become weak':
~bttnnc lud~C'. l\mh.Arg,Har Janna 'Judge' (n), EllilOPIC related to Amh, diiziiddiizii 'sound the
~ ...'a, ~a'.'a Mo , /I~O, (It) 53"'. lI'~O, (T) 'Qslatjbasa. 'Qstar!abasa, )Qstatjahasa 'alarm,
(jur darma, S("C also diinoya, drum', diJ:rbz ·sistrum'. See also muzyiihu. ~i<.<a Mo 'thunder, lighten'; . weaken' ;
149
148
dab.,.
-
<b/>ur '\\03klll1g, "ekly. cowardly, one with ~afara, (I',d/,,), ~affar. 8Lt-, (T Y) ~af.r.
- •
fi
the time 0 fi guratlvely to laIta.t ~ . INn e1d'
"lIhenxl m<mbe", lame', B 90 ~ahuh l\'/I'ofl liLt- braId, , pial!, drape, weave, inten. ~ h ..' a overcome an obs1acle brtak
WIne lyU e);
_. Ar. da~o'a 'he on onc's side. rC(:hne'. I rough, \'I,'late (the la~ r 0\ h
wa \\ r('ngl~ copied for .,'i~/lUS W.... ll tnter Iace, IWlst, entangle, (figuratively) I ' through (an obstaclel, hrea. throumgh' '''')4 \-rash
daba.1 'mfirnlll) , slackness, hmpness, lassl!ude, intrigue, subvert'; POt, Sf. ITIl bcd' lallnns)' G·~ , VlO all,;l:°u·
Jla' 'couch,' .', ... , • ur ~aJa '\Iolatc (the lav.)' e
fada/ra, passive; also 'be snarled'; "w,e , Te. JaggJ'O 'lean agamst, he down. m.1-
wt"akne~s';
tat/iifara (K 0) 'be linked with one another"
'~fOPl[
P ", .
support • fOllg~'a 'Ioth·d
,_.. Ie n ' f1Ll·
e --I e, ~a~."a O",w (T) '<hout' •
d~h.<al, verbal noun of dahsa;
, also 'infirmity, ,-a'
JJ," "
seat, . sta 11·
lace for reclIning, ,en b' ; T na. 1c.,-~aggJ'e
... •
SE\UTlC AT. tjllha ,tilly, diM ' ..un', Heb .falt (tl'
~aba!a (l',dhJf) 811m, (Y) ~.ba!. IIl1m 'grasp, dafro 'basketry, plait, plaited work, woven maca" . d 1 tan, H V(:4 I~.1.3, 1'))7·8. p, (5); 10 cllnncct;on \\lIh
··d)' See also danga'a, an fa~'a .
lake hold of, lay hands on'; work, wreath, curls, braids'; brals ' .' ,~~L ,~M, !or whtch '\Cc phl.qJ, ab<wc. Note that Ar
tada/lta, passive, !f4jraf, verbal noun of t/afara; d•• ma 0101' (K 0), ~agama ~1{IIJ (H) 'be on ?'~h ~un IS formed as 'Relmworthlldung' '.'11th rih
\l.lOd accordmg to Brockclmann IQl"\-l.lb
dahi1t;, a,1. participle, t/ufiire (Gr) 'i nterlacing, intertwining'; ih; left hand, (H 223) be tWISted, be dlSlorted, ETi-lloPIC Te Ina, .,-iihur 'sun', Amh. tar ,~ahal'
dabUf 'grasped, seIzed', lat/afro (M.) 'plaiting'; go left'; , (literary language), Arg faht'J, Gur ttl.·See ai'lo
~bh!df (n.) 'graspmg, seizmg'; mat/far (Gr) 'iron collar'; Jagiim 'left, left hand, \ef~ "de ; dhn
Sl:\tlTlC Ar, da"atu 'seize', Mh, t;la)'be~. Heb, ~o!!a~, mat/farl, (T) maifarl 'interwoven work (such as (dag am-a 'ad 'Iefl-handed );
~hn, ta~i\:Iyala -/",l,ff (It) 'be like the ,un,
t:g, l\/l! m nHb,t·m 'tongs', Akk. ~ObOfU (with I) snare, nel, grale)'; d,gm, (T) ~agm 'left side, left hand': warm oneself (m the ,un)',
'~Ize'~ perhap~ also Md. Jbl 'join, associate with' < dJgma, (KO) 'being IWlSled (n,), beIng on the
SEMITIC: Ar dafara 'braid' (v.), Soq. <fafreh 'braid'
AU.. ,IaMfU (accordmg to D,e'rlch 302). A related denommatlvc of dahol' (sec abo\-e)
~n.),. ~eb , $iJeiro 'w:eat~, garland', Aram. ~iJpar lefl side';
form also occurs m Heb. • .~rPf! 'bundle of ears of
braid (v), Akk. ~IPlrtu sack woven in a special dagiimiill'i, <!agiimay 'left-handed', , ~ak', ~iik" ~.k· olt. "t. lilt. (T l\ 0) ,ak lIlI,
corn', PbH, 50&01 'unite'; for Aram. <bl, see Noel·
dele 187543, n I, J, Greenfield, JAOS 62 (1962).
technique' dagiimiill',yiin 'things that one dISapprove, 01 , ~k )1.11, (L) ~.ko oI' 'hIP, hipbone: thIgh,
ETHIOPIC: Te. ~afra 'braid', Tna. !il/iirii, (ii/ora (in
296. SEMITIC Ar dagima 'be dIStorted, be crooked' (Dlil- Ihighbone, (T) flesh of Ihlgh, shoulder blade';
Praetonus 1871 : 127), Amh. (fiijfajfarii 'be woven
ETHIOPIC Te. :~iirra 'seize, catch, hold fast', Tna mann 1336). W. Muller suggests, WIth reservations, SFMITIC thc conneWon With Ar.\·£iq 'thigh', Hcb,
(leather straps)'. Note that Bed. deftr 'braid' is prob.
Ja~hafii, Amh. ,'abbiifii, Gar sabba,ii, Arg. cebbiifa Sh. dogulII 'speak out of the "de of the mouth' ,~oq, Syr Jaqii suggested by Brod. clmann i90~ :2Ji)
ably borrowed from Ar. <fafara. See also <faniart.
'squccze', Gur ~iihbiI!ii, (abbii,tii 'seize, hold', See Em;oPlc Tna. ~agam 'left', ~~iigKiim 'Ieft·handcd', " unllkc!y.
also dabl ·~fr, 'a~fir ~M·c 'tapeworms'; perhaps also Tna, #iggiimii 'be inconvenlcnt, he
probably from tla/oro 'intertwine', the tapeworms difficult', Te. ,~dggt"ima (cp. Latin sinlJt£'r 'sinister, dim
,
'1.9" (T) 'left',
~ab! 011'1' (K 0) 'gonorrhea', lef£,). The root is possibly common WIth Cu,hllic
being attached to one another or to the interior of from dJgm 'left', above. It ,.. an anaiogi..:ai [OrTTlil*
ETHIOPIC' Tna, {iib{i 'go norrhea', Amh. cabl. CJbt the stomach. Kham. saglb 'left' (WIth ailernance h. m), BiLQua lion with 'lm 'nght', above,
from the root 41J! 'something that seizes 'on~ ' (se~ iangah, with IOsertcd n, hencc Tc.Tna . .{ii"~iih 'left',
dllbtJla, abo\o'c). cpo also Te (liJ)sabiira 'be smitten ~og., ~ug 11, /1-"1; see t/wg. Aw. {angabo, dam>a /l9"~, see 'adm,'a:
b\. calamllv'
. . .
~ag'a (ya<!gii') 0"10 (Lt) 'make up a bed, (K) :dd"",a, (T) 'QSm<l'~ 'ltslen, hearken, hCl.'d, 10-
~ugat 1I-1-r, see tjll'g.
lean upon, be close 10'; chne (Ihe ear), give ear',
dide
. . n 'molh, worm' '
'd.\wdiima'a 'ltslen carefully, dIscover by
<!agg,'a (Lt) 'sustain, uphold'; ~a~asa (Y't/has ) /l",O, ~a~asa 11"'0, (T) ~~sa
SEMITIC Buhl 548 (followed by Koehler 662, Baum- 'at/g,'a, (U) >a~g,'a 'make rest, lay, cause 10 lI',l,(l'slamp (one's feet), beat Ihe ground Wllh hearkenmg' ;
gartner 718, \'(In Soden 1032) compares Ar sus Ihe feet, pace up and down, move aboul, 'ud",,'o (n,) 'hearing'; ,
recline' ,
'moth·\\orm'. Heb. J'OJ, Aram.·Syr sos. Md. sase, mad",." madm.'; 'who Itslens, who gives ear,
lat/iig,'a (Gr.487) 'lie down, be strelched oul'; dance, (TY) keep time 10 the music by moving
A~k .laSU The identification d (Geez):s (Semitic) IS
not COn\Jnt.:lOg. 'asfat/iiga'a 'place on a bed, make lie down, the feel (Ihe diibfiira), clap Ihe hands in lime 10 St:MITIC: related to Syr. umii ',ml.rJ 'observe allen"
ETHIOPIC. Te. ~o~'e 'a sort of ant" Tna. sosii. Amh. make lean one against the other'; the music" , tively'. ")' h.
(~(Jtol ·sv.arm of ants', riJron 'kind of a ~~all ant'. <!,gu' (KO) 'who reclines, who lies down'; 'a4lwsa, (L) 'ashasa, causative, ETHIOPIC: Gur. (antumu (rrom ~m) ~1Ver car,
. . ,'I .JJmbmtu ' rumor (that I~,
'Amh ,~.,
<!,g', t/'gii' (pI. t/'gii'iif, d'g'ii/) 'pillow, mat- 4ahs (n.) 'slamping, pacing up and down, mov- hsten 10 SI eoce ,
~.f' (~af') fl<j:/l , (O<j:/l) 'filth, excrement'; Iress' ; 109 about'; what one hears).
SfMI ~IC'. m.t/ga' 'place where one lies down or reclines'; ma4h.s (KO), part. of 'adhasa;
damada (yadm,d) 001'1., (T) ~m.da "'''''"
Ar daf' 'excrement'. Mh. do/a> 'cow , .
dung. Heb. sap;"· 'dung', ma<!iig".' (nole g"), mat/iigu< 'paralytic, para- SEMITIC: related to Ar. da/lU.m 'throw about (the :yoke, harness, bind logelher, JOin, Itnk, subJU-
ETHIOPI(; Te. -lii/a', :'fiifJ' 'cow dung', Tna. $iif<i. lyzed, one who is laken with palsy, bedridden'; feet)', dah"'1a 'agitate the feet', dlllwda 'Jerk
probably passed mto Cushitic: Bil difja 'excrement', (za-ma<!iig",' 'Ihlrd Sunday of Lent', Ihat is, (slaughtered animal)'. . . gate' :
-
-'r '="c passed ('m.nmc oil ...:-ma!!J
r-" '
'encl It r lie<
h' be ked • .... .,....,·.-ll.1Id For the m-.::mun£ .i-v \.>r ":~"lctmH:: n 1~ t'
QD:.'if;·f '\i. LU .·
Ii......
• '._"
ocI
QJ,M .'In?,,, - R'· 95 15 -"nlikcl
c." adhere ,1-
);...,!'..,
tbmmlJlli ~ dum nawa.
. -
~'If:: :.:> ....l- . .;.r::...1r meRe! be
'£;:L"~... n.::e jem~je- ne;,E'i
set>
K ~!) _:"\- srn" Vr,'~tb aubmented [I, as suggested b) Wa.lDhcrf 1 dar I BC_ ,eo JarJrw,
ir,'m Jcif-ara -brm-d, "'eave_ mten"-lne- f~'et ahnvc)
s!'X.'........ .t /1:mtm.:J "ret "~ ge-ther ynn erh_Jose, 1;"'~-b.18. thu; u. so DeCause- an a..ugmentJ.u0n v,'lth"
:nOr~
normal tha..n an a"'grnenUltlOn Vllth tJ, Tht with m5>-ertt'd '7, hw J t IS al5iO pC1ssiblf' tn denvt: 11 I du IT ItC IGT 443) 'gu nes hen"
~
"'-1.7'"" '>-tIDe' "'Pt H~ __.lt,", ,fr. un str..m, pI e$S Dr-
"<'
ral II 0\. A ; see ful. falfal III '('A'('A; see falfala. fII, falla, falala (r'fl./) ,(./\ : ,(./\/\ (K') 'de-
fakkara r '('hl 'explain, expound, interpret,
, scend, prolapse',
comment; f31fal fj:A,(.A (KO) 'mole' (animal);
fana 1../\; see fi/. ETHIOPIC: Amh. tiinfol/o/a, same.
lafaUara, passive;
laHari 'interpreter'; ETHIOPIC: Amh.Arg.f.IfiiI, Gaf.J'If.lii. Gur.fiilfii/,
ralo 0\.1'1- (T), falo ,(,1'1- (M) 'wallet, purse, Har. Jifi (from fljl); see falfala, above. feliilemlemonim "-1\"'9"""I·~9"; see f"'moll.
f.kkare (pl.f.kkareyal) 'interpretation, exposi- basket'.
tion, commentary, explanation, (Ll) prophecy'; falaga (y.jI.g) 1../\1 (Lt) 'flow, (T.M) cause to falama ,(./\00 (K 0) 'split, d,vide, stnke the fir>t
V;'Uare 'Iyyasus 'The Explanations of Jesus', ful f.A, fiiI o\.A (DTK) 'bean'; flow in torrents, dig out, hollow out, (K) di- blow (in a combat), be the fi"t in doing
a book of prophecy foretelling the events from AT. ful; also Te.Tna.Amh. ful; in the olher vide, split, (Y) hew, prepare, arrange', something (such as in gIving a pledge or a
which will occur in the eighth millenntum); on Semitic languages : Heb. pol, Aram. pola (see Low falag (pI. 'aflag) 'rIVer, brook, valley', deposit in order to keep someone from buying
a bibliography, see Hammerschmidt-Six 1985: 312ft). falug 'hollow, hollowed, dug out, divided, (T) something)' ;
65: prepared, ready, arranged'; SEMITIC: Ar.jim. (Of-ta-Iama 'cut otfthe nose', Ar
mafakkar 'interpreter, commentator, expound- falfala '('Al..fI 'gush out, spring forth, bubble (Dat) falam 'notch, indenl'
SEMITIC: Ar. falaga 'split', Heb. pilleg, Aram,-Syr.
er, soothsayer, prophet'; up, break forth, burst out as a fountain, (LI) ETHIOPIC' Tna. flilliima 'begin', Te. fiilmu 'break to
palag, Md.Ug. pig. It is from 'split' that the noun
ma/akkari 'interpreter'; make gush, dispense, (K 0) shell, pierce'; pig, fig 'nver, riverbed' developed: AT falag. fal* pieces', Amh./iil/umii 'strike the first blow, iOlti.lte
.,
'afalfala, causative; 'small river, brook', Mh. feleg 'watercourse', SAr. an actIOn.
SEMITIC": AT. fakara 'consider, examine mentally'.
Brockelmann 1928: 568 also compares Syr. p.~ar lafalfala (Y.M) 'be far from one another'; m-flg 'exil channel (of dam)'?, Heb. pf/rg 'fIVer', felmon ,,-A""), filmon LA.,.'), filmunte I.A
'bind" and for the relation of meanings he quotes falfal 'fountain'; Ug. pig, Akk. palgu 'dItch, channel'. - •
00-')11\" filmunt; LAOO-,)II\, 'such-and-such a
AT <aqala 'bind' and 'aq['mlOd, intelligence', SEMITIC: Ar. falla (/1/) 'dent, break', Syr. pal (pllJ ETHIOPlc: Te. fiiliig 'ravine', Tna. jiiliig 'nverbed', •
Amh.Jiiliig 'river' (from Geez). place, a certain place, (T,M) a hidden place, an
ETHIOPIC: Te. flkkara 'explain, expound', 'sprinkle' . unidentified place, (K) so-and-so';
Tna.Amh. fiikkiirii 'interpret, explain'; Amh. also ETHIOPIC: Te.fiilfiila 'sprout forth, break through', fal~a (y.fla~) I..A.h 'bubble up, boil (intr), from Gk. phelmou,,'. phdlani maeno"i. transcnption
janiikkiira (Yo'jth augmented n) 'reveal, open' Tna. fiilfiilii 'break, make a hole', Amh. fiiliiffiilii
boil forth, be effervescent, foam, flare up, of Heb. palonl ·almonl. palmoni. See also faliinemu/h'-
'shell (peas, beans), gush out', Har. filiifiila, Gur
fnkara II '('hl (Lt.K 0) 'boast'; break out, gush out, (Y) get angry'; nllm;m. feIDlemlemomm- LOfgren 1927 : 116 explams
f.liijiilii 'shell, halch out, make a hole by scratch-
'asta/akkaro (Lt) 'boasting'; )afti)~a, causative; the form with the final -re, -,I (as 10 jilnllmte) as a
ing'. For 'spring of water', cpo Te. jiil/iil, Tna
from AT. [obara 'brag. boast'; also in Te. /iikkiira f.lfalo, Amh. f.If.I. The root passed IOtO CuShltIC: Ialu~ 'boiling, bubbling, fervid'; misreading of Gk. t?1 10 phelmounel as -II.
felop 160 fila,
.- - falisfi 161
felon ~/\"'). (T M) ilion ,(./\"') 'kind of cloak, into banishment, go into exile, be transform d
r.J.VI.
,
I"') cover of a book, (T.M) box. trunk'; be changed, secede, split ~ff, separate ones:lf: faliisfii, falasfii, filosof (pI. Jaliisil/iit) LlliI<\' ,
withdraw, SOjourn abroad; "-/l1I<\. ' ,{./\,,(ltf: 'philosopher, wise man'; lafalr a , passive, reftexIVe, al,o 'be distinct d,-
from Gk phoilmlc 'cloak'. vorce' ;
,ajlasa 'make depart, send away, Cast OUt JalsaJa (T) 'be learned, philosophize' (denomi.
falinemunemunim L")'-).-~9" (T) 'hidden native); ta/iilara 'be separated from one another, de-
remove, banish, transfer, deport, shift, eXile' part from one another'·,
place' ; transport, transplant, carry away as captive' taJalsaJa 'philosophize, be a philosopher';
!alsuf'philosopher, (Gr) who likes philosophy'; 'astafiila!a, caus. of tafiilara; also ',eparate,
see .felmon. change, separate'; ,
ahenate one another, cause to he separated'
taJalasa 'depart, be transferred'; Jalsufo"'i, filsofowi (Gr.488) 'philosophical';
filpos '{'At.iI (T) 'horseman, horse lover'; Jaliili (Gr.489), act. part. of {alata •
JalsliJe, JalsaJannii 'philosophy';
• tafolasa 'be transferred, wander from One place
taJalsaJo (Gr.488) 'philosophy'; Jillur 'set apart, distinguished, se;>a~ated, segre.
from Gk. philippns 'horse lover'. to another, emigrate, roam, pass from one gated. secluded, specific, distinct, different, sm.
generation to another, pass over, (T) be in taJalsaJoyiiwi (Gr) 'philosophical'; gled out';
falsqa LfI4' (T.K) 'gush out, spill out, boil
conflict, argue'; from Gk. philosophos; also in Te. JalosoJ 'philos. (falu!a 'separately');
over' ;
'afiaqa (M. Y), caus. ofralaqa; also 'make scintil· JQstajalasa 'remove, transfer' ~ opher, Tna. J,lasJa, Amh. JiilasJa, Jiiliisma. JaJi! 'diversity';
late'; Jaliisi (pI. falasl) 'an exile, exiled, stranger falastii tf:AilllJ (Ll) 'lie, tell a lie'; Jail (Lt) 'separated';
alien, sojourner, one who is uprooted from ~
,
Jalliir e 'discrimination, difference';
SEMITIC ArJalaqa 'split, cleave', SAr. mflq '(water from Gk, pJastos 'fabricated, forged'; also in Syr.
normal life, monk, ascetic, pilgrim, wanderer , Jal!at 'division, distinction, separation, segrega.
distributed) by opening adam' (?j, Sh. Jalaq 'split, palos/as, Aram. palos!on.
proselyte'; tlOn, difference, schism, diversity':
crack', Aram. pJlaq, Syr. pelqa 'axe, hatchet', Md.
fala~a (yafia~) Lt\K (T.Y) 'divide in two, split,
pilga. Akk. palaq/k/u 'slay, slaughter'. Akkadian Jalus , 'exiled, who is in exile, deported, mi. Jalriin 'separation, divorce, dissension, differ.
separate' ; ence' ;
pilaqqll is rendered 'axe' and according to Zimmern grant;
12 it is borrowed from Sumerian, while von Soden Jalliis 'neighbor, sojourner'; taJal~a (K), passive; tafaltot (Lt) 'division, schism, difference, depar-
863 renders it 'stilelto, spindle' and does not consid~ Jaliisiiwi 'stranger'; tafola~a 'be split into small pieces, (T) glitter, ture, separation, exclusion';
er it to be of Sumerian origin. For the origin of the Jaliisiyiiwi (M) 'pilgrim, stranger'; shimmer' ;
SEMITIC: related to Ar. 'aflata (rarely 'afla!a) ·save.
rOOl within the various Semitic languages, see Zim- Jalsat 'departure, wandering, vagrancy, migra· Jal~ (K*) 'broken piece'; rescue' < 'cleave, split. separate' (for the passage of
mern 12, Jeffery 229. For the origin of Gk. pelekys tion, travel, exile, transportation, withdrawal, Jal~at (Ll) 'headache'; meanings, cpo Heb. ""ri (hifcil) 'save, deliver', G.
'axe', see Masson 117; for additional bibliography assumption, death'; SEMITIC: Ar. lala~a 'escape from' « 'separate, (la)n~Ja 'be detached', Tna. l1ii~iilii ·separate').
on the Greek noun, see Jeffery 229, n. 2. On pig, pig, split'; for the development of meaning, see fa/ora); SAr. fI! 'assign land' (Muller 1983:279), Sh. {elal
(~om·a Jalsat·ii 'Fast of the Assumption of the
blq being phonetic variants, see Rabin 1980:21. also J,I, pel (with metathesis): Ar. Ja,ala 'separate', 'escape, Heb. palo!, Syr. palo!, Md. pi!, Ug. pi;
ETHIOPIC: Tna. Jiilfiiqii 'gush out', Te. ('a)fliiqa Holy Virgin [in the month of na~iise I· I 5]', lit.
Hars. Je,61, Heb. pi~,e1 'bark, peel', Aram.·Syr. ·save'. Akk. bal6!11 'live' (von Soden 99 followed by
'split', Amh.Jiilfiiqii, (tii)fliiqiilfiiqii 'gush out, spring 'the fast of her assumption'); pa,al 'cleave, cut through', Md. pel; related to b,II others).
from, sparkle, scintillate', Arg.fiilliiqa, Gur. Jiiliiqii, mafias (mafias) 'wanderer, wandering, savage, (see ba~~ala, above), ETHIOPIC: Tna. jiifii!ii 'know, understand' « 'dis-
Har. liiliiqa 'hit the head with a stone or a stick so wild' ; ErHloPlc: Te. fiillii~a 'split', Tna. Jiilliisii, old Amh. cern, distinguish '), Amh. Jiillii!ii 'split', Arg. fiillii!a,
that blood comes forth or the head swells'. The root mafiasl, mafiasl 'path, by·path, backdoor'; fiillii,ii; see also Jala!a. For J# (with metathesis) > Har. fii/a!a, GUT. fiilii!ii; passed into Cushitic: Sa
is to be connected with flqq 'split': Tn•. Jiilqiiqii, SEMITIC: SAr.flSJ 'put to flight', Heb. palles 'prepare 'f!l, HI > In?1 (with augmented n), cpo Te. Jiin¢iila Jalad'split', Sam, Jalid 'splinter'.
Amh. Jiiliiqqiiqii, Gur. Jaliiqiiqii. a road' < 'break through' (see also Driver, VT 36 'separate', Tna. /iin¢iilii; passed into Cushitic: Bil.
(1935).151), PbH. pillei 'make a hole, pass through fiinciil 'split'. For 'headache', cpo Amh. Jalsat. falawa L/lID; see Jalaya.
fJq, 'afJaqa htf:/l4' 'behave unsuitably, strad·
from end to end', Syr. palas 'break through', Akk.
die, be lustful. be impudent, be perverse, (M) faliisu!
, tf:"~",, (DTW 980) 'kind of hawk'; falaya (yafli) "-/If, falawa "-/lID 'separate,
be effeminate'; pallisu 'break through, bore through'.
ETHIOPIC: Te./iilsa 'emigrate. be driven away', Tna. ETHIOPIC: Amh. IJ/~ut. divide, distinguish';
ETHIOPIC: for 'straddle', cpo Amh. (tii)fliiqiilliiqii Jiillisii 'be uprooted (plant)" Jiilliisii 'become a taJalya, passive;
'ride on an even-paced mule'. felli ~At (T.M) 'commander of the right
monk' (denominative from lii/asi, from jls 'depart, ta(iila)'a, taJiilawa 'be separated from one
wing' ;
Illiiq T (pl.jiliiqiit) ,{.,,~ (D) 'storehouse, grana· separate oneself, withdraw'), Amh.fiilliisii 'emigrate, another' ;
be uprooted'. See also mafias. transcription of Heb. paleJI. in hakkJre!lwailappJie!i
ry, (T) box, (Gr.488) reserve, stock, (Ll.K) mafiiiy (Gr.489) 'separation';
'bodyguard of David'; also in Amh. Jelti 'king
vessel, heap'; David's Philistine troops'. SEMITIC: Ar. Jala (flw) 'wean', faliya 'be cut off,
falus tf:t\'iI (Ll) 'money';
SAr.f1Y'I'ordinance, regulation' ('), from 'f1y'sepa-
from Gk. phylakeion 'watchtower, fort'. See also f.la!a (yafia{) L/lm 'separate, put asunder,
from Ar. Julus (pI. of Ja/ills) 'a small coin', from rate, decide', Heb. ply (hifcil) 'treal as special. distin-
Grebaut, Aelhiopica 2 (1934).23·4. diSjoin, divide, split, segregate, sever, set apart,
Latin Jollis > Gk. phollis; also in Amh.falus 'man· guish between', Aram. paUl (ply) 's~Jit., cu~ opc~',
filiiq 1I ,{.,,~ (T·) 'precious stone', ey', Syr. palsli'a small copper coin'. For Ar.Juliis in set aside, diversify, discern, make a distinction, Md. pia, Ug. ply 'be separated, be d/StmgUlshed .
the various dialects, see Landberg 1942:24321f. know, distinguish, single out, determine, settle'; ETHIOPIC: Tna.fii/iiyii 'separate', Tc.fiila (fly); also
falasa (yafias) LfI(l 'depart, emigrate, go over '~ata, caus. of Jalala; also 'make a distinc· in Cushitic: Bil.faley 'separate', BiI.Qua.fal'comb'
to, be transferred, be removed, be banished, go filiis, filaso ,{."iI , ,{./I(I 'canopy, (K) cover'. tlon, speak clearly'; (that is, 'separate the hair), Sa. }i/.
f('mi 162
finqin fonqis 163
- r_qadl
fema t.. '" 'oracular answer, oracle, (T.Sw. in D 'abhor, ~ ,a hermaphrodite', Tna. !iinafanli ' fODqiis I:,'}:I'() (D), finqiis L,}:I'() (T), finkas
n4S) art"t, artisan, craftsman': (Gr.381) also, maphrodlte, Amh. jana/,ml, [anafJnl. her_
~ ')1111 (D.T.) 'phoenix (the fabled bird), eagle':
(J.1I 0!-a 'towards, by way of');
/,nna"e (K 0 G 49Q) , .
erithet of Chnst, fanaf.nl, fanafonlam "-<;<t:'}.r 1 "-<;<t:'};/,9'" ,r. _. . r.. sendIng (n.), m"slVe
(rom Gk. phoiniks, same. tajannmn 'sent': •
fr,)m Gk pheml"; 'prophetlc saying'; also Christian· fan/ana. ' see 'GSla]andwot 'farewell'·,
.\rfimi'dle Nennung der Titel und des Narnens des fonqas I:,,},pll, foqons, foqans I:,,p,}ll, /:'''''}ll,
rclebnercnden Bi~chors oder Patriarchen vor der fonf.nl <t:'}<t:,}.r (T) = Amh. alVe 'k' d fonqas I:,,}:I'() 'long-tailed monkey which has S""rnc: Ar 'J''anti 'JnYJ
fin" ." , turn to. tum 3\\av' S<'q
EplStel' (Grar 86). See also Worrell 1:171, 177. . I cre d'Ite d WIth
aDlma . .
exhuming and In of
. black and white fur' (Amh. gure"a): see Hom- ' l g.o t,oward', Heb. ponti (pnyJ 'tum t~~ard ~
d IrectlOn Aram Syr
Dobberahn 153. corpses'; eating mel 383. See also foqam. Md ' . - . pana- ,turn toward Of upon'
, plla, Ug. pn, Akk. panu. The meamn~s 'turn
timiDul 4."'i. )..r, seventh Coptic month (corres-
pondmg to miiggabil 'March');
ETHIOPlc: Amh. fiiniiffanii 'search for something
(hen, dog)'.
fansanl, in ~omiima fan~anl
(Gr:448) 'dysentery';
"'' '00 :
t.. '}K,}.r :~w~rd, go to' CQuid have de....eloped into th; mean-
• g ~ake someone go to, tum toward', that I~.
augmented by n in relation to fatjtjanl 'diar- ~nd . The above· mentioned verbs are denomlna-
from Coptic (Bohairic) phamenor, See also baram- r.nga <t:,}.7 (K*) 'decayed, spoiled fet'd' tlVes r~om 'face, front': Ar. ./ina> 'courtyard, open
hal. (Charles in Book 0/ Jubilees 24: 19 tran~late: it rhea' ,
sp~ce. In fTont of the house', SAr, /1tI\. 'front (of
'valley') ; b~t1~mg): Mh. fene 'before, front of', Heb. pa-
fanna "-~: see filII. fan~~ii "-,}KK, (Lt) ron~a~ii <t:')KK 'smallpox'; In
ETHIOPIC: Amh. (lo)fiinniigd 'stink, smell', fanga /an,a,a (K 0) 'smallpox breaks out' (denomina- m!!' :ace, ~yr. pani!ii 'side', Ug.Ph. pn 'face', Akk.
f.nnii <t:<;; see fallllawa. 'spoiled'. panu front. For fannawa 'send' in relahon to 'face',
tive);
cpo Ar. (l:la<Jr) waggah 'send' in connection with
fnk, 'aslafnaka hll1'tj:~h (T) 'strike hard ETHlOPIC: Tna. /an{Q!a 'syphilis', Amh.Gur. fonrata wagll 'face' (see Landberg I942:29Q4).
rand <t:,}~: see falldawa. ,
stamp on the ground'. 'smallpox'; on Amb. falllala, see Streleyn 1970: ETHIOPIC: Ina. jiinniiK·a. 'release, abandon, let go,
326tf. The root also occurs in Cushitic: Qab.AL ;",nd', Te. jdaa Ifn", I 'depan', Amh. lma f.no
fandada t.. ,}Y.Y. (K*) 'bend over, walk bent fiinlalla, BiLSa. finrara, Or. fiinliira, Som. fanto.
finkos L '}1l11; see /onqas. dIrectIOn, Side (localton)',!arlOl 'road' (from Geez),
Gar. fiinna 'towards', HaL jO,i, Gur fone 'go
~nn I, fanna, fan ana (ya/nan) "-~ 1 ,O~ (KO) f.nof <t:'1'.r, ronnul <t:)..r; see fannawa. toward'.
ETHIOPIC. Amh. ,a)folldddiidii 'bend, walk bent
ol'er'. la !(olldddddii 'be bent, be bowed'. go on a campalgn on one's own'; faolawa "- ,}1'm (K 0) 'separate, diVide, share': raqqa t.."': see fqq.
ETHIOPIC; Amh. fiinniinii., ETHJOPIC: Te. Jiinta (root flltw) 'separate, distin-
f.nduq, f.ndaq <t:,}~,p 1 <t:,}~,p (T) 'inn, lodg-
guish, divide', Tna. fiintiiwii. fiinlii)'Q., Amh.laniil- foqa /:,"'; see fwq
ing place'; fno II, fanna, fanana "- ~ 1 "- n (Lt) 'cut off the
Iowa, Gur.fan/ii 'divide in half'; Te.Tna,Amh.flinta
from Ar funduq (of Greek [palldokheioll] origin): end of the nose';
'portion, share', Gur. fanl 'half a loaf of bread'; faq'a (ya/qa'), faq'a "-"'0 , ,,-,ph 'cleave, split
also In Amh. fimduq. ETHIOPIC: Amh. jonniinii. passed into Cushitic: Bil. flmay 'separate', Qua. asunder, shatter, break through, split some-
fiillle. one's head, wound, injure';
fandof (pI. /alladutl t..,}Jl..r (K*) 'anus, but- finiqa, finqo, finqin, finqon, finiqon L~:I' l t. ,}41 la/aq'a, passive;
tack' : 1 L ')4:'} I t. ,}41,} 1 L~41,} 'date palm'; fana!ol ,,-<;(O/A (T+) 'python'. faq'al,/aq'al (n.) 'cleaving, shattering, bruise,
fannawa ,,-~m 'send, send away, dismiss, send wound' ,.
ETHIOPIC! Te.randol 'buttock', Har. fuddi 'anus', from different case endings of Gk. phoiniks 'date
Gur. foda: also rn Cushitic: Som. fUIIO, Or. huddu; palm'. off, send forth, see off'; SEMITIC: Ar. JaqafQ 'explode'. related to /aqa'a
perhap, al,o Dar fido 'gemtals'. Cerulli 1936:246 tafannawa, passive; 'split'. PbH. paqo' 'split, burst asunder'. Aram,·Syr.
denves Har, fuJJi from Cushltic. fanqala "-'}.,.l\ (K.T.Y) 'pry loose, dig up, tear lafiinawa 'take leave of one another, bid fare- p.qa< (Syr. also parqa<, WIth augmented r), Md. pqa.
up the ground (in search of things), examine, well to one another'; ETHIOPIC: Te. [aq'a, fiiq<a 'split, hit on the head',
fanda"a t.. ,}Y.m (K 0) 'burst open (bud), pop rummage through'; Tna. jiiqfe, Amh. fiiqqa 'make a cut or incision in
'asla/analVa 'accompany, bid farewell. see
open, the body', Gur. fiiqa 'split With an axe'~ also in
SEMITIC: Ar. (Syria) fanqa/ 'overturn', probably someone off, escort, send away': Cushillc: Kam. fiqqo, BiL fag. See also fqq I.
/,lId (pL{;miid.JlI'j (KO) 'ripe cotton boll': SAr. fq/ 'reap crops' from the meaning 'pull out'. fannawi, act. part. of /annawa;
SE\UTIC related
Ar. fannada 'diversify'.
to Brockelmann 1927:30 (following Dillmann 1371, JannaII' (fem. /annul) 'sent'; faqada (yaJqad) t.."'y' 'wish, desire, want, be ~
ETHIOPIC; Te·fiinda<a 'divide into two parts', Amh. and Stade 25) compares Ar. faqara 'pierce, bore, /.nna 'way, path, part, side, place, circum- willing, require, seek, request, need, be in need,
fanadda 'burst'. Gur. fimiida; passed into Cushitic: perforate', the Ethiopian form fanqa/a, fanaqqa/a stance, mode , concept'·, permit, supervise, consider, regard, value, care
Qab. nniidda'-,1o. being a 'Reimwortbildung' with noqola. (Janna sark 'towards evening, early evening'); for, take care of. look after, survey, review,
ETHlOPIC: Te.fdnqo/a 'roll', Tna.fiinqiili1 'pry loose, (J.nna nag" 'towards dawn'); muster, number, enumerate';
fanfana "- '}t..~ (K*) 'criticize'; dISplace" Amh. foniiqqa/d, fiinaggo/ii, Gur. f.niiq-
(ba-j.nna 'towards, in regard to'); ,afqada, causative;
faniifant (KO)./ana/antam (D.K') 'hermaphro- qiilii 'pull out something entrenched in the ground'. laJaqda 'be wanted, be desired, be required, be
/anol (pI. fannaw, fannawal) 'way, path, road,
dite' : needed, be necessary, be numbered, be enumer-
finqin, fioqon, finiqon L '}4:'} 1 L ,}41,} l L~41,}; JOurney, course, wayside, side. street, passage,
ETHIOPIC' Tna. fan(iina 'abhor', Amh. fiinaffiind see jiniqa. entrance, opportunity, mode'; ated, be mustered';
hqan 164
--- fqr
- 165
f.rt\a
tajiiqadu 'numoer one,elf, be numbered, be Cush,lic' Som. jiqen,
fiqir IIoJ'C, (L1) f"'liir <i:."'C 'girdle, belt, cowl,
fe\ IC\\ eJ·. , vestment of a priest, (M) pantaloons With em- fard ~C1: (K') 'garmenl of a "ngle layer of
'usturiiqada 'numoer, count, review" t?ke ac- foqans, foqans (pI. Jawaq.ns) C:~111 , 1.:"'111 cloth,
(K) foqiins C:J'111; see Jonqas, ' broidered cuffs' (see Hammerschmidt 1970
('"ount ~unc:t. muster, record. VISit, ~ek
ETHIOPIC: Amh. flrg 'piece of cloth whl~h is as ""Ide
('If.
, 153);
out. tn~rect. 'iuper\"lse ;
fqq I, faqqa 11.4> (LI) 'split, cleave'; as the Width of the loom', or perhaps rather trom
/ilqMI (pi. laqadd, for faqad-I) act part of SEMITIC Syr paqfrii. pa~lI~ 'he~ddress of a priest,
larada 'separate' (above), that IS 'o;eparatcd, Stngle
(uqada; abo 'who IS mISsed, needy, ,"spector, SEMITIC' ArJaqqa (Jqq) 'split, separale'; relaled ban' from Gk. phaklallOlI face cloth, turban'
;~;yne S~th 3224) < La1.iaciaJe 'faoe c101h, turban',
10
Jaq'a, firfi (T) 4.C4. 'river" ,
WIzard' ;
ETHIOPIC' Amh, j"aqqliqli 'scralch about', Ar baqyar, would It be a name of a nver'l
IJqud, pa" part of f~qada: , ETHIOPIC: Amh. fiqar 'dress, pantaloons With em-
(iiqed (Gr.490) 'supemsor, ,"spector: broidered cuffs' (from Geez),
f.qd rfaqd) 'number, numbering, census, calcu- fqq II, faqqa 11.'"
(K')
,
'step aside, move Over ,
frfr, >anfarlara h111.CII.t. (K') 'thrash about,
flail about, move convulsively';
latIOn, survey, surveillance'; get out of the way; rarra 11.1.; see J",
faqJd (pi. '''(qlid) 'wish, desire, will, intention, ETHIOPIC: Te, Jiiqq bela, Jiiqliqq bela, Tna, Jliqaq ETHIOPIC' Tna. 'anfarforii 'wTlthe, Hop around'
feri II..tr (K,L1), forii c:tr (T) 'pestilence, plague, Amh. liinfordflara, to be Identified withjrjr 'agitate:
M,ing, volition, consent, pleasure, goodWill, biilli, AmhJiiqq alii,fiiqiiqq alii,foqiiqq alii, Har-fiq (see J>rim),
,
baya; passed 11110 CUShIlIC: Qem, Jiikiik y 'be al a
(T) blood';
permHlslon : .
(ha,faqiidll '\oluntarily, of hiS own accord, ,"- distance'. These meanings could derive from fqq r. ETHIOPIe: TnaJera 'typhus, plague', Amh.fera, See farfara II.CII.I. (TM Gr ]83) 'crumble bread';
tentlonally'), Worrell JJ1: 133, farfor, (arlur (pi I"Jariil, larlarol, f."luriit)
faqara 11."'1. (K') 'be heavy, be expensive', 'crumbs';
laqld '(good) will'; ., , , " fare fi:t.; see farya,
raqadiill'l 'vol un tar) , Yieldlllg, submissive, fqr, >afqara h<i:4>1. 'love, long for, cherish'; SFMITlC: Ar far/ara 'cut', Heb. prr (hlf.il) 'break',
malq.d 'malqad j 'necessary, required, neces- fl"s >anfar<a~a h111.COK 'exult, spring, leap, PbH. pirper 'crush, crumble, pulverize', prr (pl'ell
laJaqra, passive; ski'; about, prance, dance, frolic',
sary thing, necessities (of life), need, Wish, 'crumble', Aram. parper, Ug. prr 'break', Akk para-
lafiiqara 'love one another, make friends, be '.nl,,<u,1 'who exults, who dances, who leaps', ru
th,"g to be desired, thing that is desired, friendly, live in friendship';
sought afler, purpose, '"tention, business, peti- lar'us (LI), same,;, , ETHIOPIC': Te. /iirfora 'be reduced to powder', lna.
'aslaJiiqara 'cause to be in love, cause to love lIalar<o,y 'exultatIOn, enjoyment, petulance; Jiirldra 'cut wood or a stone into small plcce~, break
tion, thaI which is missed, that which necessi- one another';
lales; goods, recompense, reward'; mto small pieces', f~rrar 'small pieces of wood',
SEMITIC: Ar. (la)bar'a~a 'se remuer sous quelquc
Jaqur 'loved, beloved, lover, friend'; Amh. foriiffiirii 'crumble', Har firdfiiru, Gur j~l_
(:a-malq.d 'necessary'); chose (se dit, p. ex. d'un homme qu'on volt se
Jaquraw;, (Gr.489) faqriiw; 'lover, friend, lovely, riiJarii: Arg.jarilffari 'crumbs'; passed IOto CUShlllC:
(s"h'a mafq.d 'petitioners'); rcmuer sous quelque chose qUI Ie couvre, d'un
Or. fir/ari 'crumbs' See also Irr, larra, below.
loving, amorous';
mafqad; 'needy, necessary'; serpenl sous I'herbe)'; sec Ruiicka 23 I, The connec-
faqr 'love, affection, friendship, amity, friendly tion with Heb. par·os 'flea' suggested by Dillmann f.rlart fi:Cfi:C+ 'quail. (K') ",ght moth, butter-
mafqJdlil"; 'needy, necessary';
way, friendliness, charity'; 1354 (follOWing Gesenius) is doublfuL fly' ;
mafqad,)';; (KG 3) 'place from which one keeps Jaqraw; (Gr) 'of love';
"atch' (note that KG I, 2 have wrongly farada II.I.J!. (K·,Gr.382) 'separate, (T Y,M) SEMITIC: Ar.lwf"r 'small bird', Heb. parpar 'but-
mafq.ya); lafoqarol 'affection, mutual love, friendship, terfly', from fTT. Ir)r. prpr 'Hutter, qUIver, move
(LI) charity', judge' ;
convulsively': Ar.farJara 'move, o.;hakc wings', Soq.
II l!i questionable whether the various meanings or 'afqaro 'affection, love'; ,alarda (K') 'be separated';
Irfr 'fan', Heb. porar 'stir, rouse', PbH pirper,
iqd belong 10 one root In fact. Ludolf 618-9 sepa- (·aJqaro nagd 'hospitality'); laforada 'judge one another, be in IiltgatlOn, Aram.-Syr. purpur.
rate-s these- meanings under Jaqada I. and laqada II, (ba-'aJqaro 'kindly'); (K') be separated from one another'; ETHIOPIC: Te.lilr!Jrat '3 bird', Amh. JJrJ~rt 'par-
S..f1T1C Ar '"qada 'fail 10 find, mISS, ,afaqqada lariidi, act. part. of Jarada; tTldge', Tna. flirfiir bald 'palpitate', Har.li~/tr bih'cl
'seek, look, ,earch, e,amme, SAL jqd 'lose, be
·afqiir; 'lover, friend';
maJqar 'who loves'; lar"d (K') 'separated'; 'be in convulsions' See also jrjr. 'allla~/ara.
absenl', Soq foqad 'nOI find', Heb, paqaif 'mISS, (ard 'justice, judgment';
loob: after'. SYT. pc1qat}'\lsit. inquire. review, see to', maJqan 'lover, friend, studious'; farga<a II.C"IO (T) 'form pea-like lumps on the
(mafqare nagd, marqare 'angada 'hospitable'); SE~nnc; the basic meaning is 'separate, distinguish' >
\ld pqd 'ord~r, command, enlrust', Ug. pqd 'give body' ;
orders', Akk. paqiidll 'take care of, attend to, maslafaqar, act. part. of ·aslaJiiqara; also 'discern, judge' (for the development of mcamngs,
see Palaehe 59 under plf), Ar.jarada 'be separale, be see Jargaga, below,
entru!>!' (Gr.489) 'lover, friend';
umque', 'afrada 'isolate', SAr.Jrd-m 'uniquely, alone'
ETHIOPI(. Te fiiqda 'remember, meditate', Tna.
SEMITIC: Barlh 1893:9 compares AL rajiqa (wilh fargaga II.C11 'heal (wound), become an ulcer,
Iaqadii ·count. permit', Amh./iiqqiidii 'want, desire, (I hal is, 'separalely'), Heb, prd (",f'al) 'separate, be
form (a scar), become inflamed'; ,
permit, count', Har {tiiJ/iiqiida 'take care of some-
one', Gur faqiJdii -penUlt. allow'
melalhesis) 'be kind, be friendly, Ireal genlly', The
connection with Akk. paqiiru, baqaru 'Anspruch I separated', Aram. PiJrag 'separate, scatter', Syr. pJ-
ra<J 'place apart', Md. prd 'break through, tear fargag (K') 'healing, inflammation:
geitend machen, vlndizleren', SAr.fqr 'sich bereiter- apart' . see also JargJ·a.
fiqan, fiq'an 11•.,.1 : II.'l1 'vase'; kliiren, wunschen' (not attested in the existmg dlc- ETHIOPIC' Te, Jiirda 'judge', Tn" Jiiriidil, Amh
lionarles) suggesled by Dietrich 302 is unlikely, Jiirrada, Har. fiiriida, Gur. Jariida; passed into farha (yafriih) II.CU, (T) farha
, II.Ctl. 'be
ETHIOPIC Amh. fiqJn 'contalner for water'; also In
ETHIOPIC Tna 'alqlirli 'love', Amh, alliqqiirii, Cushilic: BiI, iiirlid, Sa, Jarad. afraid, fear, revere';
rarb 166 (ara.\
,
(arasa 167
farmuti 4_C-t (T), farmuni 4_Coo.~ (D
- (Inall
V1(,.ha 'make a fr,lId , frighten, bring terror,
temf}, make rtlere •
, eIghth Coptic month (corresponding to m;yj: SEMITIc:.: ::r. Jaras ·horse· •• ~_~r , In,. M.h_ /erhin.
Heb. paras. Aram.-Syr. parma horseman. Md. pa-
~-
fa". Lfl, fi", 4-Il, see Iss , (ta{assa~ 'hail!'); rna, Heb - ,. ,.... r ,o.fO-
wedge, blow of a chisel, stonecutter', , . p~am), or rrom be finished, come- to .In
f... u' <t:n-Il (K' ~1) 'outSide the Iimlls, pro- 'asla[i,ha, 'asla[ass,!w 'gladden. cause to re- SEMITIC Ar. Jatjab a 'break, crush', Ar. (Syna) fll1h end (G, f~~Qma). that is, 'cea~' ,
truding (eyes), bulging', Joice, delight, comfort, make one enJoy him- 'wound on the head'; also fa~~a (with metathesis) ~!H~.OP~C : !e~ /ilsma 'finish', Tna. fJ,nlima, Amh.
~ al"t) , {.~JUJ. bel(l\\ self, make joyous. make glad'; 'dig, hollow out', ~eb, psh (pi·el) 'break to pieces', /Q,~s.~m.~. flt!amii, Arg. fr.'~/iima, Gar. fil!ilmJ, Gur
f,ssll~ 'glad, joyful, jubilant, delightful. pleas- Nco-Assyrian Pll1aIJu; related to NI (Heb, pdsds), fi~~ama. See also /aduma.
fsfs, >anfasfss. hJLIlLfl (Lt) 'overthrow';
ant, merry. happy, joyous, rejoicing, cheerful" and PlY.!IY: Ar, Ja~ii (kl') , Heb, po~a (PlY) 'open
rclatcd to hashusa II [assa~a 'joy, gladness, happiness, mirth' the mouth', Aram. pa$o, Syr. pa.r'ii (p~'iJ) 'set rree', f.~m (pI. fa~miit) 'i:lt9" 'front, forehead
Md psa, forefront (e,g, of temple), avant-gardc', '
comfort, consolation'; ,
ftsh. LIl.l, (KDTW 169 under onbuks), fis~.y ETIflOP1C Tna.~$~J}e 'break to pieces', Te,f;m,yiiJ}at I'~ma 'before, In front (01), In advance , fore-
LIl",,> (KG) 'bad odor due to indigestion, I,["hl 'joy, gladness, enjoyment. delight, mirth" ga.a 'break' (intr.).!an{.h balii 'split to pieces' (with most, In opposition (to)';
la[aiJa!IJyal (Gr) 'wishes of joy'; ,
had smell, belch', inserted n); related to hy In Amh. fii?fii 'gnnd [a~um 'who is In front hne, predecessor fore-
maslaji'~ 'who bestows gladness, comforter , flour', Arg. foc?a, Har. Jata, Gur fora: III redupli- runner', '
fisiko (fiQki) 4-1t1) (4-IlIJ) 'Easter, Passover, rejoicer, pleasant, delightful'; cative form in Tna·liisfa~ii, fli?fii{a 'cut into small
paschal lamb'; maslafS,hi, (Gr) maslaj,a~i, same; ETHIOPIC: Gur-f;mrii.finia 'forehead' <. .f<lmtli <
pieces', Te. fii?fora 'smash, crush'; passed into
·fifma (with metathe~is) < ·f.l,~ma The conn~tlOn
-
(,;anhllla maltalall'a .(osika 'Easter eve');
SEMITIC: Ar.fasu~a 'be wide, be spacious', 'in/asaha Cushltic: Som, JaJace; (from RN) 'gnnd coarsely',
between Gur linea and Amh. bii-{ilnta 'instead of
from Gk. paskha . phtJJek, of Hebrew (pfsaM origm, 'be dilated With JOy' (Dillmann 1348), Jasill 'free fassarn. LlI ou , fa~~ama L/lou 'fill, complete. suggested by Rundgren 1955: 86 IS doubtful.
also In Tna. JaH~a. IasiKa. Te, Ja:iga, Amh. Jasika, from dIStress of mind', Ar, (Syria) t-fassah 'r~jOlce', a~omplish, finish, consume, end, fulfill, exe-
/a:'I'ttJ See also f(l,f~, pii.'iii, pasiko. SAr, h-Js,1:l 'cause to rejoice', Akk, paso~u 'become f.~awa LlIm, see fasaya,
cute, carry out, satisfy, perfect, perform, ex-
soothed, become appeased', Vollers, ZA 9 (1894),
fss, fassa, fasass (r'j5") Lfl : Lflfl (K ',T, haust, stop'; fa~aya, ~aya, fa~awa LlIf I 4-lIf I LlIm
205 compares Heb, Pfsah, orlgmally 'dance', and
M Gr.}8]) 'draw lots, playa game of chance by }afa~~ama, causative; also 'order the comple- (T,TS) 'whistle, hISS, rustle';
Ar. Jasaha 'part the legs' (see also Landberg
uSing fingers': 1920:355), For Heb, paso"h in [5, 31 :5, meaning tion. render perfect'; la(ii~aya 'whistle, hISS, (L) rejoice exceedingly';
la{iisllsa 'draw lots mutually, use fingers in a 'Raum schaffen', see Kopf 166, The connection with tala~~ama, passive; also 'die right away, be ·asta[asawa 'whistle',
guesS! ng game': Heb, some"h 'be joyful' suggested by Barth 1893:33 effected, (T) worship idols, be consecrated'; fo~ii, fo~ 'whistle, whistling, hiSSing, rU'tle';
fas, (K') 'lot'; IS unlikely >astala~~ama (U) 'bring to an end, accom-
SEMITIC: Heb. ~;p~el' 'chirp, whisper' (with Dillmann
from Syr pessii 'lot"; also Aram. payis 'arbitratIOn, ETHIOPIC' Te, Jasas'h bela 'rejoice', Tna, fiisha),a, plish' ; 1390, against ceruil, 1936.246 "ho demes the root
allotment', parJii 'lot, ballotmg',l'assa 'lot' (Fraen- (tii)JasSJhe, Amh, Jassa 'be joyful', Jassaha 'joy' fa~~iimi, act. participle; rrom Cushltic); also Ar Jafw,-a. PbR sipup 'whi~
kel 60. ~~9, Noeldeke 1910:45 [correctlaJosafa Into (from Geez); passed into Cushit;c: Sa.f.siih 'joyful' fJ~~um 'accomplished. completed. finished, ful- tie' Brockelmann 1928:443 compares also Syr ni'-
lafdsasaj). For the deScription of allotting things by filled, filled, full. complete, perfect, perfected. ~QP 'hiss', Aram, ",l~ep 'chirp'; onomatopoetic.
f..s~ I, f.s~ t;:t"tl. : t;:1Itl., (Lt) f.s~i <;:Il.l,
u~mg fingers, cp. also PbH. payis 'arbitration, esp. whole, unblemished'; ETHIOPIC Te. lii~a (fiy,' 'whistle', Tna. liisiiyii.li.fJ
'Passover, Easter, paschal lamb';
by counting out a certain number on the raised rj'Huma 'completely, perfectly, entirely, fully. 'abalii, Amh. (aij"a,wi, lanlj"a{tii, Arg (allo,,!,a,
(j,iha 'orit 'Passover, Saturday of the Passion
fingers of those among whom a decision is to be
Week'), through and through'; negative verb + [,ssu- Har. (aijeea, fir liSa; al,o In Cushltlc Kam.A1.
made (la'trOl' 1162).
ma 'not at all'); jiqqo 'whIStle', Qab, jiqqo' (for q c, see Cohen
EllllOPIC ' perhaps Te, ras<1s,fasasa '(military) billet- ('arba j,,~ 'Good Friday'); 1931 :397), Som. JOdi 'play the flute'
109, provIsioning' (if It IS done by drawing lots). from Heb. PfSah (Noeldeke 1910:37) or JewlSh-
rjassuman
..
ers ');
-
>ahaw 'blood brothers', lit. 'full broth-
rna .liJSaJ 'ta", tnbutc', Amh. .(asas 'tax in food or fatta, f.tt. fotti, fotto L1' I 'i:-r I 'i:;" I 'i:.f,
Aram pishii (Ullendorff 1968: 123); also Amh.fash
grain for ~oldlers, which is Imposed on a district' fa~m 'end, consummation, termination'; see [u,
(from Geez), Note that Chr.-Ar. fil/z. JaS!1 com"
la~~ame 'completion, conclusion, execution.
fosus t;:n-Il (T) 'cross-eyed, squint-eyed' from Syr pe~ho < Gk, paskha. See also Josiko.
end, consummation, perfection. fullness, con- fota t.:1'. fot t.:-r; see 1"'1,
sec also !JJU'. abo\-c. f.s~ fl, f.s~at (pl.j,s,llIat. ["halal) t;:t"th : secration';
la~~'m.nna 'perfection, integrity'; fslfata L''''L1' (K') 'crumble bread',
t;:t"""'" 'narrow passage. narrow pass, ravme,
fasawa LfllD (K-) -break wind';
(Ll) uphill, steep place, heap of earth, mound. mala~pm 'who fulfills, who accomplishes, who SEMITIC: Ar.fatfata 'crumble' (Dozy), PbH, P/!P'!,
/asa .... (K') jin, II' 'flatus'; executes. who completes, who perfects'; Syr. pa!pe!; also Ar, falla 'crumble', Heb. paM,
shrine on an elevated place, (Lt) high place, (T)
SEMITIC" Ar Ia.~ii 'lsK) 'break wind' fortified place', See also ['I~atiil, mal'~~am (Ll) 'end'; Syr pa].
roth. 170 fatana
----------~----------~, (tn 171
,
{alajfiJlll 'break ur hread and mix It wIth sauce', Tn •. jiir!It, Amh,Arg, fiilla 'undo, release, ab asIe , ["WOliik'i 'given t o I .
o f sm, ,. ha, Gur. fola; 'law so ve
· d·Ivorce,'H ar. Jalo. fast' : mafr•• , 'lust WISh ust, gIven to deSIre',
aJ.,(l Te Jar/lito ·crumble'. Tna. fartalii; also 10
cept' TeJ.r.h, TnaJ"hi. Amh, f.lh (from Gpre, is a misprint ror 'a/Fana htt:m" . bee' ' , (It IS) fittlOg, $ul~.ole fi.
CUShllil BII.Sa. (arlol 'break. crumble', Be. felit omtng, conveOlcnt· I • ~
d,,,rnoulc' See also falola. passed into Cushlllc: BIl , jaluh 'open' , Be, fer;~Z), necessary, obit at "",em y, prnper, (11 I )
flY, ,.ftara h/f:Tl (MA) 'ki ll ' ant pi ' g or), that gIves ple:"ure 1'1<,,,
f~t~atjjt /f:-}o"':r-}o (T) ' fortified places'; , eaSIng, dehghiful . •
r.ttt- t l'a[rah , L-}o'" 'open, loosen, let loose, deSIred'• (G r) ' ' preclOu~, d.S1raOle
fit. f.lta. fatata, faltata L'" , LT'" 'break off enticement" , •
untie, unfasten, release, dissolve, disengage, a vanant readlOg of f.shalor (see f./;& II) ,
make of no effect, set free, solve, absolve, a piece, fracture, crush, break the Host during S"'''T1C: Heb, pry (pl'el) 'sed '
forgi\C (SIOS), give absolution, break a fast, do fatala (ya[lal) LTiI 'spin, twist' ; Ihe commuOlon, break and distribute (bread Ug, pry 'copulate' (Ullend uce ,!Dlilmann t1M),
lafarla, passive ; or anything eisel, give out, ~ake a gift, ap- with Ar. /ati.)'a 'be youthful Or!l' 19 ... ; hiS comp'lnson
justIce, judge, pass Judgment, administer jus, ETH10PIC' To Jiira If '! ' I IS less convincing) .
[aliili, act. part. of [atala; point a portIOn, ,give a share ; !iiliiwa, Amh . , ,'~. ove, ,Wish. deme', Tna
lice, arbitrate, decide, IOterpret' ;
([ari/O la'ala 'condemn'),
[Mul 'twisted, spun'; ra[al( rJata, passIve; Amh . (a)fall{:;~'~ls~cs;r~, !ust (from Gcez~; also
fatlJal1 (pI. 'a[liil, 'a[I.II) ' thread, cord, wick jattari (K'), act. part, of [allata; d ' . 1 e (a ~condary torm)
'afi.ha, causatIVe: also 'bring to judgment, ask passe IOtO Cushitlc. 811 .(iila\'. 'f'nen. d' '
for Justice, release, set free';
string'; , f. rrut 'broken, fracture, fragment';
rafarha, passive: also 'relax'; ([alia siirel 'spider web'); f.trat 'piece, fragment, scrap, morsel, piece of falta Lm : see fIt
raflilaha 'be separated from one another, bring [.tiil (Lt) ' toga' ; bread' ;
suit, sue one another, engage in a legal case, be [.rlo 'network, thread'; fattiite 'breaking the holy bread for distnbu- fe,a "-m; see /)'1,
f.llal (n,) 'spinning, twisting'; tion;
10 court with someone, stand trial, condemn,
jatlJIO 'fraction , portion';
fa,ana (y>(!.n I Lm~ 'be fast, be SWIft, hurry
contend' , SEMITIC: Ar.falala 'twist, spin', SI).flel'roll a WIck', be to a hurry, be prompt, speed up" '
Heb, pOlal 'twist', Aram,-Syr, p.!al, Md, prl, Akk, (salota[aIlMo 'prayer when breaking the bread 'aflana 'make h hasten. accelerate, ' hurry.
'asraflir.ha, causative of lajiilaha; . . , aste,
palolu 'spin'. for the Eucharist') ;
[arahi, act. part. of [ar!;a: also 'Judge'; move SWIftly, (with an infintllve) hurry do
fMuh, pass, part. of far!;a; also 'open, uncon- ETHIOPIC : Te. folIa 'twist, weave', Tna. forala, fatt./.tlii, (T.Ml [.tto 'piece, portion, fraction, qUIckly, do hasltly'; ,
strained, discharged, absolved'; Amh ,Gaf,Gur, jiirliilii 'spin, twist, br.,d', Arg, jOr, morsel, gift' ; lafli!ana 'press, urge, succeed to doing fast'
fJlh 'precept, law, suit, lawsuit, justice, judg- riila, HarJiilii/a; passed into Cushitic: Sa ,Af,jaral SEMITIC: Ar.falla (fll ) 'break', Soq enjellr 'break 'asloflilana 'quicken, make haste, hasten, acc~I'
'spin' .
ment, proceeding, decision, verdict, sentence m small pieces', Heb, POlO!, PbH. pa!a!, piJpe!, erate, urge, overtake';
(in court)', fatana (y.flan ) LT~ 'try, test, put to test, Aram . palO!. Syr. pal. paJpe! 'crumble', parlii!a [alliin (Lt) 'swift, rapId',
([,Iha nagail 'Code of the Kings', title of investigate, scrutinize, explore, examine, search. (with augmented r) 'crumbs', Md, fill 'crumble', fa! lm 'swift, quick, rapId, prompt, hastentng',
a book; for a bibliography, see Hammer- probe, tempt, prove, probe, (T) melt'; ETHIOPIC: Te, jiiriila , fiit/iila, fiirliira 'crumble (ha,f.!un, [.!una 'tmmed,ately, right away,
bread, break into small pieces', Tna.fiilliilii.fiit/iirii,
schmIdt 1973 : 174) ; 'aftana 'allow to be explored or examined, promptly, speedily, quickly, swiftly, sudden-
flirtiirii, Amh, folliirii, jiiliiffiirii, Gur, f"iifiirii: ly');
([arha mar 'death sentence'); confess' , passed into Cushillc: BIl.fiirliil'crumble', Sa.}arrar,
(manbara Jilrh 'tribunal, court of justice'); la[alna, passive of fatana; Be, ferir 'dIvide' , Sec also jalfala, [a!in (fern. [at!iin) 'swift, hasty, sudden',
('al\'da fJlh, same), lajiitana, reciprocal of fatana; fJlnat 'rapidity, velocity',
[.,har 'openlOg (n), absolution, judging (n), 'aslafiilana (K'), causative of tafiitana; f.tot /f:1'--}o; see [alawa, ma[!ani, (Gr) 'aJiiin! 'who accelerates, hasty,
provIsion' ; farani \examiner, explorer, investigator'; hurned, rapid, sudden';
lajiiraho( r) 'lawsuit, litigation'; [.tun 'tested, tried, investigated, examined, ex- fa'awa. fatwa (Y'flo , y.[tu. yJjtaw) L·,.m t maslajii!ni, mastajii!iini, (K') masloflilJn,
mafriih (Gr,490) 'motive for a decision'; plored' ; l.+m 'deSIre, wish, love, covet, lust for, have a same;
ma[lah 'solution, solving, (M) instrument for [alanii 'proof, experiment, trial, attempt, temp- liking for'; SEMIT1C Ar. fa/una 'be clever, discerning' for the
opening (key),; tation'; 'afrawa, causative; also (with object suffix pro- relation between 'clever, discernang' and 'fast', cpo
maJ/,!;i, (M) ma[la!;i 'opener, who dissolves, [.tnal (n) 'testing, probing, trial'; nouns) 'please, satisfy'; Heb, maher 'fast', mahir 'SkIlled', and Geez (ra j"",hra
who sets free'; ma[lani, participle of ,aftana; also 'means of la[alwa, passive; also 'long for, be desirable'; 'study',
(ma[lahe sariiy 'prayer against channs', lit. testing' ; fatawi, act. part. of falawa ; also 'lustful, cov- ETHIOPIC: Tna. /ii{iinii 'be rapid', Amh. IdHana.
etous" , Har, fli!na, Gur, jOriinli: Te. Jii!na (and also 8,)
'that loosens the channs');
SEMITIC: ArJalana 'tempt, seduce', MhJeron, Syr,
SEMITIC: Ar, Jalaha 'open' Jalh 'judgment, decision' fmw 'desired, desirable, pleasing, pleasant, de- [atan) 'understand' IS borrowed from ArabIC.
petno 'tumult, discord', Md. pilna 'temptation'
lightful' ; fa!ara Lml 'create, fashIOn, produce, fabn-
(in the Quran. from Geez; see Jeffery 221, contrary (from Arab,c),
to Muller who considers It ArabiC in view of SAr. ETHIOPIC Te. fotna 'attempt, prove, seduce', ·a/iil· f"wal'/.Iot 'desire, wish, desirable thing, lust, cate, devise, invent, feign, contnve, inscnbe (or
flh), SAr. h-frh 'obtain ajudiclOl order' Jrh 'lawsuit, lana 'try', Tna.Amh. fauana 'test, try, examine'. concupiscence, craving, liking (for), being de- carve) magic letters, make incisions on the
JudlclOl order', Sh/erah 'open', Heb, porah, Aram" Arg. fettana, Gur. felana; passed into Cushitic: Stred, pleasure'; Resh' ;
Syr P'!ah, MdPh ,Ug, plh, Akk , pelU, paru SaAr. falan 'lest', Bil. fiirlin, f.la"" same; la[a!ra, passive;
rtt•• 172
(,yy;1
• •
,
(a/Ii" \:rcat"r ,
Jatur ·creatc:d. aeature'; ..
fwl I, tafiiwala "''''IDII 'foretell, read omens'
[al 'omen, good omen'; ,
(the back). ~Iean by rubbing. dry by Wlpmg.
fayyata " .c.f·~ (I.:'I·L- flr,!
•
- -
(T y) sweep, "., be 10 front'
1,luraw; 'pertalnlng to created things; . (sab'a [al 'divmers'); from Amh ( . , '
En-flO Ple Tna. faH:iizii 'scrape' -face' . . an ala, dtnommati~ from III
!,,!ara 'imcntIOn. fiction. falsehood, ~eslgn~: from Ar fa·1 'omen'; also in Amh.Gur fal H
InciSIons. culllngS. magICal figures, (T ) Idol, fiil; tn CushitlC: Or.fala. BiLfiil. On Ar.fa'/m t~< fmil (pL[ayyalol'/.yya!at) r;:,A 'Vial, gla",
('Iral 'act of creallng. creation, things created. vanous ArabIC d,alects. see Landberg 1942:2391 If wI cup, (L1) porcelam ;
ry!, fe!a J..m (T) 'run'
bo , ffli (T) 'running'
CT~ature. nature. character. disposition, consti- See also wf/. . h k'
j1yyoi01 (L1) 'flesh 00 S ,
(n ); .
fiiwd "'1IJo~ (DTW 974) 'tribulation, suffering'; fwt, fota 1.':.,., fawata LID.,. (K') 'err, stray';
ETHIOPIC: Amh. fayd, same, [aI, jawI, pI. 'a[wal (K ') 'dissolute woman';
ETHIOPIC: Te,fiiwlta 'dissolute woman' .Jaylal 'pros-
fw~, fo~a I.':th (T) 'divide in two'; titute', Tna,fiiliilii 'be given to a dissolute hfe'
ETHIOPIC' perhaps Tna, fah balti 'be spread, be
d15persed', Set also f"'J.. '. fwz, foza 1.':" 'wipe off, wipe clean, efface, rub
gacata
175
gOl" 13
mann 1186, B~rth, 189~ : 18, as against Fraenkel
'ag<a"a 'tr ~
1898: 7), Heb. ga'ar roar, Aram.-Syr. g"ar 'rebuke mak; w ~ns er, tra~sport, move (tr.). remove,
shout at", Ug. g<r 'roar, rebuke'. The root is related _ an er, send mto exile, banish'
to Ar. gahura 'be loud (voice)" Md. gltr 'vibrate' taga'a~a (K *) 'b '
gage)' ~ e transported (much bag-
ETH10PIC: Tna. gii<arii 'shout" Te. gii<ara 'shou~
roar', Amb. garii 'cry out', g"'agg"'iirii 'bellow c ' ga<uz 'removed" ,
out' (reduplicative g"'r); related to (a)gWiirra (fro~ gafa~ gat.,. 'b
G ., g"'r7) 'roar, bellow', Har. girgir biiya 'be noisy', Gur.
th -. • aggage, (Or.439) camp. artisans of
e camp, servants"
(a)g"'iirra 'bellow'. 11' - '
g 0'20, gWa'a: (It), g'ii': (M) 'baggage (of an
ga<.ta (y.g<ar) 10.,. 'give to drink, put food army), caravan that follows an army (famdy
-g Wi -'l 'also, certainly, doubtless', 'ag'iizi (Gr.479), act. part. of 'ag'aza; anrm,~ls, equipment)': '
into someone's mouth, (Y.K) force a baby to
fagii)iizi 'quarrelsome, litigant'; drink, (T.K.M) prepare porridge'; g~.'z Journey, wandering. walk';
ge ." (It) 'territory'; tagii'alar 'competition, dispute, strife, quibble ga'ar, (T) ga'at 'portion, food put into the g "2 (Lt) 'a day's journey';
for O. ge, see Conti Rossini 1912: 193; Arg. ge, chicanery, q uarre!'; , mouth, (T.K.M) porridge'; gu'zo, g'.,zo (Lt) 'traveling (n), a day's march
Amh. ge (Oetatchew 1970:78); in Amh. also in stage'; •
mag'3Z -'quarrelsome,
,. wrathful, contentious"
, giN (K*) 'porridge';
balii-ge 'rude' (lit. '3 man of the countryside'); with mastaga'az contentIOus, who stimulate garzat 'migration. transition"
- . '
contention, litigious, wrangling, disputer, argu~
place-names as in hardr-ge, siilam-ge, gllrage-ge, and ETHlOPIC: Te. (a)gii<ata 'prepare porridge', Tna. 'ag<azl. act. part. of 'agco:a;
in combinations such as, 'head of the bed': Amh. gii<atii, Amh. gatii 'force a baby or an animal to magcQz 'setting out, departure';
mentative' ;
ras-ge, Gur. gWlJJiin'ge, dumi-ge; 'at the foot of': driilk'; Te.Tna. ga<at 'porridge', Amh. gat. The verb
Amh. gar-ge, .gar-ge (see Praetorius 1879:406: ~THIOPI~" Tna. (lii)g,a'aZii 'quarrel' (v.), ga'zi is perhaps a denominative from *gacat, from wag'Q ~EMlllC,: related to Ar. gii::a (gll';;)'pass along',
Cohen 1939: 100). Cohen, GLEeS I (1933). 34 quarrel (n.), Amh. gaz dlspute, argument', giJ';nan. 'feed with milk', below. gaza<Q cross, go over', from g:!< 'cut' (Dillmann
connects ge with Heb. gay 'valley'. Ar. giwQ' 'valley' na 'reproach, blame'; perhaps also Cushitic: Bil. gus ! 187; Brockelmann 1908:273), Heb. ga: (g,-' J
pass along'.
(rather than gaww 'interior'). 'reject, hate' (Reinisch 1887: 165). go<t ;JiJ·} (K*) 'width of the palm';
E~oPlc: Te. gatazQ 'emigrate, depart with one's
g'l, 'ag'.'.
hedge' ;
""1"" (MA) 'surround with a gWa< 1'iJ (K*) 'unripe fruit';
possibly reconstructed from Amh. gal 'width of the
palm across the knuckles'.
faml~Y', Tna. gii<azii 'depart', gii<a::. g. . J<:o 'bag-
g~~e, ~m~. (tii)gM' a: a 'travel, go on a trip', (a)ga'
SEMITIC: Soq. goihe 'be ripe' (perhaps 'be half-ripe'). za b~msh, gu:o 'baggage', Har. gliza 'change resi-
undoubtedly wrongly copied by MA instead of ETHIOPIC: Tna. g~'ii<e 'be unripe', g"'a< 'unripe', go<t "IiJT (K*) 'breast, udder';
dence. Gur. ga'azii; Amh.Gur. gM' az 'caravan' Har.
'ag:ara (see gz: JI). Amh. g"a 'unripe fruit', gWa) 'cotton boll that is from Amh. gat, same. gaz. Reinisch 1887: 134 compares BiL gald '~ove',
ready to burst open'; also in Cushitic: Bil.Qua. gi Sa. gedi 'move to another pasture' (with alternance
ga'za (l>.g'a:), ga<la Dlhll ; "Ibll, (K) ga'aza
1"", (T) ga<aza 1011 'loathe, revile, disparage,
'become ripe', Qem. gi. gWa<taya .,..iJ.,.r (K*) 'deceive, beguile, fool';
gWnuy 'deceived, deluded, (Lt) overcome by
z :d).
chide, blame, upbraid, reproach, (K) be irri- g<l, >ag<alt ""IiJAT 'potsherds'; ga<za II "IbH 'become free, be set free. be
tated, be annoyed'; work, (T) weak, that falls into ruin';
for 'agl.'l ""IAbT; see gal,. emancipated' ;
)ag)a:a, causative; also 'blame, reprove,
gw.'l>yii (T.K.Lt) 'deceit, deception, appease-
'agraza, )agi}<za 'set free, make free. send forth
complain about'; g'a<a~a .,..oA (MA), misprint or misreading for ment of a spirit, illusion, (K) fortune-telling,
free (a slave)';
gWa&apa, below, hard labor, toil, fatigue, (Lt) deterioration,
rag"ZG (K *), passive of ga'za; taga<za, taga{aza 'become free, be made free,
•
decay'. While 'hard labor' is not given by
raga'aoa 'quarrel, strive, dispute with one be set at liberty, free oneself';
ga<ra, ga<ara (yag'ar) "Mt. I 101. 'cry out, cry ~ Dillmann, several examples quoted by him
another, have a dispute, vie, contend, object, tagii'ala (Or.479) 'become free';
argue. speak ill of; in a loud voice, clamor, groan, moan, sigh, have the meaning of 'hard labor, toil'; ga'azi (M) 'free';
'QJlagii>aza (K*), caus. of tagii>aza; wail, lament'; ETHIOPlc: Te. (t,)gii'ala 'be distressed', Tna. gi}{UZ 'free, freeman, one who is set free';
ga'azi, act. part. of g.'za; )agcara, causative; (>a)g"'attiiyii 'despise. scorn', Amh. gu'al 'work, la- g"z, (K) ga'z 'nature, manner, custom, behav-
gil)U:, pass. part. of gil)za; ga'iiri (K *), act. part. of g.<ra; bor, toil' (from Geez). Dillmann 1186 derives g"·.'l.- ior, conduct, fashion, character, habit(s), dispo-
ga'ar, (K) ga<iir, (T) ga'ar 'cry, shout, clamor, yd 'deception' from Gk. goeleia 'magic, art of cast- sition, temperament, essence, quality, mode of
ga': 'disputing, strife, quarrel, argument, enmi-
ing spells', One should perphaps consider the possi- life, ways; the Geez language, the first order
ty' ; outcry, groan, groaning, lamentation, wailing,
bility of a root g"'<ty I 'deceive, fool', and g"'qy II
gii': 'quarrel, quibble, litigation, reviling, complaint' ; of the Ethiopian syllabary, one of the three
'be overcome by hard work, become weak'.
contention, strife, controversy, dispute, discus- ga'ur 'who cries out, who groans, who la- modes of plainchan!' (Velat 75, 625tT; for
sion, disagreement, reprimand'; ments' ,. g.<za I (yag<az) "IbH, (K*) ga'za "IhH 'move other modes, see 'ariiray, 9zl);
ga'=at 'reviling, contention, strife, reprehen- tag(ilrt (tagract) 'lamentation, groan, tyranny'; (mtr.), change camp, change residence, depart, (l.ssiina ga'l 'the Geez language');
,
.
Slon ; encamp, pitch camp, march (into), go on a (b.!rera g"z 'Ethiopia');
SEMITIC: Ar. (Syria) ga'ar 'low, moo', also class. Ar.
ga'zol'dispute'; ga'ara (Dozy); related to class. Ar. gwara (Dill- trip' ; ga'zat 'being set free' (n.);
!:'Ibi 176
- ,
gabbaba 177
gahti
g -zan 'freedom. manumi~sion, liberation'; of SEMITIC' AT *"bb 'wcn, Pit' (Jeffery 98 conside
an AramaiC ·1 oanwordslOce
' '.
It IS used in the K
rSIt gab'al 'entenng. return, military tnspection,
g)r3:"lflna 'h~ration from slavery. status . oran giibii~'a
'market' . d
only 10 the Joseph story; however, gubb IS used conversion, betrayal', f - IS em'cd by Praetonus 1879'1"1
freedom', g .
of Arabia acc?rdin to Landber~ 1920:259), Heb.
10 all
(gab'ala marel '~u~al', lit. 'entenng the earth'); ~:r gb- an~ Would mean onginall}' 'gathenng'
'Q~'ii~ 'o~'li:i 'freeman. free man. master, 001 passed IOto Cushltn: Sa, gaba' tum hack
I(e~ 'pit, ditch, Aram,-Syr gubba, gii~ij, Md. guba (gab'ala man!olal
, , wtthdrawal of the curtam'); See also gahKab, below.
EthiOpian" Ug. gh (Caquot 313), Akk. gubbu 'water we1l" Jogbo'i 'traitor;
(h.Jhrra 'Ug'iin 'Ethiopia', lit. 'the land of the . , ,
While Zimmern 44 (followed by Brockelmann 1928 >agba'o( 'restitutIOn; gabbaba I 1nn (K-) 'gather'.
frec') . 100) conSiders Akk. I(ubhu to be the ongm of th 'aslagiib~'i 'convener'; SEMITIC Ar gabgiib 'plentiful, COpIOU!\ numerous:
lQK~a:il 'free woman'; ,". Semitic root, von Soden 295 considers Akk. gUbb~ 'astagiibiN 'who gathers,, who compiles, A~ (Dat). gahgab 'gather here and ;hcre PbH'
"'~.~:o gahr (1I) 'manumISSion, ht. 'setting , .
an AramaiC loanword. See also Rundgren. OS 10 (Gr.337) magtctan, sorcerer, gapa~ 'gather" Aram. gahb/!~, Akk. gahhu 't;ltalit)'
free of a slave': (1961).107 ~he whole. en~irety': related to Ar. ,~aha " tb,')
'JSlagubu>, ',slagbu' 'collected, collection, gath-
'a,c:ca:dy, (Lt) >ogcir:iiy 'free. freeman'; ETHIOPIC': Te. gabb 'cave, hole, pit', Amh, gaM, gather. collect. Aram_wSyT. g.J~{i (ghy). Md. gh;r
ered together';
Har glib. ETHIOPIC': Te. ~iih(lh 'troop'; DTW 111 tran .. lates
51 '"TlC SAr 'g':y" 'Ethiopian' (W. Muller). (mas~afa >aslagbu> 'collected writings');
ETHIOPIC, for Tigre and Tigrinya only a few mean- Amh. giibii~giihii 'gather food', lhl') ..emc coming
magbii> 'returning, return, recurring, gathering
mgs arc regIstered In the existing dictionaries. but gab>a (yagbii» 111h 'return, leave, turn back , from the ongmal meanlOg 'dc:)lfc, he \tlngy'.
, place, refuge';
the\ undoubtedly have the various meanmgs of come back, enter, be dehvered, be restored'·, gabbaba II 1nn (K -) 'be bent':
magubii>, (K -) mag" M> 'confluence, place where
Ge~l Tna, ga'iI: 'habit. the Geez language. first (gab>a laMu 'he was in his right mind, he
0rder of the Ethiopian syllabary, one of the three became conscious');
rivers flow together, (K) place of gather- SEMiTIC: Heb, gab in .~ah~·· 'bo"ise~ on a shield'
. >
IIlg; PbH. gal> 'back, hunch' (Cohen 1947:n" "(12), S,,'
modes of the piainchant"; Te. >a!!'a=a ·spelr. 'oK'a:i (gab>a krdslalllla [Lt) 'be rechristened');
maslagiiba', maslagiiba>; 'one who assembles, g'l>~ 'hunch-backed', Md. gah Ighh, 'be~d.
'clever'; Amh. ra.:ga:ii 'liberate', g~>i1: 'habit, ac- combmed with another verb it means 'again';
one who gathers, collectIOn' (Velat 219fl); curve; for Ar of South Arabia, .. ee Landberg
t!on(s). character, the Geezlanguagc, the first order e,g, lI'agab>a wala·aka 'he sent again'; 19091643-4
of the Ethiopian syllabary, one of the three modes mastag" bii> (K -), see mag"M·,
gabJ)Q, same as JQsragiiba'a; ETHloPlc: Amh. g-iihbiiNi. g"'iihiibh alii 'be bent'.
of the plamchanl', g.:p:-un 'freedom'. giJ'iJ:-iJIIIIO 'liber· maslagubu>, "",slagbu' 'gathered, collected, meet-
>agba>a 'turn (tL), make return, give back, Te. gaM be/a 'incline', Tna. g"iiJ(ahii <be crooked.
'Hlon from "laver)' Several meanings of Tna. gJ<J:. ing place, place of gathering, place of contract- be tWISted' (from g"h_g"b); also III Cushille: Af giih
and Amh, Kil',l; are undoubtedly borrowed from bring. bring back, take back, return, deliver, ing (shrinking)'; 'be bent'
GOCl
hand over, restore, restitute, revoke, put up, maslagubii>, maslagubii>e 'assembly, congrega-
set, recompense, recover, give over, betray'; tion, meeting place'; gabgab. gabgabo, gabagabo. gabgibo 111HI I
gabi 111 (1I) 'kind of a tree; (=ayagabba> 'traitor'); tagiiba>o(t} 'synod, council, congregation, col- 1111(1 , 101(1 I .,11;1,1, (T) gabgibo 111.?(I
ETHIOPIC Te.Amh. gaha, Tna. gaba, For gliba, sce lagab'a 'be turned back, be gathered, turn lection' ; 'entrance, reception room, vestibule. open area
Strele\n 1973:no 100; from Cush,t,c: Be. gaba, BII. (intL)' ; in the middle of a room, (T KO) assembly,
SEMITIC: Ar. gaba'Q 'turn back. remalO behind, ab-
!1iihii. tagiibJ>a 'be collected, be compiled, be galh- council held m front of the entrance';
stam (with 'an 'from'), come upon' (with 'alci, but
ered, gather together (intr), assemble (mtr), be also without 'alii; (see Dilimann 1168; F. Rund- perhaps from gb' (sec gab'a) 'enter, gather' > gb '>
gabo (pI. gahatrii/) 1(1 'side, flank, rib, loms'; assembled, be united with one another, be gren, OS 10 [1961). 105ff "gaba·o 'sich zuruckzle- gb-gb (reduplicative gh). While the den,allon from
(,'ah'u gahall'iil, ·~/la 'amgaball'iil 'collaterals'); circumscribed, come together. come to an hen. zuruckkehren' kann an sich als eme Art \'OX .·gb IS possible (cp. hahhab 'gift', from .lth), the
('ara(la gabo 'lateral wall'); agreement' ; media betrachtet werden"}, SAr. gb' 'return, come connection with Ar, waqaba 'in die Hohle cmtreten'
!{uhalla (MAl 'be at the stde of. be close to' >aslagiiha'a (>aslagb>a) 'gather, collect, bring back', h-gb· 'transfer', One wonders whether the (Mh . • ·eqob 'enter') suggested by Bittner, ~ Z[(,I/
(denommat;le) ; into. assemble, compile, cause to be gathered, various meanings of the root gb' \.'Ielong to a slOgle 27 (1913).129 is unlikely
call up (spirits), bring together, recover, heap root or whether one should not consider a gl>' I gabgib 111;111 (Lt) 'forced labor'.
Sf-ldITK: the Semitic ·gab(b,J derives from gnb. gnb.
'return' and gb' II 'collect'. Hebrew grPrf') 'CIStern'
to Judge from Ar ganh 'side' (Dillmann 1173), Md. up, restore, sum up, bring back, (ake up, cause SEMITIC W Muller suggests Ar. wagah" 'be obhga-
connected by Ludolf 659 (followed by Rundgren,
Kamha. ganha, The root ~nh became gabb in PbH. (a city) to surrender, take by force of arms', tory, be bindmg', G. gbgb commg from gb'gb, from
OS 10[1961 ),107; Ullendorff 192) With G I1b' would
·guhbe. 10 IJ-gahhl' <near to, concermng', Aram.- gaba>;, act. part. of gab'a; also 'hireling, hired wgb.
then be derived from gb' II 'collect' For 'collect',
S)r gaMii 'Side', Akk. gaMu 'part of human or servant, mercenary'; ETHIOPIC: the companson with Amh. giibiiKiib 'stin-
the root is related to Ar. gahu !Khy), Aram.-Syr
animal body' ga~ii, Md. gba, gy, greedy' suggested by Noeldeke, WZ [(AI 19
gabu>, gubU' 'who returns> assembled, gath-
ETHloPlr Ihe Eth,op,c -gah IS probably independ- ETHIOPIC: Tna. giib'e 'turn, return. pass', Te. ·giib·Q (1905). 406 is not convincmg; probably common
ered' ;
ent of ·gnb of the other Semitic languages. Thus, with Cushitic: Bil. gab 'oppress'.
gab> (Lt) 'cave'; (which became go'a 'happen'; sec Cohen 1924 131),
Te Kahn 'slde', Tna, Kobo; also in Cushitic: Bil.Qua. Amh. giibba 'enter. return home, live. reside', Gaf.
,ah<1 'Side', Kham. g<hii See also Cohen, BSL 29 guM.e, (T) g".bii>e 'gathering, assembly. reun- gabli, gabli 11111 I .,1111. (Or) g.bla, .,1111-'1-,
giibbii, Har, giiba>a 'return home, live, reside', and
(1928,9).116,7, and Brodelmann 1950:21. ion, council> congregation, synod, session, meel- (T) gabli' 11111-'1- (probably a plural) 'gutter,
perhaps also Har. giriigiiba 'return', Gur. giJriigiihii,
ing, community (of faithful), collection'; going back to *gbgb (with disSimilalion of gb-gb to trough, pitcher';
g~bb(pI. gJhah, 'agbab) "HI 'pit, ditch, cavern, (guM>e qiinii 'kind of qane-poem'); Velat 64; gr·gb) which represents a reduplicated root gb', gh. SEMITIC: Soq. gib·eleh 'hollow place 111 which there
. ,
aby". cave, lair, hole, den'; guba>eyii .... ; 'pertaining to gathenng'; For 'gathering', cpo Te.Tna.Amh. guba'e. Amharic IS water.
178 gabr. ~g.:~:=aro=-.·~~~__________________1~;:9________________________
• Jt3bt.oa
E~fOPK Te g§bla -water basm near a Ctstern for compulsion, constraint. necessit)" (K') Iaxes rugbarot 'Iabor';
(gabra 'dd 'manual work. trade'); . (JgbJrI ·productlon. produce. ),eld' g~bsi' "Ioflilll(T ~I) 'mule'
ammals Ina gabla 't",ugh', -\.mh. gaNa 'place
"here cattie pend the nrghf {would it be near the (gabra ~Q\riirJyiit 'Acts of the Apostles): would II mean 'barle\~'-red' (.
SE.'!IT1 C At. gabtua 'force todo sometlung. suomit' - - .. ul\.l ~om g --('. t :- a
-ougb (gahra Ipmiimar 'Ritual for the PaSSion 'abr 'powerful man. constraml. cOCicioo', Heb. gJ.- Slmdar d<><:nptJon, <1). Amb. g~ dor chid""
gclx-Iem ·UI.tl.l/" (T) 'place from which a proc·
Week'); far ·pr,,·air. gibbO r 'manly', Aram·Syr gabber ·pre· lttat bas smaD white $pots on Its ...... g featbcrs
(ba'iila gJbr "'ersed in magic'); ~:llr. Md. gbr 'be strong. prevad·. Ph ...~r·r 'mighty gat''8s.1f!(U"I 'pJaster\\1th stuOC(" rdenomtna-
lama!Jon " read', (bo'iila gabra 'ad 'craftsman'); deeds', .-\kk. gaptiru ·surpa~·. gohru, ~/Jprl4 <:)lrong' ttve);
rcrhaps refers to a proper name, for the \'erb 'make' used in the expression of
(ba-gabr 'by force. by necessity. necessarily')' ragabsasa, passi".
gabr (pI. 'agb,,!) ·slave. sen'ant, bondsma~ magical acti,ity. cpo Aram. 'bd. Heh ma'Qsr lsee
gablala ?f11l1- (T) 'grow numb. grow stiff'.
SLreiC}n IQ55:Dl·XXn).
gahs<in. aot. pan. of ~"bsasa
vassal'), .
EnHOPlC; Te. giibra "do. make', giibbara 'ensla,'e. I ?iJb,us ·plastered. co,~red "U~ whlt"".sh ,
gabnal, g".bn.at "Il1~T : 1'lI~T, (L) gahioat (oagabr get 'fifth Sunday of Lent', Itt. 'of the gal>5>s, gab.., 'hme. pla<ter.
,ubdlle·. Tna. giibiira 'make. do', Amh. gdbbiira
111. ~T 'cheese, coagulated milk': good servan t');
gabana (K'I 'make cheese' (denominative);
-(arm', agiibbiirii "force", Hat. agCibiira 'tame', Gur ~ro~ Gk. K~PSO' 'piasle( . 1J£0 10 Ar t~· ·plaster".
gabir 'practice. conduct, prescription agamst gabbard. For Gee,z g.br ·ta~e,',. cpo
Tna. Amh. g-~SL'q~Z}). S~T ?"kp~in. ~rJin "lime' -'ram g;p-
from Ar guhn 'cheese', also Amh. gabna. In the , black magic, practIce of magic': giibbiira 'pa) taxes, Ie.Arg. giib/>ara. Gur giiblirii. ~OS. gj~U, gr~fU, PbH. ~(tys "hIM. plaster', ',:ip[>t3
other $emille languages: Mh. ,iiben. Heb. gtlgrnti. 1 gabbiir 'workman, laborer. farmer. peasant: Amh.Te Gur. gabiJr 'taxes', Ina.Har. gJfrri. The plaster t\"). For Ar gl$.H<€ibs, ~Ibt) fun('. If.: ,of
S}r g2!?euii (l~om ~?hcnlQ}. Aram. gubnii. Akk one who pays taxes': root passed into CUShlUC; Kam. gabbarro 'tame', the ..me origm. see Fraenke! 9·IQ; Yollers, ZDA/&
gubnatu For an Akkadian form gaban. see H. (liqa gabbiir ·taskmaster. foreman'): Tern. gabiirre. Sa. gibr--e '\\'ork.', Had. giNrj·kko 51 (189;t 2%. Von Soden ~g: dent,jes .\.r ieVl
Huffner, J 40586 (j966) 27-33. As for tbe ongm of gabral 'work, working, construction, building. 'Pay 13..'(e5'. Kam. gibirro. 'gW, Aram"S)T g,I}Sa from Akk 1{'115JU ForGk..
the noun, Koehler 167 and BJ.umgartner 16/ (~i{h workmanship': ' ,'l.lpSOS commg from Senuttc. ~ O. Bla~. ZD\/G 15
a quesuon mark) derive it from tbe rool gbn 'be gabbiirall"i 'workman. laborer. farmer. peas. gabrodiibi 'Iofle' -'l'l, (I). gabrondiibi 111C'"}-'l'l. (lSil).542 See aho g,mu,lf I
hUI1(bai" \\ hereas Buhl I~"" deri·,es. it from gbn • (ID another Sw) 'area around a house' •
II 'curdle and separates It from ?bn I 'be hunched'
ant: gabati I (pi. gGblit'~) 10:" 'pan. platter, plate,
gabranat 'service, action. servitude, enslave- EnnoPIC: A.mIt giibrodahi 'area around a ()'I) wooden co_er of a parchment manu·
ment. bondage': compound'. Note the ending ·ahi 10 gabronaht. For script' ,
gabra pgbar I 111': 'act. do. work, make. be
this ending see Guidi 1906:9~1
acti,e. pracoce, labor. perfonn. manufacture, gabrannii. same; (ganaJa "a~'arira \\Il 'First John. chapter n.
produce. brmg forth. create. build. fasbion. 'agbiiri. act. part. of ·agbara: W \I Liller SUgge5lS, WIth res.:natlOn!>. Gt goba~
gabroniibi 'I1Ie''1'l, (T) 'chief of drumbeaters.
function, carr} out, prepare. achieve, execute, ·agabbiiri, act. part. of ·agabbara; Ikon, .~aNtha 'bowl. dish' For a p<''S.''ible Seml1lt.'
trumpet player',
procure, enact. keep (ordinances). observe (or· 'agbar/ii"'i ( = agb.r!, pI. of gabr + liMi) ongm of Gk. ~abal'um. SC't:' \I.asson 75.
dmances. fast)': 'pertaining to servants'; Ennoptc: Amh. giibronani. DTW 224 .denti.fies ·hi ETHIOPIC Te. gabiita 'measurt of corn', Amh >\r~,
Wlth ·w and tra.nslates it 'their sia".-e·, Note also gab&JO 'large wooden bowl. measure of grain'. Gur.
gaMara (K'I culti"ate land. till land, pay ·agbaro, ·agbarol, >agabro 'coercion, compul·
~i in gah,odiihi~ and gandorahl. It is strange that
taxes' :
~agba'il,causative. tv .Isi<;n, impulse. tyranny, violence, force, Decessl'
gabronah; has the same meaning as gandorahi. be·
low.
~aMta 'plate made of \\O\.~'. Har. ~JNta 'eatmg
bowl'. The root also occurs in Cushitic Or gaNta
'agabbaru ·constrain. force. compel, coerce. im- I ';'a~bar (pI. magiibart) 'tool instrument'.
·tahle. plate' IS conSidered b) E. Haberland. Galla
SuJ-Arhiopiens. p.·'[!2 an Amhan( loanword. ",!so
pose tribute'. I /1lJgbiir ·action. mode of action. feat. achieve· gabssa I lyagbas} '100 IK') 'gather, collect Had. gabalQ ·plate'. Kam. gllb(Jri-t(J
lagGbra. pass{\e of gabra; also 'happen'; ment, workmanship, function, practice. occupa· (straw, wood)'; I
lagahbara ·"ork. toil, labor, conduct business. tion, work, deed, operation, conduct, beha\"· I gabali II 'IO;/' (T) 'gnddle':
SEMITIC: PbH giMeS 'put In one heap'. Aram. g,.
trade, till land. cultivate; lor. duty, business, negotiation. activity, office, paS 'heap up', Akk. gupsu ·m..... Ug. gbr·t 'humps' , probably to be Identified "ith gubara I
'aslagabra 'apply oneself: charge, practice, magical activity, (Lt) blUrgy. (eaquot 341).
rutagabbara. causati,e of lagabbara; also gabali III 'IO;/' 'high hllr;
divine service'; ErnloPle: Amh. gabhasa ·gather. collect'. (a Igbiua/r
(Gr 335) 'dlstnbute work among artisans': maslagabbar, moslagiibar 'tiller, cultivator. biisii 'collect' I
[rom Amh. giibiit.a "high hill', alw In Cushitlc_
gahan, act. pan. of gahra. also 'craftsman'; worker, trader. merchant, laborious, laborer; I Qem. gubiitld 'hill"
gabur, pass. part. of gabra; maslagabbariiwi 'laborious, industrious'; gabasa II (yagbas) 'IOfl (K') 'lime, plaster'; I g.bt "111.')-. g.bts"i "Il1:1''I!, see I!"/(h I
gabr (pl. gabar. gabriit) 'affair, matter, thing, masragbiir 'market'; see gilbsas. below
act. "ork. workmanshIp, manner, mode, ac· lagbiir 'work, workmanship, performance, oc· g.bit "lilT (U) 'royal banquet':
tion, task, office, duty. event. deed, sen'ice. cupation, deed, labor, farming. business, task. gabs '1111\ (K 0) 'barley';
from I\.rnh. g,bal.
bustness. function. procedure, charge. activity, activity. job, trade. trading, affair, assign- probably from Amh. gabs: also Gur.Arg. gabs. Har.
gUs (from gbs); perhaps also Te. gasa 'harley bread'
gabt.>. 1ofl-rh (TI 'defeat. \I tn, ,anquish, o,er·
occupatton, doing of work. situation, product, ment' ,. •
produce. conduct. tribute. contribution. reli- ragabbiiri 'workman, fanner. (Gr.335) one who (from gOOsa); in Cushitic: Giroir gos, tara guosa. tum;
glOUS senice, magical activity. force, reality. See also sagam, siJgam. varianl of gajr.'tl (see belo~ I.
prepares an edition of a book in handwriting';
181
180
• ~ (, "thb) 'l",I'.0 (K') 'cut wtth an
gabara 10m (T KBT) 'hit, strike'; fro~ Ar. gatid; also Te.Amh. giidd 'luck, for.
in. • daba pg , g'dd, g'.dda, g'adad. '1-" ' .
g' . a 'ditch, excavate, proudly or full of assur . '1-"1. \ K'J 'walk
gabl gahD[. g.hr 'coilc, stomach ache, nausea, tune,. Tna. gaddl,
_Te.. gad; In Cushltic: Had . gada'a edIg , . ance, strut'
hoo. worm. (TOT.588) rumbling of the bowels 'luck, Qem. gaz, With alternance d:z. ~ db (T) gudb 'axe; . ETHIOPIe; Amh I la) • ad . '
g' '_ (K') 'trench, ditch, gully, low place proudly. be puffed u/· aM '.alk 'towl) and
caused hy dysentery'; giidii ;II! 'gift, present, offering, tribute"
',dba ,
g water coUects ;
I,,~h" <,,"l '~harrhea. dysentery'; gadawa (K') 'make a gift' (denOrninativ~); .here
. I ted to AT. gadaba 'tear out by pulhng' gadaf. (yagda/) 1"", 'throwaway, thrust. reo
ETHIOPl(,: Amh gdbbdld 'hit, whack', gdbl 'upset
SEMITIC: Ar. gadd' 'gift, bounly', gada (gdw) 'give SEMITIC. ~ ~om the original meaning ·pull. draw to Ject, cast away, dIscard, cast down, cast aside
stomach'; perhaps rna. gabba!a 'knead', that IS, Ide",loP<
gift', SAr. gdY-I 'grant of land'. a retrench, gIVe up, abandon, omit, repudiate
'~lnke the dough'. For 'stomach ache' from 'cut,
ETHIOPIC: Amh. gada 'gift, ~resent' (from Geez). "eself);. Te {I.)gadiiha 'split into', g.d.>b 'axe', ~esPlse, lose, avoid, deduct, forget'; ,
Incisc', sec qara.ra. See also gaba,bti{.
The connection with ~e. gada adJruralion, astonish_ E11l10Plc . .'cut', Amh. g •a-dd"b"
"Jijbii a a 'd'Ig. cul , ( aIso agda(a, causa live; also 'help to forget';
gabari 10''1 (T) 'a game using beans or peb- ment' suggested by Llttmann·Hofner 598 is dOUbt. Tn~"~~iib" 'cut, carve', with augmented n), taga_d/a, paSSIve; also 'stray, go astray';
bles played on a board';
fu/. t~n~dabiY:\ gidiiba, gidoba 'axe'; also ,in Cushillc; gadiifi, act part. of gadafa;
mog udub 'axe', Som. gidib. The root IS related to
ETHIOPIC Tna.Amh.Gur. giibii!Q, Te. giibiita; also geda 1.,1'. ; see gyd. BII. g below) wilh altemance of lablals. gadu/, pass. participle of gadafa, .Iso 'cast.
in Cushitic: AI. giibii!o, Mo. gObOlD. For the gaba,ii- gdm (see away, ?utcasl, lost. perverse, that goes astray';
game, see R. Pankhurst, Elhiopia Observer 14 (1971). gaddu "I~ (T.Sw.in D 1398) 'piece of wood cut gadada (y.g d.>d) 1,1'.,1'. (K·.;. M) 'force, compel, gad/at reJectJon, omISSIon, mistake. error, neg.
15-1-206; Azania 17 (1982).27-42. off with an axe or with a saw'; cruel be defolllled ; ilgence' ;
I ) be
K ' . d' '.
gab!o "111fll (K') 'kind of bean'; SEMITIC: Ar. gadda 'cut', S~. gedd 'decide firmly On g,dud'serious, severe, ,(T) Impure, Ifty, SEMITIC' Ar. gaddafa 'blaspheme. reVIle', Heb.
something' (from the original meaning 'cut'), SAr. b, .dud [LIJ 'by force ), gidder, Ararn.·Syr. gaddep, Md. gdp 'scrape, cut
from Amh. g~b!o, same. h-gdd 'validate a decree < decide < cut', Heb. gdd
in hi!goqeq'make incisions in oneself', Aram. gadad
i.k. gaddat, (T M) gaddannat 'severity, vehe-
,.
away, blaspheme, revile', For 'throw> repudiate,
blaspheme', cpo Ar. qadafa 'throw. defame'. G. ..a.
gaba!biil, gaba!bii! 10'l'll'r , "111'1'11'1' 'stom- 'cut', Syr. gad (gdd), Md. gdd 'cut off, put an ~nd mence , ,
M. 150 translated gadada by 'get worse. In daya 'throw', 'QStawadaya 'calumniate' See also
ach disease, hookworm, (Lt) overthrow' (n.); to', Akk. gadadu 'chop'. Wagner 39.
ETHIOPlc: Te. giidda (gdy) 'tear off', g.der 'a piece ~ew of the meaning of thIS root (see gadud) M
from g"f with reduplication of the last two radicals; ETHIOPIC: Te. gad(a 'throwaway', Tna. gada/a
of meat (severed from the bone)', Amh. g.d, name ems to have misunderstood the Amhanc ha-
: I~ven by V). While its basic meanmgis 'be
see gabaro, above. 'abandon, throwaway" Amh. giidda/ii 'forgel some·
of a cut of meat; Amh. g.dday 'booty, trophy' is thing one has learned, skip a hne', Gur. ~ijd~fa
gab.... a 10W, gab.... at 10'1'-l-; see gabo. derIVed from gdl 'kill', and not from gdy, as sug. bad, become worse', italso serves f~r the mten- 'break a fast'; passed mto Cushltic: Kam. gadda/u·
gested in D. Cohen 1976: 100. sification or seriousness of a condItIOn (such as la 'food taken after an anthelmintic', that IS. 'break
gabaz I 1011 'riverbank'; disease) and it is the meaning 'be serious' that a fast', Qem. gadiif'break a fast'. See also t.dl
godd 1f:; see gadada.
gaba:a (K') 'delimit, measure, cut around'; is correct for gadada. Indeed, K 300 renders
g°adf 'J'f:<j: (T.K) 'sweepings, rubbish, refuse';
SEMITIC: Ar. gabaza 'cut, set aside', gOad>a (yag"da') , gOad'a (y.g"da') .,..f:h I Geez g.dud by Amh. yii-bDSii, yii-~ii"na. yii-
ETHIOPIC Amh gdbbiizii 'be a riverbank, be a 'l"f:o 'strike, smite, thrust, knock, crush, shake, bariitta, expressions implying strength; SeMITIC: Ar. gadaf 'dregs', Ar (Yemen) kuddafCl
boundary' See also gaba: II . touch, butt, heave with sobs'; 'rubbISh'.
S'"InC: Ar. gadda 'appear senous', gidd 'zeal, EnnoPlc; from a roOl g"d/(g'adafaJ recorded only
tag"ad'a, passive; also 'be injured'; effort', Geez giJdud 'serious' IS not to be derived by K who considers it an Amharic loanword. The
gabaz II 1011 'watch, keeper, overseer, admin- tag"ada'a 'strike one another, clap one against from SemItic gdd 'cut', as suggested by Buhl 129, root also occurs 10 Tna. g"adur'rubblSh', Te. g,tbf
istrator of a church, person who manages the other, be entangled, clash'; and Brockelmann 1928: 103. Amh g".d.>f 'cast-out thmgs', Har., gu~uf 'plac.e
the mternal affairs of the church, sacristan'; 'astag"ada'D (Gr) 'injure violently'; EnnoPlc: Te. g.dd 'compulsion, force', gddda (gdd) where rubbish is placed', GUT gudlif dlrl . There IS
qayJa gaba:. qasjsa gaba: 'administrator of a g"ada,j (K'), act. part. of g"ad'a; 'arracher ala fille l'aveu de I'auteur de sa grossessc', also the possibility of identifying II with glldafa.
church' ; g"adu' (K·), pass. part. of g"ad'a; Tna. g,ddi balii, gddiidii 'forcc, compel', Amh. (as)- above.
gaddadii, HaT. giidiida, Gur. (as)giddiidii; also in
ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh. gabii: "administrator of a gWad>at 'striking, stroke';
Cu,h,tic: Or. giddf 'force', Had. gidda, Bil. gidd Y godfara 1f:LI. (MAl 'scratch';
church'. DllImann 1174, perhaps flghtly, connects mag"d., (T) 'hammer'; 'compel, force',
gaba= I and gabaz II; in this case the basic meaning is either wrongly copied by MA instead of go~r~~~
SEMITIC: Ar, goda<a 'cut off, mutilate', Heb. gaga' ~l\''''t. (see below) or is borrowed from Amh. g ,-
would be 'riverbank', that is 'guard, protector', See godud I "IJ!.f: ; see gadada.
'cut', Aram.-Syr. gaga' 'amputate',
abo Walker 109-10, ConlJ Rossini 1923:375. diiffiir•.
ETHIOPIC; Te. giid>a 'push, pound', Tna. gWiid'e
'crush, damage', Amh.Arg. gWiidda 'harm, damage', g.dud IT "IJ!.f: 'plunderer, raider'; gadgada 1J1:1f. (T.YKM) 'erect poles that will
gabaza 10" (MA) 'be weak, be feeble';
Gur. g"iida; passed into Cushitic: Had. goddiiJQ, Brockelmann 1928: 104 gives the impression that form the walls of a house'; '.
ETHIOPIC: Amh. giibbiizii 'be feeble'. Tern. goddo>e. but Bil. gad 'smite, hit' is common Geez g,dud is to be identified with Ar, gUild 'army', gadgad, gadagad 'wall, enclosure,
with Ethiopic. ~eb. gJ~~!!, but in fact it is a transcription of .. . d nd to be compared
gadd 1f: (Ll) 'luck'; Teb. ~'ifuif. Geez gadud is not to be identified with SEMITIC: reduphcatlOn 01 g a d as a
gad (T) 'well· being, safety'; goda' 1f:iJ (T) 'slow-moving, calm'. e. gada 'brigand' as given by D. Cohen 1976:99. with Ar. gudd 'earthen embankment use
IR2
------ gdrn
- ~g'=d:.:m~a____~~~~~~______________~18~3~__________________~_~ __
"'-,und.I'), \ram gii,iJ, l!uddJ 'wall'. Syr Kurio, ttlgadla (KO), passIve; -
lecCS', Tna. g"iirdiimii. Amh. Kiiriiddiimii, gltruriiJ_
tagadala (M) 'kIll one another',
'113 guda 'partiu(lO. \\all'
f:ntlnPK Tna. gildR~dda 'wall'. Amh. gadgJdda, gadali (K 0), act. part. of gadala;
~amii 'break', Gur. f!ilriiddiimii "pli! In half' :~~~lt~ded~'i(~~adblJma 't'oc In hor:..zontal posttlon.
--... a O\e).
g~rg;"JJa. Hac Kld"gdd. digiiciag. Gur. giJdgiJdda; gadlll (KO), pass. part. of gadala; gadama (pgda m) 11.oo ,(T.Y) 'be in a hOTlZon-
p.1ssei:! into ("UShlllC. Kam. giJdgt1dda 'wall', Som. gaddannat "I.1:-~t, <ec gaduda
gadala 'carcass, corpse, killed creature' , lal pOSItion, be mchned .
gidJng/d, Or glrK/dd", Sa. g/dgidij. 'agdama (TY) 'place in a transverse pOsitIOn.
is an Amharism: for the meaning 'kill' 10 the Eth' gediir 1..I;C (KG) 'nomads ,
g·.dg·.da ',.1:1-1. 'knock (at the door), (TM) pian languages. cpo Arg. /{addiila. HaL giida/a G10· lay down honzontally, cross the legs',
variant of qeJiir III, helow
clap hand, rhythmically, stnke, accompany a giiddiilli. Praetonus 1879: 72 compares gdl 'klli' w~~ gadiim 'horizontal side, (T ') cross',
dance with hand clapping'; Gecz ql/, but since qtt. q!/ also eXists In Guragc One g.dm (pI. gadam) 'Side. dlTectlon, breadth, width, gedor 1. ... C 'troop'
'lJ/lg"adg"ada 'thunder' (v.); would have to conclude Ihat the root has doublels transverse side',
transcriplion of Gk !:cddur, from Hcb ,~~diilj
lIa!:"'''d~''iid 'thunder (n.l, clap of thunder, strik- For the relationship between !!,d/ and qll, see als~ gadm-a 'breadthwise, acro,ss, obliquely, per- (misread g,lgur'l).
BeguJOot 5291f. versely, contrary, evaSIvely;
109, (T) nOISe';
gaddame 'transverse pOSItion' , g.ddat "'1.t, gaddannat "I.1:-~ t, see gadlldtl
ETHIOPIC. Tna. K" Jdg" .,d biila 'thunder' (v.), lIag" dd- gWadala 1-~1I 'be missing, lack, be wanting, be
,"complete; godiim; (K*), act. part. of gadama:
gOad 'thunder' (n.). Amh. tallg"iidiigg"iidii'thunder' g°adii! 1'.1;'1' (T). guda! 1-1.'1' (S" III D 13"8)
(\ ). nii!("iidg"ad ·thunder' (n.), Gur. IIlig"iidg"ad g.dmat (Gr,480) 'arm (of a cross)',
'ag"dala (K*) 'diminish, lessen' (trans); 'tongs' ;
'thunder' (n.). It is from lIog"iidg"ad that a second- gJdmlta (Lt) 'crOSSWISe, obhquely':
g' adale, gudale, g' adalo. godalo 'deficiency pOSSibly to bt! identified With g~cJl!/J'lwllh H d.,
ar) verb IIg" d developed' Tna. niiglllidii 'thunder' lack, lessening'; , mogdam (KO), act. part of 'agdama; abo 'crook- >
by dissimilation).
(\.). Amh . "aRK"ada: also in Cushitic: Bil. niig"iid. ed, bent':
g"adalo (Gt) 'u shorter version of the religious
.. ham. lIug,d, Af allgadii (see Dolgopolsky 176). ETHIOPIC. Te. ( (iJ )gadiima 'lie down 10 'Sleep', Tna. gadawa 11.l/l, see gllda.
chants for the day';
(tii)gadiimii. Amh.Gur . ( laJRaddiimii: Te. RJciJm
gadala I IpglM) 11.11 'stnve'; g"adalall'i 'defective, imperfect, incomplete'; g'adaya 1-1.f (Lt) 'h,t';
'edge, c;idc', Tna. gJdmi ·sid..:, Hank', Amh. agiidcliim,
tagadala 'wrestle. 'truggle, strive, contend, g',dlat (KO) 'lack, deficiency, imperfection'; related to g~ud·a. above.
giidiima 'directton, side', gildlt! 'width (of church or
fight, battle, combat, fight a spiritual fight'; ErHIOP1C: Tna. !!,"'iidiilii 'diminish, decrease, be mi~,!). house), hOrizontal road', Gur. g.u/mull 'hOrizontal':
'astagadala. cau,at"e of tagadala; JOg', Amh. GUT. g"iiddalli, Arg. g"liddala, HaT. also In Cushitic: Bit. giJdum 'sIde', Sa. xaclim 'Width', gadey 1.1:-1. 'eapncorn' (Sign of a lod,ac):
gadl 'strife, strivmg, conflict, contending, giidiila; passed into Cushitic: Bil. g" iidiil 'become Kham. gidi'm-J 'stretch out" Be. Redim 'Side', Note from Ar ·al·*ady Tapncorn' (<.. 'kid'). In thl!
combat, mortification, 'piritual fight, life (of a lean, thin'. See also g"adiile. that Dillmann 1202 combines gadama and gat/da- Original meanmg 'kid' it also occur, in Heb. j{,}/{i. o _
samt)'; rna. See also gdmdm and mgdm. Aram.·Syr. Kad,rii, Ug.Ph. gd)': AU.. Kacllj IS conMd·
g".dale, gudale 1'.1;11. : .,..1;11. 'evil spirit, man ered an Aramaic loanword
tagad,lo! t J 'conflict, stri fe, struggle, wres- gaddama 11,00 (KO) 'build a monastery' (de-
possessed by an evil spirit';
tlmg' , nommative);
ETHloPle: S. Eunnger, ZS 6 (1928). 92 connects 11 g·a~ig".d 1-"1'6, g".~iigw.~ '''''/''',; see gW/H'
tagada", part. of togadala; also 'ascetic'; gadam 'uninhabited place, plain, field, wilder- ,
mQ.lta/(ad.1 'champion, fighter, combatant, with g"adale. gudale 'deficiency, lack' (see g"adala, g 0,.0
ness, forest, desert, monastery';
wrestler. one" ho fights a sp,ntual fight, mar- above), which developed into 'consumption, an evil
spirit that causes consumption'. See also Dobberahn ('.msasii :.agadam, 'ariiwit :agaciiim 'wild gar'a (.ragja· J, gar,. 1":0 : 1":" 'oppress,
- , ascetIc" ,
tH
154; Getatchew Hatle, Paideuma 20 (1983) 114. beasts'); repress, press. harm, afflict, treat violently, do
mastagiidali (Gr), same; gadamaJl'i 'dweller in the desert, desert monk,
n. 14; MercICr 2901f violence. wrong. vex., pu~h';
S"MlfU Ar *adala 'be SlTOng', Soq. godil, Heb. who lives in a monastery'; 'agra-a (K 0), causalive;
gagel 'be bIg', Ug I(dl 'large'. The Arabic root gdm, gadamit 1.1;"'1. -l' (T) 'that which cuts, magd,m 'who stays 10 the desert, who wanders taga/,a. passl\'e; also 'suffer inJustICe, suffer
. ,
comes to mean 'to quarrel. fight' in the derived sCissors ; through the desert', violence';
stems sUl"h as g(idala. la,e:6dala. magdum (Lt) 'vagabond': tagafJ'a, reciprocal of gar'a; also 'colhde, be
SEMITIC: Ar. gadam 'small, dwarf (from 'cut'), relat-
ETHIOPI(. Te. gadala ·wrestle. fight', g.dla 'conflICt', crushed (by a crowd), press (upon)',
ed to Ar. gadama, ga=ama 'cut off, section', Soq, ETHIOPIC; Te. gadam 'monastery. convent', gadJm
giJd/i 'Slnk Itfe of a samt', Tna. tiigadalii 'fight', Jastaga/a'a, causative of lagiil;l~a; also 'accuse
gidem 'be cut', SAr. gdm(n) 'deliverance from dif· 'plain', gJdam 'outside', Tna.Amh. giidum 'convent',
Amh. liigaddii/ii 'struggle', GUf. tiigaddiifii 'endeavor
ficulty', PbH. garlam 'cut', Aram-Syr. g.rla", 'cui Ina. gadam 'outSide'. The meanings 'outside, plain, unjustly' ;
to do somethmg'. This root is probably to be
down', Md. gdm. Akk. gadiimu 'Cui off hair': monastery' go back to Ihe same root gdm (since ~afij<j 'oppressor, violent, tyrant, unjust';
IdentIfied wIth gadala II, but ,mce gadala II 10 Ihe
meaning 'kill' IS an Amharism it seemed appropriate
augmented by r 10 AT. (Syria) gardam, PbH girde"" monasteries are normally in the wilderness), contra- g~ti'" pass. part. of gaf'a; also 'who is sutTering
Aram.-Syr. !!,ardem. ry to Littmann-Hofner 599 who record for Tigre ,
to ~parate the two verbs. wrong;
ETHIOPIe: Te. g.ddom 'pickaxe' (probably not bor' three differenl roots: gadam 'convent', gadml 'plain, gal' 'oppression, violence, wrongdoing, wrong,
rowed from Ar, quddiim, as suggested by Littmann· country', and gadam ·outside'. persecution, vexation. injustice';
gadal. II (r,wd,1 J 11.11 'kill, slaughter, immo-
late' , Hofner 599), Amh. giigiimo 'axe': also 10 Cushltic: (ba-g'f-, gaf-a 'unnghteously, wrongfully, un-
Af. gadumii 'axe', Som. gudiimo. The root is aug· gdmdm, 'agdamdama "..,1.,/,,1.00 (T,Y.K)
'dgdala (KO), causative, 'cross, fold (the legs)'; justly');
mented by r in Te. giirdiima 'break off, break In
184 g o agg °,»a
-- gogal 185
- - --
g:-{'f11 ·oppresslon. ('ommlttlllg of mjustice', ghiig , gagfa ;)''/ h' ;1~ 'pillory, shackle, fetter ogal 'I7l\ (1.Sw. In D 1408) 'broken hits and
IOCU/a<' '<'prre scd, Ireated unjustly': c am 0 Iron. C am ,or the neck, collar ' glCces, crumbled up matenal, any round or gegoya 'l7f 'err, go "strav, go \00 ron. lIn deat
(or iron),: ,yoke p b" wrongfull' d ' • ~"
,(,nnc ..\r taftrD 'hnng down an adversary. up· circular 0 ~ect . .. . thlthe y, ece"e, begUile, go hither and
root \d tn.."C')'. rdated 10 Ar ga/lPo 'turn upside
,
SlMITIC. Akk. Xligu ornament, (probably) M wrongly translates It kind of btrd', he , r,. \\ander about erratically, (urn aside ..
k
nee. Qgt'galQ II\. .), causati\c',
down, 11ft Sl1mconc up and throw him to the lace' probably mISunderstood the Amh .•'nk""k""
Te. gQgen 'fetters (for captives)' 'broken bread removed from the gnddle, small 'ung.cg.ayu, cau~lI\'e~ abo 'lead to sm ,
ground' ETHIOPIC';
Tna gt'g~.n: act. part. of .~('ga)"tl.
FTHrOPll' Te giil'd ·push away. treat unjustly', gQg.1n, Amh, KQgQ 'Ieg·irons·, ' round stones' (the translation of gogal gIVen
Tna gal a, Amh.Arg gaffa 'push, shove. oppre,,', by Tayyii) by reading it unko'ar 'kind of bird', Regay (mqult)'. ,in, error, lransgrc '11.)0 gUilt
HaT gnfa·a. gil/a. GUT Kiifa: passed Into CUShltlC: trespas~, offense. crime'·,
g"ag"a :H (K *) 'swan, ibis'; from g/g/. or g"/g"!, and cpo Amh . g"iJldgg"iila
RII gdfa· 'olfend' giRul 'faulty, emng, gUilty, "nner, deceIVing,
ETHIOPIC Amh. gagono; probably onomatopoetlC. 'break up clods',
cflrn.!na!: wl~ked, tran'\gre'l"or, mad',
gff, gaffa (y,'g/4) U. (K *) 'stnp off'; g.gga~a 77)\, (MA) gagga~a770 'tremble wilh mag iJg tlY 'Impious':
guga I. g".ga, gug"i, g".g"a 1-;1 , 1';1 , 1-:j , ·,/lg'.'U.1 (KO), 'aflR.lgfH' (M) 'who wanders
galuta (L1) 'booty, pillage'; terror, be confounded, be '" anxIety, flmch, :<.
1'~ 'owl. mghthawk, raven'; about';
S, ""TIC pcrhap'" Ar gaffa (VIII) 'empty a recep· recoil, refrain. (Lt) hesitate in fear, be afraid',
(.Ie!c-' ErHIOPIC': onomatopoetic, Tna. g"agg"a, gug" T.K. render It with Amh, lagg alii 'pause In an I.mg£'gay, (K) lJIJRt'.l!~Y 'aberration, going
, I' A h .... II.. ~ U astray, absent-mindedne,,';
ETHIOPIC. Tc Kil{fu 11dJ) 'take away everything, ow, m g agJ{a, g ,gg ", gUUUI,gugg"", Gur activily', but Y renders it with Amh. "gg alii
roo' Tna. g(/fatii 'plunder, Amh. [iiitJdfa 'striP off, g"iillg"ii; also in Cushltic: Or. gugii, Sa.Af gU8 u 'dazzle, blind'; ,Sr\fJnr Raom £19 (1963). 153 comldcrs. Hch, i,iKag
pillage', passed 1010 Cushiuc: BII.Sa. ga(af'plunder, Be, giig. See also k"'ii.k"ii. I 'raven' K,
commit an errN' a ~«:Qndary (.ar,cI formallon- 1f1
'agagga~a (K*). causative;
:.-;trtp· g,gga~,. (L) g,ggiide 'fear, fright, pulling relation to ggy; also Ar .~aIHi f Kit')·. '~ heart.
guga 11 1-;1 (T) 'flea'. broken (from 100c, gricO' '
back' ,
ETHIOPIC' Te. gt'ga, gtlKtl 'be ml,takcn, err'. Kt'ga
gafba (Y) 'be wide', g,gg'SJnna 'fear, (T Y) throb, pulsation',
g"agg".>. ""1'h, (T) g"agg".<a ""1'0 'hurry, 'mistake', Ina. gag-ihii , (Ia IXtlgina 'err'; pa,. ed mt("l
ErHIOPI( Tna./idillf 'Oc widened', Te. guf,II 'Iarge'; rush, do rashly, be quick, hasten, carry out SEMITIC from g~f!.g~, and it comes close to Akl. Cushuic: Sa. gag(n· 'err', The denvatlon from A\\'
Amh. gdfJa 'gro"' mentioned by Llttmann·H6fner K~ti~u 'gnash the teeth, rage' genga, gt~ga 'sem 1St nlcht' and yo '''agen' _ '\em ist
hastily, flee, beat fast (heart), be in a stale of
b04 comes from gl' and does not belong here; it nicht es sagt' suggested by PJallkow\kl·Brauner,
trepidation, be restless, be assiduous, be zealous g.gwa .,.,.,. (T) 'cloth of red silk and gold
meam. 'pu~h' and only with "dme 'age' does it mean 1953 264·5 j, unlikely. Sec alS(l gO.i?/IIHl 1.
'grow, gct on In years'; cpo rather Amh, [?iiffa
be solicitous, be thoughtful'; , thread' ;
'protrude, bulge ('tomach),. possibly from gfli. ag"agg"a'a, causative; also 'press, hasten, urge goha 'Ill; see gll'lI I
see also gawii.
to, confound, disturb. agitate'; goho>el 'Itfh.l\ (KG) 'lowland'.
gafat. (l"g!,t)
face' .
U.-'- (K *) 'float on the sur·
tag"agg"J'a 'be alarmed, (Gr) hurry, make
haste' ,
gogawal (y,gogu) 'I711l (T K*) 'err' (probably
a back formation of 'angagmm, below), gahada, g.hda ("Jilgud) 7111., "1U1. (D K) 'he
gM·agg '" ii'i, act. part. of g"'agg"';PQ; 'angagawa 'wander, wander about restlessly, mamfest, be saId openly, be revealed, become
ETlHu"lC' Amh gdtJi1tii. g",ggu', g"agg"a' 'hurrying, speedy, hasty, rest- ramble about. hesitate, go astray'; also 'cause VIsible' ,
less, assid uous, zealous, solicitous'; to wander, cause to go astray, make Insane, 'oghudu 'proclaim publicly. make public, ex·
gaft.>a (gaft.,s) 7tt:Th (7<;:TO) 'destroy ut- (g" ,ggu··a, h,-g"aggll' 'hastily, with haste, speed" make a fool of; pose, make manifest, declare (speak) openly,
terl) , pervert, subvert, cast down, overturn, Iy, fasl'); 'imgugaw 'erring. wandering'. reveal, disclose';
Ihro" do"n, upset, turn away (from),: ',nguga» 'aberration, wandering', ,ag,hda, passive, reReXive of 'ugllada;
g"agg".>a 'tumult. hurry, haste, disquiet, zeal,
faga/f;pa, passive, , . , gahad; (K *). act. part. of J{ahudu;
agitation; 'angugowe 'aberration',
ga.tlii>l, act. part. of ga(I"a, nagagaw. (T) n,gogalt' 'hesitation, erring, mov· g,hud (fern. g,h.dd, for g.lI,cil) 'manifest,
g"agg"a'e, (Gr.509) gugga>, 'haste, hasten 109,
g'jlu', pass. part of gaJI,·a: also 'perverse, 109 about restlessly, state of confusion'; open, evident. visible, clear, plain, obvious';
speed, assiduity';
crooked' , ',ngogawi, mangogalt' 'vagabond', (hagJllud [Lt] 'openly, puhlic1y');
g",gg"a>al 'haste, speed';
g,jlii'e 'subverslOn, overthrowing'; galuld'mamfest, public, open, clear; the day of
'ag"'agg"o ·i. part. of 'ag"agg"'J>Q; ETHIOPI(,: Te, 'ango[?a 'run about at random', guguy the revelation of Christ's mission, the eve of a
gafl.'al 'sub\erslOn, overthrowmg'; 'gone astray', Amh. galVgawwQ 'who wanders about
SEMITIC: Ar. (ta;ga'ga'a (reduplicated g.) 'flee'. holy day during which one fasts (e.g. Chflst·
SOilTlC Dilimann I~II (followed by Stade 41 and ETHIOPIC: Amh. g"'oKg"a 'hurry, rush', Gur. g"iig~ii
aimlessly, fool', connected with Cush,tic, Qab,
mas, Epiphany),; see Walker 76;
Blac,here 1565) suggests a connection with Ar. ga- (reduplicative gO_gO or gy_gy, and probably to be gUlI'wa 'stupid', Had, giiwH'Q, The rool is relatcd to
gegaya, Oclow. (soma gohad 'fast on the eve of Epiphany');
to'(J lin and throw to the ground' (see ga!'a, above), Identified With g" yy 'flee', below), The comparison gahad-a, ba·gohad 'openly, plainly, clearly,
with augmented I, For the various Arabic dialects. with Te, giiggiJ'{J 'stutter (in a certain way)' suggest-
see Leslau 1938114, gogawa II 'I711l (K *) 'be numerous, come In a manifeslly, publicly';
ed by Littman·Hofner 603 is unlikely. Te. giigg,'a
ETH((JPlc Te, gaJl~'Q 'put on top, turn over, upset', large group'; g,hdar 'revealing, mamfestatlon, openness,
goes back to g'.g- and is to be compared with Tna
Tna gafl.·, gah" .. Sec also gabl,'a, above. Amh, {lan)gagga 'come in a large group', being public (n.), being revealed' (n,);
'ag'ag bula ·stutter'. ETHIOPIC:
~.h.r.
186
187
- -
gWahan. (yag"I..", pg"lIallj ''''/I~ (Y) "h
- •
-
.
a:.~ .iI
(I,a.~'hdatPllhllcl~ '), perse, carry off, drive away, sweep, scoop up';
g;lhd.mnli. same: as g~/l(/d/; 1'1I~ (K') 'cover, hide, conceal, wrap'u ~ naC
'ogltofa (K'), causatIve;
'uslag"iihlawa'
.. . as tag"Ih
a .m\alVolthmetathcs )
>aghiidi, moglladi, magll"d (K'), act. part. of rag" iillnoll'G (T) '~e interpreted (myster~l: be rag.~/a, passIve:
causattve of la~"iihla\1."Lr I •
revealed (mystery) ; probably denominati gahilJi (K '), act. part. of gahafa: g"all""ri, g"iihliiwi 'g' hi: .'.
I iJ. ali, trea(herous, fraud.
>aghada,
g " • Itan
- . ' Ve of , I
n~'ghad (K') 'place or means of revealing, mystery: gallllJ. pass, part. o~ gahafa; u,,~nt. cO,rrupt. deceitful. crafty. tr~lIlor',
manifestation' • 'astag"iihnowa
. .mysteries
'reveal the . ' I'n't '
I late gah/ar 'takmg away (n,); g"'h/~'" fraUdulent, craft). deceitful',
SI.MTTJ( o\r 'tlKhdda 'appear',
someone
. , tnto the mystenes. mterpret the mys· m;g~ii/ (K ') 'mea~s of scooping up grain, g:hlalr~ (K'), same as g".hlllf,
EnfHlrl(: Tna. ,~ii"adii 'be clear, be mamfest, be
tenes . means of sweeping: g .~Iur fraud, deceit. craft, perdillOn, lreach-
('pen', 1:olwd 'C'\'C ('If Christmas or of Epiphany'. Te. g"alliilli (K'), act. part. of g"ahalla; SEMITIC: Ar, gaitara 'skin. stnp, scrape, Ar (Dat) ery, ruse, gUIle':
'aghada 'make known', gallad ' manifest. open', g" ,lIall, gultiin, g".lIlla, (K ') g".lIall /i",ltll gahaj'sweep off. carry off', Sh. gaha/'take evcry. (~a-g"'!lllIr 'deceItfully');
Amh. Kada 'hl' revealed', gahad 'matter that is 'hidden, sacred secret, mystery'; , lhtng'. g '2~Yii, g"ailliiy 'cheater, fraudulent, robber"
known', g,l/lIId 'revea led' (from Geez). gad 'fast g",lInar (Lt), g"'!l11ar (KG) 'mystery': Te. gii~lQfa 'take away', gahala 'scrape
rag, a~/JlI'n( r) 'cunntng, deceIt, perfidy, treach.
ETHIOPIC:
before a festival' SEMITIC Syr. galujnjj 'inclination, prayer of incl" . together for oneself, Tna. g" allar'ii 'scoop up. ery :
iog' (said by the priest with bent head and low vom sweep', Amh. ga/ii 'scoop up gram that is being
lce ETHIOPIC'
gahafa 11M., gahafat 1IM.T; see ga~afa, = Lal. oralio secreta). The identification with kiil parched on a griddle', Gur. gafii 'take as much as ._ ,. Tna , ~""h I" g• uMawa
a.aa. . 'rob pIllage'
'priest' (of which glm is a 'volkstiimliche und hCld~:: possible with one or two hands'. See also galJ,a.ft, ta~"ahal·'··'·
sneak
. aya spy upon, Tc. (t.J)giihala "'ambush
sche Form') suggesled by Praetonus 1890:24 (fol. below, , " ab ou. CR' elnl!'ch 1887: 162 connects It WIth,
ghgh I, gahgaha .?II"1U, gahagaha 1/1"1U. (T) ~II. g are~~. Sa,Af. g"'areh ·cheat. deccrlic'; 811. gtlnal
lowed by Brockelmann 1908: 169) is unltkely
gahga~a 1U"I'" (should read giihg.~a) 're- g.~art 1"''':'''', (T) gahaft 1U":T 'basket': crouch (hon) to jump on the prey' IS borrowed
move. prohIbit. restrain, make cease, suppress, gahannam. gahiinnam 1U~9" : 1Y~9" 'Gehen. from TIgre . Co~en 1947: no. 236 considers It a POS""I-
SEMITIC: perhaps Ar (Dat) go/if 'gourd', bUI could
keep back, (MAl open « remove)'; na, hell, the mfernal region, (T) torture'; ble borrowmg trom Cushltlc. For various attempts
also be denved from gaitafa (see abovc), that is, a~ comparisom. see Brockelmann 1950; 36. Sec also
SEMlnc' AT .fah.~d"a 'drive away, chasc', tagahgaha gahallnamiiwi 'hellish, infernal'; 'basket in which one places scooped-up things', for g a~ala, g'lh",
'an 'abslaln from', Syr. g,hii (ghy) 'be released, be which cp, Te, miigita/,duSlpan'
from Heb. gehinnom 'hell'; also in Tna. giihanniim.
dispensC'd from', The comparison with Heb. gaha
(ghJl 'heal' (translaled by Dlllmann I \38 'remove, giihalllliib, Te, giihanniib (Te, giihanniib, wllh g, is g"a~Iaya 1'ihAJ', g'a~liy 1-.'h""; see /i'lIhla-
taken from Ar. gahannam, with alternance of la. g·.~al •• g"a~Ia r (y,gW!lOlj """'11 : 1'.'h1l (K') wa. .
repel') suggested by Dlllmann. Ib, (followed by Buhl 'burn, destroy by fire';
bials), Amh. giihanniim. ganniib, Gur. giihanlliim
\32, Koehler 173, Baumgartner 174) is unhkely. g'a~iili (K '), act. participle;
ETHIOPIC, Amh. gagga (from g?g') 'chase away, (Gur. gahanniib is taken from Arabic with alter. g·a~ana 1-th~ (T M), g"ahna "'U~ (K') 'shout,
nance of labials); Ar. gahannam is borrowed from SEMITIC: Heb, gaitrlr! 'coal': for Ar, ga),h(/I, nllghal have a lOUd harsh voice" ,
remo\'e from the house' See also ghgh II .
Elhiopic (Noeldeke 1910:47; Jeffery 105), 'stick for raking coal', see Rabin 26. tag:lihana. lag" iilmawa (K· for lag" ii~ana,
ETHIOPIC: Amh, galli 'be red-hot', Arg, giihala: rag almawa) 'shout to one another';
ghgh II, tagahagaha '''1U1U (TM.D.1J98; g"hnw. tagWahnawa "':}II~m; see g"ahalla, passed into Cushllic: Qem. giil'be red-hot' See also 'astagl'>'ahnml,-'o (K· for lastag"ci~nawa), caus. of
should read ragiihg.ha) 'argue, quarrel, dis- ga~r.
gahrata ;Jill.,. (T) 'be in a hurry, be prompt'; tag"'a~naK'a;
pute': g'ahiini (K' for g'ahiini) 'one who shouts',
ragiihrara (D) 'be intent on something, pay
could It be a la·stem of Khgh I whose meaning g"a~ala. g"a~la 11 """'11 : 1'.'hIl, see g"a~la g".hnii, g".lIn (T), g",lmii (K') 'loud voice.
close attention, be eager, be full of zeal, do wa.
·prohiblt. rest ram' developed mto 'argue, quarrer? harsh voice';
something first, seek to precede';
It could also be related to gw~ II. tagQwafJa 'argue.
dispute', 'agiihrata (H) 'tighten, squeeze'; ETHIOPIC Amh, guh~na 'loud voice' (from Geez),
rd-g*'ag"anii (from g"ancl) 'come to a head
melathesis of hagrata (sec below),
(quarrel)'; perhaps a metathe~is of gafl~1U (see be·
gahaha (pghiih) 1UU (K'T,Y M) 'dawn, shine, g·a~l.wa. g"a~Iawa "".'hllm • :}.'hllm 'be low).
ga~e (pI. g~!leyiit) "lth., (T) gahe "I~, (K) ga~iy
be bright, disclose, Illuminate';
gaJtah, gahiih 'full moon, fifteenth day of the 1"''' 'rock badger, hyrax';
crafty, use a trick, scheme, deceive with false
promises, be cunning, cheat';
month', ETHIOPIC: Tna, g;lJe, Te, gaite, galler: from CushltlC rag'ii~lawa 'defraud, commit a fraud, use
(warba gahah 'full moon'); BiLBed, gehe (so also Brockelmann 1950:24), Litt- trickery, dupe, deceive, (Y,M) steal; K trans- g'a~apa .,.."',. (T.sw, in D 1398) 'make pointed
(,.Iara gallUh 'day of full moon'); mann-Hafner 565 consider it an onomatopoetiC lates it as a passive; H 222 wrongly renders remarks, incite with words, goad, prick',
expressIOn. rag"'iihlawa 'to rise' having been misled by the
SEMITle AT 'gahiya) , 'aghii 'be serene, be con· gWaJ:lq"a (yag"'~aq') 1'.'h'" 'bend (intr,), be
spelling wl'" sarraqa 'rise', the Amharic
~picuous·. Syr gahgah 'dawn'; related to ngh (see go~a ""', go~ ".'h, (T) goh "11; see gwh I. distorted, be stooped, be bent, be curved, be
n"gila). translation given in the Sawiisaw for rag"ii~/a
wa;, tn fact, wl'" siirriiqii in this context is a bowed (because of old age), become weak
g~afa ()'~ghaf), gahafa 1"'L : 1UL, (L)
ETHIOPIC" the bnghtness is expressed
'ktnd of wlute cia), chalk'
In Amh. giiha
ga~ra "I.'hL 'take away, tear out, remove, dis· vanant spelling for "'l'"
siirriiqii 'stea(': (because of old age)';
gihr 188
g" .. ,o gol 189
109" ~aq"'o. C'ausall\'C.
- - giliad.
g altq" , g"iJhq" (It) ,<lid age, wea'ness (be-
IJgh,.il 'd Ivergence, deviation, retireme t d
tion, seclusion'; n. eree_ gol (pI. >agll'af) 1A 'stable, crib, manger, (It)
,. SEMITIC: Ar lDat) 'al h'
- - -
cause of (,Id age)'. lagh•.iol (Lt) 'retirement. abstention" , cave. 'fishhook'; ? a catd fi~h In a net', galab
g~.huq" gil/lUq, g,huq, (KG) I.:" "hq" 'bent, ETHIOPle: Te. gol 'stable', Gur g"ala; probably ETHIOPIC Amh " ga"I/"Una cah:h fi h
SEMITIC' Ar gal;asa «01/) 'go away rrom
frO m Cushiuc S" (Had.Som.Or. gola) rather than catch fish', Te. Keilii,.. 'ft hh ,s. m.)ke 1 nc to a
hunched (0(,(,3"," of old age)'; or some th 109," h
Ka.' " I
lJ sec uded, who hOlds I
someone
connected with emilic gwI I (Ar, gala, Heb. KII'/)
. ~U' Af. gilah, Bed 6"l h S S ~o~, also In l u<;hul\.
g",,!;q"OI ("') 'hemg curved' (n.); ET HI OP IC T na, ga."h"asa 'd ISO bey an orde. a' oor •.,1 a. om, gdah
' h I· I r, Amh . 'execute a turmng movement, as suggested by Noel-
EntltlPlr Tn •. C"iJlwq"u 'be sunken," (belly)" the K~.h 11.5 man wOlves a one in the desert' (f
Geez). rom dcke 1904:43 (followed by Blachere 1944). Utt- galaba III (\'.gl.b) 1110 (T Y
basIC meanmg of 'be curved' rererring either to a mann, ZA 13 (1898). 164 connects II with Te. Ketala defeat (V M ) ) 'chase away,
, . A flee, rUn away'
('concave or t('l J conVl', positIOn.
ga~ay 1"',-; see ga~e. 'drive a herd forward' 'aglaha (K '), causative' '
'ag/abl (K'), act. partl~iple'
~ahr .",'he ("') 'coal'; gal" (yag/a') 1AO (K') 'split, break',
ga~aya I 1rhf (K') 'be afraid, be mag/ah (T), maga/h IV)' h' h
anxious , gal' (pI. ga/<iil, >agl.'I) 'clay pot, potsherd, . W 0 cases away'
EIHlorlL Te. gililar 'coal, glow', (Munzingcr) ~dflQ worry' ;
fragment of a pitcher, wooden cover of a ETHIOPIC': Te. RiiJba 'run, flee', Tna ....... '
ra 'catch fire, blue', Tna. gMiiharii 'become embers', see g"'iJ~,ya. below. Amh.Gur. gal/aha' all . .: ,!(ulapu flee.
Amh ~.rr aliI 'hlaze, burn brightly'; related to /r"', book'; T renders It with Amh, miinq'iir, ma- .. . I ' g op, Arg. gullaha Har I I'
a,ra, a so In Cushitic' Qab -, hh . !tU II
with ahernance or liquids (sec l'a(lala I). ga~,aya " 1rhf (K') 'get up early in the morn, lliiqiya, probably 'log hollowed out wllh aper- S " ' . go a o· 'run '. Btl. gala;'
om. /rallb, galeh'f, Sid. gulalt, Or gulufa '
mg; tures for a prisoner's feet';
gaMa, gah,a, g.~sa "I,'h1P : "I111P : "I..,IP, (Y) related to gwh I. SEMITIC: AT. gala'a 'uncover, show the teeth', Hcb. galboba 1AOO 'veil, Cover, envelop, "rap In
ga~asa 1rh"', (T) gahasa 1111P 'retire, with-
draw, turn away from'; with the prepositions g"a~ya 1','h!, (Y) gWahaya
sorry, regret;
"""f
'be sad, be
gl' (hltpa'el) 'burst out (10 contenuon)', PbH. gala'
'u ncover', Syr. g~/ac 'cut' > 'circumcise', The deriva-
clothes, bhndfold, smear, anomt'
laga/baba, pasSIve; also 'veil one~etr
-haha. U".uta.
'to. Into', it means 'turn aside into
> enter'; it tS the use of these prepositions ETHtOPIC: Tna. g'iihayii 'be sad', Te. giiha'"
tIOn of gal' 'potsherd' from gl' 'break, spht' is
likelier than that suggested by leslau, J A OS 84
galbabl (K '), act. part. of gal"a"a' '
gJlhllb, pass, part. of Ralhaba '
which leads to the meanings 'enter, spend the (Rcinisch) 'feel sorrow'; passed into CUShiti~.g;·I~ (1964).116, with reservauons, compaflng gal' With g,l/biib, gJ/bab .. 'covering, cov~r, veIl, "rapper
night, sta)' (given by T,Y K and M). Dillmann g"iihay 'be sad' See also gahaya I. . Akk. gulgullu 'skull, container shaped hke a human sacerdotal vestment' (see Hammerschmid;
1144 rightly calls attention to Heb. sar (s ...r) skull' rrom the basic root 'bt! round' 1970:155);
'turn aside', but with 'f/ 'to' It means 'turn g"a~apa ,
.,....,A
(T) 'take a rest'; EnnOPlc: Te. gdl'a 'uncover, ~plit, break', gal.,. maga/bJb (K'), same as galhUM;
the Amharic translation arriifii could, how- 'potsherd' (that is, 'broken vessel'), Tna KiillN
aSIde into, einkehren bei'; SEMITIC: Ar, gilbJb 'long, outer garment' IS
'split', guN 'potsherd', Amh.Gur. giil 'potsherd', flOWlOg
'agha,a 'cause to turn aside, take aside, put ever, also mean 'die', conSIdered by Noeldekc 1910 5) and Jeffery 102 a
Har.Arg. giili; passed into Cushitic: Karn. I(al-a.
aside, withdraw, remove, deviate, divert, avert, Had. gala, Or, gulli, Sa. gale'a. Gcez loanword.
galla 111; see gil I, II.
pervert (justice),; WIth the preposition lI'asla E!HIO~IC: Te. g~/biiba 'conceal. veil, cover', ~iilcl
'mto' tI means 'turn aside into, receive, bring gale ;JI\. 'weasel, ferret, (TSw. in D 1138) ser- gl'. see magula' 001-I\{) . haba wrap uP. Tna. giilliibii 'cover, conceal'.
m' ,. (Ia )g"ulbiibii 'cover the head', Amh. (Ia iKalabbiib,j
pent, crocodile';
lag.!t.,'a 'withdraw, retreat, rettre, step aside, be galaba I (yag/,b ) '!lIn (T.Y) 'hIde', 'be covered', Har, gulub "cira 'cover the head With
from Gk. gale 'weasel'; also in Arnh. gale 'marten, cloth', gulub 'veil': also Arnh. g"'iillubd 'cover a
set aSIde, be detached, turn away, turn aside, mag/abo maga/b (TM) 'who hides, hiding' (n,);
stone marten', Considering the variety of animals drum or a ba!lket with leather', Har giHiiba; related
abstalO, avoid, depart, refrain, separate oneself expressed by gale, Hommel 367 TIghtly stated "man galah (T) 'shield'; to Gur. galama '~ew leather on the cover or a
(from), be rejected, recede, swerve, cease'; begrelft wie der Name des eben in Habesch fehlen- ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna.Amh. giiliib 'shteld', Tna./riillubu basket'; passed into CushltlC' Or golahii 'cover a
lagaha.ia 'withdraw from one another'; den Wiese Is zu solchen Verwirrungen Anlass gege- 'hide' (v.J; also to Cushltic: BII. /rib 'shield', Bed. basket WIth hide'
'aslagha,ia, (KG) 'aslagahasa, causative of ben hat". See also galen. gube. Sa.Af. gob (Reinisch 1887: 136). The verb /(Ih
lagiJ&.ia; also 'help to escape'; (GTna) IS probably a denominatIve of galab gall ada 111" 'cover over, overlay, cover ,nth
gahiisl, act. part. of gJ~sa; gala "11\; see ga/awa. 'shield', the meaning 'hide' cornmg from 'protect hide, deck, (T) slrew over, spread, (T Y Gr4)8)
g.hu,i 'secluded, retired, averted, far removed , WIth a shield'. gird oneself; Gd27 's'olOdre' (anoint onesel!)
g"ala, g"ale (pI. g"a/al) 1'1\ • 1'1\. (K) 'jug'. is a misprint for 'se cemdre' (glTd onesell):
detached, who turns aside" ,
g'~,i (It) 'turnlOg aside (n.); g"ale 1'1\. (It) 'bosom. lap'; galaba" (yJg/ab) 111n 'catch fish, capture; lagal/ada (K'), passive,
gJhsal 'removal, turning aside' (n.); ga/ab (pI. 'ag/ab) 'fishhook, fish trap'; galliidl (K '), act. part. of gallada;
ETHIOPIC: Tna. g"alii 'breast'. mag/ab, (T) maga/b 'fisherman' (M translates g.lIlId (G'), pass, part. of gal/ada;
'aghiisl, act. part. of 'ag!lOsa;
mJg&a,i 'place set apart. secluded place, place g"alo 1'11- (K') 'castor-bean plant'; ~mh, almag given by Tayyii for mag/ah as gald (K') 'skin, hide' ;
plotter', but while Amh. · also means (K') 'means of covering WIth leather',
~.I.do 190
---- g"lg"1
-
gelgel 191
'\;()\Cr over'.
Pt'lH ~lifaJ
crt Ar ga/ada ',over with leather',
'fl)nn a t:oating' For this root see
galfawiil, galf.wiil "IA.t'l'T ,
(galaja). g./fo.
ErHIOPIC' Amh. {a)g"'iiliiggltiilii 'contlnue smok-
Ing'; related to tg",,(1 In .tiitiig"'iiliiRg'4'ola 'billow ETHIOPI('. Tna. ~ii/i.ila '
- -
k , mme llway ' ·orn J P I
Wap>cr 40
fnnoPIC TC' gilldilt 'hairless skm of animals', gild gallaga 1f11 (K') 'be well-dressed, be dec
upward (cloud of smoke). l.1glf"iJlg-JI 'cloud of mal elway', Arnh ga/iil/ Illii 'make "'ay par
gu go a, above. . " sec
=
vapor or smoke, emlttlOg much smoke'
• km ' (from Arabic), The meaning of 'skm' dcvel- rated, be adorned'. o·
(\~1 mto "hdt with \\hlch one g"1fds oneself': Gar. gelge!, gelgelii l.A1.A , l.A1.'I (T K) 'heaven', gil II, gaUa galal I ' I I
' a'pg,' 1/\, 1/\/\ IKO) 'I '
giiliidJ "gird oneself, Gur, ~iilliidii 'gird trousers, pul gig, 'angallaga >'11f11 'assemble (intr) c On the back' , a)
" orne transcription of Gk. ge/~el. from Heb. ga/gal, ongi- tagalla 'lie on the back'
on trflusas'. Amharic j a jga/iiddiimii 'gird oneself together, keep company, band together gath nally 'sphere' > 'celestial sphere'; see also Kerge/.
\\Jlh a lomcloth called giJld~m' IS a denominative of in crowds, (Lt) be in an uproar, rage'; or gJlal 'lying on the back: (n.),
gerge, below.
K~ltbm, from ~Id with the suffix -m; Te. also gd/iid allgalgii 'congregation, assembly, Council, En-trOPIC' Amh,'
'alliance, treilly ', a secondary meaning of g/d (see li.lfI)galldlii 'he On the hack
concourse, meetmg, gathenng, multitude _ g'al~a ()'Jg'lii~) 1vA'" (K') 'be vIsIble, be
.. IdOl. above, ',km' > 'glfdle'. For the 'girdle' throng'; , conspicuous, be shaved (that is, be cleared of g".lIal;;t 1'A'I+ (M) 'metal .
'havlOg the meaning 'oath, treaty', cpo Gur. gurtla ornament sur.
m.ngal/iig, (L) mangal/ag 'assembly, multitud hair), ; mounted by a cross placed atop a church"
'oath', and Amh. ~"rda 'small belt' (see Lcslau g' allala (K') 'place the g'.l/'Iiir' (dcnoml~a
congregation, (K') place of meeting'; e, 'ag'laha (K'), causative;
J 971)' 2Q I). Amharic miigardga 'screen', from live);
g'J/~ 'manner of writing in large (that is, in
garradii 'screen from view, curtain off' is not to be SEMITIC: G. 'angallaga is an abbrcviated root fr
'all-glgl and is to be compared with gil. glgl (so a~m
~x)nn('dcd with G. ga/lada as suggested by Praeto-
clear) letters'; SEMITIC: Heb. gulla 'hOrizontal projections on pillan;'
g'.lu~, g'alh (K') 'conspicuous, visible';
nu,1871118 . Dlilmann 1141) with the meaning 'roll together ~ (WaJnberg 1937a:35), Alk . gullatu 'capllal of a
come together, be assembled'. For gil. glgl, cpo Heb g'./~iill'i (K') 'shaved' (i.e .. 'cleared of hair'); column: Koehler 183 compares abo U" tI( 'c
bowl' 0 " up,
galado 1f1Jl. (K') 'knife wilh a curved point'; giilal 'roll', galgal 'wheel', PbH. gilgel'roll', Aram' SE,"11C: Ar. gahha 'become bald', Heb. gil/,," \have',
galal. galgel, Syr. gal (gil), galgel, Md. gil. glgl. Akk. ~:~IOPIC: Tna.Arnh. g"',l/l.Jlal, same as Gecz; g"'dl-
from Amh . goWda; also," Te. giiloda. Tna. galido; Ararn. gal/ah, Aram.-Syr g.la" 'show, dIvulge (a lola 'place the g".1I,la(
10 CW-hIIlC, Sil, galiidti, Sa.Af. ga/odo. galiilll 'roll' (von Soden 273). For more det.,ls on secret)'
the root, see D Cohen 1976: 118. The possib,lity or ETHIOPIC: Te. gMha 'be bald', g.lu" (with h) 'bald
connecting gil with G. 'allgargara (see below) on the front of the head', Tna. g"'ji/~a)'ii 'shave the
gOalarna (y,g'I.III) ",/\00 (K') 'gIVe a plot of
galafa '.1"111.>/) 1f1.t 'grave, engrave, hew in land (e.g. to a servant)';
expressed 10 Leslau 1958: 15 is still a valId posSlb,h. head when mourning'; related to glh' Tna. giilht!
stone, carve (a statue, an idol), sculpture, ETHIOPIC: Amh g·'iilliimii, same
ty. Botterweck 34 connects G. 'allgallaga w1lh the 'reveal" g"alhi, g"a/ 'vislble" gulah 'visible', Amh
chIsel. (U\\. ')Impnnt, embroider, mold, form, g"olla 'be visible, be conspicuous'; passed into Cush-
Semitic root gil (1111) 'be powerful. be strong' (Ar
fashion' ; galla 'mass'). 1Iic: Bil. g'alhay 'be bald', Som. galah 'bald head' goliim~.si -)'I?".lt'l (T) 'old pen for cattlc';
'aglafa, causative, ETHIOPIC: Te. giilgiila "gather'; also in CushltJc:
one recognizes got, see above,
laga/fa, pass. of galafa; Bed. galal 'gather, bring together', Sa.Af, gal. g'I~, lag"iil~a '":}A''' (K') 'engage in unseem-
ga(iiti (K') 'engraver, hewer in stone, sculpto'-; ly merriment, hit each other playfully',
galgala 1A1f1 (D.K·) 'lay bare, empty, evacu. galmin 1A"'1."> (T.M), galmen 1Ao'O (0 1398)
g'/~f 'carved, graven, engraved, chiseled, g'ii/~ (K') 'engaging in unseemly merriment'. 'scissors, clippers';
hewn' ; ate, separate, (T.Y.M) pillage, destroy';
galfo (pI. g.lfa1l'iil, g,/f.l\·iil) 'carved work, togalgala, passive; also 'go into captivity, be SEMITIC Ar. galama 'cut, slice off, prune', ,~d/tlftl
g'l~w, 'asl.g·al~awa MI.,.1vA",Ol, metathesis
taken into exile'; 'scissors' (Dozy), S~. golum 'cut the top h..Hr', PbH
carved Idol. graven idol, statue, graven image, of g'a!l/a",a, above.
galgiili (K'), act. part. of galgala; golam 'cut, separate'; related to Ar garama 'prune,
idol' ; removc the flesh from a bone',
loa-g,lf. 'carved, sculptured'); galgal (Lt) 'empty'; g"iilk'e :}A I), (T.Sw. 10 D 1398) 'mustard', ETHIOPIC" Te. giilma 'break off, cut into pieces',
g.lfal 'carving, engravmg, imprint'; SHUT1C. Syr. galleg (from glgl) 'lay bare'. While 'lay ETHIOPlc: undoubtedly to be identified with Arnh. Tna g"iiliJmii 'take a bile of bread, break the edge
SEMITtC Ar galafa 'peel. strip. scrape', PbH. giilap bare' > 'break up' could develop mto G. lallalgala g\J/fas 'castor-bean plant' (Ricinus communis), of a jar', Amh. g"'iilammiimii 'te~t something by
-engraye" Aram.-S}r. giJlap 'engrave', gelipa 'go mto captivity', it is also possible to identify the g'.lq'a (in Reinisch 1887: 149), Tna. g',II,q'a. g'.I_ biting It'
'husked', Md, glapa 'inset of a- ring'. There seems to root glgl WIth gly (see galaya, below) > redupll· lilqM ta ; also in Cushitic: Sil. glilqM ii. -Remisch
cated III (that is, glgl). For gly 'go mto CaptlvHy', cpo 1902: 169 identifies Amh. g'.lq'a with Som. glilD', giilamotii ;Ji\<JO;t- (Lt) 'proslltute',
be no need to "parate the Synac root mto glp I and
glp II CBroclelmann 1928: 119). Concernmg Syr glp Ar. (Dat) gala (ily) 'emigrate', Heb. gallj (glyl. Sa. gul<e, for which see gM'iJlo, above. from Amh, galiin/ola, same; also in Tna. Kalan/oca,
'can'c' Krauss J 78 rightly expresses doubts about Syr. galii (glyl, Ug. gly.
the Greek ongm of the root for 'engrave', as sug- ETHIOPIC: Te. giilgiila 'tear off and split', Tna. g"al· gill, galla, galala (yagla()1f1 : 1f1f1 (K') 'sepa- galame!U 1/\"'L/Il' (T) 'deacon',
gested by Rodlger and Brockelmann 1928: 119. gl+ii/ii 'take out', Amh, gii/iiggii/ii 'uproot'. gMii/ago
rate, pick oul, choose, set aside, move aside, for the ending -(II. see also :all:ari!u,
ETH10PIC Te. gdllara 'engrave, carve', Tna. galiilii, g'iilii 'break up clods, pull out', giiliill ala 'make winnow' ,.
Amh, gallafa "make carvmgs, make idols' way, part'; probably also giilaggiilii 'separate two lagal/a (K'), passive; galimewos, galamewos 1'1"'Ll"1l I 1f1"'Ll"1l
people who arc coming to blows'. See also gill. 'chameleon' ;
g.lul (K'), pass. part. of gal/a;
galfiil "IA"-A 'bnck, baked clay, tile'; gWlg"I, 'ag"alg"ala >,1vA1vfl (Gr) 'produce 1I,'liil (K') 'matter picked out (gleanings), win- from Gk. khamai/eon 'chameleon" See also kamelt'o
sec ganfala, belo" thick smoke', nowed or cleared gram'; won.
gikn 192 galay,
-----------~--------------~~- gel.ya
193
gih,n ... ,h.~} II t) ·wt:a ..cl'; galal"; (K*), acl. part. of galawa; I(lmad
[(.1,11' (Lt},pass. parI. of galalVa; also 'inlaId" SEMITIC Ar. gala (g().') 'uncover, unveil. make
from (,I... Koli" tih:C <"g ('If gale ' weasel'), sec KO/t'.
galii 'cO\enng, cover, envelope, veil, darknes ': clear, emigrate' (note that Ar. la-gulla 'reveal One- ~Ielment
a oud'
om , as IS the case In l .g It ' \()Ice
•
gm
aNH'C . . s, self, be bright [oncoming day)' ~eems to have been
g./l\,al 'covenng, covenng over' (n.); ETHIOPIC ' Amh· ..
fonned under the Influence of Syr, 'ergullr see - -1!omaggiImiI , ~ilmm aJiI 'cra,h llhun.
gal.,. ( \"~/JS) 1111'1 ("') 'cover with leather //Iagl'" (K '), same as gala,,';; d)
er , rumble (thunde)' T
Jeffery 91), Heb. glila (gly) 'uncover, -emig;ale' used r. oa. K~mYQ. c,damatlOn
(ba'I.el)'. SEMITIC' relaled to gil (lill). gil'l (gll'l ) . Ar·liull II 1/ Ararn -Syr. gala !gly) 'uncover, depart', Ug. g/}: When one hear!; thunder ror the first lime
g~"i.t (J...:..) ·~addle co\er'~ 'hor ...c blanket, blanket' (considered by Fradnk:1 'leave', Md. gla (gly) 'uncover, exile'. Akk. gal,;
'exile' is conSidered an Aramaic loanword (von gam·. y'gma') 19"h (K ') ';mell had',
rlHI(lPIf Ie giil.to \~O\'er with Jude', Tna. Kiiliisii: 103-4 an Aramaic loanword. contrary to Schulthc
Tna .Amh,Har g,J/m 'saddle cover'. Te. gil/as 'cover. 13), Ar. (Oat) gallal 'to cover', Ar. (Oat) ga",,~~ Soden 275). g""u· (K ') 'Ihal which smells bad',
'cover Ihe face" ALgilwl'veil' (Dozy), AL gall 'sail' ETHIOPIC: Amh. gillyat 'lateral margm of a page' gJm'al (K*) 'foul smell, slench';
\Harrt'r '. GUT g,llas 'saddle blanket'.
(Fraenkel 216: for 'veil, sat!' he compares Lal (from Geez). The rool is related 10 gil Amh gillldid reconstructed from Amh, 1!iImma
gal.sa
,
(I'Jgl,,~ ) 111)1 (T .M) 'reveal, disclose, \'clum which has both meanings). Aram. gOlina 'cut', Har. giilala 'remove impUrities from a Sur-
, gamm.<., gam<. (YJgma') 19"0, (T) gam'a
exp(lse. open; 'wrapper, woolen cloak used at prayers'. - face', Gur. giilliilii 'separate'; also in Cushitlc: Qem.
tagala,ta, (",M) /agal,Ia, passive; ETHIOPIC: Tna. gulawa 'cover a drum or a basket g"iiliiy 'separate" Qua. giile See also galgu/a, Kuya- 19"h 'pluck Ollt, CUI, remove, ;have',
gelw, pass. part. of gala,w; with leather'; Littmann-Hofner 563 COmpare Te. 10. >agaff/mara (K·). causative;
gillot 'thicket'. The connection between G, Ka- tagamm;Jra, pass. of gammiJfa;
SI-\fIll(' related to Ar ,s!U/llra 'skin an animal. gel.ya 1.1:1, (T.Sw. in 0 1398) 'boat';
lalt'ii 'veil, cover over' and Soddo (Guragc) /{ubiJfa gamma'; (K .), act. part. of gamma'a,
"cparalc (an aOlmai from the herd)"
'fog' suggested by Praetorius 1879:509 i; unlikely. from Byzantme Gk. galea 'galley' (Muller). gJmmu' (K'), pass. parI. of gamma'a;
ETHIOPI( ' Te_ giilla 'unco\'er, sho\\', Tna. giilii~fii
·dl~clo<"e·. AmhGur. giJllii!ii. Arg. gal/li!a. HaT .
giJ/clla: pa~'icd mto CushltlC; Bil. galla! 'disclose.
The transcription of the noun as Kalla given by
Brockelmann 1928: 114 is misleading since it gives gama 1" 'necklace',
gJmma'e (K') 'plucking out' (n );
SEMITIC: related to gmm (sec gamama, below).
the ImpreSSIOn that it is from gil. but in fact it is ErnloPlc: perhaps Te. gamma 'crown, diadem' (Liu.
sho" • ETHIOPIC: Te_ ftil Jgiimmil'a 'break apart', Tna.
gilla from the root glw, As for G. galalt/a, it IS not to mann-Hofner 566), Tna.Amh. gamma 'nbbon worn garn'e 'split, separate', Amh g-dmiigg""iimli 'appear,
g'alata, g'allata '1-11'" 'bequeath, make a lega- be compared with Semitic gl ..... gl)' 'uncover' as around the forehead on the occasion of festiVities' sprout' (reduphcative root of g"/tl. > g·'m) from the
cy, granl land, granl a fier; suggesled by Dillmann 1140, Brockelmann 1928. See also qama. basic meaning 'break apart'; also Gur. (aJgMama
liS, and Blachere 1660. The rOOI also occurs In (from g"m 1 ) 'be about to bur:;t' Sec also gumii',
la[(~"IIala, passive;
Cushitic: Sa. gula 'blanket', golo 'mat servmg as a gam(m)e :>"'t (K ') 'straighl tree that is used gamha.
g' alliil; 'Iegalor'; curtain', Af. goli. in making carding bows';
Ii" ,11 'feudal henefice, land granl, fief, legacy, g.m<e (pI. gama',y, gama'J",. [(""',yiil) "/9"'\
from Amh. gamme, same.
palnmony, charitable inslitutlon, charitable leg- galawqa, galawqa, galawqa ,,/IIID-:p : ,,/illD-:J> : 'pitcher, can, jar, vessel, flask'; probably origi-
an' , 1i1lD-:P, (T) gelawqa, galawq.ya 1.illD-:J> : 1~
- ' gime 'I.."'t, (T) gum 1'9" 'fog, cloud, dampness, nally a container from which one drinks,
SU.IIT1C ; SAr. glt'/'wlth full ownership nghts' (Conti ID-:t, 'kite, (T) owl'; mist, vapor'; SEMITIC PbH. gama' 'drink, sip', Aram_ gama',
RONm 1931 121). from Gk. glauka (ace. sg. of glauks 'owl'). gema (K ') 'be cloudy, be foggy' (denomina- related to Heb. gnp (pice!) 'swallow', (hifril) 'give to
ETHIOPJr: Tna.Arnh. g~iilliiti1 'make a legacy. grant tive); drink'.
a fief. Tna /:",111 'fief, Amh. g"all, Te. galt. galaya 111\' 'cut off, cut away, pluck off, break
SEMITIC: related to Ar gaym 'cloud' (Praetorius gome< ""'tb, (K) g"ame· 'I-"'t>' 'papyrus, reed,
gala! ,::JiI-r (DTOT 588) 'bodyguards, body of off, separate, divide, explain, interpret, reveal, 1879:67), SYL 'aymli 'mlSl, fog, cloud' (T) boal made of reeds;
troops, commander of a thousand'; disclose' ; ErnloPlc: Tna. gime, gama 'cloud, miSt', Te. gim
.aglaya (K '), causative, 'fog, cloud', Amh. gum 'fog, misl', [(Ime 'cloud' transcripllon of Heb. gomr('), For the Egypllan
ErnIOPIC, perhar5 Tna. Ki/o. gilol1"o 'servant' . in ongm of Ihe Heb. gomr!'), see T. Lambdm, JAOS
laga/ra (K *J, passive of galaya; (from Geez), Gur. giiwa (with w coming from m, see
thIS case ·af of G guliir would be a plural marker . 73 (1953).149
[(,111)' (K ') 'cut, explained'; leslau 1979:xxxlII); also m Cushllic Sid. goml-/'Co
The root also occur" In CUShllic : Sa. giliin-o 'soldiers.
g,lyal 'explanation, interpretalion: la teral mar- 'fog', Aw. gum, Wol. guma 'cloud', Bed. glm. gim.
senants' gumi< 1-.,b (K ') 'chunk of meat' ,
g.li!, golii! o/iI-r : .,iI-r (OT 588) 'embossed
gin of a page, tItle of a book';
[(.I,ra, same; gumi I 1-" (K WK) 'blood money'; ETHIOPIC': Amh, gumma 'chunk of meat', from gam-
ma'a 'cut' (see above).
work, pommel', from Cushitic (Or. guma. Sam. guno; also Ka.
Dlllmann 1140-1 diVides Ihe rool gl)' 1010 gala)'a I
prohably 10 be Idenllfied wllh g"alli, pI. g"aliil, for 'cut, amputate', and galaya II 'explain', Blachcr~
guma) through Amh. guma; also in Har gumma. g.mi<.w, gami<.y 1.,blD- I 1.,bf.; see g,m',.
which see above ,
'd
- 199
ganlla
'tx'll 0\·l~r'. liigoua.t]ald ·boit'. developed into, the moniac, lunatic, possessed by a demon')' e- by Grimme 1914:261, and Ruzicka 134) .
IS not
meanmg 'bake' whIch \\-·ould then appJy to bncks. ganufl (Gr) 'demoniac, possessed by a der:, '. convincing. does not think th
ganen and at .gannawQ is connected with
Sc~ al~o g<ll(iil. gonentiwi, (K *) ganenay 'demon-possessed~n , ETHIOPIC: Amb. giiniibbiilii 'overturn'. suggests, with rescrvat·
'secret places for WOr h·
S
. I~m" yr ~('n)'aJa
,
g.n~a (\.'gnJh) 11th 'behave impetuously, be- SEMITIC: Ar. ginn 'demon' (see Noeldeke 1910.6 . ganas 1"rt (KG) 'striped, spotted, speckled'. to Akk " . S Ipmg Idols, It Comes dose
to idol~·gmu regular ,s~crifice', Md. ginin 'offcrin~~
haye arrogantly. get angry, speak vehemently, Blachere 1791). A. Ambros is inclined to conn 3,
. f ,.. ectn genasa 'I.HI,<T.M) 'be poor, be in distress'; loanwa r d' . but Akk gum IS considered a Surncnan
repnmand, (Gr.337) offend'; :'Ith Syr. g~~, ~a <el) )aggen mhablt, rest in (speak.
'ogn"ha (K 0), causative, (Gr.337) 'offend'; mg of a spmt) . geniis (T.M) poverty, distress. privation, hard-
ETHIOPIC: !e.Tna.Amh,Gur. gJn, gin 'spirit' taken ship '. ganaya (yagnay, yagni) 1~f 'bow down be
gar"i!,i (KO), act. part. of ganllO; .
g;mu!, (K*), same asganiihi; also 'who IS offend- from Arab:c; Tna:A~h. ganen (Amh. also galie~, :~bmlss've, thank, give thanks, render hu';'ble
Te. gJnfll evil Sptrlt, passed IOto Cushitic: Bil gaonat (pI. gannatiit) 1~T 'garden, the Garden anks, praIse, do homage, serve. humble one-
ed' ; ganan, Qua. ganin. For -el, -en in ganen, ganef c . of Eden, Paradise'; self, acknowledge humbly, attest, beg,
gana!" (T) g,mah 'vehemence, haughtiness, re- kiruben. kirubel 'cherub'. ' p. ('aqqiibe gannat 'gardener'); trate oneself,, pros-
buke, reprimand, scolding'; (madra gannat 'Paradise'); >agnaya, causative; also 'subjugate subdu
(qiila gana!, 'threatening shout'); gaoio 1l:1 (K 0) ' foetus, embryo'; subject'; • ' e,
from Aram .-Syriac; also in Tna.Amh. gannat; Te.
gan{l (U) 'pride, haughtiness, violence'; from Ar. ganil!, same, in a dialect where g is pro- Har. giinniit, Our. giillat, from Ar. ganna(1} taganya 'be humble, ask humbly' ;
'agnii!,i (K*), part. of 'agna!lO; nounced g. 'garden, orchard, Paradise'. As for Ar. gannat, it is /agiinaya 'humble oneself, be humble, worship
SEMITIC: Ar. gUlla~ 'reproach, remonstrance' (but of Aram.-Syriac origin (Fraenkel 148-9, Noeldeke humbly, entre~t. beseech, praise, give praise
ganapa 1~A (K 0), g"anapa 1n~A (T) 'gather
191O : 4~, Jeffery 103-4). The root in the meaning
nOle that Ar. gunii~1 is considered a Persian loan-
word [Jeffery 103]), PbH. giirwh 'groan. moan'.
a
bring together, put into quiver'; ,
'garden occurs In SAr. gm, Heb. gan, Aram, ginnJ-
pay homage, laud, submit oneself, supplicate:
make supplications. acknowledge humbly,
Aram.-Syr. gima~l. Akk. gana[lU 'have a fit of mag"'anfJii, magunfJii, (T) mog"anfJa, mog"anpii ta, Syr. gannala, Pun. gm, Ug. gn. confess SInS, ask forgiveness';
coughing'. See also gMa~lQna. 'quiver, (T) cover for a spearhead'; .
'ast~giiflaya (K*), caus. of tagiinaya;
ETHIOPIC Tna. giin~le 'get angry, make re~ EnnoPIC: Praetorius, ZDMG 47 (1893). 391 suggests ganela, ganets 1),:" • ,n:" (Lt) 'mare'; ganaYI (K*). act. part. of ganaya;
proaches'; perhaps Te. tJgan(la 'show oneself> be a Cushitic origin: Som. gabayo 'quiver'. Grimme ganuy 'submissive, who humbles himself ,
ETHIOPIC: Amh. ganna, genna 'stallion', Gur. gana;
proud> behave impetuously'. 1914: 261 connects it with Ar. g"/bat 'Lederscheide from Cushitic: Or. gatina, Kam. gana, Sid. gaihia. ganoy 'homage, praise, thanksgiving, th~nks,
fUr Amulette' (the existing dictionaries give 'amUlet' Som. genyo. gIVIng of thanks in humility, acknowledg-
g'anak"a, g"annak"a 1nH", 'heap up, accumu- for gu/bat). or ii/biib 'wrapping'. The last compari- ment' ;
late. make a large amount'; (K 0) = Amh. son is unlikely since ii/bab is borrowed from Geez ganla n:" 'small trumpet, flute';
ganyal 'submission':
tiiSiikkiimii means in this context 'be filled up and goes back to the root g/bb (see ga/baba), and from Sanskrit ghal}!ii 'bell, gong'; also Amh. ganla, magniiy (Gr) 'place of supplication or of
(ear of corn)'; the identification of gnp with g/bb is not without Som. giin¢o. This noun is not to be connected with paying homage';
tagH annak . .·a. passive; difficulties. Dillmann 1i 82 connects G. mag"';mpd Amh. qlind 'horn', G. qlirn, as suggested by Praeto- taganyo 'thanksgiving';
g'anniik"; (KO), act. part. of g"annak"a; with Ar. (qnb), miqnab 'bag, satchel'. Within Ethi- rius 1879: 78.
opic the root gnp, gWnp could rather be compared tagiim),ot 'entreaty, supplication';
g' ;mk' at (Lt) 'act of piling up';
with Te. ganb-iit 'cover'under a saddle', Amh. gWiin_ geotaro 'I.1:"C' (T) 'drawstring for trousers'. SEMITIC: Aram.-Syr. gJnii (gny) 'lie down, recline',
ETHIOPIC: Tna. g"iinii/s"ii 'make a pile of mown hay
or grain'. Rcimsch 1887:22 1 connects it with BiJ.
k"amk~am, Qua. k"ank". See also g"an)a,
niibif 'cover one's head', the basic meaning of the
root being 'to cover, put into something'. the 'cover'
being either the 'cover for holding arrows, the cover
gantata n.,..,.
speak loudly';
(T.Y.M) 'speak vehemently,
Md. gna; related lo Ar. gana'a 'bend over some-
thing' (Dillmann 1178; Noeldeke. ZDMG 54[1900J.
158; Brockelmann, ZS 8[1932J.115), and to Soq. ,j_
under the saddle'. or 'something to cover the head'. gnin 'bend. bow down'.
perhaps from Amh. giinatliita 'speak loudly', As for
gon, gaona (ragnan) 1~ (KO) 'become impor- ETHIOPIC Praetorius 1879:7 connects the rool gn)'
gnu, could it come from the Ethiopic root gn~
tant, be proud'; ganpa'a 11A" 'distort, turn upside down, over- 'find, meet' (Tna. Jagnaya, Amh.Gur. agaiifiii, Arg.
• 'speak vehemently' (see ganl.za, above), noun *gan~at
)agnana (K*). causative; turn, pervert, upset'; agiiiiiia, Har. agiina) with the Geez rOOl gn)'. This
> gm, with reduplicated last radical gnlt?
identification is not convincing. Furthermore the
ganun (Gr) 'notable, person of note'; taganpala, passive;
g'aotaya 1n1.,.r (H 228) 'delay'; connection between G. ganaya and Har. gana
ETHIOPIC Te. giinna (gnn) 'exceed the measure', ganpa'ii (K 0), act. part. of ganpa/a; 'throwaway' suggested by LIttmann. ZDMG 75
for g""andaya (see above).
Amh.Our. ganniinii 'increase, become important', ganiml (K *), pass. part. of ganpala; (1921).24 is unlikely.
Amh. giinana 'abundant. illustrious', Tna. giiniinii ganpalit, ganpalit 'perversion'; .
gannawa1~(IJ (T.Y.M) 'make idols, serve idols';
'be numerous, be strong'; passed into Cushitic: ganpalit-a 'the wrong way, perversely, re- genaya 'I.~f (H 229) 'flee';
• ganniiwi (pI. gannawt) 'idol-priest';
Qem. giinan 'obtam wealth'. versed. inverted'; gennawo (T+) 'Holy Spirit'; from Cushitic: Bil.Qua. gay 'run' .
maganpal (K 0), same as ganpiili;
• •
either denominative of ganen 'ghost, evil spirit' (see ganaza (yagn.z) 1~" 'shroud. wrap in linen, ~
ganen (pI. >agonant) ,7).1 'demon, ghost, evil SEMITIC: the connection with Ar. G. qa/aba 'turn above), or possibly from ganaya 'render thanks, prepare a body for burial';
spirit, devil, specter'; upside down' suggested by Dillmann 1182 (followed serve' (so also Dillmann 1177). Noeldeke 1910:63 'agnaza, causative;
200
201
- g-.or
garra 1l; see garara.
l.ugan:a. pas" of gtlna:a. ETHIOPIC: Te. Kara' 'throat". Tna. g~'iira'ra' bald
ganci:;, ~t(t. part of ,I!Llna;a; 'gargle', g"-araro, g" arJro 'throat .. g" arK" ;lr" "goiter' gorada 1t.F, (KBT i"b) 'be
gerii I '160 (p1. geriit) 'metal helmet, head Ie grammatical t ~- reduced ' (used ...~.
Amh.Arg. g~Jrorro. gurorro 'Ihroat', Gaf Kurari/
gnu: 'shrouded, prepared for burial'; headband, diadem'; P ce, such as lalaa~arrn't has ~n a \crb final " . or )'
gall:cn ("-) 'Imen used for shrouding'; Gur. g"ararii. For 'slaughler', cpo also HaT. goru'u: . , e Imperfect l ' I II
Gur. gorti- The root IS common with Cushltic: Sid COming Y>lal/u) , J a ,'" 0.-
gJn:all ',hr(ludmg', SEMITIC Conu 1980:63, n 3 compares, with r
. U " eserva_ go,ri 'slaughter', Kam. gor~-i?o. Som. Kaura' . See
g.ln:at 'enshroud mg. funeral ceremonies. funer- lions, g. grgr-,
.
a weapon; however ' the ~Ing
d· ." ~d
ETHIOPIC Tna ·~ar(J·· ,
Cohen 1947:no.206; Cerulh 1951 :448 (under Kur). DQrd"d" < • a cut oft, mUlilate' T
al ntual'. of Ug. grgr-I IS doubtful (Gordon 381, Caquot 55 l'> a a goa\\- off' " h .. ~ . na.
ETHIOPIC: Amh gera, gira 'metal helmet , d·la d em'
4). For Indo·European g . . ~r for 'throat', see Buck 234, off. be reduced.' Se' . rn . g arraJd ( ~orrijd(J 'cut
, '/mil-a gJIl:al 'bier'), c al~o !:urdn,
(mafhala g,,,,:at 'Funeral Ritual'; for a bib- gerii II '160 (K) 'small coin'; g"ar<ama 'l-COOD (Y.H), g'ar>ema 'l-Ch,oo (D gurdo 1-CJI. (T) , 11 I
h(1graphy of this text, see Strelcyn 1974: 12, 1398) 'draw blood with a suction cup', bread made r s~a oaf of bread, kind 01
(K quotes Ez. 45: 12, but the Asmara Bbl
Hammerschmidt 1977: 12); ,ahall/ilia). rom w eaten baller' (Amh I,'kat
edition has .aboli 'small coin')'; I e ETHIOPIC Tna. g"iir<amii 'drink voraCIOusly, dram
maglla: (p1. magiinJ:) 'material used in prepar- off': in Geez the ~raining off refers to blood Wajn. to be derived from .~orada 'be reduced '
109 a body for burial (bed, boards, linen)'; transcription of Heb. gerti 'small coin'; also Amh
gera. In other Semitic languages: Aram. gero >. berg 1935: 11 denves Tna. i(iir<amii. with reserva-
SFMIT1(, gana:a 'conduct a funeral service'
Ar tions, from G gMilr<e'throat' See also i(aryama gard3'u 1Ct:h, (T) 'judge';
Akk. giru '1/24 of a shekel'.
(from Gefl. see Noeldeke 1910;58), SAr. gnz 'fu-
g'ar<aya 'l-COf; see g",,'e. co~ld Itbe from gartid "tnhal chlcf (Har 1 jud .
neral' g3rii "160 'honeycomb'; governor' (So S'd) , ., gt:.
, I' " m, I ,with an emgmatlc ending "'u
ETHIOP1C Te. xim:a 'shroud, wrap a corpse', Tna. moriir-o gJro 'beeswax', lit. sweetness of the or - I as 10 gardoli (below)') See also ,,(a:d,l'II
goriib I "160ft 'leather bag, leather bottle,
ganii:a. Amh.Gur. gimnii:ii; passed into Cushitic: honeycomb' ; vessel of skin'; gardali 1011\. (T) 'Judge':
Bil genadiil 'corpsc', magnad 'shrouding material'
(with the regular alternance ::d), Sa. gana: 'bury'. ETHIOPIC: ~mh. gare 'hive from which honey has S'MITIC" Ar. giriib 'bag' (see Fraenkcl 64, 81). Soq. "cc garcb'u, above,
been taken; probably also Tna. garna 'honeycomb' gi"b 'basket', Syr. gJrabii. Aram. Karha. Akk . gu-
ganzab 1')/1-11 'money, treasure-house'; (from gar with the suffix -na). g".riid.1 'l-60t:&I. (T) 'hyena'.
rob.
ErHIOPI(, ' Te.Tna.Amh.Gur giin:iib 'money. treas- gir 'LC (K -) 'lime'; ETHIOPIC" Te: g.,ab 'receptacle, vessel" (pOSSIbly
g"iirden 'iCJ.'.. ') (Lt) 'kind of disease',
ure'. Gaf giin:iibii; passed Into Cushitlc: Bil. gan- Irom Ar glrab); also Amh. g;rbu 'container (for
see gayyara I.
dab, Kham. gm;Ib. Dtllmann 1178 seems to have water or honey) made of calf skin', passed into ETHIOPIC perhaps CUShllic" Bed, KurJa 'fever dl\-
CushiliC: Sa. girbo, Af. girih. ease' '
mIsread Aram. ganii:ko for gimuzw, and conse- gor -)C; see gwr.
quently hiS suggestion of an Aramaic loanword is
unhkely. Praetonus 1890:41 derives ganzab from g3riib II "160ft (Lt) 'pelican'; g". ra 4a 'l-t.O (MA) 'terrify, frighten'
gr<, t.gr3<t +"ICf)+, metathesis of lag..,t; see
-X=b with inserted n and connects the root gzb with gafra. since thc Ar. text has gayhab 'male ostrich' (sec
Ar, kasaba 'gam, acquire profit', ks > g: because garafa I (yagrJ() 'IU, (L .T Y) ,set traps,
Conti Rossini, RSE 1O[195IJ.19, n.9) one wonders
of the VOiced b. Brockelmann, ZS 5 (1927). 29 ~helher G_ g~rah might not be a wrong tramcnp-
(Gr.D4) make nets':
g"ar<a 'l-CO (DTW 300) 'pile, heap up stones';
compares gan:ab with Ar. kanz 'treasure', and he tlOn of Ar. gayhah. Getatchew suggests, with reser- garif 'net'
probably reconstructed from Amh. g"iirra. •
states that the b of gan:ab is due to 'Reimwortbil- vatIOns, a wrong transcription of Ar gllriib "crow' SEMTflC Ar garuf"'tmwling net' Brockclmann 1Q~~
dung' with Amh. :gb in miizgiib 'treasure'. In this 143 connects It With Ar. gurala 'take away. w.....-ep
case he would consider Geez ganzab to be an Amhar- g"3r<., gur'. 1'C~ : .,..C~ 'throat, neck, pal-
ate' ,. g3,biib "IClJft (T) 'shroud', away', Heb. giirap '"weep away' (so aho Dilhnann
ic loanword 11581. A,am-Syr" K"ap 'carry- ,tway'
g"arii<il (pI. of g",,<e) 'the region of the neck' ETHIOPIC: Te. Kilrhab 'garment made of leather',
Tna. garbab 'hnen cloth'
gippi, geppi. gippo, g3ppi 'LA : '1A : 'L~ : "I (see Dillmann 1907:313); garara II (yag"!) ?t,,,- (K'.MA) 'whip',
A,,"(Lt) giPi>os 'LMI ',uliure', g"ar<aya 'stab the throat, slaughter, strangle'
.. (denominative); garada I(pgrad) 'llY. (K·) 'remove chaff'; m,)grii! (K -) 'means of lashing',
from Gk gips 'vulture', gen. gypos, acc. gypa. ETHIOPfC: Tna. giiriila 'WhiP', Te. ~drl,', Amh. gar-
T(ana). p. 183 registers three different translations: lag"ar<aya 'kill oneself, (T) strangle oneself'; SEMITIC: AT. garuda 'scrape, weed, peel'. Heb. !?rcl
(hl~pa'el) 'scratch oneseir, Aram.-Syr. gara!! 'scrape
riifii, Arg. garrala, Gur, Kiiriifii: passed IOto Cu~h
gll~o = Amh. amora 'bird of prey', and in the next g",,<uy (K -) 'strangled';
off, Md. grida 'scraped', Ph. m-~rd 'file'. itic, Kam, garraffo, Sid gurllfi. See also KM'uri/ci
two hne>: gipa = Amh. agiida, and glpa = Amh. g" Jdl (K -) 'choking';
siinbiir, but It fact it should be gipo = agiida siinhiir ETHIOPIC: Te. Kard 'chaff', T~a. Kllrd; 'chaff',
SEMITIC: the root occurs as gr<, grr, and grgr (redu- garif 11,ij: (T) 'this year';
amora (for agiida »biir) 'bird o(prey which breaks tarat/a 'become chaff'. Amh. K~rd. K"~rdo 'chaff',
phcated gr): Ar. gara'a 'swallow, gulp down', garga- fiirriidii 'separate chaff from grain'; also In Cushit- probably a mispnnt for &ur~r ·~tCf!. Note, however.
the leg bone', Note that there is also a bird in ra 'gurgle', gurgur 'noisy (throat)" Mh. gora 'drink', IC; BII. glird 'chaff, Sa. garad 'scratch off'. that KG likeWISe has garif
Amhanc called qalt>m sabiir 'bird of prey which Heb. gliron 'throat' (formed with the suffix -on),
cracks open bones to get the marrow', -gargaro! 'throat, gullet', PbH. gargfrf!, Syr. gag-
garad. II 1t.Y. (K -) 'screen from view'; g'arir 'l-I,ij: (K-) 'Hood':
garla « gargarlii) 'throat', Md. gangarata, Akk
gippos 'L~fl, see gippii.
.. . .
gangurftu, gaggurftu, possibly 'gullet'. ETHIOPIC: Tna, Amh. garriidii, same. from Amh. g'o"r
•
202
g-arifi
garardS. 203
, 'i. • 1t'i. (T) gWarafii 1-~'i., Heb. ragan 'grumble', metathesis in Telat' ---- gi"i
gOarifii, gonfii 1-t .'h n; retribution, chas-
(K) garafii u'i. 'p~ms me ,
tiscment, torment;
ETHIOPIC: appears as gr, g"r, g~rg""r: TnIO~ 10 :'g r.
g"iirii 'mutter, mumble', Amh. ang~iira ~_'.. ~ng iit.
g.r. ID (y.g"m ) 1~OO 'be frightful. be awe-
e ' be fear-insplrtng,
. .
. be tern'ble, become g.... r•• g.rr. (yag"r, "'grar I 1t:~ , 1l 's b-
gl>.ilrr a I'" er' • G ur. angiJraggiirii'
a mut t gg ara' g' ~r. SOlD .'dable become admIrable, be amazed': mIt (mtr.), be subject to, be subdued be ~
h whip'; cpo also Tna.Amh.
from garafa II 'las,' (a)g"rak'ara (from ag' ragg' ara), (a) g' gru:nble', fon11l d impersonally
' . h b'
WIt 0 ject suffix pro- garrara 'be Subject t' h ' ,0) ,
also US e • .
g~rrJ.fta 'punishment. gil' baIa.. 'h
t un d er,
' gurgur b aI"a •murmur'arraH roar'' strange; to read h 0 (t e IOtran.-.ItI\'e is
biiya, gurgur boya 'thunder', • aT, gUr nouns.. e,g. y.garr.momu they WIll be a- ar anb - per aps waY.1garr,lr [S}'na~_
gorifii 1t'i. (T) 'vain, idle'. mazed'; . If' h y, g 0/ 18J mstead of war_gerrar n th'
case the tmperfect would co';e fr ' I "
gargari 7C;J~ (Lt) 'opponent, who 0 0 go rama 'ternfy,
, a arm, ng ten, scare,
gWarafiit 1-~'i."" (T) 'sin'; someone in a court case'; PP ses '
frighten away ; ,. , 'agrkara 'subdue, Subject, SUbmit o(~~ g)artaarm")e:
ma e sub'ect ." ,
perhaps connected with g"'artfa, above. ram a (Lt) 'make maJestic: ben,d be jmasterto, make submiSSive. overthrow
from Amh. gargar;, from giiriiggiirii 'be a 'ag 10 tagarama, tagarrama 'b e terrtble. . be of" , ,
gergel lelA, (L) gargel 1ClA 'wheel, one of nent, oppose someone in a court case'. n °ppo. lagam , . b 'f " gariiri. act. part. of garara:
, f I be threatenmg, e tern ylng ;
the seven heavens'; ,ear u ,
_ 'terrible dread
f I
u , tern
'f .
ymg, awesome gar~r 'submissive, subject';
gerger lC1.C (KG) 'heaven'; gam,,,· . ' ganr 'submission"
from glgl (by dissimilation); cpo Md. gargul 'wheel, awful, fearful, wondrous, amazIng, marvel- ,
variant of gelgel; see also gergel. garrat 'submission" ,
sphere'. Syr. gargiJta. See also gelgel, gerger, OllS, majestic, augus,t, venerable, tremendous,
'agriiri, same as magrari;
gargorta (Lt) "IC"IC;t- 'confUSion'; terrible thing, t~rror ; , . . .
g.rogliryos. g.rog.rl.yos "C:"fl.Cl'"ll , .,c:.,c (garuma g.,uman [L1] most ternfymg); magrar (K.Gr.3JJ) 'tamer':
Al'"n; see kirog.rI(vos. from Amh. gargana.
rma 'terror, fear, dread, awe, glorious act, magrar; 'subduer, Conqueror, vanquisher';
,
grgr. >angargars h 11C1~ 'wallow, revolve, garha I (y.grah) TCU 'be (become) kind, be !:Ory, ~ajesty, dignitr magnificence. pomp'; I'g,.rl (KG) 'submission" ,
roll, roll oneself, make roll about, spm, dnve mild-tempered, be meek, be gentle'; garom! terror, dread, SEMITIC: from grr 'pull, drag' > 'subjugate' (Dill-
round (tr., inlr.), flop around, wnggle (one gar" (K') 'kind, meek, gentle'; magram! 'terror'; mann 1155): Ar. garra, Heb. garar, Syr. gar (grr).
possessed by a spirit)'; magrami 'terrible, terrifying, admirable, extra- ETHIOPIC: Te. IJgiirriira 'be a vassal' Amh
" ,
.. ~
. garrara
..
ETHIOPlc: Tna. garhe 'be kind', Te. garha 'be good. pull, drag (rrom Geez), agiirriirii 'reduce to a trib.
'angargari (K '), act. participle; natured', Amh. garra. ordinary' ; ute-paying status'.
nagargar 'rolling, spinning, epilepsy, palsy, pos- LOgarmo 'intimidation';
session by a spirit, evil spirit'; garha II (yagrah) 1CU (K') 'plough'; I'graml 'terror, terrifying fear, threa t, menace';
g.r(r)as. 1~ft (T.YSw. in D 1156,M) 'bUild,
(:a-nagargar 'epileptic, one possessed by an garalll (pI. gariihlat, garawah, garalV.hl), garh ErHIOPIC Te. giirriima 'frighten', Tna. giiriimii 'as- make':
evil spirit'): (T) 'field, arable land, fann, estate'; tonish,amaze', Amh.Gaf. garriimii 'be amazing, won- gerasa (T.Y.M) 'build, make snares to catch
SEMITIC': Ug. I-grgr 'bustle about, make haste'; to SEMITIC: Dillmann 1153 (followed by Brockelmann derful', Arg. giirriima, Gur. giiriimii; passed into animals' (probably reconstructed from 1',-
be identified with Semitic gil, glgl (see gig, above) 1908: 169) compares it with Ar. qara!l, a root that Cushitic: Sa. garam 'terrible', Qem. giirriimii 'sur- ger,.s, imperfect of *garrasa); .
with alternance orliquids. has a variety of meanings in connection with land prise'. The derivation from Cushitic: Sish. rek"
gars (garS), garis (pI. garsiil, garisiil) 'hinge,
ETHIOPIC Te. 'ongargiira 'roll, wallow', Tna. 'ongar- but rerers mostly to land without vegetation (Lane 'fear', Or. rogom 'tremble, fear' (rog- enlarged by
,om), rgln becoming grm by metathesis, suggested coupling, (T.Gr.439) chain, (0T.588) means of
gard. Amh. niigiirgar 'epilepsy'; also in Cusrutic: 251 J). However, the phonetic correspondence is not nailing';
Sil. egirglf 'move', engirgir 'epilepsy', Sa. gur 'roll', regular. by Praetoruis, ZDMG 47 (1893).394, is unlikely.
gargar 'roll', Sam. gira"gir 'wheel'. ETHtoptc: Te. garhat 'field', Tna. g.,at (pI. gar,. ETHIOPIC: Amh. g"iirriisii 'wedge (e.g. a loose peg
gorem ?t!.9"; see g'aryama.
in a hole with bits of wood so that it will be firm)'.
g"rgWr, >ang".rgOars h11-C1-~ 'munnur, h.w); also in Cushitic: Bed. gar"a.
mutter, grumble, complain, claim, be vexed, be g·"n. gorn, gurn. gWarna 'I'C1 ! 1C1 , '/-C') ,
angry' ; gar~ (pI. gariiw.h) 1C.lt, (KG) garo~ 1r:.. 1'C'1 'threshing floor'; g.r.s. 1~/V (K') 'eat powdery or gramy
'merchandise, freight, cargo, (T.Sw. in D Ill3) food' ;
>ang'arg'arf (Gr.334), act. participle; SEMITIC Ar. gurn, girn 'threshing floor, corn store',
money, capital used in commerce'; gada 'soft or powdery food, (Lt) a bite';
nag"arg"ar 'murmuring, whispering, Com- SAr.grn, Heb. gor~n, Ug. gm. Koehler 194, Baum-
plaint, indignation' (not nagargar as in Dill- SEMrTlC; AT. gara!1Q 'gain, acquire' (Dillmann Ill3). gartner 195, and H. Rabin 1976:243 also compare SEMITIC: Ar. garasa 'crush, grind (grain)'. guriiJa
mann 1158, but correctly nag"arg"iir in the Aram.-Syr. gurnii 'large vessel'; add Akk. garannu 'wheat coarsely ground', Heb. grres 'groats', Aram.-
quoted passages); gar~a 1Cdt (T. Y), garha 1CU (K ') 'tame, break 'small vessel'. Syr. garas 'crush, grind'.
a horse or mule'; CUSHlnC: Bil. warana 'threshing floor', Kham. ETHIOPIC Amh. (a)g"'iirriisii 'make coarse-ground
mang"arg"'Jr, mang . . aragll'ar 'who murmurs
flour'; connected with Tna. gM"iiriisii 'take a mouth·
who mutters, who complains, choleric'; , gar~ 'tamed (horse, mule)'; warna (with g"' becoming w; so also Reinisch
ful. tear off food with the teeth', Amh. g"drrdsd
garh, (T) g.,h 'tamed (horse, mule),; 1887:360). On the other hand, Cushitic wrn could be
SEMITIC: onomatopoetic, as in AT. gargara 'grunt, compared with Te. wadna 'threshing floor' (with 'take a mouthful', Te. giirari.f 'leavened porridge'.
~rumble' For the connection of g~rg~ r with Semitic ETHIOPIC: Tna. giirhe, giirbe 'tame', Te. gar{w.:r: alternance d: r).
g', (g'r), ngr, see Conti 1980:62. Note that Ludolf come tamed' Arnh.Gur. giirra 'tame', Arg. garra 10, girSi [ ;JC"/ (T) 'kind of tree';
246 records it under ngr; in 494 he compares it with related to gr;: O. >agrara 'subdue', Te. giirgiira 'gel g.ri~~i "ItA, (T) garap dlt-k 'bearded vulture';
used to, learn', Tna. gargiirii. ETHIOPIC Te.Tna. garsa 'a tree with edible fruit';
from Ok. gr;;pa (ace. or gryps ·griffin'). rrom Cushitic: Bil.Sa. garsii, Sam. garas.
204
$!j~i lOS", 205
~ ~ (T) 'kind of fish' ;
girS. II ,1C' 'catfish-like fish'.
.
corruptIon of Gk. karpasinos 'consist'
' cloth',
' SE~JTIC: ,r.
A gatta 'tear out, uproot', Akk , g{,.sQiu 21..'"
. -
SE.\IITIC' Ar. giisa l ilTS • •
EnuOPIC' Amb. garsa . . 'cotton, linen'; also in Amh. giir;:~:g?f karpQIDj do~ Te giissa ' Ess ) 'wipe off with the hand.
'cut (Lane 49') Akk ." I be.:o me agJlated ho t.
- , . ~aJl.t 'whlrl' C ' '. I
" t.1I (K') 'make an tIlCI- (from Geez). Silk <lolh' rnno,PI~h,' giisstisii 'efface, wipe out', Gur. ( a ) . '<Chneillaufen'''(v~n Sod 'O JI AD 5 l SI, 'Ct".
g'.ras. I (.rag ra~) ~' to cup (TS) bite';
sw~p.:, ETH Cn _,' )
sion I~ the flesh tn or etr g me~ns of scrap- ove completely by cutting and dlgg mg ' ; . IOP~C : Te . .~tisgiiJa 'hasten .11 ...
gas, giiso :HI 1 :J(' (K.Lt) 'anim I ';)1,50 rem .. .. , . 'Kh am gis, See
C hitic: Bil.Sa, gasas Wipe, qUlckl) , Tn •. gas-Cis - 'be ' ong qU"kI), move
mag .. raJ 'means •of cut In •
g
spotted, speckled, or has a black a Ihal I, also In us I .. -. . ~ Q In a hurry ' Amh '"
also gasgasa I . gasa move In a hurn, walk . .. ' . gaS<1g-
ing fangs, claws; " coat'. and whtIe passed into C'ushihc': K rapldl} ' ,Gur g<lSQ.~'ha ~
. "rr see qarasa, q ara~a. - "1M! (Ll) 'thicket, shrubbery'. ga.sSO), am. gasa.~<lho, Qab . .~a.M~.
SEMITIC: related to qr~, q,' "n in'the forehead g".s
h rillii 'cut a vel gesa '/,(\; see gys. ,
~
(tii)~a(?oll"ii 'clash, collide' (that IS, ~.com~v fa~ vt~ basket', Tna. gi/tof; passed into Cushitic: Or. gililCa
'baskel'. Qem. g>t.ca.
facc). Amh.Gur. (ta)gac?a, Amh. (tan)gocaggaca:
Arg. (,g 'lIa,'ta. Har (tiiigaea; Amh. also got? ala g~~ I, go~. (yagu!.r), goh. 1"': 1/} 'dawn (v), '~bet (from g"iirii btl). Arg. g"d,ai><J. Gaf. g""'"""
la; passed IOto Cushllic' Sa gtlr 'neighbor'
'appear In front of, to face'; perhaps ~ken fro~ g·a!. g'3! I "''1' : '1''1' (D.K·) 'uneven, rough'; groW light, break forth (~Jght) , ,
Cushillc Kham. go~ 'face', Bed. gedi, BII.Qem. goz ErnIOPIC: Amh. gut. g".{ 'knob, knot (of wood)" (Qgti ...~o, (L) lagaw!.ra dawn (v), beglO to gaws 11D-II, name of a •
SIgn of the zod,ac
(see also Cohen 1947·no.197). related to g""tl.Fg'"Q!a. dawn' ; (Gemmi);
goh, (T) goh 'dawn, daybreak', from AT gaK':a': see also gaw:ii,
g~ '1$; see gay)'asa I.
g·a!. g"a! II ""'1' ! '1''1' (D,K.M) 'point, pointed SEMmc: Ar. (Dat) gawa~ 'to dawn', g.wh 'dawn',
g'~. "1\, g'3~ 'N\"; see g•n end';
see g"Q!o!a I.
H,b. gall (g",~, gyh) 'burst forth' (so Dlilmann gawsin
. , 11D-1\1, (T) g3wsin "I1D-1\1 'leather
cUIrass;
g'asr.ra .,."t.t.
(K 'TDTW 242, under g"adaf-
(ard) 'd'g a hole for planting, dig, scratch'; gu!. in >altagu! h".,..,.'I'
(Lt), >altagwi! h".""1
1184; see also Noeldeke 1904:44); relaled to Syr
gahgoh 'to dawn', and see gahaha, above. from Ar gawsan 'coat of mall'
EnnoPlc: Te. go&o 'dawn', 'agwalJ 'early mornmg',
g"J~/a' (K') 'itch'; 'I!'1' (T) 'excrement, relieving one's bowels'; rna ga~. go~ga~ 'dawn', Amh. goh, g"iih, Gur. ga gawz 11D-11 'nut, (T) perfume',
ETHIOPIC Amh. g"iiffiica,ii (with metathesis) from Ar. gut (pI. of ga'i!) 'excrement', with the hala 'to dawn', gO'DI 'dawn, early morning'. The
rool is related to wgh: Te. wiig~. 'break out (day)', from Aram.·Syr. gaH'zQ (of Persian onglO), a!t
'scrape. scratch' See also godfara, above. Arabic article 'al-, 'al-; see also g""aya-ra II. IS also Ihe case of Ar. tawz (Noelde •• 1910:41;
Tna . . . .iig~e. Tigrina has also nug"'J~af and bJg"J~af
g'~g'~. .,.".,.1\
(Ll) 'corrode, erode, be g'a!!al 'I'mT; see g'a!a!a I. 'early morning'. Bassano 127 conSiders bJg'"J~at
"pococorrettarnente", but 10 fact the pronunciation
Wagner 18). In the olher Ethiopian languages. Tn • .
Amh gaH':, rna, gOK':;, For Heb. 'ego:, Aram
rugged, be rough (road)': 'angu:ti to be identified or not With gllK': (with
g·a~iig".~. g"adag".d, (T) g·arjag'.~ 'rugged, g"a!.!a I ""mm 'dig out (with a pointed ob- h.g",ho' (for ba-g".h.t 'in the early mornmg') is the
a prothelic ,), see Noeldeke IQI0:4.1, n.5, Baum,
rough (road), rocky, knobby (wood), knotty, ject)' ; correcl one. TIgre has also fiingoh, fiinguh 'to-
gartner 10; Wagner 18, For the Hittite origin of thb
(T) hill, bank of earth'; g"'·iJ!. gWa! 'point, pointed'; morrow' from fiin-goMguh, from [.na 'toward' (at- root, see Rabm 1964151. The rOOI passed 10'0
Itlted only in Geez) and gohlgu~ 'mornmg, to- CushltlC Bil gou: 'nul'
ETHIOPI(,: Amh. g~(i!agl(afa 'pry. dig out. scrape', g"allat 'tongs, pincers, (K') fork'; morrow' (for 'morning, tomorrow', cpo nagha),
g-afag"CJf 'uneven, rough', Tna. g"li.fag"i/!. See also
ETHIOPIC: Amh. giiUi#ii 'scrape clean, cut the root', Rundgren 1955:222 analyzes [ii"go~ as 'ba-naghu
g"ar g·a! I g"'ii!iigg"'ii{ii 'dig out with a sharp pointed instru- > 'honguh > [ongu~; lb. p.223 he suggests, with gawzii 11D-I I, (T) gawz 11D-1I, name of a Sign
ment', Tna. g"'ii!g"otii; related to g"'o!iiyo 'seize with reservations, filnii-gi~ > fango~ without explaining of the zodiac (GemlOi);
g.~.w. 11\m, g~iwe "Il1'1l; see g~~. pincers or tongs'. For g"'iJ!!Qt, cpo Amh. g~~iit fana.
from Ar. 'a/~gaH'ZD': see also gaws.
g3~yt "I""T (Ll) 'small vessel', 'tongs. ptncers', Tna. gutel; passed into Cushluc:
Sa gUII.I. Dillmann 1208 compares g".{ with q".{ g..~ II, lagiwah. .,. ;Jar", (D 1398) 'argue, g"ayy • .,.f, g"3yyii 'I'f; see g"yy.
(see q".{.{a I). See also g".{aya. dispute, quarrel;;
g"eto.la "TH- (T.D 1398) 'examine, investi-
gate', (the form of the verb is unusual; it has g".!.!a II ""mm (Y.M) 'be thick (hair), be full S"'mc: Syr gu~a 'uproar, confliCt', Md. guha. g"iyyii 'if (K') 'kind of pea beheved to cau'e
the appearence of a denominahve from g"'el- (hair), have long hair'. ETHIOPIC: Te. giih 'crash' (n.), Amh. g"a alii 'to paralysis of the legs';
nal), crash'; also in Cushitic: Bil. g""ax y, g"oh }' 're- from Amh. g"ayyo; probably from Cu,hltl"; Qem
perhaps related to q"'O!O!Q III 'become fat' SOund, ring" Som. gu~ 'noise'. See also ghgh ]] Kham. g"'jiya, Or, gayo.
208 gys giYs 209
g"'n i 1'.f (I, ') 'area between the thighs, lap': Te. iir 'a kind of white soil', also fro
ETHIOPIC . ofll,oksiiMo is given
natIOn . by Rundgren. 195':'51
. ~ ... _. o
Arabic; Te. gdrgar (reduplicate~ gar) 'limestone' ~ te tbat some meaDings of gsgs COInCIde with g,ay~" I( 'l'-fll (T K' ~' "
from Amh. ,l?"~r.J'a- No of the root gesa (gl's); thus Tna. giisiiggiisii g ayas (T M) , . 1) defe""t.,
undoubtedly to be connected with giro • '.1 excrement"
,thOse early in t he mormn, 'g'T e. 'gasgasa
" 'move see g~ n, g"'era. '
gayb I 1.1'.11 'cup, goblet, pitcher'; _.. .... pro ba bl y originally
leave uickly', Am b . gasaggasa,
gayy.,.!! 1fC: 'be a stranger, be an alien, (H) Ion g q
S1:\HTIC. Brodelmann 1908:233 connects It with emigrate;
a'move on quickly m. th e mornmg.' f or gesam 'to- giy~a :>fll (K'), see ta - ..
Ar. ga~rb 'basm', ow' (from gesa-m), cpo Te. gesiim, and for the tagiiyasa 'offend be h ga}",'a. beloll,
lagayyara (K '.T.M), same; ,"orr ,m, also l~ma-tim , 'yes
td ' For the ending be an ·enemy be. ostlle,bena a dversatv
ETHlOPI(': Te. gayho 'vase', Tna. g"iiybi, Amh. geb ending er ay.
"tumbler" liar. geb; also 10 Cushitic: Sa. garbe . goyyari (K"), act. participle;
in Semitic, see H. Torczyner, Die EIIl- quarrel,augu~, di~:~~sed (to). plague, ve~:
gayb Il 1"11 'pocket':
gayyur 'stranger, alien';
gayyurawi (DTW 761) 'stranger, alien, exiled" •.
.mh ng des semitischen SprachtJpus (1916).144-159
. . . '
Cerulli 1936:251 tblOks that the Semluc·Ethioplc
show arrogance, give o~e:l~r:;,,?e haughty .
K Interprets lagal'os ' .. , (note that
from Ar. gayb. gaYY"ralJlJii (K ') 'status of a stranger, (Ll) ot is borrowed from CushuJc; SII. kes 'become . _ • ~ .a as a passl\,'e)'
glYCl,J Contention strife'. \
compulsory service'; :orning·, Qem. kiis. kis. Note that Bil. gala), 'trav-
gyd, geda 11. (K'); see gayada, below; tagayso (It) 'hos;ilities'.',
sec gwr, lagal1'ara. eler' is taken from Te. gaiay.
gayada (Y.T.M) 'be quick (horse), be fast, be ~~~~~PIC: Te. (la)gaY(4a 'be hostile' _ '.
mmble'; gys, gesa (yagis), ge" 1.1'1 j l.lP 'be early, do gays ;If,1I (0r.440), gayso ~f.(' (lKOT 588) JtlFQ be defiant be h 'I ,Amh. I la !gal'·
lagnyodo () .T.M) 'hasten, hurry, be rapid, be 'shield, spear, haft of spear; harische Kaise~heder~,stl e, be dObstlnate' (in "Am-
things early in the morning (such as rise, come Hofner 598)' Amh ( _ acc_or mg to Lutmann_
fast, gallop'; leave, go, travel)'; , T. 115 also reoders Geez gayso by Amh. g""iilmassa . ' . ta)geta·Mat 'he dended h .
·asragayada (T), caus. of IOga)'ada; comes either from a-getii 'derid ' .Im
goyyaso (L1) 'hurry in the morning'; (gulmassa) 'growing to young manhood' For thIS ~a) or from {O)getii 'h' e (cp. Geez tagawl-
ga.l'pd. gal'ad 'fast (horse). quick, nimble, (T) agesa, (Gr.44O) 'agyasa, causative; also 'dismiss" , meaning there seems to be some connection with -
(agamst . . e was dressed up In hi!i best
adversary' ; h,m) > he showed off (. .
gayasi, act. part. of gesa; Amh. gassa 'shield' meaning also 'military prowess', derided (h' )' Th . . aga'nst 111m) > he
,. , 1~. e, basiC meamng of the Geez root
Ar. giida (gwd) 'be swift (horse),. I:lars. gays Journey;
SEMITIC
ged 11(."d) 'good, fine'. SAr. gwd 'swift'. for the
E11lIOPIC: Te.Tna.Amh.Arg.Gur. gaSsa 'shield', see;n-". to ~ be hosttle, vex' which developed second-
gisar (K ') 'doing things early in the morning' Gar. gaia. Guidi 772 also records Amh. goyso 'kind an y mt,o be haughty', and It would seem that the
Arabic root. see Blachere I879ff. (n.); of spear': from Cushilic: Sid. Qem.Qua. gasa, Som. connectIOn With gl'S 'dec
ErnloPIC' Te. gedo (g}'d) 'hurry', Amh. gayad'spirit- r ' , orate. ad orn' (see .~"'Jh15a
gesam, ge.sam 'tomorrow, the morrow, the fol. golan (Cerulli 1951 :437, under gacM). ludolf 543 ) suggested by Praetonus 1879; 146 IS unlikely
ed horse'. Gur. gada)' (with metathesis) 'fast, rapid, lowing day'; derives G. gliyso from Ok. gaisos 'javelin'. The unles~ the basiC meanmg is 'be haught\i', For th'
short-tempered'. Tna. giiy)'iidii 'not walk well meanmg 'I>< haught ' A ' _ e
gesam-a 'on the morrow, tomorrow, in the derivation of Amh. gassa from G. ga~sa 'ward off' J
y, cpo r. gada 'strut' (0
(horse), is to be connected with Te. gedo 'horse Cohen 1976: 107). . .
morning' ; suggested by Praetorius 1879: 171 is unlikely.
(mule) thal does not run weII', and not with Te.
geda as suggested by Littmann·Hofner 597. SEMITIC: Modern South Arabian ghm, ghm: Sh. gayso I ;If,(I; see gays. g".yy.t 1'fT, gW. yyat 'l'-fT: see g'yy.
gehem 'come in the morning', Mh. gihem 'travel,
g Oyy gO 0 ,
gayata 1fll (T) 'cut, separate'; leave' is connected by Bittner 1914:25 and Rund- gayso II ;1"(1 (T.M) 'ordinance'; .' ayya, g ayaya (yaK ya\', yag'yav) .,.
gay/ii (T M) 'salt bar used as currency' (so gren 1955 ; 254 with Ethiopic gesa, gesam-a 'morning'
ETHJOPIC: perhaps to be identified with Te. ma-gays
f I-ff 'run, run away, flee, escape, d~sert':
'w
called because it is a cut piece); (the Modern South Arabian ghm would then I>< a 'way of life'. 'og yoyo 'p ut to flight' ;
denominative from gesam). While the alternance tagWiiyaya (L1) 'flee':
ETHIOPlc:Ina. giirla 'bar of salt' (calJed amole in
S(s);h is possible for Modern South Arabian (sec gayy~a I (T.Y.M) 1f'" 'be well-dressed, be em- g'ayayi, g"ayyiiy 'fugitive, deserter, strayed':
Amhanc); metathesis in relation to galaya. above.
Leslau 1938: 33), such is not the case in the ArabiC bellished' ; g"'ayuy 'fleeing':
dialects of South Arabia where the root ghm means g'.yay, guyay 'flight':
gayle .7"/1, (T) 'black snake'. /agayasa (T) 'be well-dressed, be conceited';
'leave in the morning' (landberg 1920:304-5). for g'.yyn 'flight';
that matter, gahma 'end of the night' also occurs in gaY!, ge~ (K ') 'adornment';
ga))a,a I 1fC: 'plaster with lime, whitewash'; g"ayyot, gWayyat 'Right';
classical Arabic, and in SAL ghm-y 'last part of ETHIOPIC: Ina. gaYf; 'decoration', Amh.Gur. (a)-
/aga.l'yara (K .), passive: night, JUst before dawn'. H. Bauer, ZDMG 69 g'oyayot 'flight';
ge!Q 'adorn', Arg. ( a)ge{a. See also g"aytl.$a 1.
garyiin (K 'I, act. pan. of gay),ara; (1915).566 compares G. gesa with Ar. goso 'bubble Jag")'oyi, act. part. of )ag"yaya;
ga!'.Iur 'plastered with lime, whitewashed'; over, boil over, rush toward' > 'set out early'. gam,a II (T.M) 1f'" 'dislike. detest' . mag"yay, mag'yiiy 'flight, place of refuge, asy-
gir (K ') 'lime', ETHlOPIC: Te. gesa 'walk, travel (in general, at any lum, refuge';
gy" g "'I" ;1", (Gr.440), g·.ya~a '1'-1'''' SEMITIC: Soq. ge 'fiee, hurry'; related to Syr. gtJhii
• 0
ga;yiire (K') 'plastering with lime' (n.); time of the day)', Tna. gesii 'travel to a foreign
magay.l''' 'who plasters with lime, wall
builder' ;
country', gis 'go away!' (used in a game). For
'morning, tomorrow', cpo Har. gls 'tomorrow', Gur. ·
(K'.T.M) 'break wind"
, 'flee, escape', Md. gho 'flee from' .
g:~ (Gr.440) 'flatus. (T.M) excrement'; see EnuoPlc: Tna. g"'iiyiiyQ 'flee, run away', Amh.
ges, Amh. magas( 'the next day' (with the prefix ma- g aya~a n.
from AI gfr 'lime', of Aramaic origin (Noeldeke and the suffix -I). It is the same magas that occurs in (In)g".y 'who flees', Gaf. g''ilti/ii (for It < y, see
191045: Wagner 42): also SAr. gyr 'plaster', Heb. Amh. maksiifhio 'Tuesday' for mags-siinno, from • Leslau 1956:9). See also g'agg".'a.
gir for Ar. gir, see Dozy 1238, and Blachere 1974. g aya,a I 'l-fll (T.K·.M) 'wash oneself"
ma-gs-siinno (Word 3(1949).277-8). Another ex pla- see gaYY~a I. '
g.zza 1": see gz: I, II.
210 gaZ'i 211
-
RaT, gala, gila. ;1'11 , ;11f i 1.1f1 'treasury, gi::o, Dar.giziifa. P~azikows~y-Brauner, MIO 1/2 Te. giiz<a, go.rzCI'a 'have a drinking bout'
C"
ErH10P I - .
a'a;e (With metat heSlS .) 'k'md of banquet'·'
treasure. \",·ealth, money'~ (1953).267 ronnects It also wJth Sa. ged, gedda. Am h.dginto CuShltIC:
.. B'/ do' '
from Gl... ga:o 'treasure'; also occurs in Aram.·Syr.
ga:::ii going back 10 Median gan:::a (Wagner 41). As
g"ala, guza
hawk';
"'II • 1-11 'bird of prey, falcon
,
passe
See also mgz'.
I . gar r serve at a feast'
.
ror Gk. ga:a, see Wagner 41. Masson 30, n, L See gaL,a (yag:ii<) 1'110, (K') gaz'a 111h 'cut, saw
also ,;i::ii. SEMITIC: PbH. gaz 'bird of prey', Aram. gazza.
slaughter' ;
ETHIOPIC: Amh. gWno ; the derivation from Kara
up, a'a (DTW 747), causative;
gad J ;11f (T) 'spring, hole, ditch'; garo suggested by Brockelmann 1950:26 is unlikely. logz .
togaz(a, ib" paSSIve;
refers perhaps to the city of Gaza in connection ' ib pass. part. of ga;;<a;
g"ozo "''' (It) 'expedition, day's march'-, gaz,·'
U ,
with the baptism in Acts 8 (Getatchew), gaZ'ma (l'.g=.m) 11100 '
from Amh, g"'azo. gltZ';' (K 'J 'trunk ; retrench, -tear up rend chut, cut down, cut off,
gala II ;11f (T) 'source of strife'; magza' (pl. magiiu<) 'saw'; ' " ew (wood)' dc'
gal'. I (y.gza) 111h 'dominate, master'·, ha Id 10 Contempt' (C . R " ' sp"e,
perhaps from Ar. ga:ei(t) 'military expedilion, at~ SEMJTlC Ar. gazQ(a, 'cut'. SA~. Heb.
gZf 'aSSign', can be d . d f ontl OSSlnl 1923:374)'
'agza'a (K *), causative; enve rom 'cut down '" '
lad. ' glZO' 'stump' (that IS, somethlOg cut), Syr. g.:a'
tagaz'a (K '), passive; consider of litlle value> d .>, dlOlinlsh >
'cut', gii;<Q 'trunk'. , .. • espise ;
gala III ;111; see gao. gazii)i (K ilL), act. part. of gaz'a; ETHIOPIC: Tna, go.z<e dIVide, separate', Amh. giiziig-
agzama, causative',
gnu' (K '), pass, parI. of gaz'a; gii:a 'saw, cut wit~ difficulty'; Amh.~rg.Gur. mo.- taga=ma, pass. of gazarna'
g;}z ..,11; see I1'g=. lowga::a. - .( •
a::anu ,
gaz'at 'dominion, sovereign authority, owner- gaz 'saw', Tna. magaz (from Amhanc), and a de. g K ), act. parI. of ga=ama:
ship' ; nominative in Tna,Amh. miigga=o. 'cut with a saw'. g.:um (K '), pass. parI. of ga:ama:
gila 1.1f (T) 'precious stone';
lagzi> (pI. lagolqzl, )agii>(}st) 'master, lord, ga=n: (K ') 'portion of a field, plot'.
perhaps a variant of gii:. gaza, above, or from Ar. owner. ruler, chief'; g.zd.,u 1'11.e-h- (T) 'person of high social or of
- , , , g.::am (K') 'cut-off piece'; ,
ga;' onyx. free status ·; g,nmal 'a cutting';
>agii'azt, pI. of 'agzi>; also 'governors';
perhaps a misprint for gardil'lI (see above).
gile (pI. gl;eytit) 1.11 'time, a time, season, >agz;]>!, 'agzi>t 'mistress, lady'; mag:.m (K ') 'axe, (Gr.479) that cuts" ,
hour, moment, period'; >agzi';mnii 'dominion, sovereignty, superiority'; gazf. I (yng.f) 111"-, (KG) galafa 1"'" 'be SEMITIC: Ar. ga:ama 'cur, Soq, megzimoh 'rum'
with a verb it means 'when', as in gize mii$)Q lagzi'Qwi 'pertaining to a lord or master; of a thick, be dense, be stout, be obese, become (from g:m), SAr. g::m 'extirpate, defcal an enemy
'when he came'; lord, of a master'; fat' ; conclude a pact', Heb ' ...a(i-am 'cut' ,ram.-
AS '
, , - yr, Ip·
it'iJ'tJla gi:e, )'iJliJ/a gize 'at that time, then, 'agzi'ab.her 'God', lit. 'the Lord of the land' with I.M 'heart' it means 'become obstinate, =am cut off, Md, gzm 'threaten, be violent'. .
straightway, suddenly, at once'; (see b.her); harden' ; ETH10PIC: Tna.. g"'(J::amii 'divide up meat of a
migi~e 'when?'; '.gzi'aba~erawi 'pertaining to God'; 'agza/a 'thicken, harden, make hard, cause to ~Iaughtercd aOlma!', Amh. giizziimii 'divide land
::a gt':e 'at this time, at this houT'; )agzi'aba~Jeranna 'majesty, divine nature of Into lots', also ·conquer. vanquish' (for which see
condense'; with i.bb 'heart', or k.sad 'neck' it
ba-gi=ehu 'at its proper time, in due time'; God'; S~.r.'. g:m); Tna. giiziimo 'big axe', Amh. gaziimo.
means 'be stubborn, be obstinate'; gagamo. Gur. giinfiim~ii (augmented by II); Tna.
ba-gi:eha 'straightway, right away, at once, SEMITIC: Dillmann 1191 connects this root with Ar. gazif'thick, stout, rough, coarse (material),; gii:mt 'dowry' < 'pact'.
immediately' ; gaza (izy) 'reward'. (gazif-a '.ga 'obese');
la-gi:ehu, la-gizeha 'for the present, for a while, ETHIOPIC: Te, giiz'a 'rule. govern, possess', Tna. gazuj'thick, fat, rough'; gilaR 1.111 (KG) 'things, objects, goods';
for the time being'; giiz'e, Har. gaza'a (also gisti < gizlt 'mistress of the (gazuJ-a bsiid 'stiff-necked, stubborn, obsti- beld gi:an 'house of treasure';
lallagi=eiw 'all the time, at all times'; house'), Amh. gazza, Arg, gazza, Gaf. giizza, GUf. nate'); see gaz.
kii/Jla gi:e 'another time, again'; gii:a 'own, possess'; also Gaf. gazza 'money, cattle'
(that is, 'possessions'), Arg. gfzi, Gur. gazz. The
(gazuJ-a labb 'presumptuous'); galara (yag;.,) 111;: 'circumcise';
ba-k'.II" gi:e 'all the time, always'; gaza/. gJzj'thickness, density, mass, harshness,
root passed into Cushitic: BiL gada' (with the alter- >agzara, causative:
(mas ( • J!IGra gi:eyat 'Horologium'); nance z: d). obstinacy' ; tagazra 'be circumcised';
gi:eya .... i (Gr.479) 'sudden, momentary'; gaz/at 'being (n) thick, gross, dense'; gaziir; 'who circumcises';
ETHIOPIC Tna.Amh. gi:e, Gar. gazye, Gur. ga- gal'a (gaz'a) II 111h (1110) 'serve at a feast'; magza/. magzaji, act. part. of 'agzaja; g,JZur 'circumcised';
:(iI)ya. The derivation of gi:e from AT. giiza 'pass' gazzQ', gazo>i (pI. gazQ'!) 'servant who serves magza/a m.dr 'clayish ground'; gnro 'circumcision';
as suggested by Dillmann 1196, and Praetorius at the table, servant, cupbearer'; magza/'a thick or stout thing'; gazrat 'circumcising';
1879: 173 is doubtful, Likewise the connection with 'agziN (T.M) 'messenger, waiter';
E'fHIOP/?: Te. giizJa 'be thick, be big', Tna. gazaJii, (ba'iiia gazral 'Feast of the Circumcision' [6th
the roOl g:1I' (gzwj 'cut, detennine, fix (time)' sug. gaz'. gaz' 'banquet, feast, festivity; ram fat- Amh. gazziija.
gested by D. Cohen 1976: 110 is doubtful. It is tened for slaughter'; of the month r"r]);
perhaps to be analyzed as gk:e 'this time' (Rund- magu' (pI. magaz,]', magaza'l) 'fatted (calf), SEMITIC: Ar. gazara, garaza 'cut, slaughter', S~.
gazf. II 111'" (K') 'shout when the zar-spirit
gren 1955:44); for gi, cpo Gur. gi, ge, ga (leslau fat, fatling'; manifests himself" , gezer, Heb. gazar, gara:, Aram.-Syr. giJ:ar, Md. gzr
1979:254), The rOOl also occurs in Cushitic: Qem. magza'a lahm (Lt) 'calf'; 'circumcise', Ug. gzr 'cut' (Caquot).
from Amh . g"azza,;c··a.
J ETHIOPIC: Te. go.n;:iira 'cut meat into pieces' (from
I
j.1azirat 212
•
g:r wuh augmenled n), ~iJ.~riil 'circumcisl~n', Tna. magzaz, act. part. of Jagzaza;
..... ,eu I' • Amh .~....
1{11:lIro gii--ara See also gam .. a.
SEMITIC: Ar. gazza 'cut', Soq.gezz, SAc. gzz 'assign
properly rights' < 'cuI' (Muller 1963 :
gal;ral 1t1.t.~ (T.K) 'island';
308). Heb. gazaz 'cut off', Aram. gazaz 'cut', Syr.
from Ar. ga:ira; also Te. gii=iriit, Syr. ga;:urta. gaz (gzz), Md. gzz, Ug. gzz 'shear', Akk. ga:Q;:u.
• • ETHIOPIC: Te. giizza (gzz) 'divide', Tna. g~'iiziizii
g;Jzat .,,,:,. 'anathema, excommUniCatIOn, pen- 'split', Amh. giiziiggiizii 'saw, cut', Gur. gaziigiizii
. . ,
alty of excommUnicatIOn; 'cut a part of the body'; related to gz· (see gaz'a).
see wg:. Note the denominative .gzl ,(from g;ndt)
H u
In Tna.Amh. gii:=(ifii 'excommUOlcate .
gzz n, gazza, gazaza '11 I '1111; see 'agzaza;
'agzaza 'surround with a hedge, fence in, en-
gizeyawi 1./I..f'e; see gize. close, make a palisade';
I sessive suffix pronoun of the 3rd
magzaz, magzilz 'that which serves to enclose ·h; I ·1, Pulos r ('her, its') used with a noun a vowel; occaSionally used as the definite ar-
gzz T, gaz.za, gazza (yJgzaz) 11111 1 1~ (wall, veil), means of screening (curtain)'; rem. slOg a . tIcle;
(K'.Y.M) 'CUI, split, cleave asunder, ~Iaughter,; d' in a vowel,
'agzaza (K'), caus. of gazaza; also d,mlOlsh ,
ETHIOPIC: Amh. giizziizii 'make a palisade or a
fence'; perhaps connected with gzz I 'cut > sepa.
I en 109I o used with expressions of tIme; e.g.
IllSas-' nerward', 'ame- h a 'h '.,
SEMITIC. Ar. -hu 'hIS, it,', SAr. (Saba.an) -hw. -h.
Mh.Soq. -h, -eh. Heb. -hi; (OCCaSionally), Arant-
gazozi (K '). act. part. of gazaza; lObe- ha a t en
gazazo (M) 'cleft, crack, split';
rate> surround with something (e.g. hedge) thal
separates one section from another'. I . Ar. -"ii, SAL (Sabaean) -h, Heb. -hii ~n
SH'U.TIC. rences Aram.-Syr. Moh. For thiS suffix
Syr. -h, -eh, Ph.Ug. -h. For more delails on th"
suffix pronoun, see Brockelmann 1908: 311-2; Barth
1913:49 If.
·~"al occur , .. k I
, lr 'the other Semilic languages, see Broc c-
pronoun In If ETHIOPIC'Te ·hu, Gar. -/10; for the contracte.d form
• 1908:311-2; Barth 1913:56 . -u In lhe other Ethiopian languages. sec Lcslau
mann
EmlOPIC: Te. -ha, Gaf. -/Iii. For the other EthlO- 1956.58.
. Ianguages , see Leslau 1956:58.
plan
-hu II -11-; it serves as an interrogative particle
,h; II-Y, marker of the accusative with proper (e.g. ra'amm,m.-h. 'do you believe?'); It
nouns (e.g. yahudii-Izii 'Judah' [ace.]). expresses doubt or uncertainty (see DllImann
1907 :378,5 14) ; it also serves for the reinforce-
I ment of a conditional sentence (e.g. ',mnw-sso
.he'~ 'there, here, away to' (e.g. k"Jl/a-he. ba- 'anta-hu ' if it is indeed thou'): see also Dill-
i'a/l,-h, 'everywhere', Valla-he [ace] '10 every mann 1907 :550;
direction').
SFMITIC': Ar. ·hrJthe dialects, and occasionally in
In
classical ArabIC; see Brockelmann IqlJ: 190. and
·hi,~ 'also, and, further, even, the very, ror Landberg 1909: 1362 who identifies it with Ihe suffix
I one's part' (e.g. 'ana-hi 'I. for my part'); pronoun of the 3rd mase. singular. ,
is allached to mannu, manl, 'ayle (mann.-hi, ETHIOPIC: also in Cushitic: Sa. ·ho, mterrogallve.
""nt,-hi, 'ayte-hl), mostly 10 negative sen-
hab Uil (masc.sg.), habu UI!- (mase.pl.). habi
lences; it expresses the indefinite ' no one, noth-
ing, nowhere'; UII (fem.pl.) 'then!, now thenl, weill, come
on!' ;
it is combined with 'iJmma· in )iJ""na~hi
from wahaba 'give', below;
'Ihough, even though';
'amma ... walal~mma-hi "either ... or'; 'amma-hi SEMITIC: Ar. hab. hab, exclamation (see Schulthess,
I ZA 19 [1905].131: Nocldeke, ZDUG 66 [191?J.736-
.. ,wawnma-!zi 'either ... or';
7), Soq. habu. "ibo 'let (one do something!). Hob .
in Ihe meaning 'and' it can be repeated, as in
'ana-hi waw,'aru-hi 'both I and he, I and he'; hag, /raga 'go on, noW then!',
Or in ·hi ... ·ni, as in )iJrnmuntu-hi wa)abu/wmu- habo (habo) U/1 (lIfl) 'dew'; ,
ni'lhey as well as their father' . hahawa (T.Y.MA.M) 'become dewy, fall (dew)
(denominative);
'hu I -v-, possessive suffix pronoun of the 3rd SEMITIC: related to Ar. "ababa 'dew drops':
mase. sg. (,his, its') used with a noun ending in ETHIOPTC: rna. hubo 'dew', Our, ab"'a, awn.
h....b. 214 haddarna "~I'~d.~m~.~____~--~~--~~--~~~__-:~~15~_________________
hab.ba I 111111 (MA, rather than habba "'" 'the sound of the ape'
There IS the possibility or separating hobal' I 'kt '
- .
. Lt) imagination, hallucmal1on, drollenes'
t) ( f i
. ,a mahaddamt' Cl1110U' stor) '),
h-,''I
' ,,~,' IDlllmann 18) F
'Iacerate',
. _ ~ _1tq"Ja
- -
"her'l compa .... lg u.
~II cn nl M A) 'blo", be windy': ' .T I e ,.aga hd- (T)' I h ~,
rrom hobay II 'mon kcy. However, the root hob· , ""hdJ m (M), mil, am pace were one I
Ar habl>a 'blO\.\ (wmd)' ~ related to haffa meaOlng 'monkey' and 'k.lte' could be explained ~> ,_ • place where one stretche< oul to rest or h.r, ~ar U~ 1 "''i:'• 'ee
SHtTTlf
. ha,l!lawa.
a sound that may be, co~side~ed common to bot~
'tllcl\\ ' s~,,"p:'l"
ETHIOPIC Te hab!>a (hbb) 'roar (wind),. Har /Ja- the monkey and the kite; In thiS case there would be
to sleep, rug, carpet, mat, har.... Ut,1D IT) ~.fa". "''<'ID 'he h
Mb !>Iil-a 'roar (wmdL also In Cushitic: Bil. habba a Single root hobo)' , doubtful whether the vanous meanmgs belong heated. sweat. perspire'; ot. get
'wmd' IllS
10 the same root:
ha/all'i
'. (Gr '1<)
. '''ho
n
~,
t-..:rsPIT6'
hado Uf'. (T) 'midday heal'.
hababa II /Inn (K'DTW 415) 'despise, revile'; hh·}" _(Gr. t 5) 'full of pe"PlTa;,,'n',
SEMITIC Ar hudiim 'glddlnes, Hum ItZ. 95 Iden· af, haf, haf 'heat, 'weat (Gr) d '
tahaMa (tahahaba) 'defame, reproach, revile, hoda U,; see hyd. tS it with the root dlnm. dUfW Heh. duma," 'he ture'. I ampne",. m01S~
fi
slander, (TM) dIsparage, grumble'; also 'be had'a (y."dli') lIY:h, (L.T) ~ad'a '1Y:h, had<a "
"lent', d",,:" '51'ence
I' , . h,'Jirat (Gr I <) 'act of ~ .
Insulted. Insult one another'; UY:O 'be tranquil, be quiet, quiet oneself, be at BIttner, II-ZKM 30 (19J7-ij). 4_5 connect, " WIth . , ,·,"pmnS,
'astahahaba. (T,M) 'asta!wbaba 'grumble, reo peace, be appeased, abate, subside'; Soq, hldem-an 'dream', .fodim 'to dream .. gomg ~~~~~~~~. re~~tcdh tro'hA~ ,hcJhf. haJi 'h,~t \II-\n\i'
VIle, dISparage, insult one another'; 'ahd.'a 'calm, quiet, appease, make tranquil back Hcb. dama (dmr) 'take a rest'. Praeto·
(0 dmy: ,a eat. Tna, lillta k\.er'
haMbi. miihhahi, mlihb.b (K'), part. of ta- pacify, mitigate'; • nUS, lDMG 57 (1903), 271 conned, It with SAr hag"). 'y" hK'aiJ U1'I\ ,(L) h.ag'la''''1\ .,_
habba; hrm (With aitemance r . d), but IIrm e'press" .. some I) t be d mI' VI::
hadli'i (Gr. 13), see hadu'; kmd or misfortune and doe:,; not agree in meaning () ~.estro~ed. peri~h, he depnH'd of'.
masfahuhJh. act. part. of 'astahababa; hadu' 'calm, quiet, tranquil, placid. peaceful , hag "I" (rahK ,1, r>hg'all 'lose, sUller ,I I)
relieved, calmed down'; with G hdm, de)trov"
, ,
l 'I,
ETHIOPI(, Amh. habhabh alii 'mock, deride'. See
also hahaba
•
I h~du'iiwi 'inclined to quiet, to calm'; had.ma 1 IIf.UO (Lt), ~adama thf.oo (H) 'es· ·ahg-·ala 'destro;. lose, male lose, \\,tste, ruin
had'at, (T) had'at 'tranquility, serenity, quiet- cape; defraud, put off'; ,
habhab UflUfi 'reward, gift';
ness, calm, repose, peace, modesty, bashful. ErnloPIC: Te. hadma 'escape, run away' Tna. hiJJu- tahaK'/Il, tahag'ala, (T) ta~"g'la 'pe"'h, t'<
from lI'ahaha 'gIve'. below;
ness, gen t leness'; destroyed, be rUIned, he lost, fall. dIe'
ma
SEMITIC' Heb. ·haqhiiq-Tm interpreted as 'gifts, offer- (bah.d'at 'quietly'); tahag'alll (M) 'destroy one another, r~In "ne
mg!>'. see Buhl 172, Baumgartner 227. another" ,
'altdli'i, mlihda'i (Gr), pan. of 'ahda'a; hadama II Uf.uo (Y), ~.dama "'f.ou (MA)
hablaya UflI\f 'rtdicule, mock, make fun of'; mlihda'i 'who brings quiet, who tranquilizes, 'delimit, establish, detertnme, fix'; 'ast~"tiK"ala (DTWl, l'aus of lah,i,rtala;
tahahlaya 'amuse oneself, procure for oneself a who calms'; IOhada/lla (LI), passive, h.g "I !h,lgull 'lost, who loses, Jc'tfOyed. ru,
spectacle' , SEMITIC: AT. hada'a 'be quiet', Soq. hyode. Sh, hede', ETHIOPIC: Tna. hodddmii 'build an enclosure', Amh , lOed, dehased. deca)ing, doomed to de,truc.
h.bluy 'spectacle'; For Heb. My, sec Greenspahn 85. ' addiimii 'build a renee or enclosure or stonc', 1t,Ie/mo tion, rejected, pernicious'.
h.hI.yii (LI) 'welcome sight'; ETHIOPIC: Te. had'a 'become quiet', Tna. had'f, 'fence or stone constructed around the {"Ity' It"K" 'destruclton, perdllton, 1o", waste,
Amh. da alii 'be quiet'; also in Cushitic: Be. ad, corruptIon, perfidy. hav",', rulll, end, place of
SEMITIC': the connection with Heb. ha~al 'be vain'
suggested by Stade 45 IS unlikely, haduw 'tranquility', Ar. idiya. See also hdy. h.>dmat UY:our (LI) '3 garment of several perdllton' (that ", ahode of the dead);
ETHIOPIC Tna. ~ablal'a (wlth~) 'deceive by a hoax'. pieces sewn logether', 1t.'g'l"t 'loss. perdItion':
hadara Uf.L (MA) 'be dirty, be soiled';
See also hou-Ial'a I. SEMITIC' Ar, hidm 'worn·out garment', (fa Jlwddl1ltW '''hg',jli, act. parI. of '''hg'"la:
from Amh, add.!. 'be dirty', mejhg",1 (/lIe;hgll/) 'd.. troYlOg, d«ellful. de.
'be worn-out (garment),
habrata UfI;:'" (MA) 'tremble with fear'; structive, pernicious';
haddama lIf.uo (D.Y), ~addama thf.uo (TK)
to be connected with hurbada, below. EfHlOPIC Te ",damat 'shabby• dothes', miilt! , )g' <Iii 'destroyer, who causc, ruin, perni,
'sleep, slumber, (TY) tell idle stories, (K) be·
come dark (night)'; note that KG differentiates ".. ious, who corrupts, destructive';
hobt lIf1r 'gIft, donation'; hid.t y.S: ,)-; sec hVd.
/lI,ltg'iil (Lt) 'place of destructton';
between hadama 'slumber' and haddama 'Iell
rrom wahaba 'give', below. stories'; hdy, 'ahdiiy; hlJ.o;~ (M) 'one who pacifies', tahag'" iili, part. of tahClg Wul,,;
tahaddama, (L) tabadma, (T) tal,tadma 'be· IlI/"'g'lo( I) 'rumatlon, extermination, destruc·
related to had'a, above. ,
h.bawa unlD; see ".bo. come drowsy, be overcome by sleep, (T) be
,
tlOn ;
created, be invented' (connected with the mean· hadaya, ~adayallf.f I thf.f (T Y K· M),dissolve t.hg' .11, same;
hobiiy (pI. hobiiylit, 'ahbuy) 1I'1J.f. 'kind of ing 'phantom', below); by overcooking, cook completely'; SEMITIC: Ar, hgl. 'ahgula 'lose (wealth), The connrc,
hawk, kIte, (T,M Sw in D 9) ape';
hadmal, (T) I,tadmat 'deep sleep, numbness, tor· ~hadya, (Lt) tabadya 'be burned through heat, tion with Ar. ha/aka 'perish, die' sug~csted by 1)111·
ETHTOPIC Te. hohay, humbay 'baboon, monkey', por, absurdity'; scorched, be dissolved by being cooked too mann 18 IS not convll1clOg.
~oba.l' 'kite', Tna. habay 'monkey', habiiy siimay mahaddamt, miih(a)damt, (T) mai,taddaml, (LI) ETHIOPIC Te. ~(Jgld 'v'lOish, pensh'. TOil. ~IlR'''iilij
much, be macerated, be fully cooked, be sepa-
kind of hawk', Amh. eba 'monkey, monkey's cry'; mlib( a )damt 'dreaminess, reverte. phantom, 'abandon, impoverish', Amh. agg-i'ilJ 'put l)tr; ahl)
rated, (K') become soft, (Lt) dry up';
from Cushulc Sa,Af habub, habubbii 'ape', haM idle stories, fable, friVOlity, absurdities, insani· in Cushitic: Kham. 11k "'el 'dl'i~\ppear' Sec Jh~)
SEMITIC: related to AT. ltd}" luhdci 'bod meat to haRClla .
•
216 hakaya
•
~~~~1;~____------~~--~~--~~_____2:1~7~__________________________ ltaJIa ••
. Ar kahi)'a (wIth metatheSIs) 'be weak E ~ .-
hagar (pI. 'lJhgllr, 'ahgllrat) IJ1C 'CIty, town, hohe (pI. hoh,yal) If~ 'letter of the alphabet S "OTIC Te. 'i/iJlI 'shout . ,_
~t JO) . Tn,l ,I,ll hiiJd
. • . THIOPI(,'
\ll1age. rnwlOce, dlstnct, country. homeland. (LI) one IOta'; , , . dl " Mh. hatki (from hkv) 'bend downward', 'jubllalt' Amh liT'
coy,a~a:o (khl'J. qiiha (qhYI 'grow dim, grow dull', lion', i'liJil'sbo~~sII a ut,teT '\houts of JOY or JUn,IJ.
H'b~ k,hi (k/II) 'be dIm', Syr. q.ha (qhrj 'be hell~~hJOY
inhabited region'; hoh,),ala ]idal, (LI) bob,yiila ]idal 'letters' ;
(ha~ara I,>ym 'walled city');
'ululatIOn' Be ''"ThhO In {'ushll" 81t lIiI
ETHIOPIC: Amh. hahu ala 'learn the alphabet', hohe Ara . be dull' (so also Brockelmann 1928:650). '. OUI e <onnechon h C,
Iha.~ar pn,"1 'strong city'); 'syllabary symbol, letter', Te. hahuhl bela 'read the blunt, 0 G h I. ' (laJmiihlala 'beseech" litH .
te Ihat Dillmann I comp~res , QItQya with 1890:370 IS unhkeh'_ sUggested b} Pnelonu~
(.~ab·a ha~l1r 'citizens'): alphabet'; from the first letter of the alphabet that IS No roots but with reservations. Holma. ZA 28
(r....a hagar 'capItaI'); read ha, hlJ, hI, and so on. these .. " k *.
914) 147 identifies 11 wIth Ak . aku deshtute,
#
'"hoka (n. causative, Amh hedii 'go, walk', It could al,o be In 'ense). tru;ty, tru,tworthy, (ll) c0religlo Ol ,t';
place' ; [rom ion .With
. A r /IQ d.-/ d r j ' gU1 d'
lahawka, tahawaka, tahoka, passive; also conn ect a I I . e for the Aramaic or S)'flac onOln [h .
bahayya 'there'; • eo U Ul'man,)I, M.'C
'move about, quake, rebel'; '.m/,.yya 'rrom there, thence': haykal I /I.eht., (T) ~ayk,al "'':'hA 'temple, ~oIOl~ky 6-7 and othcr\ quoted In POI\lhh" ur.
hawiiki, act. part. or hoka; also 'inconstant, 'Jnla h.yya 'that way, through it'; sanctuary, altar, (T) Noah, ark, tlcle, Noeldeke IQIO 35; also 10 Ina Amh.G\I~ ha\'"
who causes unrest. agitator'; I1Idllot. For G, mahc.nT,lmfl. cpo ..\mh . mJhan,;om,m
haba /,.yya 'thither, to that place';
h;unr.1k, h~lI'l1'uk. pass. part. of hoka; from Ar. harkal, Syr. hayk3/a, Aram , hi~iilii (Fraen. miihory,:)m, mayrJI1I (from G~1!2), <Jur ~ mill J~
SEMITIC: Barth 1907·20.25 conneelS it With PbH he ke1274), also Heb. M~iil,Ug. hk! <0 Akk "kallu,o[ ([rom Amhanc)
hawk, same 3!<. hukul;
'behold!, here is" PhilippI. ZDMG 29 (1875). 172 Sumerian ongin. For a blbhography, ~ee D. Cohen
h"kat "movement. motion, trouble, turmoil, h·nant. Uf').j- 'instead of In place of, In
analyzes hJyya and uya as coming from hi}, and :J 1970: 18; add Blau SO. n.14, Kaufman 27
disturbance. tumult. perturbation, commotion. return for. In substitution for, by rea"on of.
with - (y))'o 'a pronominal root' which he sees in
uproar. turbulence. agitation, disorder. riot'; Ar. hiya 'she' For the final-(yjya, see :.ya, below. haykal II ",.ht., ~aykal "".ht. (Ll) 'amulet', (Gr.8) because of, 10 compensation. ilke'
IGhall,ik, 'perturbed, moved VIolently';
lahOlrkn(lj
. .
'tumult,
,
disorder, perturbation. un- hayb /lJ'.1/ 'coagulated milk'; I Getatchew. BSOAS 4] (1980).225, n 127 conncclS
it with Ar haykal 'frame', also Te, Tna. huykdl
the suffix pronouns are attached to tho base
hJ.ryunte-; e.g. hJYYtlntt'lzu lakr~.'iI05 'the \h.:ar
rest. agnation; from Amh. a)'b. of Chnst':
mahaU'Jk., miiitJlI'Jk. act. part. of Izoka; h.yik.ntos tI!h,).y.n (T) 'precious 'tone', E~HloPlr. Tna. hJl'l'anla 'replacemcnt for. In pl,lCc
Sn,nnc· AT. (/u,hmnmka 'be stupefied, be astound- hyd, heda (y.hid) ~f., ~eda .h.1- 'rob, take by of. Praetonus 1871 2371denufics It \l,lth Tna. bllJ,
force, plunder, spoil, break (the law), carry from Gk. /zyok.imhos 'jacinth' Sec abo riiJunt
ed' (Armbruster 14) The connection With Biblical 'instead of', with nt (of Geez) ;:-. lid, by as'lmllation
Aram. hii~ 10 Yi1hii~ 'he goes' suggested by Noel. away by force, wrest, snatch away, confiscate, (see also Brockelmann 1908: IS]), but the G<cz"
dcke. ZA "0 (1907) 142, n.1 IS unlikely. seize, wrong, outrage, (figurative) ravish, be- hayyal (pI. hayyaliil) tift., (L.T) ~aYlal ·Wt. becoming k 10 Tignnya is dltlkult to explain. Rund.
witch' (ror the figurative meaning 'ravish, be- 'ibex, mountain goat'; gren IQ55:2J2 analyzes It clther a, IIJrya'lJ-ta l'f
ETHIOPIC Te. hOl\"wiika 'confound, excite'. Tna.
hall'l1'a~ii 'agitate, excite, stir up', Amh. alt'wiikii; witch', cp. Amh, marriikii 'take prisoner in SEMITIC': Ar. ·ayyal 'mountain goat. stag', S~. l",yyu-1,mra. Praetoriu .. 1879 :270 dcnvc\ It from G.
pa ....ed IOto CushitlC Bil. hall'ak 'excite, stir up', Sa war, capture, captivate, fascinate'); haYJ'ol, SAr. '),1, Heb. 'uYriil, Aram. 'ClI'.l'oM, Syr, u-ulwra 'wander about' > hJy4 r Jar, ·'ctW ..l 'Gang,
hauk·e ·tumult' layplii, Md. aiala 'deer', Ug. 'yl, Akk, al'.1'ulll'stag', Weg' (vgl. 'wcgcn')" > h.l,l'( r ilUIlO, with lO\Crtcd n
hayyada, intensive of the preceding meaning,
For a bibhography, see D Cohen 1970 : 17 However, the vcrb I~ Welham, not K'alraya. Sec ah(.)
'aheda (Gr.12), causative or Iteda; harrala.
ha"la)a I /I(J)ot\f. (T) ~awl.ya ",(J)ot\f 'ridi- lahayda, passive, ETHIOPIC Tna. hay(yja! 'antelope', Amh, hl/rii!
([rom Geez). hyp I. hepa r,hip I ~A, (T) ~epa ,h.A "trike,
cule, mock, make fun of, Jeer at, (T.M) despise, lahiiyada 'rob one another, take by force',
(Lt) underestimate, (T) be distrustful'; sm'te, shoot wlth 'an arrow, thro\\, hit with a
hayyiidl,
. , act. part. of han'ada; also 'rapa-
laha.la)'a 'amuse oneself, procure ror oneself claus ; hayman. tlJ'.uo~ (Gr II) 'be a believer, he faith- bow and arrow, brandISh a 'pear, pierce, 'pilt
a ,pectacle'; h,y),ud (Gr.12) 'robbed'; ful (in the religIOUS sense), have the raith' (someone's head), (L) hit the target by throw-
halll.)'o (Ll) 'spectacle'; (denominative); 109 a stone or by shooting an arrow'.
han'iid (Ll) 'extortioner, robber';
'aharmana (Gr. I I), causative; 'ahepa (Gr.I]), causatlle,
S~.MITI(" could be considered a variant of hablaya hayd 'plunder, pillage, robbery, wresting';
(above), with weakening of h, but this root could hidal 'plundering, robbery, abduction';
lahaymana (Gr I I) 'believe, show oneself a he- (aha:,'pa, passive;
liever' : hlll'iiii (Gr. I]), act. part. of hepa,
al," be conSidered related to Heb hll (po lei) 'make lahayiidi (Gr 12) 'who was robbed';
a fool of, Syr hll(ar'el) 'den de, mock' hliymtinol, haymanol 'belief, creed. faith, reli- h.yy;'p (Gr.IJ), pasSIve part. ot hepa;
rahyad.nnii 'the condition of being robbed'
F.THIOPIC" Te. haliJ~"'iiw 'fool'; see hablaya. (r.ltdannii of M 283 IS perhaps a misprint for
gion'; hepu Cn 'disease' (from hef'a 'strike', cp. Amh.
lahYJd.nnii) ; (htiymiinol rala'i 'orthodox religion'); nuilla 'beat', maU 'disease'):
ha .. lo)a II /I(J)o/lf (y M), ~awlaya ",(J)ollf (Ll) mahayy.d 'robber, extortioner'; (htiymtinol masiltii",il 'faith of the Unction- hipal, verbal noun of h"f'a;
'miX, mingle, confuse'; ists': see Crum";ey 20-3); la/wriip' (Gr.I3) 'struck',
see ho~olo J, SEMITIC: comes close to the meaning of Ar hiida (htiymiinola 'aha", 'the Faith of the Fathers', a SEMITIC: Dillmann 16 compares Ar htJb/la 'cut,
(hydj 'dIStress, oppress'
collection of confessions and testimonies or the sever (sword)'
- -
222
hyy ,
-
h~p II, hcpall.A (MA) 'go, leave, bubble, gush'; ~yy. tahayyaya .,.Uff, (T) ta~ayyaya "''''fr
ht.'papa 'n13k(" go out'. bc free from carc, be careless, be heedl b
. df I d' ess, c
her (instead of hq> of MAl 'spring'; unmm u. Isregard, overlook. forsake b .
'a b ' Cln,
d ,uerent, e neglectful, esteem lightly d' d .
ligurative meanmg or hcpa I 'shoot > go out, . • ' IS am
bubble' (q~ English 'shoot farrows, plantsJ)'. scorn, despise; ,
lohyaya 'cause to disregard, cause to overlook
h'nal., h'note ur." , ur.". (T) 'instead of, in cause to be dumbfounded" , '
plat.:e of", h'Y)'IIY 'who neglects, who is heedless Who H•
II 1... difficult to decide wht:'thcr hJ.I'J'ora is the origJ.
holds in light esteem'; ,
Ila! 10ml Jcvcloped into h1Jl'Ofll(l (with an augment- hayya/ (K) 'negligence, carelessness" ,
ed n) or whether the original form is ha)'yanln /aha)')'iiyi, part. of /ahayyaya; habi ",Il; see ~abaya,
bet'omlf1~ h,l),l'(lfa. /ahayyayo(/) 'negligence, carelessness'.
• ~~/n wait, ensnare, (T) be dissolute, be lust-
hebs th.1I; see ~yb. ,
• (MA 49 = Amh b'//a~-f" x' . I
• • t7 a / a.. , scmt)1
.
ate'; the
hbb, ts~ababa, ta~abba "''''1111 ; 1''''11 'be in Amhanc .translation of habala should be
•
love' ; corrected mto b.II.!! a/ii 'be cunning');
habib (K') 'friend'; 'ahba/a (K '), causative',
mahbub (K') 'loved'; la~abala :act craftily, deal treacherously, act
from Ar. ~abba 'love', ~abib 'friend'; also in Tna. with deceit , ensnare" ,
habiibii,
· Te. (tii)habiiba
.
'bc kind'. ~aba/i ',deceiver, d~ceitful, fraudulent, crafty';
~.bu/ decOltful, ,mpostor, wicked, crafty,
hababa
•
thllll; see hababa.
cheat, fraUdulent, traitor'; also pass. part. of
~.b.la [ (yahb./) thllil 'bind, tie, fetter'; ~aba/a;
'ahba/a,
. same; also causative of haba/a'. , ~abl, h.bI 'cunning, guile. deceit ruse, snare.
habl (pI. 'ailbii/, 'ahbii/iil), (T) bab/ 'string, cord, wickedness'; ,
rope, snare, (T) plait, spoils, booty (taken by ~abil (Lt) 'fraud';
snare), relationship' (from 'bind'); ~.blat (Gr.51) 'ruse, craft, guile';
I (hab/a ,"sl 'rope serving to measure land, land /ahab/o, ta~ablol (Gr.404) 'fraud, deceit, treach-
that is measured by rope'); ery' ;
(~abla kasiid 'stole'; for the description see tahabiili 'deceiver, deceitful, fraudulent, pre-
mOliihl); sumptuous' ;
hablal, ~ab/al 'plaited work, (T) ornamental ~ababii/i (fonn taken from Amharic; should
collar for mules, (KG) anything pendent, hang· read ~abiibii"), (T.M) hababiili 'deceitful. de-
109'; ceiver, (T.M) lustful, lascivious';
SEMITIC: AT. babala 'corrupt', but also habala 'set a
SEMITIC: Ar. ~zaba/a 'tie with a rope, make a treaty',
trap', ~jbl'shrewd, cunning'. Heb. ~iiPai 'act craftily
&abl:rope'; SAr. &bl 'conclude a pact', hb/ 'aliiance,
against', Syr. habbel, Akk. ~abiilu (with h) 'tie,
pacl, Soq. ~abehol 'rope', Heb. h~qfl 'rope' (for
Heb. &~qfl 'piece of field', from 'length of rope as snare, harness, oppress, do wrong'. P
qalad-rope'), Aram.-Syr. hablli 'rope', Md. habla, lies, break one's promise', HaT. ~jbiibiila. Gur. aba·
biiliL This root is to be separated from HaT. ahiiJa
Ug. hbl, Akk. eblu. Schulthess 26 thinks that the
'refuse' against Cerulli 1936:230. For a possible
verbs (Ar. ~aba'a, G. /:Iaba/a) are denominatives.
connection between ~abl 'rope' (see ~abala I) and
ETHIOPIC: Te. ~abl 'rope', Tna. hab/i. Amh. hab!.
~abala 'act craftily', that is 'to rope> twist', see
:or G. !labl 'relationship', cf. al;o Ar. (Dat) hob!
Schulthess 28-9, Barth 1893:31, Noeldeke, ZDMG
parents, tribe' (Landberg 1920: 342), Te. habiil. See
54 (1900).161. See also hablaya.
also habala ". .
~abala ll, ~abla (y.hb,/, ya~ba/) "'1111 , "'fill ~ablaka "'flllh (MA) 'go away for good, van·
act craftily, deceive, teli a lie, use guile, plot, ish from sigh t'.
h,~lct 224 ~abratl hllbbas a
.. - -- - -
•
abbii{Q, Arg. abbii{a, Gur abo{ii, Har habiita likewise taken from Ar hadid.
ETHIOPIC: Te. ~Idhr 'color, shape', Tna. ~ahri 'color',
SEMITIC' the connection with Syr. ~iJga~ 'mix, min- Amh.Gur. hJbrii sama),. kiJbrii siimay 'azure', lit.
gle' ,uggesled by Dlilmann 103 IS also taken up by ~aba!a 1I "'Om (T M.Sw. In D 105) 'split' ~addiif (pI. 'ahdaj) "'.11<;:, (l) ~.df, ~adf '1~<;:
'color of sky', from Gecz, with the unusual change
Brockelmann 1921:L~ 10 who adds Ar. hahaka 'weave of h. to k See also . hiJbiJrbiJre : 1~<;: 'neck'.
' habrata .
"ell"
. ~by, ta~ab.ya "''''Of (T) 'dIsregard, Ignore, be
ETHIOPI(; Tna, hahalciqii 'mix' 'from a root hhq
reluctant to do something' ~ad.ka "'.I'.h (MA) 'wander about aImlessly,
~.barbarc ,"hl1Cl1t. (L1) 'eruption on the skin';
With 8n Inserted II; cpo also Har. ~abi:iqa 'dissolve by go astray'.
ml~lng WIth hqulds', Amh. abhiiqii 'add flour to the SEMlllC Ar ~;br 'scar, bruise', Heb. ~lQbbiirci 'bruisc', ~.baya (y.&bi) "'Of (TV ,M) 'gIve surety, gIve
bailer In order to thicken It', The root IS related to ~I{j~arbiirol 'skln spccks', Aram. habhiirta 'wound', bail, be a bondsman, (T) guard': haddasa
, "'.1'.(1 'renew, restore, renovate, re-
Te. hablJka 'confound'. and probably also Tna Syr. ~Jbcirlci 'brUIse, sore', Akk. ibiiru 'a mark or 'a&baya, (T) ·ahbaya 'offer security, gIve in palf, (K ') inaugurate';
J.raNii~ii 'IIC, IWlst'. NOle that Md. hbq 'embrace, a discoloration of the skin '. See ~Iiibara, and ~imbJr· custody, receive in charge. (T) guard', ·a&acldasa (K'), causative;
chng to', Ar ~a"'aqa ~uggested by Dietrich 296 IS 10 bare. la~abaya, lahabbaya 'have charge of, take care la&addasa, passive;
be connected wllh G. ~/aqara ralher than with G. of, oversee. administer, a-ssume the position 'astahaddasa 'renovate. restore, reestablish,
hahqaqa. In G. ~dh'laqa the last q IS reduplicated. ~abrata "'11':'" 'make smooth, polish, scour, of administrator and surety. sponsor, become
. •
,
maugurate ;
See- abo /I,ihqaqa, above scrub, (V) cleanse'; SUrely, pledge oneself, stand as guarantor, &addasi, act. part. of (wddasa;
ta~ahrala, passive; vouch for, be a godparent'; &addis (fem. hadclas) 'new, recent, JUnior, the
hib.r. -'>0': (K'). ~obsra ,h0': (T.M). habara I,.brul 'polished, scoured, scrubbed, cleansed'; (zala~abaya 'godchild'); New Testament' •
..,/1.:
IT Y,\l), ~obars ..... 0.: (KG) 'dye. adorn. hubratiit, pI. of 'hubrat, (K) 'multicolored deco- haMYi (pI. &abay/) 'chief, prefect, governor, (h.gg &addis 'the New Testament');
dc-corate, (T Y) cledn, polish, scrub', rations'; (K') warrantor" , (&addis wab./IlY 'Old and New Testaments'):
.
hadau
,
226 hafii 227
•
• •
~e.
hadd.,,, (Gr.458 (/Odd.s) 'excellent'; ~a~.na (yaMan) "'P~ 'hold in the lap, nurse SEMITIC: the connection with Heb. ~~o U~y} and
. . ,
nourish, suckle, feed. rear, bring up, train' hassa (~I suggested by Appleyard 8 is not ~Basa, Amh. affcisii. Our. arasjj~ p..1~"t.'d Into Cushtt.
h.lddli'i(' 'renewal, restoration;
.
educate, foster, take care of (one's young)" . Ar. in~;ng since Heb. ~lo~ii means 'divide' and not Ie, Qab.AI. hamjaJso, Sa. hafiu 'tak.e hold of'
hadd,:Jso 'renewal'; conY · As for Ara b'IC, a correspond'tog root would
iahaddiiJi. part. of ta!/Oddasa; 'aMana, causative; also 'give a child to' a h e
'sar, .' ~f!, ~.r!at ih'i:m-1- (KG) 'engraving of the
nurse' ; be h;y or ~ify 10 VI~~ ..~f G. lJefy· , seal' ;
ta!/Odtbso (Y) 'renewal'; EfflIOPIC: Tna .• ?~aya be~.:otb, affia~ce. Te. ~~~a
'a~lG¢na, passive; see ~anfata L
SEMITIC Ar. hadufa 'be new', SAr. h-J;dt 'inaugu- (h I), Amh. afra , Gar. ara ; passed mto CUShlttc,
rate', Heb. hiddef 'renew', (liidiii 'new', Aram. ~ad-, !lOr/ani, act. part. of har/ana; also 'tutor, guard- B·t haray, Qem. ironfi 'bride'.
. ian of children, educator'; ~af.!a "'Lm (T.M) 'blacken, make black car-
dil 'renew', fuldat 'new', Syr. ~adde! 'make new,
hafii ",,,- (Ll) 'dagger'; bonize'. •
Md. IIdr 'be 'n~w-:, Ph. (Ids 'repair', Ug. ~ldf, Akk. ~adallit (fern. of ~ar/iinz) 'nurse, wet nurse'; •
edli.u 'be new'. hadun (Gr.68), pass. part. of ~ar/alla; ETHIOPIC: Te. haJa 'sharp curved knife', Amh. afa
~age "'1 (Lt) 'linen cloth'; see 'age.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. haddiisd
. 'renew', Te. haddiisa,
. I!ar/n, pI. ~ar/all, (T) ~a~n 'bosom, womb, lap, 'short sword'. See also >ara·
Amh.Gaf. addiisii 'be new', Gur. idddsii 'renew, embrace, tutelage, guardIanshIp, midst, middle, ~.gg ih.,; see ~gg.
repair'. Arg. ~,ag"s 'new'. Har. J;agfs; passed into (T.KG) armpit, afterbirth';
b.fana (ya!ifan) "'''- ~ (T.K '.M) 'take earth or
Cushitic: Bil. haddas 'renew'.
~ar/iin (pI. ~ar/anal) 'infant, young child, page';
grain with two hands held cupped together';
'a!ifana (DTW 947), causat,ve;
~.g.ra "',.1.
to send away';
(Gr.406) 'cause to abandon, cause
~adaya, hadaya "'J'.f UJ'.f (T.Y.M) 'grind ~Ia¢nat 'nursing, nourishing, education, tute~
j
tahaJna (DTW 947). passIve;
grain. pulverize'; lage, upbringing'; SEMIT1C': Ar, ~lagafa 'oppose and repel, conrront an
~.in 'handful, fistful, (Lt) fist';
tahad!'a (T. Y), passive; h.diiniiwi
. . (Lt) 'childish'; adversary in a duel', i~tagaja 'turn someone away
h.dall.nna,
, . h.diim!a
. . 'childhood'; SEMITIC Ar)lu/"a 'handfur. SI), ~~run 'scoop up in from something', In Arabic the verb seems to be ~
metathesis in relation to daJ;aya.
har/illat (Ll) 'charge'; the cupped hands', Heb. haern 'the hollow of the denominative from ~aKara '~hield' (sec htl,~arJ. be.
hand', Aram,·Syr. ~lUpnfj, Md. hupna, Ug. ~Pfl 'take a low). .
~"'ey ihf.f. (T) = Amh. sasa, name of a tree mii~.r/an (pI. mal,ziir/'", mal,zar/anat) 'bosom,
fistful' (Caquot 472); Akk. upnu 'handlul'.
which grows straight; its wood is preferred for womb, mother's lap, uterus' ; ~ag.fii (pI. ~agq{iitl "",,- 'shICld';
ETHIOPlc: Te. ,ra/,n 'both hands full', ~affiilla 'take
making yokes; (note that Amh. siisa also ta~ar/not (Lt) 'charge'; ~agaJa (K') 'carry a shield' (denominative);
with both hands', Tna, ~afni ·handful'. Amh.Arg.
means 'klipspringer'); SEMITIC: AT. ~i4n 'breast, bosom', ~a4ana 'bring up, ajfari,i; passed into Cushitic: Aw, afiin·x~'a 'take a SEMITIC: Ar. ~agafa 'shield made of slo.ins' Sec also
ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. ~ltlda 'a tree'; also in Cushitic: raise', Soq. 4ana~ 'breast' (with metathesis), Heb. handful' . ~aKafa. above.
Bil.Sa, hedii, ~o~fn 'bosom', Aram.·Syr. ~anna 'lap' « .~Iattlii <
J;aefnii), Md. hana, Akk. lja~iinu 'embrace' (von So. ~afs ",tj:1l (Ll) 'prison'; ~gg, ~.gg.ga "'" 'Iay down laws, write laws,
den), 'shelter' (CAD). (beta haJs 'prison'); legislate. ordazn, decree, institute laws';
hade• "''1, title of the emperors of Ethiopia;
•
ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~a~dnQ 'protect, adopt', Amh. a!- luifsol (K') 'lack of freedom, lack of liberty'; ta~aggaga, passive; also (Lt) 'accept the laws';
~Q(!e-ge, same;
{ana 'raise a child'; 'lap': Te. ~iJ~n, Tna. ~"~ni; 'boy, ~agg (pI. I,.gag, Izagagat) ·Iaw. decree. canon,
qiila !!ade (Lt) 'the one who is in charge of ETHIOPIC : Amh. haJs 'prison', from ~Iabs; see ~Iabba
child': Te.Tna, ~>san, Amh. h.~an. For Amh.Arg. sa. rite, rule, regulation. statute, ordinance, norm.
transmitting the order of the king or the em-
Gaf. ran 'thigh" Har. ~iJn 'waist', see Leslau 1979: covenant, usage, custom';
peror'. lit. 'the voice of the emperor'; 183. The root passed into Cushitic: Bit halon 'boy, harasa
•
"'LIP 'rake up, sweep up, scatter as (za-lzagg 'Iawful');
SEMJTIC: Dillmann 141 connects it with Ar. ~1Q;iya servant', Sa. hazan.•
See also mhdn.
• • chaff, carry away (specifically an amount held (za'anbala Iz.gg 'unlawful');
'be esteemed, be an occupant of a high place'.
~.l,Iit ih'l.-1-; see (I,zadaya), h'clayt. in two hands), take a handful'; (ba-~.gg 'Iawfully, legally') ;
Praelorius 1890:36 identifies it with SAr. ~?)' 'favor. 'a~/asa (DTW 947), causative; (Sarti<e ~agg 'lawgiver');
good will of lords', E. Cerulli, RSE 3 (1943). 276 ~a~ay. (ya~r/i) "'Pf, (L) ~a~aya "'lIf 'betroth,
ta~aJsa (DTW 947), passive; (~ahale ~Jgg 'lawyer');
derives it from ~at;liini 'tutor' (see ~JG4ana, below) affiance, be engaged (to marry), give the dowry
with -ani > ·-on > -ar > e. Conti Rossini
lzaJiisi (Gr,68), act. part. of haJasa; (hagga [T.K] 'like. like as, just as, aceordzng
(the boy's or the girl's parents),; h'/lI,! (Gr.68), pass. part. of l!aJasa; to');
1912: 171 derives It from Cushitic: Qem.Qua. asenii
'kJOg' (Cushitic s going back to s < ~). The identi-
'ahdaya 'give a daughter in marriage, order to I/OJs, (T) ~aJs 'amount carried away in two ~aggiigi 'Iawgiver, legislator';
fication of ~at!e \\'ilh ~at;laJ'a 'be engaged' (that is,
give a dowry'; hands, handful, gift placed in the hands of ~.ggug (K '), pass. part. of !zaggaga;
the emperor being conSIdered as someone engaged tal,zar/ya 'be betrothed, be given the dowry'; someone'; ~aggawi 'lawful, legal, legitimate';
to his country). suggested by KWK 557, gives the ta!liir/aya 'be engaged to each other'; &alsat (Gr.69) 'sweeping (n.), carrying away'; SEMITIC: AT. ~agga 'plead in a lawsuit', ~1UggCl 'argu..
lmpression of a folk etymology. ~adiiyi (K '), I,za~iiyi (Gr,68), act. part. of ha-
S'MITIC: Ar. !ta/asa 'gather, collect', Sh. ~JeS, Heb, ment, plea', SAr. J;g 'ordinance, right, statute'; rc1at~
. , . Amh.Gur. ase,
ETHIOPJc: Tna, hasQl', . "
ate. r/aya;
~Ial!as 'search', PbH. (Ifipas 'dig, search', Aram. ~d ed to ~qq (see "aqaqa, below),
~a¢uy (K') 'engaged (man)'; ETHIOP!C: Tna. ~aggi ·Iaw'. ~aggiig/j 'lay down
f.l3<!e ih'1; see hadaya. fas 'dig', Ug. hpS-I 'straw picker'; von Soden 223
Ipdayt, /Pr/it 'engaged (woman)'; compares Akk. epesu 'make, do'. laws', Te, hagga 'be fixed. be sure', ~aggaga 'delim-
~ar/e (T) 'betrothal, dowry'; ETH!oP!c: Tna, ~a/asa. haJasa 'scoop up'. Te. ~a/sa it', Amh. ~.gg 'law' (from Geel). Amh haggiigli
~~b, 'as~a~aba hI""''''PO (T) 'shudder with ~.r/yat 'act of betrothing, state of being 's~rape COrn together', Har. ~aJasa 'take something 'pass laws', Gur. hagg 'law' (from Amh.); passed
fear, be shocked, feel ill at ease'. betrothed' ; with one or two hands or with an instrument', Arg. into Cushitic: BiL "agge 'law'.
229
~agala 228
~krn I __--------___
hikll
. ~ ==~==-:-~::-~~~----- ____-.J~al'J.
~ '. akkama 'pr.cll ce med.clO., hakim ~alfada "'iI~ IT Y.M) 'intermll\gle, be m"ed'
hagara l.,.hg>!) "'111 (K') 'tie, bind';
jwcl, (T M) hugl 'bond, fetter, shackle', (KG) =
hagaz
,
thighs' ;
"'111 (K ') 'armpit, area between the
frOm A'~~~C~I~O in Te. hakim 'phYSlc.an', Amh. (the meamng :place, makc enter' g"en by \1
... .:nh. mu",iqo 'rods of the yoke which press see also &allga;:. 'p~I'"'' , on the authanty of T, Y " not found in ihctr
agamst the oxen's necks to keep the yoke from hal<inl diclionanes and is probably to be .dent.fied
LilT '' see
I hik,t n' hyk. with lIallada
_ I).
sildmg off'; ~agaza (ya!lgdZ) .h1H (YX'.M) ' help, sUPPOrt
sustain' ; , , LIf, ' see !wlaya,
SEMITIC: Ar. filii 'felter, chain, anklet', S~r. m-~Igi I hall' n' , ~alaf. "'ilL (K') 'swear, take an oath' ,
ta~agaza (D.T), ta!wgza (K') 'be helped, make
'enclosed field', Soq. ~,gl 'surround', S~. ~lQgiJl , - ,hA : ....,, ; see 'a~il. taba/afa 'swear, curs.e. execrate. (K t) S'Near
'anklel flng'. Aram. ~ujgal'encircle', Syr. ~iI¥al 'en- firm for oneself (e.g. ship by dropping the hel;, ~'Ia
anchor), make fa st for oneseir; •
to one another, (T.M) speak to one another'
Circle, gird'. The connection with ~gr suggested by
Buhl 214 is possible: Ar. (wggara ' make an enclo-
sure', SAr. flgr 'reserve' (that is. 'enclose, set apart'),
ta~iigaza (T,H.K') 'help one another';
SEMiTIC: Ar. &agaza 'in tervene ' which could have
I, Lfl
hoi, P " ' see lIawal
.
a.
I i ,hiab) .hilO 'milk' (v.);
(should be tallfilaja); note that while D1I1mann
70 records it as ~alafa (with M, the verb .\
lJalaja (with ~) in the quoted passage"
Heb. hiigar 'gird, encircle', Aram.l.uigar, Syr. (IGggar, developed into 'help '. h,laba y. .
. (Gr 42) causallve; ralialafa (K ') 'swear to one another',
Ug. bgr·'gird'. For thi s root, see Marrassini 89ff. ETHIOPIC: Te. ~agza 'be an ally', Tna. &aggiizii 'ahlaba (G 42) tahalba (K '), passive;
ETHIOPIC Te. ~ngl 'bracelet for the foot', from Ar. halaba r. I. , 'astahalafa (T) 'proclaim, speak';
' help', Amn. aggiizii; passed into Cushitic: Bil. hag- to· _ · (K' GrA2) 'who milks;
hagl. gada ' repulse, prevent, protect' (with alternance of hao l bI . 'Ik . . , t.hIaf(K·) 'oath';
d: z), Sa. hagaz. hl'b'milk curds, juice, mt ' y JUIce; ta!II,li (Or.43) 'imprecation';
~ag·.ma "'' ' 00 (T.M), "'1
~agama00 (K '.T. .a~b (K,.Gr.42) 'milked'; . . SEMITIC: Ar. ~alafa 'swear', SAr. hit: Mh.;-huk/
~eka th.h; see hyk. MI (K'TS) 'act of milkmg, state of being
reprint) 'draw blood with a suction cup'; Mlbar . See also (.(f. below.
from Arabic: ~agama 'cup'; also in Tna. ~ag"amii ~akaka (yahhk) .hhh 'itch, scratch, rub, ~ I milked'; 'Ik' hlf,
, tahal.ra
, "''''IIL (T.M) 'rcnder harsh, ren-
'draw blood with a cup', Te. (lagma, Har. &agama, scrape, have an itch, (T.M) be cut into, be
halab, (T) lIalob 'sour ml " ; . '.
~ahlab, pI. ma~al,b (K ') Jar for milk, der strong, invigorate';
Amh. aggiimii; passed into Cushitic: Sa. hagarn. notched' ; ta!l/iij (T) 'of necessity, perforce';
ta~akka, ta~akaka, passive;
. . A h lobo 'milk' (v,), halab 'frcsh mlik',
SEM\TIC. r..a __ , 'Ik' ( ) h-I b comes perhaps close to Ar. flaia(a 'swear' (for which
~.g·.r, ~.gur, ~ag··.r, in zabiba ~.g·.r Hltn : o helob 'milk' (v.), Heb. halag m. n ~. a a_
Iwkiiki (K'), act. part. of ~akaka ;
.:h 1'C 'gra pe seeds'; hakuk (K '), pass. part. of /:lakaka;
ik:
~ (v) Ar.m, hMob 'milk' (n.), Syr. halba, Pun, see (.ala(a, above), and also half'lhe act of confc-d-
!wg",r (Gr.65), ~,g"dr (M), hagur (Sw. in D 130), I ;; Md.' halba, Ug. hib, Akk. ljalabu 'milk' (v.). erating, the act of makmg :l compact or confedera-
/:lakak, hakiik ' itch' (n.); cy' (Lane), (.iilafa-ha 'he held fast to .t'.
!/dgllre (T) 'raisin'; ET~IOP'C: Tna. ~aliibii 'milk' (v.), Te. (wlha, ~r~.
/:lakak 'pointed stick'; hallaba, Har. halaba, Amh. al/aba, Gur. alaba;
probably from Ar. ~agar 'slone' (also Te. &iJgrat 'a I halbala
, , "'A"'iI (Lt) 'adjure, implore' ;
SEMITIC: Ar. hakka 'scratch', Mh. '
hek, Heb.
.hakkii Te Tna. halib 'milk' (n.), Arg. hayu, Har. hay
sort of red stone or red earth') rather than from an
original meaning 'com pact, solid' from a non-at-
.
(from ~kk) 'fish hook', PbH . hii~a15 'scratch', Aram.
&a15a~, Syr. &015 (from hkk), Md. hkk ( huk) 'itch',
I «' illb), Gur. eb, Amh.Arg. ayb 'chcese' «~/b). probably a repetition of the preceding
Ltfschitz 162,
)arrl~ala in
tested root ~lgr, as suggested by Dillmann 130 and Akk . eUku. halaba II "'flO (M) 'place a bookmark';
Marrassini 91. Note the structure zabiba ~ag\Jr , halala I "'fill (K',Gr.4J), halala !Ifill (T~) ~
ETHIOPIC : hkk and hnkk (augmented with n) : Tna. ETHIOPIr: Amh. aJ/aba, same. :burn, be burning, be SCOTched, (T Y) dry up ;
instead of the expected ~liJg"iJra ;abib, unless &~g"'iJr
~aJs.iiJs.ii, ~ank"iiJs. "·ii 'scratch', Te. ~akka, &ankiika
has a special meaning. hallala, see 'a~Iala, below:
'scratch, scrape', Har. &akiika, Arg. hakkiika, Amh. h,libi
,
"'11.11 (T.M) 'sin, fault', (KG), proper ;ahlala, (T.GrJ) 'ahlala 'char, scorch, burn (tr),
akkiikii, Gur. akiikii. Gaf. ~nk "'ak "ii 'scab'; also in name; ,
~.gur .:h1-C (KG) 'that which is clarified Cushitic: Sa.Af. hakak 'itch, scratch', Bil. hank "ok, dry up' ; h d'
(butter),. Had. hakako-kko. personification of the reminine proper name Oliba, tahalla (Gr.41) 'be burned, be scorc e ,
Heb. 'ohOliqii (Ez. 23:4) who committed adultery ha/We 'burn (n.), burning' (n,) ; ,
~.ga~ "'1K' 'lizard', also translated 'crocodile'; ~ak.la "'hiI (T. Y.M), hakala uhil (Y.M) 'load, h.lbat I .:hAnT 'nostril, (T,OT.M) cheek'; i.,lul (TS,GrAI) "burnt. that burns ;
,
Reinisch 1902 : 187 compares it with Som. ga&as put a load on a pack animal, place the pack- ;ahliili (Gr4J) 'perfumer' ;
saddle'. (ETHIOPIe: perhaps Te, halbal 'nose rope for the " II I miihl.1 'perfumer (who extracts the
'crocodile'. See also barga~. ma JQ a 1 . d ler m un-
camel' > 'nose'. , )
perfume by heating the sptces, ea
~km I, ta~ak.ma +.hhoo 'restrain'; ~.Ibat II .:hAnT (DTW 928) 'Lenten dish
~agiy "';Jr" (T) ~agiiy "';Jr, 'summer, dry guents'; b ns means
season (January-March)'; SEMITIC: Ar. &akama 'restrain'. consisting of barley, pepper, and beans'; mahliil (Gr.4l) 'place where one ur ,
,
. ,
~agaya (yallgi) 'spend the summer, become ETHIOPIC: Te. /:I-akma 'decide, rule'; from the Semitic
SEMITIC: Ar. hulba 'kind of food (called jariqa) or burnmg ; h 1/ b Iii
summer' (denominative); root /:I-km 'be wise' . . Te halJiila 'be burning' , Tna, a ~.'
which is give~ to women when pregnant', ~r. ETHtOP1C. '. 1"1 " 'd out become dry;
I;c1gayiiwi 'pertaiOlng to summer'; ala'blaze',Amh. hal aa ry , ( . I)"
~km II, ~akam. (yahkam) .hhoo (T.Y) 'treat (Yem) Ili/ba, ~ulba 'vegetable stew prepared w.th hll
a J h ll "lli 'be 10 heat amma ,
ETHfOPIC; Te. Ina. ~/Qgay 'dry season', Amh. hagay, fenugreek' . probably also Am .' a ~m alai 'be in heat', Sa.
medically, be wise'; passed into CushlttC. . lale
agay; also in Cushitic: Bil.Sa.Be. hagiiy, Kam. hagu. ETHIOPIC: Tna. h.lbat 'stew of barley, pepper, and
hakim 'physician, philosopher, wise man'; halal 'burn'. See also 'aI/ala, ha .
so on', Amh . • Ibal, h.lbal .
halala 230 231
~J1'~la~____------------------------~~~_________________________
h" •• ham ..
- :... .---'-..,--
h.I.I. fI "''''' (Y) 'be galhered, come in'; ~.Iq I (pI. 'abliiq) ih,A:" 'throat, gullet, palate hanats ",,,.,. (T.Y.M)~. 'cut off, prune, choose ETHTOPIC: Amh. di, riil'i. "\1 '
lII,hlol (T, should read m,h/ai, malzlaf), llliiljlal (T.Gr.402) chm, Jaw; , (among many thlOgs , G reek khl?!ys) ongin. ' Y'I \1lillcr !OU~l'i.ts a
(S".In D 1394) 'place where people gather'; AT. ~Ialq 't~roat', bulqum 'larynx' (see Land. Ie ' Ar. halara 'sbave (the head), pluck (wool)'
~.Iyiin mAY'} 'bribe.
SEMITIC S.,OT. .
Sl:.MITIC Ar. lIalla 'take up residence', ~IOI/ala 'make berg 1920:475-6), Sh. Izalqat 'Adam's apple' Heb gratuny, gift, reward'
ahght at'. SAr ~II 'encamp', malqolJayim 'palate' (metathesis of blq; see Holm~ hi , 'a~.lIsy., 'al,tlaya. h"'iIf • hmllf, (T) ~a/yana (T) 'gIVe a bnbe (denommatlvel, •
25), Ug. ~/q-m 'throal. neck' (Gordon 397), Akk. Ii ;~I.ya MJ/If 'bnbe, g1~e a bnbe, corrupt with from Ar. ~ulK'iin 'gratuity'; see }:fly, above.
h.lam. (I'J!II.III) ",,,00 'dream'; pi, liiq pi (Holma 25, von Soden 555). q a bribe, (T) accept ball;, .
'ahlama (K ·.Gr.4 J) 'cause to dream'; ETHIOPIC: Amh. JlliJqt 'depression at the base of lh lahallaya, (K*) taha/ya be. br~bed, accepl ~alz.za "'Ann (TY "*S"'.IO D 119) M) 'pro-
la!1(1l/allla, (K*.Gr.4J) la&aima 'be dreamed, ~eck d~rectly below th: Adam's apple'; Te. ~!}IqiJ; bribes, become corrupt by bnbes ; duce fruit, fructify';
dream, see visions'; throat, from Ar. &ulqum; passed 1Oto Cushitic: Bil. ~alii:i= (KG) 'almonds';
lIalqum.
!,,/yan; see below.
'asla!lalama (Gr.4l) 'cause to dream often'; 'ther denominative from bJlyJn, below, or IS relat~ ETHIQPIC: Tna. ~lQmii:::ii 'produce a lot of frUIt'
fla/ami 'one who dreams, dreamer'; ~.Iq II mA:" 'ounce, (Lt) drachm'; :~ to AT. ~lQla)a 'give m~n~y to' or to ,~lalii (bl,:"') (Wajnberg 1937e: 20t), wilh allemanee of liqUids
halum (Gr.41) 'dreamed'; 'give something as gratUity, SAr. (J/~ pay a sm· ~he verb could also be considered a denommative
from Ok. holke 'drachm as a weight'; also in Tna.
&,im (pI. halam, 'aMam) 'dream, vision'; trom ~,al::;i:, below, with the meanmg 'brmg forth a
f/alqi. See also ~lalqal I. offering' (Muller). shellfish'.
h,imal
, (Gr.41) 'act of dreaming';
>a~"ami, ma~Jlami 'that causes to dream'; ~.'iiq mil:" (K) 'base, foundation on which a halsya (y.hIiJ "'lIf, (L.T.Gr.204) ~.Iaya ')/If
column rests'; :sing, celebrate with songs'; ~alziz "'AIt'll (K *) 'shell, shellfish',
SEMITIC: Ar. halama 'dream' (v,), SAr. 111m (n.), Sh.
(Jelm, Heb. &alam 'dream' (v.), Aram. balam, Syr. see also halqat II. 'ahlaya (Ll), causatIve; from Ar. (lala=iin 'snail' See al:\o ~al:a=a.
•
halam, Ph. Ug. him, Md. hilma 'dream' (n.), cohalya 'be sung, sing for oneself;
~.Iqat I mA4>'''' (ll) 'ounce'; h;/ayi (fern. !lQ/ayt) 'who sings, singer, min- ~am thr: see ~amawa.
ETHIOPIC Te. ~lOlma 'dream' (v.), Tna. ~aliimii,
Amh aI/lima. see ~'Iq II. strel' ; ~amm. ",00; see hmm I. II, Ill.
halle 'song' (perhaps for halle 'hallelUJah'; see
~.'m.'me'ek mAooA"'lfl,h (T.K), name of ~"qat II mA4>:" 'doorpost, threshold'; Dillmann 69);
a star; there seems to be a connection with lJaliiq.
hambal
, ,f,9"OA; see /I,mbii/'
.
ha/yat 'act of singing, canticle';
seems to be a composite noun; also Amh.Ili1lmelme- ~"qat III mA 4>:"; see lJa/aqa. ;"all,/er (pI. mahii/ay, ma!,,/etat) 'song, callti- ~ambaliiy, bambaliiy "'9"1111" , (/9"011,.. (Lt)
lek, same (rrom Geez), ele: hymn, psaltery, musical instrument, service 'white horse';
~alast.yo, ~alastiyo (pI. halaslayotiit) "'fIIlT io which daggWa (see above) is used';
\'" : ",iii..,;\'" 'ape, baboon, wild ass'; ETlilOPtc: Te.lJambiilay, hat/halay 'gray horse', Tna.
~elpapa
, , "'-AM. (T) 'be sick' (the form is (maha/eta ~'ge 'Canticle of the Flower', a col- Jombiilay 'white horse', Amh. ambc'i[ay, Praetorius
strange); see Hommel 1877:8, 38, 54, 92. Dillmann 67 sug. lection of hymns in verse composed in honor 1879: 166 derives Amh. ambiiJav 'whlte horse (and
&elpiipa,
• •
(T) he/papa, >elpapu 'sickness, dis-
• •
gests Ar. &alfs, biliisiyy 'of mixed colors, hair having of the Virgin); this would apply to the other languages) from Amh.
• •
ease' ; whiteness mixed with its blackness'; note also hilli. (nawaya miiha/et 'musical instrument'); ambal 'breast plate for a horse, saddle', amhalo),
see also 'anpappe. siyy 'a domestic fowl begotten between an Indian (q,me ma~,iel 'the western part of the outer meaning originally 'that with a saddle', that IS,
and a Persian fowl' (Lane). See also 'aiastilYo. 'horse', specializing into the meantng 'white horse'
corridor of the Ethiopian church', lit. 'place
~al.qa (r'''',q) ",,,4> (T.Y.K·.M) 'become ~ala~a I "'11K (DTW 929) 'be bland, lack sea- where hymns are sung'); This derivation is not convincing. Praetoriu:\, 7D~
round. grow round'; soning'; MG 64 (1910). 621 states thal IUJml>alay is an Amhar-
maha/'ya maha/ay 'Song of Songs';
maha/.q (TK.M) 'round, circular, (D) circular ic loanword. The root passed into Cushitic 8,1.
SEMITIC: either related lo Ar. &alasa (with &) 'be ma~/iiy (K*) 'place where one sings';
table' ; hambiilay.
pure, be free from admixture', or G. halasa is mti~Jleliiy. miil}aletiiwi 'musician. singer, trou-
h'/qal (pI. 'ah/iiq, !za/aqal, !zaiqaral) 'ring, finger another spelling of balla~a and in this 'cas~ the badour, the diibtara (see above) who spends hamad ,hoo.l': 'ashes, dust';
ring, (L) circle, a circular figure (ring, neck- time in the q.ne mii~a/el (see above)';
lace'); -
comparison with Ar. lIalasa
. is more evident. hamda, hamada (yahm~d) 'become ashes, be
ETHIOPIC: Amh. alliita. 'be bland' 'all<JCta
. . 'stew SEMITIC: Ar. hala
. (Mwj
, 'be sweet. be delicious'. ~xtingui;hed' (denominative);
SEMITIC": Ar. &alqa 'ring of metar, ~allaqa 'draw a of various vegetables but not containing biirbiirre-
~aliya 'be agreeable', mU~lalli" 'musician' (Dozy), 'ahmada (K*), causative;
circle' (denominative), ta~allaqa ;sit in a circle', Soq. pepper'.
Heb. malleilat
. , technical musical teml (possibly laiwmda tahamada 'be burnt to ashes, become
~alqeh 'flng'. . "
~ala~a II milK (K*) 'pull out (an object from a from the root ~IIy; see Baumgartner 540), Aram. ashes' ;
ETHIOPIC; Te. ~Ialqii( 'hair ring'.
receptacle)' ; &iili, hala 'be sweet', Syr, ~,Ii, Md. hla. h.mud 'burnt to ashes, reduced to ashes';
E1ll10PIC: Tno, ~aliiyii 'chant', Te. 1101a, Amh. ha/lii-
hamadawi 'ash-colored';
~.Iqa "'A4> (H 575) 'grow, grow up, increase'; seems to be a transcription of Heb. Ipilat ya 'sing' (from Geez), mah.let 'sacred song' (from •
Geez); passed into Cushitic: BiL halay 'sing'. SEMITIC AI'. (Oat) ~llmad 'be hot, burn', and per·
perhaps for halqa and melalhesis of lahqa (for ~.,~ mAli" (K) 'loin'; haps also Ar. bamada (b as against ~l of G~ez) 'the
"rueh see below).
transcription of Heb. ~fJf~' ~el.y "'""f. (K *.DTW) 'turtle'; fire subsided but its embers remained unextlflgU1sh~
232
~all1le
~-~~____------------------------__~~_~1_:1__________________
~JDIm
hmm
cJ ' Ra"," HS,~Q, n('.1 ,omparc~ G. hamod With ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. &am~la,,! 'gou~d', Amh. humhatn
•
h.mug, pass, part. of hamaga; from Ar, hamal; also Amh. amdl. suffenng'; be stmgy, be avanclOus ,
hamum; 'sick, sickly, suffering'; tahiimama (K) 'envy one another';
ETHIOPIC : Amh. an/maga 'gather, collect'.
haml.
• .111'"1\., eleventh Ethiopian month (8 ~'mum 'ill, sick, unhealthy, suffering, diseased, >a.;,ahllmama (K·), caus. of Ic.l~/(Jmamcl;
hamagd "'''''''11: (L1) 'leech'. July - 6 August); afflicted, distressed'; hamami 'envious, Jealous, eVIl (eye)': . ,
IiI. 'Ihe monlh of green (cereals)" f,om ~aml (see ~amum (~'mam) 'illness, disease, pain, suffer- IWllmiime (T.TS) 'envy, jealousy, "vance, (K *)
~am~am "'1'".111'" 'gourd' (hollowed out and , . ,
used as vessel for liquids): ~amala I); so also Conli Rossini 1923:376. For Ihe ing, grief, distress, aflliction, tribulation, paSSion, deceiving (n) with promises;
transfer of meanings. cp. Burgi yeba/a 'a green Passion (of Christ), Passion Week', la"ammo (Gr.402) 'envy',
SEMITI(" perhaps Ar. (Yem) hab~ab 'melon' cereal', and the name of month when crop is cut.
(Muller) Fisher 86 compares Ug, hm-I 'bottle (for ~'mamal 'Passion (of Christ). Good Friday';
ETHIOPlc: Te. ham/e, Tna. ham/ii, ham/e. Amh,
wine)'
am/e.
, "
(g,b,a h,mamal 'the Rite of Passion Week'; h• mm I II • tahamma
• -"'hOD (MA) 'be swampy,
see Ha~merschmidt, in Assfalg-Kriiger 117); be muddy';
234
,
- . \Ih. hamt 'Io"er bell). pube... Hob. jI""'fi
~amor ,n'l"C (KBT). ~omar ,hDOC (K)
':"o.r.tl(related to Ar. Irmni-a 'be
II:I'~ /tam"" ",.. mp·
s'Poampl'~ Ar
I nod':
·tam.,
~.~ik. ;miu; for S~T .hurnfa~ see R Dege-n
"'\:jIQ7SP3-9) "bo CO!l5lder.; II. Hebrew loan,
~am.qa, ~ ..mq. ",004> , "''1"4> (T Y) 'be hu- from Ar,lJumar (for which see J andberg 1920:48~" (~~d b«"1lSC on the ba;J, ofHars iwml, o!,e would
miliated. be despIsed. be bad, be o'·ereome. be also in Te. l;wmaT 'tamannd', Toa, I,uunar. honuir' a.., 'I 1 in Sytiac, See on this root \\ 'tilller. [Nr
stupId, be '''oh.h· (\I quoting TY translated IJ,Jmor, Amh. homar; also In Cushilic: $om. hanuu' ,"'" <" (1980). 57.
Iwmoqa also 'coprire di un vela'. he apparently Sa. humar .
U:;TC Te.l.ra~ 'pubes... abdom~· .. Tna. !J;;.'n.JJ.
mistook Amh tiHiinniifo 'be o.ercome {given
~amr I "''I"C (T) 'kind of color. comple:<ion' ~. ;m5 'vagina : passed ~nto Cushltl~ _ ~Il. ninU!":
h~ T Y as the tra.slation of G. Ijamaqa] for , :eerows ', The connecuon \1t:tb Amb, an:at °lntesu,oco
tiiiiiifunii 'he c(wered'); it IS ~e~ptmg to connect it \\ith 1;amar U 'red beO),', b;,..b· 5Uggested b) Reml5Cb 1887; 36 and GUldl
'u!Jmaqa (K"'). ca.usative. but Jf It had the meamng of 'red- Ta)'ya would Dot
'a.rrahamaqa 10K) 'consider stupid, (K) con-
SIder disgraceful. conSIder despicable. (T) de- I
I have translated il b) 'kind of color'.
104 IS doubtful.
'ship' with that of f;.dm.6r 'donkey' from a root /ynr hammata (T.MA. S". m D 1393) 'cause to char' /ahiimyo 'reviling, slandering';
EnnoPIC' Te. hammiisa
. 'sYrTIn', Tna. hanuisa:
. also
'carr)' (so also Ullendortf 1968: 127). WJule it IS ' hamay hamayi (pi. ~amart), act. rart. of ha,
true that Aram, hmr has the meanmg 'load' and
that hmr can be Identified \\irb IJrnI 'carry' (with
I IJ-ambiisii (\\.itb augmented h, due to m?). (denommative) ;
rahammata (DTW 939) 'bum, become char- maya:
alternance of liquIds). neirher hmr nor hml exists In
~ms n, ~ammasa ",oo{\ (D'. LI) 'Iick sail, eat coal': 1J,~mu.r,
pass. pan. of ~,ama_ra~ also 'disgrace-
Gee.z, ~Ole (hal G. I;amala ~carry' j~ an Arabic
bitter and salty plants';
SE\ffT'C; AI. ~amma (irmm, 'become black'. humam
ful, mfamous, detestable. shocking' .
-
lJamel, (K') h,met, (D 1427) !to>mrat ·rmling.
loanword. S"lmc. Dillmann 1856; 167 connects it "'th Ar 'charcoal. asbes', Ar. (Dat) ~umum 'soo(, S):l
EnuoPIC Tna. J:wmiir 'Ship·, Amh. hamar 'ShIP, l:zol1larjo 'graze upon acid plants'. but the collespond. AID!! m I 'charcoar; perhaps also Heb. ~um 'black calumny. abuse, slander. imecti'e, blame, 'us-
ark (frorn Geez). I e!lce s: d is not normal. and white'. plcion of falsehood';
E1HlOPIC: Te. I Iii )J;.amiima 'become sooty', Jpmmiit perhaps ;'-\r. hamn'a -ala 'be angl!red'
~am.r Il (pi. 'ahmiir) "'DOC 'red berry'; SEMITIC
iI.nMb .berry, bunch of grapes, grain'; h'nkat 'anguish. vexallon, torment, (0r.53) I,.nkiise 'limp (n.), lameness, (T) doubt' (n.);
(h.llbiiha may 'drops of water'); ~anfas. II ",1LI'l (T.M) 'stretch, extend, ;orrow, grief, (0r.53.T) shame, (Lt) cruelty,
spread out'; . , !laI,kas.,ma 'lameness, limp' (n,);
(iI.IIMha balas 'fig'); feroCity;
ETHIOPIC: Te. ~anfiisa 'disperse'.
SEMITIC; Ar. (Dat) ~akas 'limp', Syr. ~aggisa 'lame'
SEMITIC': from hbb with augmented 11: Ar. ~abba ETHIOPIC: Te. ~allka 'fear out of respect', ~lQnkiitkii(a (Dillmann 109; so also Brockelmann 1928;2(4).
'fear' (denominative from ~l(mki:il with reduplication The connection between EthioPIC ~mk~ and Heb.
'berry', SAr. (Ib6 'cereal crop'. ~anfa~a ",1LII, (Y.L) ~anfa~a ..,1LII 'winnow,
ETHIOPIC': Te. ~Iqbb-iir 'berry', Tna. ~lQbbi, in babbi sift, clean grain by rubbing lightly'; of the last two radicals), Tna. baniiljii 'be shy, be (~6rs 'anklet. bangle' as suggested by Rundgren,
koso 'anthelmintic', lit. 'the berry of the koso-tree', ta~anfa.Ja, passive; timid, fear'. Oriens 13-4 (1961).369 is unlikely.
~abbi 'anthelmintic. lapewonn'; Tna.Amh. abiisuda ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~lQlIkiisii 'be lame', Te. ~wllkijJa,
hanfu~' (K'), pass, part. of hanfa~a; hanakall iwhn.k) "'~h 'understand, com pre-
'cumin', from AT. (wbba sowdli, 'black grain', • • • Amh. afliikkiisd 'limp, be slow-willed', Arg.
ETHIOPIC: Amh. anfu(¢ 'kernels that are light due hend, perCClve ; aniikkiisa. Har. ~ankiissa 'lame', Gur. ankosso;
,,"obil, ,,"nbalt Jt1f1t1 : Jt111t1-r, (Lt) ~ambal to frost and blow away with chaff'. Dillmann J II hanik (Lt) 'prudence, wisdom'; passed into Cushitic: BiI.Sa.Af. hallkas, Kham. "a~
"'9"IIA, (T) h.nbal
•
Jt111t1 'breastplate for a (followed by Conti Rossini 1923;466) derives O.
SeMITIC: Ac hanaka 'understand, have sound judg-
kes.
horse. saddle, packsaddle, saddle blanket, (T) ~.anfa~a from nafafa 'be scattered' (see below) with ,
ment' , Heb. htinak
. - 'train a person'; considered a
wooden headrest (in the shape of a saddle)'; an agglutinated ~ coming from h, a causative mor- hnks
, II, hank
, ... nnii '}'1hlle; 'hiding place' (2
denominative from 'palate': Ar. J;anak, Heb, ~Ie!s.
pheme. Conti Rossini ib. also identifies it with Tna. Kings 22:46);
ilalibala (T. Y K ') 'put a saddle on an animal,
han/ii~ii (with II) 'mix wheat and barley' given by hanaka III "'~h (T,DTW 942) 'give' (dcnomina-
saddle. load' (denominative); • perhaps misprint for (h')h1ItJ ~IJnkabJnll{i, and see
Bassano 8. However, the form is given as bQl!rii~ii live from halik, hallk). ~wfJkaba 'camp'.
SlMITI(,; Ar. hanbal 'old and worn-out fur. garment' by Yo~ann;Js O.E. and the meaning 'mix wheat and ~'/lk (K'.DTW 942) 'take!';
(for more details see Noeldeke 1910;54). There is barley' is not to be identified with G. banjafa 'win- see hank, above. hankaso ",1t1 ... 'odoriferous plant';
the likelihood of a horrowing, but it is difficult to now'. See also fwn/a!a II. •
sec also 'ankaso.
decide whether Arabic borrowed it from Geez or ha.aka IV "'~h (DTW 942) 'munch, chew,
~aDfa!al ",1Lm 'scratch, scrape, (KO) write';
•
the other way around. eat' ,.
Dillmann wrongly makes a distinction between henelewotu
•
,h.~I\.""" (T) 'hall'.
ETHlOPIC Te hanbaliir 'belly band of camel's sad. 'ahnaka (DTW), causative;
die', hanbalar 'saddle girth', Amh. hambal, ambiil ~anfata (col.! II) 'scratch, scrape' and ljanfata [ahanka (DTW), passive; hnn
· , tahanana
. 'hh~~ (T) 'be able';
'breastplate for a horse', (col. 628) 'strike, engrave'. In fact, the root is
"muk (DTW), pass. part. of IWllaka; ETAIOPIC: perhaps Tna. hanrlarlii 'apply oneself',
perhaps rather lJanfala; see below, and ~I!,
~enbali ",:tflil. (TM) = Amh. fe!'a very fine above. mii~n([k, pI. mahall.k (K) 'jaw, means of chew-
ing, means of grinding up meat and bones'; hanpin, hanpin "")A,1 , ;h1A:> (Lt), ~an!"ln,
grain used in making the .ligara-bread';
see also henbeliyiil. ~.nfa!a II ",1Lm (0r.54) 'clean grain by rub- h.npin .i.1~1 , Jt1A'> (T.K.Dl 'lizard, (T) kind
SSMlTlC: Ar. lIanaka
. 'chew'' .hanak 'palate',
from
bing lightly, winnow with a sieve'; Soq. ~I-I-nk 'give food, receive food'. ~f beetle, scarab. (Lt) chameleon';
~.nbar Jt1f1c (T) 'wooden headrest'; related to ~anja~a. above. ETHIOJlJf: Te. (tii)/:Ianndka 'gulp down with an SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. ~1Q1Ifii.' 'sea tortoise' (Dillmann
ctfort', Amh. miiiiikii ·chew'. 110).
. "
238 ~.nlal. htRl lza
• •
- -
•
~I
~.npippl' ,l,,)~A.: 'alJna~i, malJna!; (Gr). part. of >alJna~a; .....:.
• ••
<ee '.npii{J{J" banzaz a ",')/1/1, (Y) 'come out of the nO'e 'dnq"'a ' der arnk.!msche \\achholderba • T
SEMITIC Praetorrus. ZDMG 61 (l907). 616 ConSid_ idn nk or food} : '10 (Instead oi. • urn t w...
henqe .n. ')'1: (T) 'Iouse'; anq " gl\cn ~,. RcanISCh) . .Is In
C UshIhe 811. ~"q~ii.
ers the verb J.tana~a 'build' a denominative Cro ETHIOPIC Amh anii::ii:ii 'come out of the: nose
sec also ·anqi.
lJ;m.y 'buildmg', metathesis oC Ar. ~i~n 'Cortress' (C; (food or dnnk) owmg to a spa.sm of the: trachea'
hanqaqa I "'')4'4' 'be Inchned. slip, shde, be which see ~~~n. below). See also ha:a:a . ~.q.r. (r,hq.(. r,hqaf, ,,,+1... 'hug, emhrace,
prone (to any feeling), (Gr.52,L.Lt) be In anxI- ETHIOPIC: Tna. IJani;4ti 'build', Amh. annti!ii, Gur brood, fold (hand,,.;
ana!i 'carpenter' (from Amharic). h,rtUz ih,)lIl1 (DTW Q41) 'beetle'. 'llhqafa, causatIVe',
et\, be fearful. fear, (K' TY) be pampered. be •
ca-pnclOus. (K') deSIre something that is ETHIOPIC Tna. I;.1nti: 'beetle', Amh. ,m=J.~, la!laq{a, paSSive,
honse "'')~ (Lt) 'mouse';
• •
tahiiqaf'a 'embrace each other
beyond one's capacity': heppi .n.~ (T) 'bird of prey'.
'ahanqaqa (Gr.52), causative: · .. ·asluhiiqafa, caus. of lahaquld
h -iji' •
h,nquq (L.K·.Gr.52) 'fearful, timid, (K') pam- ~an~awii ",')l\,/, (Sw. in 0 780) 'mouse'; heppo .n.~ (T) 'deacon', , aqu (K'), act pan. of haqa(,,;
pered. capricious'; .. reconstructed from
·wrongly 11eppo dl.~'aqon (see
~,qu!- ~uqUf 'embraced, hugged';
variant of 'ansawa, above, See also hanse
. .' huqu(e emhrace. embracing' (n)
h.nqaqe (D.T), h",q"aq'e (KG) 'inclination, '
hippo diyiiqon)
being prone to ·(n.), being pampered, being ~.n~wil ,l,,)Ir'/'l\, (T) ~.n~.wil "I')l\'I'A ~.,q(a~ 'embrace. guardiansh,p';
capricious. (L.Lt.Gr52) anxiety, fear'; 'kind of oat'; hepode!en .n.~1..tIl. ') (T). ~e~iy.ii!en .n.~-'l.J' IllJhq.a f (K ') 'means or place of holdmg m the
malpnqaqi (Gr52) 'who frightens'; see also ';ms~wii{, in.'> (M) 'Silken veil, cloth of Silk and gold arms ~
a reconstructed perfect from the imperfect )'d- mii(i(.)ratj'mill, millstone, lower millstone;
!ldqqa 'a little, a little while, for a short time, a tal,iiqaya (K *) 'grind the teeth agamst each
lin Ie way, by degrees'; other' ; herrab, from '" ~arraba; (mii~ratja 'adg 'millstone', see 'adg);
!Ierabi (T+); should be !Iel'iibi, ~erebi (K*) 'tan- (',bna mii~rad 'millstone');
(habbahJqq 'little by little, gradually, by de- /lGqiiyi (K*), act. part. of haqaya;
(beta miihrad [lJ 'mil!');
grees'); ~aquy (K*) 'gnashed (teeth)'; ner' ;
("11/d~bra IlJqqa 'soon after); haqe, haqay, (T) (iaq.y, ~aqWii, (L) !1Oqiy 'gnash- seems to be a wrongly reconstructed form of Amh. SEMITIC: related to Ar. ~Jara~a 'split', SAr. ~rt!
ha!l.qqu 'sufficiently, enough, very, very much, ing of teeth'; arrdbii 'make Moroccan leather', from ·<rb (with 'Mehlkuchen' (?) (Muller 1983:280),
initial ~ instead of <). ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. ~ari~~ 'flour', Arg. har{, Gur. ar!;
greatly, considerably, thoroughly, completely, ETHIOPIC: Tna. !lGljiiyii 'gnash the teeth', Te. ~aqa
passed into Cushitic: Sa.Ar. harid,
exceedingly, utterly, intently, accurately, entire- (Reinisch), Gar. aC?ii (Polotsky, JAOS 69[1949]AI);
harbata
, I thCIl.,. (T.M) 'fend off, parry, ward
ly, (L1) in a little time'; (with a negative) 'not also in Cushitic: Bil. Itaqaq~d 'gnash the teeth', ~arafa I (y.h,,!) thU, (K, Y.M) 'drip, drop';
at all'; off a blow with a shield'.
Kam. an{e-kko 'chew', Dar. un~e. Or could Kam. ~araJii, (KG) harifii, h>raja 'saliva, phlegm.
the basIc meaning is "be in the right measure (be it Dar. an~e. un(e be identified with Semitic ~nk (see harbat.
, II thCIl.,. (MA) 'be panic-stricken, be foam, (T.M) oil of mustard, juice (sap) of
little or much)'; see &aqaqa, above. heka) with k:q:?? appalled' ; spinach';
ETHIOPIC: Tna. harhiitii 'not know how to distin- ~ar!ol (M) 'juice of peas or chickpeas';
~aqar • ..1''''1.: see 'aslahaqara; ~aq'eyit th:ll!:"; see haq"'e,
guish between things'; perhaps also Amh. tii-rhiitiib- related to Heb. 'arap 'drip, trickle'.
'u.rla!wqaru, )aslii~lqarQ. (K*) >Qftqara "disdain, SEMITIC:
~ari tht, 'army, troops, hosts, soldiers, sol- Mia, from rbt (with reduplication of the last two ETI-lJOPIC: Amh. arii/a, ariija-l 'foam', Gur. ara/a,
despise, look down on, deceive, esteem lightly, radicals), from an original ?rbt.
diery, captains, officers'; Arg. ariifa, hard/aI, Har. &ariiJa, &orofa, and perhaps
profane, humiliate, behave contemptuously, also Te.Tna. 'afra 'foam' (with metathesis and ~:').
treat with contempt. vilify, revile, abuse, hariiwi 'soldier, captain, freeborn, nobleman'; ~ar.d. (y'~r>d) thO'" (l) harada ~l~
mock, ridicule, blame, censure'; !lGriiwannii (It) 'freedom'; 'slaughter, sever, cut the throat, slay, destroy'; harafa II thl.t. (T,Y.M) 'crush, grind, tear off a
,
ta~aqra (K *), passive; !lGfdnnal (T.M) 'freedom'; la~rada (K .), causative; leaf from the top, make thin' (should be Amh.
hiiqur, (T) !"q"ar, pass. part. of 'astiihqara; SEMITIC": Ar. (Jurr 'freeborn', SAr. br 'frec', Heb. ta~arda, passive; asassa rather than sassa 'be thin' as in T, Y);
also 'submissive, vile, despicable'; *~JOr, ~or-im 'free men', PbH. bf-n hor-in 'free, freed', tahiirada (K*) 'slaughter one another'; !Iarifol (T) 'ground, crushed' (see also (iarifa-
I"q"r (M), haqr (K*) 'contempt, vileness, Aram. bar ~6rin, Syr. (Iera, ~eriiyii, Md. br haria. 'aslahiirada (K'), causative of ta(iiirada; nor) ;
schism, heresy'; ETHIOPIC: Amh. Itara 'army, troops' (from Geez); ~ariidi (K*), act. part. of harada;
Te. kiirayi 'army, band' (Littmann-Hofner 404). For SEMITIC: perhaps AL ~arafa (wilh~) 'pluck (a fruit),
haqrat, h,qral 'dishonor, contempt, disdain'; hi!rud, pass. part. of harada; cut off (fruit)'. W. Muller suggests AI. ~arafa 'turn
'free, freedom', cp. Tna. ~ara 'free', ~ar;mlliil 'free- ~>rdal, verbal noun ~f harada'
, , away, discard from', S~. ~arel'remove'.
har;f
•
242 har rnal 243
,
•
•
J~~n·ce portion. proportlOn. s are: ETHIOPtC' Te. hasla, hilSla 'bndl< tV) "sal ... I
~ar.w.ya. ~arawyii, ~.rawiyii (pI. 'al;r.lI') -ht- ut" pn. . ' ' ..... .....fa
harrasa ,hdl (Y HM) 'sleep'; [ <""" 'tib-J + noun accordmg to. m propor-
,f,.,,,,s 'camel's bndle'
m-! : -h~m-,f : -h~'I!! 'pig, wild boar"
ETHroPlc probably for [mrasa 'be in childbed'. and •
hariiw.ya (Iaql 'wild boar': IJoln to'),
'b kawabbl 'I')'
astro ogy . ~as'la n .hfl/\ 'put in storage, insen, (K') load',
cp. also Tna. hariisii 'sleep, slumber, be in childbed' 1
(Tna. harJsii would then be for ~ariisii). ETH10PfC: Te. bariiw)'Q 'boar', Amh. araya H lidJS·
. -ba d
-oman ')
'calen ar '~ (!illl (pI. 'aiJ:;,,/, 'ahsiil. 'ah"II), (L) ho.,/. (Gr-l8)
lhJ. t ia a " hasal 'sack' ' -
bariyya 'wild pig', Gur. hariiyii 'porcupine': Gar. , i -b 'Treatise on C ' .)
omputatton; ,
~ariisi -ht-I\, pI. harast (KG) 'judges'; (SeJ~i) iraJii 'pig'; also in Cushitic: Or. eriYQ ~~' /J,lhra ",ssa I .
t, 'b 'astronomer. chrono oger ; ~eseme! ,f"fl."'L-l- (T.M) ·cat'
~ariiy, Sa, hara, Be. ~a;a)l'J'a. Appleyard 43 de~iv~ """ass, , .
ISthere any connection with ~ara.sl (pI. of !zariisi) I~,tbt (K') 'reckoning. computtng ;
It from G, flQrQH'Q 'dig, but the Geez root for 'dig'
magtclans' (for which sec ~ara5a If)? is harau:a. , "A h.siM 'think', hasaba 'calculate, ~as<R .hfl..,. (T) haseR 01'1.') 'butterfly',
- $DIJTlI
. . S r..
hoseb 'count,, He, b i.Iosa_
" b 'h t In k'- ,
haris -htll , see Iwrasa, SPoUTIC- Ug. /.L..tn
'grasshopper' {Fisher SSl.
, . ~iissa, ~assa -ltfl ; -hfl 'God forbid. (Lord) ""nt, hilieh,
oq. , Id I·b Ph h 'b Dahood 1965:58 compares Hob, h<isil ~lIh t. h.<n
Syr. Msa!!. l\. ' ts • S . "
forbid' ; ,lrJm, . ' T'na hasabii·think·. Te, ~asba, Arg, hassa· (~lth a1temance h), . -
~aris -htl". (T) ~aris -htll. (GrA8) ~oras EntIOP(C ., ., " G f ·'b ' G
lJiissa la- (with suffix pronouns): e.g, /:lassa lila 'V, Har. ~esaba. Amh " ~sa~a, a. ,lssa a, Uf. ETHIOPIC. Tna. ~asJn 'termite', Amh. aJun 'termite,
,h~lI . 'an.. ~oras hC'I1 : ,h~lI (probably smalliocusr',
'far be it from me!'; combined with '.ska + JWbJ: passed '"to CushtliC: Sid, assabl, BIL hasabo.
from a mlscopied te\t) 'rhinoceros';
imperfect: e.g, hassa lana '.ska nafJaddag 'be it $.J Af hasab,
ETHIOPIC Te.Tna. iJuriS 'rhinoceros', Amh. haris. hisiin ",-II.,. see hI'S,
far from us to abandon!"; • •
"",rot th,fl./.:-l- (KG) 'thanks. thanksgi\"ing',
al'l'raris (from au-ra aris, originally >awFli /.laris);
passed Into ArabIc !tar,s tNoeldeke 1910:57), and from Aram,·Syr. has, /:las J. (Noeldeke 1910:38),
The expression also occurs in PbH, bas w;}btillla, has
,
bassa.
, -hfl-l-. hassut
. """"r: see I",sall'", hassa·
, .
CushuiC' Sa_ hard See also Hommel 332, 381. ""hast thll.ltll+ (Lt) 'chameleon';
k'tJJtilom 'let it not be, God forbid!', Md. ';as. ~ h"SJSr.
•
~.r.~i dt&'l1 (K') 'usury'; Arabic biiJa, in baiiika, fltisti laka 'God forbid' is
not a loanword (as suggested by Noeldeke, ib) Since ~asak (pI. !iOsakat. '0hsiik) -hllll, (KG) ~ask
ETHIOPIC Tna, ~arii~a 'usury', ~larii,fii 'lend money none of the other Semitic languages has f. The root ~nll 'kind of worm. (GrA9) caterptllar that hisa!
, ..
",-lI+; see /n-s,
at interest', Amh. ara[a 'usury'.
is compared with Ar. basso 'be compassionate' ,
,ppears dunng '.
raills :
.
(Kunsthnger, OLZ 33[1930],669.70), See also Rund. hasaka I (MA) 'become stunted. stop growmg. .
hus.t ",.fI-l-; see hll'S, '
~ur.t ""~-l-; see I;lI'r. gren, Oriens 13·14 (1960.61).368, become emaciated' (denominative with the hasawa (l'ailStlj .hfltD 'cover. lit de, put (into
ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna, baJia 'far be it!" from Ar. litHo; meaning of becoming small or stunted, being ihe pock~t)~ (KG) intertwlflc. put somethtng
~artam. -hCTOD 'become wretched. be abomi. also in Amh. saia (reduplicated. sa). '
,[ected by worms); around the neck';
nable. be mtserable. be distressed. look poor
~esa ""fl. ~is "'-lI; see I;ys, ETH10PIC: Tna. basiilfa 'a ",,·orm' hassoll'a 'lie, tell a lie. utter a falsehood. falsify.
(due to hardship, illness, ignorance). be upset
deny. belie, deeme. be decettful, be lalse.
by gnef or worry, be vile, be disgraced. be . ,hfl; see h",s,
hosa ~as.ka II -hflh (K') 'to rain, be cold. make
emaciated' ~
,
bri~g false witness, (Y) tWISt'. .
shiver (cold, rain)'; >uhsowu, 'a~assawa 'cause to he. consld,er
'aharrama,
. causative , ~asaba -hfiO 'think. believe, impute, consider,
estimate, esteem, appreciate, regard, deem wor. SEMITIC; Ar. hasaka
. 'let fall rajn'. haika 'abundant so'mething to be a Ite, declare. to ~ a he.
h;mum ·unfortunate. abomlOable, wretched. ,
miserable. prodigal, "icked'; thy, take into consideration, have regard for';
ram' falsify, accuse of lying. make a h~r 01. accuse
I ETH/oPIC: Amh. a5sakk alii. i1ssilkk alii 'shiver from of falsehood, induce to falsehood;
~iJrtiJmannii 'misery, annoyance. wretchedness, hassaba 'compute. count, reckon. record, give cold',
an account, calculate'; tahassawa 'be convicted of talsehood. be ac·
impiety. ungodliness. perdition, destruction,
cu~ed of falsehood, be shown false, be shown a
e"il, infam). (T) emaciation'; tahasaba, (T) tahasaba 'be computed. give an ~asala I (yahs.l) dtfl/\ 'put on a halter or a
(b,'se lz.rlJin.nnii ·wicked. villainous'); account, settle an account, ask for an ac- headstall on a mule or a horse, lead by the liar be found out as a liar'; , .
count' , bridle' ,, (-a:i)'y.the.fsa .. 'unfailing, infalltble); od
SEMITIC [he conneclion with AI, (tai&aUama (with • h ' 'accuse of lying or of falseho ,
augmented r) 'cTumble, break into small bits' sug- tahassaba, passive of hassaba; 'a~ala, same; also causative; 'asia assawa ~
tal;iisaba 'have consideration for, take up ac· lal)asla (K '), passive; deel~re untrue or false';
gested by RUilcka 166 IS plausible. See aJso harma-
Ul1na. . counts With, ask for an account'; luJsii/i, act. part. of hasala· hassawi 'liar, lying. false. impostor'" .)
'astal;asaba 'call to account'; hitsul, pass. part. of 'hasal;' «(lQssiiwe masih 'Anuchnst. false Chnst .
, ,
246 h."- 247
._t
-
bol'Y'
-•
......
,
~.H~H' (fern . !r:U.fiUI, fJiI.fS.1wt) 'given to deceiv· ~aj"m 'detestable, abominable, disgraCerul "ya hasya (}'d~si)
ba~'.'.,
"''''f, "',..f 'make h '
. as)r surrounding (n.) with a ",all, fencIng off'
'"g, deceitrul, Iy,"g, liar, raise'; despIcable, perverted, ugly. evil. foul, bad: happY, gIve JOY, ( n .•
(~.,s.vH'a J.lln 'cheater'); wicked, indecent, abusive, harmful" ,
haSsaya, same:, , " . has"r 'fenced-In place, fence, waH, hedge, endo-
(ha-iz.'HJW 'fal,d) '), (ha-~.sum, ~ajuma 'wretchedly. wickedly')' lahasaya. ra~asya r~JOIce, enJoy oneself, be
~iJsumii' 'abominations';
sure, rampart, mound, lrench'.
Mua ...c 'lie, unlruth, falsehood'; , oyful, exult. be glad; . , (~asura masqal 'Rampart or the Cross'
,
~,u.\'.fa( 'lie. fal~ehood, error'; ~.,iam 'ugliness, blemish, guilt. abominati ~a.iser 'joy, gladn~.ss, happmess :
(ba-ha.uar
, 'falsely');
. wickedness, villainy, evil. evil deed, misdeo~, haM (Gr.46) Joyful. pleased, satisfied,
group of short poems for the days of 'Ih:
hann, infamy, disgrace'; e •
week; see Llfschitz 87 tl);
(:cnci haHar 'false report'),
(.HJmo'ta ItaJ.f01 'false witness'); (i;asama ra·y (Lt) 'ugliness');
;onlent , glad'; . . , ~asrar (Gr.67), verbal noun of husara '
la~asjel (M) 'joy, happmess, exultatton ,
~asm (TS), same as i;asam; ma!)sar (Gr.67) 'place where one m~kes'a fence' ,
SFMITIC' related to Akk. heJu, hasu 'cover > hide AI. (Yem) ~seh 'bravo I', Akk. ba.fasu (with
'> he' NOle thaI Heb.
- -
ilusii (hswly) 'lake reruge', hasmar 'ugliness, trouble, defect, blemish
SEMITIC:
. , SEMITIC Ar ~a;ira, ~~'ilir 'enclosure', Ar (Oat)
that IS. 'hide' is likewise connected with this root. fault'; , h) 'reJolce . .., I' .. ~adira (see Landberg 192043211). SAr h.,", (pl.)
EnlloPIC: Tna. 'iJssay bravo., Amh . .1Ssay, excla·
Praetorius 1890:34 connects It with AT. ~,ass (~ss) 'ai;sami, mai;sami (Gr.46), act. part. of 'ahsa- .e~dosed cultivated lands', Sh. ho,ror 'bc:!\.lcge. hem
ation or joy, <1SS0, aSio 'bravo!', has.tel 'joy' (rrom
10. H~b. ~~er 'yard, enclosure' lsee Orhnsky,
'rusc' rna; ~eez), Gur. assu 'bravo!'; also In Cushitic: Had . JAOS .6[1 939J.22I1), Aram. hU/ra, Syr. hnarii, Ph
ETHIOPIC Te. has.fa (/:Is),) 'to lie', ~as...a)' 'liar'. Tna.
SEMITIC: Ar. ~a.f;ma 'be confounded by shame' haiiu, Kam. aSiu. ~~r" Ug. h!r. ~;r 'court'; poSSibly Akk. ~tUa"llWllh
~a.f...iiH'ii
'lie' (vl. Amh. WD.Hii 'to lie', assaI 'lie' (n.),
from Geez; passed into Cushitic: Sa. asaw 'be in- ?a.fama 'put to sh~me, annoy, anger', S~. ~asl1"; ~) enclosure ror sheep' Note that Akk 1L~lIrtll
(pI. 'a~~a, .a!l~at) "'It 'arrow, dart';
sidlou~ • unpleasant taste In one's mouth'. Praetorius · ..
hiSS
(Orhnsky, ib. 24) IS not given 10 'on Soden 1440 10
ZDMG 62 (190S). 750-1 (so also Barth IS93:54j SEMITIC' Ar. ha;t-.:a, /:Iu; ....a 'arrow', SAr. /:I;.\'·n the meaning of 'enclosure'
connects th.e ,Geez root With AT. gaSim 'ignorant, 'archer', Heb. ~e~ 'arrow', Aram , /:It .. Ph /:I~, Ug. ~:,
~asaya 1.I,.lIsi) "'f1f 'rub, rub off, friction, (V)
dumb, stupid and suggests that the Geez root IS an Akk. usu. u~!u. See also Noeldeke 1910: 147-S. ErnloPI\. Tna. ~asiirii 'make a rence', Tc. ~ar~dra,
Spill, (Y M) reduce 10 powder, soften, swallow,
ongmal tJafama. However, Geez &: AT. g is not ETHIOPIC: Te. /:Ia~ 'stang', Har. ~;ntit 'arrow' (Litt· Arg. haniira, Har ~t;riira. Amh attura,
. Gur ahira.
.
Irample on a sown place, break through'; mann, ZS 1(1922].57), Amh. "0.1 (from Geez).
a normal correspondence. Fraenkel 1898: 62, and
·ahsaya (Ko.DTW 962), causative; Praetorius, lb. rightly object to the comparison with ~~, ~a~a~a. ~a~a (y.h.y.s) "'1111 I "'II 'be
la~asya. passive; Heb. ~ltimas 'treat violently' suggested by Barth hassa ,h)\; see ~~.y, deficient, subSIde, wane, decrease (intr.), be
lIasa)'i, (KO), act. part. of hasava;
• •
IS93: 54. · .. wanting, be Ie", be subtracted, dIminish
"'SUI' 'rubbed off, made ready by rubbing, (M) ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~asiima 'be bad, be vicious', Amh. hase ,hI\,; see ~a<!e. (intr.), be inferior (in quality), be short of. be
• •
tanned' , hasmiit 'ugliness' (from Geez). the least, be little, be imperfect',
h•.•yar (K 0) 'act of rubbing. state of being hilS. ,l,l\'') (Ll) 'fortress, castle'; ~~~a,ya (T) 'shorten';
• •
rubbed' , ~aSiim "'''1'1'' (K·. DTW 945) 'wild boar, pig'; SEMITIC: Ar. ~4n 'rortress', SAr. m-h.fn 'derense (:aya!\Q~p~ 'imperfect');
SEMITIC related to Ar. hassasa 'caress, stroke'; per- ETHIOPIC:Te. ~asama 'pig', Tna. /:Iasiima, Amh. work', Soq. ~o~on 'rortress'. Praetorius, 7DMG 61 .. . 'decrease, detract, subtract, dIminish,
'ahsasa
haps Akk. i",,;ti (with b) ·chop'. asama, Har. ~astimti. KWK 455 connects it with (1907). 616 connects G. ~a~n 'fortress' WIth G. reduce, lessen, abate, make less, make few.
ETHIOPIC Tna. ~asiisii, ~asii)'ii. ~as~asii 'Wipe, rub', halama 'be ugly'; so also Appleyard 42. hana!a 'build' (see above). Brockclmann (928:247 omit, make ,"ferior, slight, belittle';
Te , hasa. flOia, ~asha.fa, Arg. haifa, Har. htisiisa compares Syr. ~<1sen 'be strong', J:resna 'fortress' with ('ahs~a ra'so 'he humIliated hlmselr);
'caress, stroke', ~aia 'rub something betwee~ two ~asar ", ...C 'straw, piece of straw, dry reeds, Ar ~a~una 'be strong', ~II-rn 'rortress'. As for Ar ta~a~a,w (LI), passive of ·ah.<Gsa,
objects'. Amh a.iJii 'rub', assiisii 'rub off, Gur. hi!n, Fraenkel 235 (rollowlng GUIdi) conSIders It a ha.<lls 'diminished, minor, less, ,"suffiCIent,
stubble, dry twigs, refuse, chaff';
tHiLiii 'rub, massage'; perhaps common with Cushit- loanword coming rrom Syr. ~eslla. He explains Ar ia~king in fullness, wanting, defiCIent, ,"ferior,
Ie BII hushas, Sa ha.ial·. i;asara (K 0) 'collect straw or chaff, peel fruit'
~i'n (WIth ~) against Syr. ~esnu (with s) as a folk
(denom,"ative); low, the least, small, short, imperfect, dwarf,
etymology due to AT. ~a~fUlla 'be inaccessible'. The
( ...ar~ ~a~u~ 'hollow month', Neugebauer 79,
haSarna lyah,i.m) ","'01>, (T) hasama "'1'1_ SEMITIC: Ar. ~uir. ~usur 'husks', Soq. ~osir 'bad Aram.-Syr. origin or Ar. J:ri~n IS doubtrul since /:I~n
n. I):
'be .bad, be evil, be foul, be defo.:med, be ugly'; pasture'. Bittner 1909: 18 compares Mh. gash also OCCurs an South ArabiC, See also Landberg
'straw'. 1920:424ff. hasusan (also =-na. mm"a'a/) 'Chronicles
,
'ahsama 'make foul, make evil, bring into dis- , . . .
ETHIOPIC: Te. /:Iafar 'straw', Tna. /Jasiir, Amh. asiir, (Bible), genealogy, hneage, generaltons ,
grace, ill-Ireat, Ireat badly, do evil, corrupt, act
hasiir (rrom Geez) 'dregs, husk', Gur. afiira, Har. ~a~.ra (y.hpr) "'II~, (T) ~a~ara "'fI~ 'fence (~J~u~an m~a~.fr 'Chronicles');
y,;ckedly, afflict, do harm, hurt, damage, abuse.
offend, curse': ~aiiir; passed into Cushitic: Kam.Qab. alara, Bil. off, enclose with a fence, make a rampart, ("a~u~ana nagasr 'Paralipomena 'j;
haifar. build a mound, compass, encompass, besiege'; hasas 'lack, deficiency, decrease, subtractton,
('ahSama gas~o la'iehu 'he looked at him un-
pleasan(ly'); 'a~~ara, causative; also 'besiege'; ~c~r~ity, shortage. loss, waning (n.), Infwority,
('ahjama qala Iii'la 'he spoke evil agains!');
~ss. ta~isasa "'-'1"''''
(Ll) 'rub vigorously'; ta~a~ra, passive; diminution, reduction, want, imperfection':
secondary form of ~asaya, above. lah~ara, reciprocal of hasara; (ba-~.~as 'sparingly'),
'astahaiama 'consider disgraceful, consider
hateful, consider ugly'; ~a$ari, act. part. of has~r~' husase
• • •
'decrease, dlm,"ution';
~aSSet "'''t.~; see i;asaya. ~a.yur 'fenced-in. besieged, ~urrounded'. hassal, same as ~a~a...f~
. ..
, .. 248 249
SEMITlC~ Ar. ~Iiisa (~ws) 'prowl about' (for bws, see Te. ~lQwwa~a 'appear', Tna. hawiisii 'look II ",ID" (Y) = Amh, "-.,.~ r h"
ETHIOPIC: haw.,.
, ~ayq (pI. 'a~y.q) "'f.~ 'shore (of sea, lake), ->
Landberg 1920:5121), Ar. (Oat) haswiis 'agitation'. around, inspect', Amh. awwd!Q 'visit' (Amh~ricized jaqaqq alii 'step aside, get out of the way'; seashore, riverbank';
Barth 1893:68 also compares Ar, halta 'urge' (see form of ~awwo~ii). See also baya-ra.
also Noeldeke 1904:44), Heb. hiis (h",s) 'get excit- is perhaps a misprint for L 1""1 I " " fligiigg alii SEMITIC: SAr. (,yq-n 'port, bay', Mh. huvq 'se.-
ed, hurr)" (Driver, JTS 32[193IJ.253; Eitan, HUCA ~iwat th.IDT; see ~aywa. 'smile', and could be identified with ~lGwaza I. shore' ,
12-I3[1937-8J.72), Syr. ha!he! 'exci te' (Barth ETHIOPle: Amh. Irayq 'lake' .
~.w.ya (y.~way) "'lDf (T. Y) 'become dark ~ ~yb, ~eba Iya!,ib) th.O 'draw water'; M 41
1893:68), Ug. ~s 'hurry!', Akk. hfHu, hiiiiu 'hurry
shake'. - - , (due to sunset), become gloomy, become eve- wrongly interprets Amh, {iilliiqii (translation ~ys, ~es. I y.~is) (T) ~es. "\(t 'blame,
",,(t,
ning' ; given by Tayya for ~eba) as 'be deep' whereas rebuke, scold, revile, have a grievance, insult,
EnuoPlc: Te. (lasosa 'move', Toa. ~awwiisii 'mix', hawiiy, ~away 'evening, the red glow of the vituperate, reprove. reprimand, accuse';
in fact !iil/iiqii also means 'draw water with a
Amh. (hjaK'wosd 'mix, SUr', Har. bewiisa ·stir'.
evening sky, twilight'; container' ; 'a~esa, 'a"yasa, causative; also 'deform, dis-
~awisa, ~awesji "''I!'' "''E' ,
exciamation of
1
admiration, of joy, or of approval, bravo!;
SEMITIC: Ar. ~awiya < bawiwa, in if,wawa 'become
red inclining to blackness'. Jeffery 286 considers Ar.
'a~eba (Gr.61), causative;
lalrayba (Gr.61), passive;
torf ,'
ta!raysa, passive;
(hawesii lamas'atkamu habena 'welcome!, your hawiya, one of the names of hell, of Surah 101: 6, as "ayabi (Gr.61), act. part. of !Ieba; la!,ayasa (KO, Gr), reciprocal of "esa;
coming to us is welcome'); coming from G. lJaway and ~lOW 'fire'. (~ayabe ma'iir (Lt) 'one who receives the honey )aslahiivasa (Gr), causative of la~liiyasa:
CUSHITIC: Sa. "awa 'sunset', Be. aw; 'dusk, twilight'. Ihat is brought as tribute'); ~ayii~i '(Gr.60), act. part of ~esa;
ETHIOPIC: Amb. aSia, exclamation of pleasure. For the red color, cpo perhaps /:law 'fire', above. i..yyub (Gr.61) 'drawn'; ~ay)'us (Gr,60), pass. part. of hesa;
ha18SJi
. . . 252 >,1
hzb
,
~~--------------------~--------'--~'--------------____________~h~~
~ aba K') 'observe one another, suspect
•
hL'i 'reproof, reproach, vituperation. blame, (used in oaths, e.g. ~.d)'iilV )agzi'aba~ler kama 'a 'II L k L_ _.
mah(a)yiiw
. (K*) 'place where one lives" , .Idea 0 f thinking or, conSi'd'
den enng th'lOgs f rOm
consider carefully, search for, watch, examine, ~azala (yah:.I) .hI/II, (T) ~.z.l. ""11 'carry
spy, explore, scrutinize, lie in wait, be on the SEMITIC: Ar. flayya 'Iive', SAr. !lYW, Soq. byy, Mh. various points of View. On the back, carr, a burden',
lookout for'; &ewya 'recover, be cured', Heb. &oyo(II) 'live', 'a~:ala (K'l, causative,
C · Ar (la)ha22aba 'pial, conspire'. Banh
lalliiya,a (Lt) 'watch'; Aram. fui)'ti. &dyr, Syr. &aya, Md. Ilia, Ph. &w>. Ug. SEMITI,"
1893:50 connects the root wit 'h. J b 'b'
. h Semltle t 1OJI." , laha;;la, passive:
flYY·
!lOya,i (K*), act. part. of 'aslaha),a,a; also Noeldeke 1910:59, n. 3. . . ta!la=ala (K ') 'carry one another',
~ay)'a,e, huyase, (KG) !tayya<!e 'observation,
ETHIOPIC: Tna. &ayiiwii 'live. be healthy' (also bawd. SOE PIC: Te. (tii)~a=:!iiba 'doubt, cast SUspICion
ya, with metathesis), Te. &aya; Tna. &aywiil 'life', THIOAmh.Gur. (t)az=iibiz,'H ar. (")h 'astallii:ala (T.K *) 'cause to carry one anal her' :
observing, lookout, being (n) viewed or seen'; Te. flOY01, Amh. haywiil, Gur. xaywiit; Amh. hayaw on', la. a:a""(~ 'k'ccp 111 ba:iili 'porter';
ma~1Gy)'J~ (K·) 'who perceives, who discerns'; memory something that someone has done; related ha;;ul 'carried':
'living. alive' (from Geez); passed into Cushitic: Be. to lna. (ta)(az=iibii.
mastahayya" (Gr.63, K') 'aslal/aya,i, act. part. hay 'live', Sa.Af. hay. /r;l:!at (Gr. 58) 'act of carrying',
of 'asta~a.1'a~a; also 'explorer, examiner, cu- lllii!l;:al (K',Gr.58l 'means of carrying',
rious person'; ~ayzat .hf-1/·'" (KG) 'flood, torrent'; bzb
,
II , hazzaba
, .hllO (K') 'tie, bind':
see also hOlllwasa. probably from waflzo 'flow', below. SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. ~a:ama 'tic up', Wllh alter· ETHIOPIC Tna. ~azii'ii, ~a":iilii 'carry on the hack',
Te. ~IQ:/a. Arg. hazziila. Har. ~,a:iilcl, Amh. az:tl/{i,
• •
nanee of labials b:m (G. Salingerl.
hayata
, .hf.,. (T.Y.M) 'wander about aimlessly, *hoza, in )ahoza h,hH; see hwz. ETHIOPlC: Amh. azoiibii 'plait, make Ihongs', Tn •. Gur. e=zizlii.
' . ,
guard here and there'; haziibii 'interlace the braid of blue silk whIch Chris·
~az'a (yahza') .hllh (Y.M) 'prevent, bar, hin- ~azl .n'I/&\ (K '), mode of religious song:
ha)'at (K ') 'visiting, watChing over'; iians wear around their necks'; Tna. hJ:ah 'rcm', see f~zl.
der, drive, chase away'; Amh. nab, zab, Arg, zab, Gur. ilzah, :ah; also in
the verb ~IO)'afa seems to be a denominative from ~az'al, (K*) haz', (T) aaz'al 'hiding place, den, Cushilic: Kam. wba, Q.b,AI. iziiba. (~.zI), ,.I~ .. I1.&\.nll&\, (Kl ~.ll 11'&\ 'kind of
!Jayat. As for lJayat. it is derived from wabaya, lair, retreat, enclosure, manger, refuge, closed.
below. game played with six sugar canes splil in half'
in pasture, sheepfold'; ~"b (pI. hnab, 'airziib) .n1l1l 'nation, people,
(called in Amh. !ab),
~.yw. (y.hyall', yahyu) .hf-m 'live, be alive, SEMITIC: Ar. ~la::a'a 'gather and drive camels'. tribe, secl, multitude, crowd; partisans, gen·
come back to life. revive (intr.), be well, be ETHIOPIC: Te. &az'at 'reserved pasture', Tna. f,az'e liles, pagans, heathens'; Guidi 1899:485, n. 5 denves It from Ar./IO:I'Joke,
healed, be cured, recover, be restored, be 'reserved pasture', Amh. haz'at 'den, lair' (from inMw; 'layman, laity, common, vulgar, secu. Jest' restricted in the translation of the Fdl~a nJ.gR~t
saved' ; Geez); passed into Cushitic: Bil. hedJaf 'robbers' lar' ., to a game, The derivation from Ar. 'al·t,il.dll 'ab·
(~aywa 'amqatil 'he escaped death'); den', Be. IIido'Q (with altemance d:::). staining from' suggested by Dillmann 139Q IS less
'ahzabiiw; (LI) 'stranger';
likely.
'a~yall'a 'keep alive, make to live, let live, h"b'""ii 'stage or condition of being a group';
hzb
' I, hazaba,
, hazzaba
, .hHO 'think, consider,
enliven. vivify, raise up alive, restore to life, inbat 'dignity of a nation, (T) civility, good hazana, hazna (yJbz>n, ya!lzal/) ,hll~ , .h1l~,
cure, heal'; count, believe, suppose, presume, suspect, (T)
deceive with false promises';
breeding'; iT) ~aza~a "'"~ 'be sad, be sorrowful, be
IQSra!loyawa 'bring back to life, repair, re- grieved, be in mourning, hav(, compaSSIOn, be
store' ; >a!lzaba, (K*) )a~azaba, causative; SEMlTtC: AI. ~jzb 'party, sect', SAr. '-flzb 'armed
tahazba,
• tahazzaba
• 'think, consider, watch out, bands'. It is difficult to know whether Ar. Iwzzaba sorry for, sympathize': ,. ,
iLJYGH' (fem. I",yawt) 'alive, living, healed, whole :collect, congregate, assemble' is the primary mean. hanal/a, same (possibly With InlenSlty);
believe, expect, be conscious (a/), care, look
(unharmed), safe and sound'; with suffix pro- • • mg Or whether it is a denominative from ~Iizb 'party, ;ahzana 'sadden, make, sad, afflict. cause
for someone, be concerned, suppose, Imagme. , ,
nouns: ha),owiinihomu 'they (who are) alive'; company of men, sect', Praetorius, ZDMG 57 sorrow, inspire compassIOn;
have suspicions, suspect, doubt, fear, be anx-
(h,),ol'o' n3gus 'long live the king!'); (1903).271·2 derives Ar. and G. hzb from !lQsab 'ahzana with indirect object suffix pronoun,s,
ious, mistrust, distrust, be uncertain';
'Ade1, Angehorige' (possibly from'a form such as 'care for, be saddened for, be sorrowful for,
hapnrin
•
254
-
'aslaha;ana (Ll) 'afflict. vex, distress'; ~azurjjn "'11-6-1, (Gr) ~aziriin "'11.6-1, ninth
'ilStahii;ana {Gr. 59) 'have compassion, console Syrian month;
. . ,
a gnc\ 1 ng person ; e.ither dir~ctly f~o~ Syr. I}azfron or through Chris_
~1Q=a./li, act. part. of ~a=ana: tian-Arabic ~lQzlran. See also 'aziron.
J:t;~=un ·sad. grieved, sorrowful, distressed, who
. . ,
IS In mournmg ;
~azat "'HT (T.M) 'bench made of earth
~a=un 'sadness, grief. sorrow. mourning, afflic- , r" Or
tIOn, melancholy, care';
I
stone, p atJorm lor slttmg Or sleeping';
!;azata, IJazata (T.Y.M) 'build a bench of ea th
H..,
-
ha:a11:;n 'mournful, lugubrious'; or stone' (denominative). r
ma~l=an 'cause of sadness';
mii/.1=iJl1, mti~zani 'saddening, provoking sad- hab. (~abe) ..,0 (..,0.) 'toward, near to, near,
~az.za "'HII (L) 'cough, (Y) swallow a liquid :until'. For the initial ba, cp. also Soq. ha 'here', hok
ness. who causes sorrow, sorrowful. grievous';
that chokes and causes coughing';
io,by, at, in, with (place), in the presence of, there'. "
mahaz;all (Ll) 'companion in pain'; in reference to. in comparison with'~
Ja~zaza, (T) 'aozaza 'cause to cough, irritate
milSta~ii;all (Gr.60) 'one who has compassion'; la-haba 'away to, unto, toward, at'; ~ab'a (yaljbii') "HI" 'hide, conceal':
render rough, ?Iock the breath (from an origi: )aljbJ)Q (K .), causative;
SEMITIC: Ar. lJazina 'be sad', S~. a~lzin. ba:baba 'among, at, upon, by, in, wheresoever,
nal mean 109 feel dIScomfort in the throat tababJQ, passive. reflexive;
ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~a=iifla 'be sad" Te. ~a~na, Arg. near, with (at), to, toward, from, in the pres-
haz:iina, Amh. a:=iina, Gur. aziina, HaL ~uzni 'sad- have a feeling of roughness'), (T) come out of l;abiN, act. part, of hab'a:
ence of, before, in comparison with';
ness'; passed into Cushitic: Bil. Sa. ha;iin 'be sad'. the nose (food) while one is asleep, swallow a ljabuJ 'hidden, conce~led, secret';
bo-haba 'somewhere, there is';
liquid that chokes and causes coughing, (K') (za-!Jabu' 'mystery');
bo-haba ... bo-haba 'at one moment _.. at
hazanzin
, "'II'>r1. 1; see ha;:ana.
. have heartburn'; -
another' ~
- (ba-I;ab,,', bab",a 'secretly');
SEMITIC: Ar. ~aziiz 'rough'. 'aml;aba 'from (with), from the presence of, (tarnh.,ta I;ab,,'iit 'Doctrine of Mystenes, the
(!Iazur), ,.I~azur l.A"'II-C (tt) 'amulet';
ETHIOPIC: Amh. anazzazii 'come out of the nose from before, from where, by means of': Mystagogia'; see Lifchitz 19-85; Hammer-
from Ar. ~ir:: (pI. lJuriiz) 'amulet' (with metathesis). (food or drink) because of a spasm in the trachea' is schmidt-Six 1983:55; Strelcyn 1974:65);
'anta haba 'through';
W. Miiller suggests, with reservations, Ar. IJadar connected by Praelorius 1879: 100 with G. hzz -
l(Jska haba 'as far as'; ljiJbu>iiwi 'concealed, clandestine';
, "
precautiOn. augmented by n. See also hanzaza. . -
hobo haba 'more and more'; I;ab'at 'hiding' (n.);
- -
as relative, adverb: baba 'where, wheresoever, mal;ba' 'hiding place, hidden place, secret place,
whither' ; receptacle' ;
za-&aba 'where, in which, the place where (also SEMITIC: Ar. &aba'Q 'hide', SAr. bb" Heb. hb, (M-
without makiin or madr)'; ,il), Aram_ hapa (~b'), Syr. ',upya 'darkness'
(Brockelmann 1928:209), Md. hba 'hide', Akk. ha-
&aba ... hayya (zaya) 'wherein';
ba-I;aba 'where, there where, in which'; bu. -
ETHIOPIC: Tna. hab'e 'hide', Te. hab'a, hamb,ra,
'anta I;aba 'wheresoever, the same way, by • ••
Amh. abba 'hide', Jubu) 'concealed. hidden' (from
which' ,. Geez).
-
lam-haba, '(Jmanna haba 'whence, from where';
-
'aska I;aba 'to where, whither'; ~abab. I ..,00 (M) 'defame';
the suffix pronouns are attached to the base tal;biib (Ll) 'slander' (n.);
I;abe- ;
Dillmann 1907: 394 analyzes !laba as coming from -
SEMITIC: Ar. habba 'be deceitful'. See also hababa II.
- -
knecs. pTl)stratc oneself'; self, collaborate, consent, agree (with), be in
with, be 10 the company of, Md . IIbr, Ug, ~br
~.b.y "tll.e 'kind oha,' (the quoted pa sa e
'companion', Ph I}.br, Akk . ebru, Ibru 'companion,
Tna 11IItlbiibJ (with augmented 'make accord WIth, share something (with) ha . rrlend', See on thiS root Wagner, 10 Baumgartner In Dlilmann 602 has Mha .. ) g
ITHIOI'IC II) , ., , v e In
ralr. common, conspire (agamst). With anoth t967, p.360-I.F. Rosenthat (A h.Slor)' ~f .lluslim :~om ~ram.-Syr. ~a~i!a Jug" ~ ·\r habit,'Q
'WU'IC
verb (in the gerund) it means 'do jointl ;r historiography, 1951, p. 10, n. 2) makes a distinction arrel (see, however, Kaufman 53) '> G -Iubo
habhab. "l1l"l1l (T Y) 'swea,: together'; y, 0 between ~, ~br (Heb. Ethlopic) 'jOin , connect' and (Fraenkell68). Zimmem J) thmh that ' the ~r gl~
ir"bi",h,
... ~
(T) haMah
.. 'one who swears'. >ob hara 'connect, join, associate, mingle . hbr (Hcb) 'associate, colleaguc'. There may be two of the above-mentioned nouns I~ AU.. ~Jhu 'Jug'
. b . , Un lie different roots bbr and ~/br, but it seem., to me that
be In agreement, e 10 accord, form a cons· '
hab.'a "lllll (T K); see tahabala;
- - • pira- the meanings 'join, connect, associate, colleague' ~.baza (ya!.h.: , "lnll, (T) hab"a ,hllll 'hake'
cy ; 'a&ha:a (K '), causaltve ,
ta!Jabala, (Tl tahabala 'be bold, dare. be dar- may go back to ~ single roo,l. F. Rosenthal, Ib,
109, be arrogant, be impudent, be presump- ta!Jabra 'be associated (with), be conne t d la!lOb:a, paSSIve,
. h)' : ce derives Ar. ~abar mformatlon from t'hr 'connect'.
( Wit
tuous' ; Note that Ar. lJabara 'inform, give newIi' IS babii:i (pI. bubii:iyiill. haha:!) 'baker,
'a!wbala (K ') 'dare someone, challenge'; tababara 'join one another'; connecled by Finkelstein, JBL 75 (1956) 328ffwIlh h.hu:
- 'baked" ,
taljiibala (K'), reciprocal of tababala: 'asta!Ja~ara (Gr), caus. of ta&abara; also 'har- Akk. ~abiiru 'be noisy, make noise'. bah: (TM), bab: (K') 'bread' ;
'astababala (K') 'dare someone, challenge'; montze ; ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~lQbiirii 'be joined (to a group), be in !..h.st, (pI. b"hiill·.:l, (T) ~,hJ<1 (comlOg from
'a"tabiihala (" '), causatIVe of ta!Jabala; &abiiri (K'), act. part. of babara; agrecment', Te. flabra 'assemble', Amh.Gur ahhiirii , !J~b.:t, with: > " by assimilalton) 'hread.
!Jahall 'bold, daring'; babur 'associated, joined, conjoined, united, For G. miib(a )bar, cpo Tna. ma"hiir, Te. miihabiir, p,ece of bread, loaf of bread, the consecrated
!"hul, (KG) !J,hhul 'bold, daring, arrogant, connected'; Amh. mahbiir, mabar, Gur. mahor; passed IOta
bread (a round, flat "heaten bread w.th
(babura h./lawe 'of like nature or Substance,), Cushltic: Bil. /labor 'uOite'
presumptuous' ; thirteen crosses impnnted on the surfatc:-;;
!J,bI (K') 'boldness, arrogance'; !Jabura (adv.) 'together, jOintly, all together a; habr I "tllC 'portion (of land, ground, CIty, when given at communion, it i~ broken "0 that
the same time, in unison'; •
ma!labi (K') 'who challenges, who dares ~amp), side (of mountatn, valley), cord'; each communicant receives a piece With a eros'i
someone' ; !Iubare, (T) hubare 'union, unity, conjunclton on it)',
association'; , SEMITIC Ar IJubra 'portion, share'
mastabahl 'who challenges'; (hela b,lb,,,t [LI] 'bakery'):
tabahiill 'arrogant, audacious'; babr 'crowd, (Lt) unit of soldiers belonging to habr II "tllC 'incantation, enchantment, wtlch- mii& (. )ha: 'oven, bakery',
tabablo (tJ 'boldness, bold behavior, audacity, a tern tory' ; -craft'; mJ!J"hhfl= 'bakery. bakehouse';
arrogance'; bab~a~ 'unison, union, joining, community, as- h.bral 'enchantment, magic spell'; SEMITIC' Ar, [rub: 'bread' (considered hy Noeldeke
•
SOCiatIOn, agreement, consensus, accord, har- 1910: 56 a Geez loanword as against Land~rg
according to another source the b is geminated SEMITIC: Heb. bii!!ar 'conjure', Aram-Syr ~lQhhiirci.
throughout mony, collection'; t 920 55) ff), Mh. h"bo: 'ba ke', /i,,/>: 'bread'. The
'conjuror, charmer', Aram. ~lQbher 'charm', Ph, hbr , -
(babrata zema 'harmony [in song])'; 'magic'. The various Hebrew dictionanes connect connection with Heb. 1ltibitl'im 'pans for haking'
SEMITIC: perhaps Ar ~abila 'be of unsound mind', (ba-IJabrat 'unanimously'); (from a non-eXISting hbt) sugge,'ed by Buhllt3 on
Heb. hti&iil·'m 'arrogant ones' (as in Ps. 140:6: see Heb. hbr 'magic' with the root hbr 't.e, bind', the
'abharo 'agreement'; the authority of Gesenius IS unlikely.
Dahood, B.blica 45[1964].407). notion of tying referring to the magical practice of
ETHIOPIC Tna. hahara 'be presumptuous' (with ai- (ma~&afa 'abbaro 'a homily for the feast of 51. lying knots. Finkelstein, JBL 75 (t956).328ff., con- ETHIOPIC· Te. hJbbii:iil 'thick round bread', Tnn
ternance of hquids. and h for h). George and Mary'); nects Heb. hbr 'magic, chann' with Akk. iJaburu 'be h.Jha.w, Amh. abbil:a 'bake bread', .,bh,}:f 'a ",mall
(ba->abbaro 'unanimously'); nOIsy', IJubiiru 'uproar', the charmer being the one loaf or bread', hJh~.u, .J/l.w (from Geez); paliscd
~ab.na (r'bh.n) "lll~, (T Y M) hab.na "'II~ (ba-'abbaro qal 'with a unanimous voice'); who mutters sounds. mto Cushitlc: Qem. abii:a 'woman who bakeli
'wrap around, (K ') tuck away, put into the ETHIOPIC: Har. habar 'curse', Gur abiir-;m sano (lit. bread', Kham. ebe: 'make cook' The denvahon of
mafJ(a)bar 'association, society, company,
pocket'; 'make a curse') is borrowed from Cushitic Sam. Amh. am;i;:a (also am;::a) 'bread made of a ml.,(-
choir, community, assembly, multitude, crowd, ture of flours that are begmmng to turn <;oour' from
haMr 'curse', Sa.Af. ·ahiir.
!Ii>hbiine, b.hhane, (T.M) habbane, (Lt) !lObbane congregation, gathering, council, convent, G. haba:a 'bake', suggested by Praetonus t87Q SH.
'hood, headcloth worn by priests, turban, monastery' ; ~abbasa "lllf'l, (Y.M) habbasa "'1If'1 'bake'; -
is unlikely. For a pOSSible C'u'ihltic origm of a"u::/J,
hem, fringe, border of a garment, collar' (see (beta mafJ(a)bar 'monastery, conven!'); &abhiisi (M) 'baker'; . sec Brockelmann 1950: 21. Sec also kO!"':cI, and
Hammerschmidt 1970: 155); ·hm:.
mab(a)bart 'company, (LI)joint, articulation';
mab(a)barihvi 'who lives in a convent, monk';
m'bbiis (Lt) 'bakery', -
SrMITIC; for 'fnnges, borders of a garment', cpo Ar, denominative from hilbJst 'bread', ror which see h.bbiiz "ttl" (K '): see h,mhii:.
tlMana 'hem, tuck, and sew a garment for shorten- tababiir; 'agreeing. harmonious. united'; babaza. - · -
109 It', talJabrot, in bataIJabrot 'in unison, together'; had>.
•
"l.t:-t. (T); see had''''
ETHIOPIC: Tna. hilhbane 'turban worn by priests', 'lIIbbr, see below. ~bt, mii~(3)bat "'''Ill-lo (T. in the reprint), hadafa, hadd.ra "If.L, (L) hadar. "'f.L 'row,
Amh h,Mane, ,bbane (from Geez).
SEMITIC: Ar. (Vern) ryubra 'association', Soq, ma~ber miih(a)b.t
, "'Ullo}- (M.T. In the onglOal edition) ·Sleer - .
(a boat), be a p.lot, direct, lead, guide,
;hundred' (from the root &br 'jom, umte'), Heb. means for closing, means of connecting or teach, devise, (T Y.M) save, cure, polish, render
~ab..a. ~abra (pbbar) "lIlG : "lllG 'be joining together';
&apar 'be united', &iil;er 'companion, fellow" Aram. clean' ;
connected (WIth), be assoc.ated (with), assoCI-
&abber 'jom, fasten', Syr ~abbar ('am) 'associate ETHIOPIC~ Amh, abbiitii 'lie Into a bundle' (zayab"dda! :ay.&edd.!l 'pIlot';
~.d.£~ ____________________________~~~
258 ____________________________~-~.~.r~~
hd "~~ir~ ______________________________::~
259 ____________________
II .dag (ll) 'd.-orce, repudiatton, abandoning'; ~,ght, reSIding, livlllg, who inhabits, that is deke 190430 would be posSlbte were It not for the impropriety, disgrace, dIShonor :
final I. The finat ! IS perhaps to bc exptamed by
-
"addiiK 'dIvorce, remains, residue, top and bot- placed ' ;
assimilation to the mitial It
(ha(rata .iJgii 'gemtals');
tom margins (that is, space left, abandoned)'; hidr (It) 'Illside of an apartment of women'; - -
,,;iih(ari, (K 0) 'alfari 'what causes shame, what
(b.ddaga 'ra.rn 'recovering from wine' (accord- b,dral 'dwelling, residing, sojourn, SOJourn- h.~.b. (y.&tj,b) ·~OO, (T) ~.~.ba "'110, (KG) putS to shame';
Ing to the Hebrew text of Ps. 78: 56);
I]adagll , bJdg,-Ha. u,dago-ssa, !J,dagu-ssa 'not
. ,
IIlg; ~.~.b. "'00 'wash, wash away':
'abtjaha, causative;
malfar 'genitals';
I]adariiy (Ll) 'hospitable'; SEMITIC : Ar. [lOfira 'be tnniu. be shy, be bashru~'
10 speak of, without mentionlllg, not only, let 'abdiiri, act. part. of 'audara; - . 'bathe , wash oneself, wash the body,
tahadba Heh. ~iiper. Aram ~apar. Syr. ~~lrtJr 'be, ashamed _
alone, how much rather, how much more, so ('al]diire 'ang.da 'hospitable'); be washed'; O. Kapeliuk suggests Heb. h(,pC! ,hame (",th me
much more, how much less', mii!J ( a )dar (pI. maljiid", miil](, )dariil) 'place 'llSlabat/ba 'ask to prepare a bath'; tathesisl.
hrr 260 261
•
~.I.f. W !!;IlI,t
-
ETHI('IrIC Tna ha{iirii ' be ashamed. be shy', Te. ETHIOPIC: Amh. hohat 'blank space between let ' ~afTTIc ' Ar lJafiqa 'be ,h,bb , , ..
hal-'a 'be In awe ;, ·Amh . a/fiirii 'be shy, be timid', (From Geez). ters ""hia p
thr~ugh' ; X
wear Out (a gannent)' H' b h (doth«), 'a;laqa
A~g aljara, Gur. in affar 'bashful'; passed into
~ela .... iI; see Uyl. C' Ar. &alaJa 'follow, succeed', ~a//aja 'leave ' perish', Akk. hataqu 'dis: .. 1 eq dC\l,roy ', Lg. ~Jq
Cushitir: Kham . hafer. Reinisch 1887: 186 also S~II11 " SAr. hl/'passage between hills , 5h. &o+lej ZDMG 61 (1907) 6" ppear, perr,h . Practo"".
_"'f comn'.:lrcs Ar . I' ,
compares Bil. hoba~ (with alternance b :j) 'become beh"d: Heb~ /liilap 'pass', Aram. ~alal! 'pass by', pear' , Soq . 'eyaq.
I P' . ~t1 Iqa dl~n..
"
hela I ....,,; see he/a I. t"
sad owmg to shame', habar·Js 'put to shame' , - ,,~ange: hange'", Syr ~31al! 'exchange, substitute' , ET~~~IC : Tna. ~aliiqii 'finish. be finished'
hela II ....,,; see 'ahil. Ip.,,1) ' Change, exchange,, Md . hip. aJlaqa come to an cnd be finl"h-" be • Amh
~fr IT, ~afara '~.I.': (LI) 'protect, defend';
miii.' ('ifar (pI. mauafar) 'friend, client, acquaint-
- - t
IP",I) C Tna. haliifo 'pass', Te. ~al/a, Har. hlll"j . -' w. consumed'
ErHIOPlc. . hG fG II "{i'
"allada I ~iI~ (K *), ~alada mil~ (T) 'last bD '0, Arg. halla/a. Am, ' ~ . ur. a a a; passed ,,"allaq'a ",,"t, 'count, number, enumcrlle
ance, relative';
SEMITIC : Ar. bafara 'protect', SAr. !Jfr 'protection',
long, gather, accumulate'; I ,,;0 Cushitic: Sa. halaJ pass. ta.k; acc~unt. review, Impute, consider'; , ,
'alj a/laq a (K *), causative
taljal/ada (D.Lt) 'adhere to, be applied to" ,
Sh . i-herer 'ask someone to give protection', Heb.
~lpr (pural) 'be protected'. Brockelmann, ZS 8 SEMITIC; Ar. Ijalada 'last long, remain forever' 1 lahalala "'~iIiI (T, reprint), la~alala talj"'allaq"a, passive; also 'be
regarded as':
hI!,
• Ah (T) - 'be restiess, become t'tre d' : (:a'IYYJlb" e/laq' 'countless, innumerable-) '
(1932) . 112 gives it a basic meaning 'to cover'; see .""',, . I' d"
ill; Ill. "allada II ~iI~ (K), ~allada, hallada mllf. , IlJlul (Gr.2) 'bent, mc me , lj"a/laq"i (K*), act. part. of h'a/laq'a' '
UilY, (T.Y. M) 'accomplish, exterminate, appoin; . Ar halla 'be lean, be destitute', Heb. ~iilal lj 'a/luq. b',Iluq" 'numbered, count~d, reck-
oned' ;
-
hfr Ill, miihfaril """I.l.tr 'diadem, headdress
-
of the high priest':
to the office of the executioner, (Gr.4) order"
taljal/ada (K), ta/:lall~da (T.~), tahal/ada (Gr.4):
SEMITIC. '.
'be troubled, be pained, tremb e
I ' (K dd
a ary, I T
.
Ij"alq'.lj"alq", (Lt) ljolq (pI. lj",laq' ) 'number,
tl[i96Jj486-9)., ' " , calculatton. enumeration. sum" ,
!JJr III could be connected with flIr II with the basic paSSIve, (Gr.4) also accuse, (L) 'be refuted" , PIC Te. halliila render unable. ta~,allala be
ETHIO· . Am h . aIa"II za"Ia"II aIa" 'be unsta bl e,
ble be tired', ('Orit ;au'alq", 'orila [1',lq' 'the Book of Num-
meaning 'to cover> headcover. protection'. It is ETHIOP,'C: Har. ~e!.ii~a, 'finish, ~ccomplish, bring to bers');
also related to miiiar!, for which see ~afara II. an end, Tna. ~alada lose one s position' (that is
una ,
be unsettled'; .
passed IOto C us h"111C : BI.I I10IaI-s 'be -
'be terminated'). ' come tired'. ()alha [I" (J/q" a, :a1fJnbala b'\Jlq" 'innumerable.
~afa!. (yalJfarJ ~.l.ffi (D.Y.M) 'scratch, en- boundless, limitless):
grave, design, imprint, strike, write'; ~.Id "IA'\:" (K*) 'mole rat'; (ba-lj",lq' 'according to the number'),
hllll; see Ipllat.
bafiat. lj4101 (T.TS.LI) 'engraving, imprint'; transcription of Heb. /:Ialfif. •
lj'J/laq'e 'enumeration, quantity, numbering,
SEMITIC' related to &61. !16r (so also Dillmann 628): h,lIina "11\.'1, ~.lIinjit "It\. 'I.')'; see ~alla_va, counting, number:
"alafa (yaljlal) ~iI.I., (T) ~alafa mil.l. 'pass,
Ar. t,abala 'beat, strike', SAr. Ijbr, Heb. balla!, •
SEMITIC: Ar. tlQlaqa 'measure, proportion', Hcb.
Aram. luibal. Syr. I!fJbar, Md. hb, 'batter down beal pass by, pass away (from), pass through, pass
._ . . ' - ' . , I IUjlaq 'divide', Aram. IUJlaq 'allot', Syr. ~Jlaq 'allot',
down, strike upon'. See also bmifara I, andfa~lQ!a. over, cross over, depart, step aside from, go h.lqa (y,ljlaq, yaljlaq) "lA"', (T) ~alqa mA."
~lJlqti 'lot, portion', Md. hlq 'allol, assign'.
"agala (T.Y.M) 'be poor';
beyond, transgress, perish, die';
'ablala, causative; also 'pass (time)';
I :be consumed, be wasted, perish, cease, disap- ETHIOPIC: T oa. ~liJlq'" 'number. count', A mh. ,J/q,
pear, come to an end, be accomplished, be a/qo 'number" Har. ~e/ii.q(/ 'count, consider', Gur.
qagl (T.M) 'poor': laljalala 'pass on, go by'; terminated, be finished, be destroyed, fail, t.'1cIqii .
to be identified with hag"la, above. taualala 'wander to and fro'; dwindle away, be spent, die, be decided upon,
hallal "lilT, (KG) h.II.1 UII-l' 'cane on which ~
·asraljalala 'make pass, put off, leave out';
~o" ~"I (D), ~oh ~IJ (T) 'plum tree, (T.M) 'astabalala 'make (the hands) pass over each
be determined':
'uljlaqa, causative; also 'bring to an end, cease
-
the cross is nailed and carried by the deacon,
peach' . other, send around, cross, transfer, adjourn'; (tL), accomplish, finish, destroy, exterminate, reed, stubble, chaff, papyrus, (Lt) pole, long
,
from Ar [IOI\·b (a .l 'peach. plum'; also Tna. kuk ljalafi, act. part, of balala; also 'passerby, spend, lay waste, use up, annihilate, decree, spear;
·peach'. Te.Amh kok. See also kok. transitory, transient, temporal, temporary'; decide' ,. SEMITIC: the root is undoubtedly ~Il. If there is an
Ijalul 'who passes, who crosses, who tres- laryalqa, passive of ,alJlaqa; element of the cane or stalk. being hollow, cpo Heb.
~o~.t (pI. [1O[liil, ljall'a[liJlI') ~"Ir (D 606) passes' ;
IQryiilaqa, reciprocal of 'aljlaqa; hiilii/'cavity', Aram. ~uiJffii, Syr. ~Jiillilii. The connec-
'door. doorway, gate, portaL leaf of door'; {!lalul ga~~o la- 'who aims toward'); tion with Syr. ~ellii (or ~leJlJ!a) 'sheath', Ar. !Jil/a f t)
(madraka uoljJl 'threshold'); Ijalula 'while passing';
, 'aslaryiilaqa, causative of taluilaqa; also 'come
- suggested by Brockelmann 1928: 232 is unlikely. It
to a settlemen t' ,.
for !1aH'aljall' 'gates' used in astronomy, see O. ljaliifil 'people traveling or passing by, crowd'; is tempting to connect it with Heb. ~iim 'flute', but
lj,/uq 'finished, accomplished, destroyed, de-
Neugebauer, Orienralia 33 (1964).49.71. Ijalafiyat, ljalalayat (pI. of Ijalafit) 'things that in view of Hac ulullu 'flute' and also of Qabenn.:l
Cided Upon, precise';
SEMlTlC Ar. ttaw[w 'aperture in a wall, small pass away, transitory things'; (Cushitic) ulflli·ta one wonders whether the. ~OOI IS
(matura waljaluqa 'resolutely'); not onomatopoetic and is common to SemitiC and
doorway between houses' (considered by Noeldeke ljaifat 'passing, passing by, passing away, pas- ry,lq'destruction , end" ,
1910:51 a Geez loanword, but in view of SAr. hh sage, departure, transitoriness, death'; Cushitic, .
1"lqat 'end, consummation, dwindling, comple- ETHIOPIC Tna, ~Ia/liit 'cane on which the cross IS
below, this may be not the case), SAr. && 'passag~: laljlal 'passing from place to place';
",ay, corridor' (7), Heb. ~awiib-fm 'hollows, re- malj (a) la/, mab (a) lall 'passing, pass, pass-
tion, performance, execution, death'; nailed'. Amh. halliil 'staff, rod' (from Gccz),Tc. !IJII
cesses'. Mh. bo 'mouth. opening'. miiry(,)laql, miilj(a)laqt 'ceasing, end, conclu- 'kind of cane', Tna. ball; passed into Cushltlc: Sa
word' ; I Sion, ruin, loss, death'; halat 'reed, rush'.
h.n.". 262
:-.rum~'____--~--~~=-~~=-~------__:26~3~____________________________!
,
halo (hln 'thmk. care for' (Dnver, JTS SEMlnc. Ar. bams 'five', SAr. !tms Soq. homoS, Lt,I.u 1979: 15.2). The root is augmented by n In
~9[1928}.392, Eltan, HUCA 12-13[1937-8}.82-3), Tal- b.nlir (pI. banci:Jr) 'nllC (Lt). ~anlar, ~.nlir,
Heb. ~iimeS, Aram. I;amsii, Syr. l;am(m)eJ,
" Md. relation to ljalala . See also lumla!a I,
hanlir "',)HC I "'')Ill: I ih'W,1: (D.T.M) ·Plg.
mudic Aram, In Iii ~o{; h'iJlii margl.i (Eitan, ib). hamIa, Ph. hmi. Akk . bamfu. •
ETHIOPIC Tna, haliiyii 'think', Amh. hallal'o 'theo- wild boar';
ry' (from Geezl: Tna, ~allana 'think' (den~minalive
ETHIOPIC; Tna hammusle
. 'five', hamils
. 'the fifth ,bangara J "1')1':: (D), hangara
. "''}1':: (Y.M)
/"n:lra (Lt) 'whlp of pIgskin';
from h<Jllina 'thought'), Gur. aO'ana (ai-Stem of ana)
order of the vowels', Te. ~lQ'n3S 'five', Har. ~ammisli,
Gaf. ammilslii, Amh.Arg. ammi/sl, Gur. ami/51.
carryon the shoulders'; -from Ar, bin:ir (considered by Fracnkcl 110 an
'conSlder' (for nl, see Leslau 1979:8.23). Cohen
aallg.ri (Ll). act. participle,
AramaiC lo~nword; see also Jeffery 116), Tnil. l\tin~
1939:.14 followmg Praetonus 1879:7 identified ~amaya (yabmi), hammaya "100f, (T.Y) ~.m Dillmann 605 connects Amh. iJSkokko alii (transla· :ir; In the other Semitic languages Hcb. hiJ:ir,
Amh ayyii 'see' with G. bly 'think', but see Praeto- maya ",oof 'chain, tie, bind, shackle'; tion of ~angara) with <Jskokko 'rock hyrax' and Aram, ~(i:irc;, Syr ~1<J:.iT(j. Md hi:urli, Ug. ~":r,
nus 1879:510 and Leslau 1979123 who connect ·abammaya, causative; seems to give the meaning of 'rock hyrax' to G, Akk. hutiru,
~angara. The Amharic expre~sion JSkokko ulii may ,
Amh. an'a 'see' with the Semitic rool ~1=Y 'see', la~amya, ta&ammaya, passive;
be connected with the name of the animal .l.fkokko, hanzaz 'l,}1111 (T) 'plough beam'
-
264 265
barasa
• ~~~re~t____----------~~~--~--__----=:~____________________________~~~
•
~.ro ..,t:'. (T) haro lit:'; see barawa. preg~ancy, Akk. (wrasu be a Woman in confine_ -hirot 1..;.-r; see ljerawa.
ment. •
harif -'It<i:. (T.M) harif .ht<i: 'current year, ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~ariisii(t) 'give birth to a child' T -'I~ID, • .h~1D
(T.M) last year, (K*) season of the year'; hsraw • I)'ah",)
~
(T.K·) haraw
.
"aras
.
'woman in childbed', .Har. haras-
. ,
Arg . II a' rase. ~. ce perforate. make a hole, carve. engrave,
hari{a.
• •
harifa-l1i
•
'this year' (adv.); Amh.Gaf.Gur. aras; passed lnto Cushitic' Bil h .. '
,", , ··aras ~i:~I.' make a sketch. (Y.K*) dig, dig out,
SEMITIC: Ar. [lOrff'autumn, year', SAr.ljrf'aulumn,
give birth to. See also barasa I.
excavate' ;
year', Heb. ~lOrfP 'harvest time', Akk. ljarpu '(early) ~arasa I (yabra.!) -'I~IP, (T.TS) ~arasa .ht:ft 'ohrawa, causative; also 'en~ra ve' ~
harvest, summer'. For the relation between 'winter, IOllOrawa, (L) tabarwa, passIve of ljara»'a;
ramy season' and 'year', cpo Som. gii 'rainy season, (KG) barras. -'I~f1 'feed, nourish, take good
care of someone by properly feeding him ha~iiwi. act. part. of barawa; also 'sculptor';
year', Amh. kiirriimii 'spend the rainy season, spend
the year', See also fwrif. fatten, (T.Y) pamper, spoil'; perhaps originall; I"ro (K .), haro (T) 'chtsel'; baray -'lC.e in Proverbs 8: 19 (of the Asm.r.
'take good care of a woman in childbed' com. hmw. 'abraw 'perforated. carved. engraved. Bible) is probably. misprint for fareva 't't.f
~arama -'I~OD (K*) 'sting, prick'; ing to have the general meaning of taking care ~hiseled' ; 'my fruit'; indeed the Amharic Old T~'tamcnt
barmat 'letter. leg of a letter, single stroke of anyone; harH'at 'act of engraving. act of carving, carved has fareyo 'my fruu·. Or could it be a mISprint
made in forming a letter, word set off by 'abra.!a, (T) 'aiJrasa 'nourish well, (T) bring ~ork, hollow, cavity, chisel, engraving tool, for baruy ·chosen. preferable'? (GetJtchew).
double dots serving as word separators, min- up' ; clasp' ;
ute letter of the law'; labada, passive of baraia; SEMITIC: related to Ar. burr 'mouth of a millstone' hesa ....1'1; see hI'S.
• ••
SEMITIC: Ar. barama 'slit, crack, perforate', the trac- barii.!i (K *), act. part. of I;ara.!a; (that is, 'hollow, cavity'). Heb. hor ·hole'. Syr. Illira
ing of the letter•
being perceived as perforation. For SEMITIC: Ar. ljarrasa 'feed on the occasion of child- 'hole', ~/erl!a 'ditch, trench' (considered by Brockel· hisin
· ..,,..11; see It)'s.
-
. "armet
'slit'. cpo also Sh. - 'notch in the ear or in the birth'. mann 1928:208 an Akkadian loanword). Ug. Ilrl
lid'. Noeldeke 1904: I 11, n. I connects it with the (from bry) 'grave', Akk. ljerrJ, ljartiru 'dig, dig out'.
ETHIOPIC: Amh. arriisii 'take care of a parturient basr. (yabsar) -'lilt:, (KG) ~.sr. -'lP't: 'be
name of the letter IJarm (b)' Ambros suggests a ETHloprc: Tna. hariiwii 'open' (could It be a metathe w
woman'. [zarasa is separated here from [zarasa (as disgraced, suffer disgrace. be wretched. be mis-
borrowing from Gk. grammala 'letters' (pI. of gram. sis of rhw?), Amh. mara 'chisel' (ancient form
does Dillmann 587), but in fact it is probably the erable, be reduced to poverty, be dishonored.
ma) since Gk, g is taken over as g in Arabic and Ar.
same root with a differc.nt spelling and means 'to mahro. I~ahro; see Dillmann 588, under ljarwar),
t nonnaJJy becomes b in Geez in Arabic loanwords. Gu~. mK'arii. miiro, from *1nallfaw (Practorius be confounded. be vilified, endure hardshtp,
bear a child' and 'feed (or take care of) the woman be humbled, be brought low, be abased. be
ETHIOPIC Amh. harmiil, same as Geez, in childbed'. 1879: 157).
despised, languish, be wasted (corn). be de-
~orum "'';'9'' (Gr.429) 'muscle of the thigh'; herawa
•
.... t:1D 'be good. be benevolent. be excel- picted (land),;
~arasa If -'I~IP (Y) = Amh. qiil/lima I) 'stain, lent' ,.
perhaps for ~arum 'forbidden, taboo' referring to dye'; 2) catch a ball'. bassara 'treat with indignity, treat with igno-
'aherawa (Gr.209), causative; • •
the prohibition of eating the sinew of the thigh vein • mtny ;
taaerawa (T) 'be good';
10 Gen 32:32 (Getatchew).
~ara~a ~lR 'cut in, carve, engrave, incise,
• • aeriiwi (M) 'benevolent';
·
'altsara 'debase , reduce to disgrace. abuse.
humble, humiliate. expose to humiliation. de-
~irunii 1..;.e;; see (heralVa). hirawannii. wnte ;
- - labara~a, passive; airUl 'goodness, kindness, benevolence, excel· grade, dishonor. treat with igno.miny, despIse.
lence, virtue, good quality, integrity, benefit. depreciate. shame, bring to nothtng, brtng low,
~arasa, ~arasa -'I~f1 ! -'I~IP, (L) ~arasa .h~1P SEMITIC: Ar. &ara~a 'cleave, strip off, scrape off', preference, (It) merit, good action'; afflict' ;
'bear a child, lie in bed when giving birth to a SAL &r~ 'valuation (of agricultural products)" Heb.
child. be with child or with young (cattle)'; airawallllii. I;irunii. (It) ~erwanii 'goodness, be- ('alJSara r,'so 'he degraded himself, he di,·
~iiri, 'slice', i,ara, 'decide' (see Akk. below), PbH.
ljarra.ia (Y) 'assist in childbed'; neficence' ; honored himself');
~Iara~ 'cut a trench', Aram. &iira~ 'cut inLO', Ug, ~,,~
>aljrasa. (L) >a&ra.ia 'assist in childbed'; 'cut' (Caquot 441), Akk. •hartisu 'cut, cut olf, en· the verb is a denominative from ljer (see bayara). tahasra
•
'be afflicted with abuse, be treated with
• • ••
ljariis. (T) hariis, (L) &arii.i 'who is with child or grave, decide, determine' (see Heb. biirao$, above). tgnomtny ;
with young'; See on this root Marrassini 130ff. ~ary., baraya (yaJ;ray, yal]ri) '\Cf I '\t:f 'astahasara (Ll) 'disgrace';
ETHIOPIC: Gaf.Gur. arriifii 'cut'; perhaps also Amh. 'choose, discern. elect, select'; has"; 'wretched, miserable. impoverished, des-
bars 'confinement of a woman in childbed';
ljarsi (T). same; hara?ra~{ alii (from hara? < *I]r#! with reduplica- la&raya, causative; picable, despised, vile. defective. afflicted. worth·
tion of the last two radicals) 'make a grinding or ta&arya, passi ve; less, contemptible. of lowly posttton. de-
(zarso (T) 'state of a woman in childbed';
grating noise'. In view of the Semitic root br~ 'cut 'astaaarya (Gr.206) 'choose with discrimina- graded, low, dishonorable';
izaris (with h in KG) 'small hut, secluded place' off, incise' there is no need to consider the Gaf.Gur. tion' ; hasar 'dishonor, wretchedness. abominable
•
-
haursara 266 267
hos-
- .'- - hatama
•
lhing, disgrace, misery, ignominy, humiliation, tayasasa 'inquire collectively, discuss With one WOPle: Tna. ~o~a ·gravel'. Te. ~o~a , bo~at , SEMITIC ' Ar hs .
infamy. contempt, abasement'; another, seek one another, have a Contrav ET Amh hala 'resembling coarse white sand' finger', Syr. h.;;;a. I~~bt;;aril '~horten', ~UlS;" 'little
yasr (Lt) 'lowness, baseness';
.
wtth one another, provoke one another, (Lt)
ersy
~"1~~~and' (fro~ Geez). The idenhfication of Amb: tion with H·eb ' ' b 4~a. For a pos~lble conne.;.
h~srat 'decline, impoverishment, being re- object, claim, reclaim, request, require'; h~~a,wa 'sand' with G . lJo~ii suggested by Praetorius qajara II. . q~r S ort (WIth q ·f). "tt ~ada/~.
-
duced to humiliation'; 'aslaljasasa (L) 'devise a skill'; osa '82 is unlikely. A m h. asawa'" cou Id be I'dentlfied
.
18.19 . G hosii only I'f It. were borrowed f rom a ETHTOPlc: Tna hasiir M'be h '
a
Arg h .II.··. A s ort . Te. hal
h . . r(, , H',
'ai..lSiin (Grl, act. part. of 'aysara; >astayasasa, caus. of ta!Jasafa; Wli • ~ .
..
hatara ... .
Itasarsara, see below; !JasiiSi, act. part. of basasa; b·l,·c language where s. _> s > s. The root passed .. , . a.. ara. mh oattard. Gur atiirii.
- I]asus (K *), pass. part. of I]asa.ia;
CUSI _
into Cushitic : Sa. ho~e, ho;e.
~.~aw. (y.l]~u) , ~a~awa "'OID (KG) 'castrate'
SEMlTIC : Ar. hasira 'suffer loss, lose, be beguiled',
SAr. perhaps- ~lsJr 'poorer class', Soq. di-~osir ~asa.fii 'inquir~, sear~hing, r~quest, claim, peti- (H 219 wrongly translales G. ya~awa 'dectde:
'cheap', S~. bsor 'Jose', Heb. /:Iiiser 'diminish, de- hasad. (yab~ad) ..,1IY. 'twist, make tight, bend,
crease', Aram. (liisar 'diminish" ~lasser 'lessen, de-
tIOn, expectatIOn, Wish, deSIre, investigation'.
I]usiise, .(KG) , husiise 'inquiry, (KG) predictio~,
· ' ve' ,
on the baSts of Amh. q' iirriilii, translalton of
cur, ( I h" -d- h" -d-) ( hasawa.
~ . • It .tS •lrue that Amh . q' arra.a
- "t ·· aIso
prive', Syr. ~"sar 'decrease, be in want', Md. IIsr presentIment; h"' IJ~jjd, bWa~iid ~ p ~ ,_ iJ~a at, .. a~a at ., L!) means dectde, but 'decide' is a figuralive
'lack, be defective" Ug. bsr, Akk. yasiiru 'break off'. yasis (Ll) 'pursuit'; hosiid (pl.l]o~iidat) nng, hook, clasp, lWlSled ; meanmg of 'cut');
• •
ETHIOPIC : Tna. (lasara 'be humiliated, be in dis- )a~~a»,a (K *), causative ;
has;so( 'desire'; related to AI. ~G.¥ada ' twist'.
tress, be used up (clothes), go down in price', Te. - tayaiiisi 'who inquires diligently, who scruli.
SEMITTC:
ETHIOPlc: Reinisch 1895 : 34 compares Be. 'alta talJa~wa 'be made a eunuch, be castrated':
~asra 'become of inferior value', Amh. asar, hasar
'affliction, misfortune', ahsaro 'humiliation' (from nizes, who investigates'; 'ring' « aida, kaMa) . biJ~iJW 'eunuch, chamberlain';
tal]iisaso(t) ba~wat 'act of emasculating':
Geez). . . . ,'legal action, controversy, ques-
tlon, mqUlry ; bassin 111.1 'iron, sword, weapon, breaslplate,
Ar. b~a (~y) 'castrate', ba~~v 'eunuch',
- hasarsara "I/'tCI'l~ 'be reviled, be humiliated';
>a!Jsarsara 'revile repeatedly';
masta!Jasas 'inventor, discoverer, who inquires ir~~ 1001 (axe, razor, nail)';
(labsa I]a~~in 'cuirass');
SEMITIC :
Heb. ~ii~ii (~~)') 'div,de', PbH. ~iisii ( hn'i " phI',
diligently' ; Syr. ~'~ii ( lNy ) 'pluck out. tear oul', AU . e.I'; 'shl'
from !]sr (see above) with redupJication of the last miib(a)sas 'demand, petition, request, scruti. hasiiwant
• •
(pl.) 'iron tools'; Noeldeke 1910: 103 considers Ar. hasa a de~omina
two radicals. ny, desire, controversy'; SEMt1lC: Ar. baSin 'axe' (considered by Fraenkel 86 live from bU.Jya 'testicle'. This ma-y be the case for
Ar. bafci, but not for G. ha.Jawa since Geez docs not
- hosa ~"'; see hll's.
- SEMITIC: Akk. boMbu (from M-bS) 'desire, need,
require', Syr. ~(Jsal; 'be needed'.
an Aramaic loanword), Soq. ~Ie~;hin , Aram. ~t1yi'na,
Syr. ~ll1.yfnii, Akk. 1]G.¥~innu. According to Zimmern have the noun b~y for 'testicle'. See on this root
Rundgren 1968: 163.4,
~aS'a, ~aS'a (yaysii') "'1"0 1 "'I"h, (Tl ~as'a ETHIOP1C: Te. I;assa (I;ss) 'watch, pay attention', 12 (contrary to Kaufman 54) Akk. lJa~~innu >
"'lIh, (L) ~as>a "'I"t. 'be calm, be still, be mii~asiis 'spy', Tna. I;asiisii 'seek, search', Amh, probably Aram. > Ar.Geez. On its connection with ETHIOPTC: Tna. I;J~JW 'eunuch' (from GCCl), Amh.
h,,~aw (from Geez); passed into Cushitic : Bil. aSuw
appeased, cool off (anger), subside, be faint'; assiisii 'scout, examine, look for'. For Har. xafa Heb. garzt!n 'axe', Ar. karzan < *k/garsin, see ·castrate'.
>a[1.sa ra, causative; 'desire, wish, want', Gur. kiise, see Leslau 1979:355. Salonen. SO 17,2 (t952). 8, and Baumgartner 195.
For more details on ~G.¥#n, see Furlani, RSE 6
SEMlTIC: Ar. baiara 'be humble, be submissive, be See also ib. p.557 for sii, sa. The root passed into
faint (voice)', perhaps Heb. has. (&.ly) 'keep si- Cushitic: Bi1.Sa. hasas 'spy, investigate'. (1947).1-11. On Md. qurnasa 'axe' < Akk. ba~fjnnu, . . -
hasiwant "'l\1JIo1-l-; see hassilt.
..
lence', Aram. I;asii, I;ii.ff 'be silent, be quiet'.
see Dietrich 303 . ~atama (yal]tam) ·~-tou 'seal, seal up, slamp,
ETHIOPIC: Tna. 'ass balti 'be quiet', Amh. ass·si-
"'r"''''
~'asaSa, ~osasa ..... "'... 1 (T.M), ~asasa ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~1G.¥in 'iron', I;an.$i (with metathesis), impress, engrave, mark, sign. coin (money),
..,"'''' (K) 'sweep'; Te. ~Ia#n, Amh. hauin (from Geez); passed into lalloo, prick, anoinl with holy oil, sanclion
lence!', Te. hass, Gur. as; also Cushitic: Or.Som. us,
Sa. asa< 'the being quiet'. mal]"asas, mal]"asas, pI. mal]"iisasl (D), ma- Cushitic: Aw.Kham. a?-in 'iron. weapon'. wilh a seal, shul, close (and seal), end';
I]osas (K.M.T), mal]osas (M), mal]"asas (Ll), rna· 'ahtama, causative;
---> ~.sar. (yaysaj) "''''L, (T.M) ~asara "'i'lL 'be i)asas (T) 'broom, meat hook, hooked piece of
~a!.ra (yal]w) "'1I~, (T) ~a~ara "'8~ 'be
-
tahatma, pass. of hatama;
scabby, be scurfy, be covered with a rash, (K) iron, tongs, fork'; short, be shortened, be brief';
- -
hatiimi, act. part. of hatama;
itch, peel, scratch, (T.M) widen (wound)';
'alj,ara 'shorten, abridge, abbreviate, dimin- i..tum 'sealed, sta~ped, coined, signed,
ETHIOPIC: Tna.l;asiisii 'sweep, wipe off, Te.l;as(s)ii-
b,suj', (K.Gr.49) !}asuJ 'scabby, scurfy, that sa, Amh. assiisii. ish, (Ll) hold in low esteem, depreciate';
-
marked, shut';
itches, (K *) covered wilh wounds';
l]asaJ(K*) 'itch, a boil'; ~as..st "'1"1"-'1- (K*) 'chameleon'; I 'astal]asara 'shorten, diminish, reduce, abbre-
viate' ,.
hmiime (Gr.458) 'sealing' (n);
--
hatmat 'sealing', (n);
SEMITIC: Ar. ba.rifa 'be infected by scabies'. ETHIOPIC; Amh. iJSf1st. See also ~f1s~ast. &(}~ar 'shortness. shortage'; miih(a) lam, mal](a)tamt (pI. miii)(.)tamiit, mii-
lj"~ur 'short, shortened, brief, restricted'; h (;) ramiit, mal]ii"m, mabiilamt) 'slamp, seal,
~aSaSa (yal;.ias) ..,"'''' 'seek, seek out, look
for, search, explore, desire, wish, inquire, de-
-
husat ..,. ... -l-; see hws.
- (o>sura, ba·l]a,ur 'in a few words, briefly'); ~ark, impression, sign, (Ll) letter (by exlen-
~o~jj ~l\, (T) ~o~jj ~, 'sand, gravel';
mand, entreat, scrutinize, investigate, pursue'; oaHir (fern. I]~,iir), (T) ~a"ir 'shorl, brief; sion), closure, prison'; .
·al]sa.ia (Gr.205) 'seek afler, investigate'; SEMITIC: Ar. l;C14a' (with ~) 'stone, pebble', 1;;~~4 OU~iire (Gr) 'shortness'; (miil](') lama riisi'iin 'hell', lit. 'closure [pnsonl
(abaSsa, labafasa, passive, reflexive; also 'dis-
'stones', Soq. I;a~a~a~ihin 'gravel', Heb. ~~ii~ 'peb- ~asral 'brevity. shortness'; of the wicked');
bles, gravel', Aram.lJii.yii~a 'gravel', Syr.lJa~a~a, Md. )a&~aro 'abridgment, abbreviation'; mai)alamt (T.M) 'golden chain' (read mal]ii-
pute, debate, demand';
asasa,
.. sosa,
'. - ..
Akk. hissu. (ba-'alj~"o 'briefly); taml);
hatur 268 269
•
~~n____--------------~~______________ .. . _
SEMITIC.Ar. !la/amo 'seal' (v), denominative from hii/a>, flala'i, act. part. of halla' also 'Sl' nner
v' ¥. ¥ . ,
,
stamp, print'. Arg. lIattiima, Amh. alliimii, Gur. bara" ljartl> 'lack, want, scarcity'; , hllie in Cushitic : BIL hm!on be thm, weak, nate be ' .. ~, (IOnll·
[lar>a/ 'lack, want, scarcity';
IsO occurs
a _ 'Kham. lelm.
. ' _ _' empowered, milke an efron, ~lnvc'
atiimii. delicate, . erm. ta~wrala 'encourage onc another'
. (pi.
ba!i'at , ha!awa', ra!iiya') 'lack, fault, offense ,
het,wa
1,101» (GrA58) 'seduce, persuade'; 'QStabarya/a, causative of tah(JlT~/tl
halur ..,."C; see ilJlur. SIn, trespass;
" .
~ondary form of by!, bera. baYYiil',trong, Powerful, m;gi1!V, ~re,athng,
(za-Ija!i'at 'sin-offering');
champIOn. actIVe, valiant, violent'
~atawa (yaljtu) "''''111, (T) ~atawa "''''111 'be bar (a) 'iiwi 'sinner'; bawawa ..,111 : "'111111 (K') 'open'; h~J~'l'ul, same' '
kindled, burn, be alight, shine'; Ijat(a)'anna 'state of wanting, the being de-
bawa, '" . , ¥ -. ,
'ahla",a 'light a torch or a lamp, burn, kindle, prived of, the being in need';
h,wa (K') 'wmdow ; Ilnyi 'power, strength, might, force, sal or,
" - t0 be reconstructed from hawiihiJl,·. Virtue, severity, firmness':
emit light, give light'; miiMa)!a' (M), miibJtii' (D) 'fugitive(s), reru. seems ~
(ha-~al'i 'violently, mightily');
¥
lj"al1', (KG) Ij>lla", 'lit, burning, shining'; gee(s)' ; h.wa~.W "''''''1111-; see ~ol}Jl.
- lja)'liil (pi. of i'uyl) 'duties, facultICs, e\plOIt<,
malj(a)tol (pi. molja,",v, maljatawal) 'lamp, miiMa)!a' (Ll) 'refuge';
/t;JwWOf "IIII-C (T.M), ~3wwur "Im.C (K) 'weak, mIghty works, anny, troops, hosts';
light, torch, candlestick'; ta&ar (iJ) '01 'state of non-existence, absence,
lack' ; invalid, who has no knowledge', maslnljaypl, (Gr) t1lustaharriili 'violent. op.
(maljti/awa hOStifllti 'eve of Palm Sunday'); pressor':
(maljatall'a ba'ala ladat 'Christmas eve'); SEMITIC: Ar. bw\."iir 'young unweaned carner, ~lIi,
SEMITIC: Ar. bo!;>a 'sin, commit an error' (for its ra{uH'yiili 'oppressor',
(sanbala maljata",a jasika 'Easter eve); (f,om hw,) 'deficiency', Mh. bah" 'rew, Itttl ... H~b.
being borrowed rrom Syriac, see Schwally, ZDMG laljol'y.lo( I) 'duress, sternness, harsh treat,
(wti:emti marya/aMi 'hymns sung on the eve of a hwr In~iiru (ls.24:6) 'become little. wa.stc away
52[ I898J. I32; however, in view or SAr. &1' 'commit ment. force':
holiday'); ETHIOPIC Te. ~1awiira 'lose the vOice owmg to weak.·
an offens~.', the borrowing s~e.m,s "!nlikely, according (nalaljOl'yalo'impetuously');
mahtaw, miih,",v, same as mah(a)tOl; ness'; Te. ~awar 'young (of camel and donkey)', Bil.
to W. Muller); Soq. hala' sm, S!l. bale 'get lost' tJryiJY.\\l/t 'duress. violence, oppression',
" " " huwer is borrowed from Arabic buwDr.
SEMITIC: Heb. i'ii!ii (illw/),) 'kindle, ignite' (Barth Heb. bora(') 'sin, miss a mark, fail' (for Heb~
1902:24), mo~ta 'fire pan, censer', that is, 'a utensil
ba rrii (')l'penury' [a meaning found in Geez] in Job I
hws'¥hosa ()'altus)
-: "',P
'mix, mlllgle, confuse'; SEMITIC Ar. ~Jal'/, ~awl'power, slr~ngth' (note" as
that serves as receptacle for burning things' (Eilan
1924:25), PbH. hillii (hly) 'stir embers, rake',
14: 16, see W. Thomas, JTS, n.s. 15[1964J.29511),
Aram .. biirii ('), ball 'sin', Syr. ba!a('), Md. IIfa 'sin,
I ¥
tahawsa, passive;
lahiiwasa 'make fellowship (with), have inter-
agamsl b of Geez), SAr. ~yt, Heb. ~wy,l, Amm. ~I('/(j,
Syr. iraylii, Md. haila, Ug. Irl 'army', perhaps Alk.
. - hari
err, fail', Ug. br>, Akk. ba!a 'sin'. - iflulU 'army'.
, halii,
Aram. .- 'stir embers, take coal out with a course' ;
EnnOPlc: Tna. bayiifii 'he stron~', Te "du, Amh
pan. ETIfIOPIC: Tna. ba!'e 'sin' (v.), Te. ~1O!,a 'be wanting', h,wlI'a.i, itaw",us 'mixed, conrused, con feder-
ETHIOPIC: Har. mo&riit (moxliit) 'Jight·giving ob. Amh. a!!o 'lack, be wanting, miss'. For 'sin' (n.), cpo -ate' ; " oyyiilii. For 'power', cpo Tnu. ~lI."Ii, Te. hil,
jeer; makliil (rrom Cerulli 1936: 262) gives the rna. ~lar;}at, Amh. O!;yal, Gur. hap·ot. For the mean. Amh.Gur. hayl: passed into C'ushitic: 811, IIal'i/
hail'S 'mixture, confusion, blending, fusion'; 'strong', Sa. 1lt.H'lii 'power',
impression of coming from mahtiit with h > k in iog 'sin', the root is borrowed from Aramaic (Noel.
" " ilUsal 'act of mixing, mingling, rusion, hlend-
loanwords, Amh. mohlor, mator (from Geez); deke 1910: 36). .- . ,
passed into Cushitic: Or. makluto, Af. moklut. 109, mixture; ~aymat -V,no-}", (T M) ~.ymat ,hr"m.l- 'tent.
~i!iin 'tan; see by!, bela. Tna. ~awwiisd 'mingle', haw,1Sw<U' "nixed',
ETHIOPIC: ta bernacle' ;
balta "'10; see lilt. Amh. Iwwwiisii 'mix'.
... .. ¥"
IWl'matiill'i
" .
(Ll) 'tentmaker',
~e!a ....10; see ry!, ~3~at "ImT, (T) ~3~at mmT 'grain, seed'; ~ayya~a "Iro (T.Y.M) 'sting, pierce, wound': SEMITIC: Ar. harntll 'tent' (collsldered by Fracnkel
SEMITIC:related to Ar. /:ta!ir 'thin, small' (Dillmann
laljay"a (D 1396), passive; 30 of unccrt~i~ origin, but pOSSibly from CiCCl
~a~a (yalj!ii') "''I'h 'lack, be deprived of, not 622). Praetorius 1890:24 derives it rightly from the SEMITIC: related to Ar. (Dat) ba(i ((""(11 'agitate, Vollers 1896:631 thmb that il j" or Persian urigm,
find, mISS, be in want of, not have, be be- shake'. but not so Landberg 1920:674tT.; :-;ec also Jeffery
Semitic root /:If (~n!J 'corn, rye' which took the
reaved, be destitute, be desolate, fail, (Y) sin'; 127), SAr. (Min.e.n) bl'''' (pi) 'cabins' given by
meaning of 'grain' (note, however, that Geez has
'a&ra'G 'bereave, cause to lack, deprive, cause ~yl, ~el. (yabil) ''Lt\ 'become well, become Conli Rossini 193 I: 155 is not recorded In the recent
the rool &0; Ar. bin!a 'wheat', Soq. ~inreh, Heb.
to sin" , strong, have the upper hand, be mighty, be dictionaries of South Arabic; Ug. ~IIJII'tl!nt' (Gordon
~i!!a, Aram. binfaIii, ~i!!aJa, Syr. ~ar!tJIii, Md. h!ila,
powerful, prevail, (T.TS.M) utter cries of joy, 403), 'enclosure, sheepfold' (Caqllot 51J).
la&a!'a 'lack, be wanting, be missing, be de- Ug. hI-I, Akk. U!l0IU; probably also Cushitic: Som.
boast, (K') shout ror help';
prived (of), withdraw, escape, flee, vanish, be - . hit.
. . 'corn'. See also hadiil.
hadiid -.. ETHIOPIC: Te. ~Iaymiil 'round hut made of branch~s'
absent, be lost, disappear, withdraw, shun'; ljayyaJa 'become strong, exert strength, over- (Tc. kiiymdl is an Arabic loanword), ~mh. hll.l'm~t;
(labo!,a 'amanna 'lose'); c?me, overpower, prevail over, be superior to, passed into Cushitic: BII. kaymar (Irom Te. km'·
gIVe power'; mat) .
•
,
270
baZlzl
h)p, ~cp ••\ T (MA) 'become a man'; tlisan 'goodness. excellence, superiority. pre.
ponderance' ;
fnlm (j~ . hihtl{1 'aHam puberty, be m the prime of
\'.."Iuth ' (Muller). h.y(y.)s>nnii
•
(It) 'excellence, goodly appear.
ance' •
hours 'Wl (Y), ~era "\.l (K*) 'be good',
ETHTOPIC: Tna. ~ayiisii, ~esii 'be better', Te.
hc~ (fem hert;
• •
pl.m. beriin, pl.f. !Jeriit) 'good, hayyiisa; passed mto Cushitic: Be. hayis 'better', Ar
excellent, good thing'; ays.
herait'll. see above;
hays. 'l.f.ft (T) 'be sad'.
K h
b,rat (K) 'goodness'; •
SfMITlC'. Ar. &a)'r 'good'; SAT t,y' 'nobleman" Akk. ~y!, ~e!. (y>biO "\.m, (Gr.458) ~.ya!a 'lfm,
hliiru. haru 'choose',
(T) he!. ~m 'deceive, cheat, seduce, corrupt, .ks ·h possessive suffix pronoun of the 2nd
ETHlorle: Tna , berol' 'good'; also ker. siir, Te. ko)is, k".{t)is, ko>iso, ko>isa, k· ,}~isi "h.f'I f
entice, persuade, convince, flatter, urge (with masc. sg.; subject suffix pronoun of the 2nd
kOl'l'ara 'select', ker 'good luck' (from Ar. bayr), masc. sg. of the verb in the perfect and the Ith.,fI I \1h.,{1 : \1h.,fl I If'h.,/'t., (T K1 k... is
A~-h. liir 'generous, good' (see Praetorius 1879:67), words), ; It'\.fI 'measure for liquid" clay vessel, Jar [or
tabay!a. labe!a, passive; gerund; object suffix pronoun of the 2nd rnase,
GUT ker. Sec also berall'o. transport and storage of "ater';
hayii!i, (T) ~aya!i, act. part. of bela; singular.
hIS, hess "\,1'1 'be suttable'; the object suffix from Gk khoeis (pl. of khoeur) 'mea~ure ror liq.
b.yyu!, pass. part. of bela; also 'treacherous'; uids'
p~on~uns "hen attached to it have the~ean. hilal 'trick, deception, seduction'; .ki .11. possessive suffix pronoun of the 2nd
mg of an indirect object; e.g. tlesanm It IS fem. sg.; subject suffix pronoun of the 2nd
sUItable for me' (or 'it suits me');
. . 'seduction, enticing, persuading, artifice,
hiiiin
fern. sg. of the verb in the perfect and the h'.ba (y.k'ab) hon (K*) 'make double' (de.
ruse' ; nominative);
harl'asa 'be better, be suitable'; with object gerund; object suffix pronoun of the 2nd fern.
ETHIOPIC: Amh, hitan 'flattering' (from Geez). The kii·.b 'second, other, companion' (for the mean-
;uffl, pronouns : y.!Je.l~v>sii 'he is better than singular.
ings 'other, companIOn', cp, also kat,,),
derivation of &e!a from a noun *&r 'mistake'. sug.
,he', t.helwsakki 'she is better for you'; SEMITIC: for more details, see Brodelmann
gested by Praetorius 1890:27, is unlikely. See also kii'(' )ba 'secondly, another time, a second
'ahra.fG','~hesa 'do good things, make some· herawa.
•
1908:309·310; Barth 1913:43·48. time, twice, two (followed by a measurel,
th;~g good: make something better';
•
ka'aw 'poured out, shed, spi lled'; which encompasses, community, congregatIOn. ETHIOPIC: Te. kiibdu 'Ix heavy', Tna. k!lhiiclii,
see also makar/awa. k"alawa.
ka rhv'effusion'; assembly, total, sum, who convokes, who Sum- Amh,Gur, kiibbiidii, Arg, kiihhiida, Gur ( aikiih~
mons, title of a district or provincial chief, badii 'respect, honor' Sec also kllbd.
k".<.nl I Itc)')-l' 'trouble, torment'. karwat 'overflow, outpouring';
preacher, the Book of Ecclesiastes';
(h'wata dam 'bloodshed'); kabd hll~ 'itver, stomach, belly';
k·o'.nl II 1tC)1-r 'kind of vegetable'; mak'iiw 'place where somethi ng is poured out'; (ba-makbab 'on the whole); (!IJbra kabd 'purple', ht. 'color of the hver');
makbiibiyii, makiibabyii (ll) 'compound' (an
ETHlOPIC: Te. kar;m 't.ruffle', Tna. k"a<anli, Amh. ETHIOPIC: Tna. kii<awii 'spill, pour out', Te. ka<a, SEMITIC from the root khd 'be heavy' (for 'liver',
Amharic pattern);
k";mti. kUllfi 'a vegetable slightly larger than a lentil Har. (ajko>a, Our. xa>d. origmally 'heavy heart', sec Buck 252): Ar, kahid
which is eaten only during famine'. SEMITIC: Ar. kabbaba 'form into a ball', kuMa 'ball, 'liver', Soq. sibdeh (With Ai > .I), Hob. klih<'<I,
kiib 1J1l (Lt) 'fortress, fort'; ball of thread, lump', kabkiib 'ball of Ihread ' (Do- ArallJ.-Syr. kalzda, Md. All""a, Ug. k"d, Akk. ka-
k".<.nl III 1tC)1-l' (K·) 'excava ting (n), hole'; zy), PbH. kirkelz 'encircle' (from kibke!!, by dISsimila- "attu, kabiuu.
from Amh. kab 'fort'; possibly ofCushitic (Or. kab) tion; see Ru ~ i~ka t 19). ETHIOPIC: Te. kiib.d 'bell y', Tnll. kllhdl, Gur. k"hd,
from k"a'ata I 'dig' (below), with augmented fl,
origin; also in Gur. kab 'wall made of sto ne', Gaf. ETHIOPlc: Tna. kabiiba 'surro und ', Te. kabba (Abb), Amh, hod « kiibd> -hiibd > ·hii~l'd "> hod), Hill"
kabd 'village'. W. Muller, ZDMG 131 (1981).400 Amh. kiibbiiba, (an)kiibiikkiibii 'make someth ing klid (with h > ·b > ·w > :ero),
kii'se 1Jc)/l, (O.T) 'excrement, dung, (T.M.Sw. in compares, with reservations, SAr. k.bl 'pa rt of dam round like a ball' (from kbb-khb), Gur. kiihiiba
0866) contents of the stomach'; str ucture', and perhaps Ar. (Yem) kaba 'pill ar' kabha hllu (MA) 'hide';
'surround'; passed into C ushitic: Qab. kabbabbo'.
SEMITIC: related to Ar. ga's 'excrement' (Dillmann (Mu ller). Had. kibbii-kko, Bil. kabOb 'go around, surround'. perhaps a misprint or a misreading for kClbala
866). See also kababa II . hn.,..
ETHIOPIC Tc kti'as 'broken meat in an animal's kiibi IJQ (T) 'calf of leg';
stomach', Te. ka'Je, kii'a.{e 'animal's stomach', Tna.
ETHIOPIC Har. kabi 'calf of leg' (quoted in Reinisch kaboba II hnO (T.TS.M) 'appoi nt to an office, kabkaba hflhO (T.Y M) 'give a wedding feast,
ka'Ji, Amh. k"as. kus 'excrement (usually of fowl),; 1902:236); also Som. kub. invest with an office'; cause to celebrate a wedding';
also III Cushitic: Bil. ka'ad (pI. karas) 'stomach, kabkrib 'wedding, nuptials, wedding feast, us-
denominative from makbJb (see kababa l), . ,
contents of the stomach, excrement'. sembly, congregation;
k.bo hfl (T' .K) 'dry cow's dung';
kabbaba !tOil (Gr) 'restore integrity'. (sah>a kabkrib 'wedding guests');
k""is 1to",1'l; see ko'is. SEMITIC: A r. kuba 'sweepings', Ar. (Dat) kabii 'dry
kabkabo (T) 'assembly' ;
dung', Aram. ktJ!!l~ya, Syr. kal}iiJii, Akk. kabl' 'excre-
kabiibar.>.s hIJOc;t,l'l; see kababa l.
k".,so Itb(l (K) 'ball'; ment, dung', For the biradical root, see Nocldeke SEMITIC: Noeldelce 1904 : I 12, n.3 connects ;t With
k"a'sa (yak"'as) 'be made into a ball' (denomi- 1910: 162-3, con trary to Levy II, p.284 who derives Ar. wakaba. but none of the meanings of Ar. ",akll~
kabda (yakbad, y.kbad) hll.e. 'be heavy , be a ba fits the meaJling of kahklib. Bittner, W7KM 27
nati ve); the Aram,-Syr. noun from kbb 'be round ', .
ETHIOPIC: Te. kabo, kabotiil 'dry excrement of am- burden, be serious, be severe (sickness), be- (1913). 129 compares Soq. 'ekoh 'enter' (add Mh.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. k"a<so, Amh.Gur. k''''as, Arg. k"asd, mal', Tna. kubo, Amh.Arg.Gaf. kubal, Gur. kubiila; come hardened (heart)'; with indirect object wek6b). with the specific meaning 'enter the bnde-
Har. Ifl Qciinniikos. ~zatiinniikoi 'ball'; also in Cushit- also in Cushitic: Had kobota, Aw. kllb)"et, Or ka· suffix pronouns ' be heavy for '; groom's house'; for the developme~t or th~ mcan-
ie Sa. ka·so. bora. 'akbada 'make heavy, lay a burden, burden, be ings, cpo Amh, agiibba ' marry' , lit. bring (mlo the
kobolo 274
kab ... 275
house'). GCCl kabkobo may also be considered a (kahr ya"li, name of a type of a Geez poe
- -
.". hlll'l 'timber for building':
rcduplic3110n of the root kbb (see kababa, above) lit. 'she is the glory'); m, k.""" ~omJn~ k in the loanwords)~ J.1~o Ih S(lm. "d,u
either In the meaning 'ga ther', or 'go around', fe- (kabra na~a.ir 'The Glory of the Kings '; title of '11 nn 1432 interprets it as a transcription of bread. For the Geez root, see ~a"a:a, ablwe
remng to dances. DI bm:apfS 'stuccowork (laid over panelmg)' _ Note
a book whIch has as Its central-piece the He t .the Asmara Bible
. d oes not have t h'IS noun f or J keda 11.1.; see kyd.
ETHIOPIC': Tna. kiibkiibii 'give a banquet', Amh .
kilhiikkiibii 'ho ld a feast or wedding reception ';
legend of the Queen of Sheba" [see Ullendorff th~ 7'2
KIRgs . (= I Kings 7:2) quoted by Dillmann ib.
connected b} Dillmann 1432 with Te. kiihkiiba 'hop, 1968 :74ff., 139ff; Hammerschmidt, in Assfalg_ kad' a h.l:'o (DTW 639), kid,. h.l:'~ (Lt)
sJ...ip" that is 'dance', the dancing being an essential Kruger 164) ; kobs, kWabs 1>111'1 , h-1Il'1 'dropsy, swelling, 'betray, abandon';
part of the wedding festivities. For kabkab 'as- kabrat (Gr.464) 'glory'; mucus' ; 'akda'a (DTW), causative;
sembly. congregation', cpo Te. kiibkiiba 'gather'. kabarliiwi (Lt) 'revered'; lakad·a (DTW), passive:
E HIOPIC: Amh. kdbbiisd "make the leg thick',
kabalo hOIl- ' hook, ring (on a sandal or on a
kabrannii (K) 'honor, (Gr) glorification" , k~iibas 'sore which does no t heal, elephantiasis'. takiida·a (DTW) 'bet ray one another';
>akbiiri, part. of >akbara; kadii<i (DTW), act. part. of kad'a;
carrying pole), loop'; >akbarot ' honor'; kabata [ (yakbal) hOT. ' h~de , conceal, keep kad'at (DTW) 'betrayal';
SEMITIC: Ar. kabl. kibl'leg iron, chain, shackle' (for lakiibiiri, part. of takiibara; secret, take away by h}dmg ; ,
from Ar. Ijadara; also Te. kiid<a 'betray', Tmt kiid'e,
its Syriac origin, see Fraenkel 243), Heb. kfgfl lakiih(a ) ro (Gr.464) 'honor, esteem' ; lakabla, pasSIve; also disappear ; Amh.Gur. kiidda, Har. xada'a.
'fetter. bond' (Aramaism according to Wagner 64). kabiili, act. part. of kabala;
Aram. kip/a, Syr. keglii, Md. kublia ' bonds, fetters ', SEMITIC: Ar. kabura 'be big, be great, be illustrious'
kabut, pass. part. of kabala; also 'secret, clan- kidkod 11.1:'/'.1:' 'precious stone',
Akk. kaMlu 'tie, fetter' (Zimmem 35); also in Cushit- SAT. kbr 'great, magistrate', Heb. kabbfr 'powerful" . ,
,
destme ; variant of karakand.
ic: Sa. kabala 'traveling bag'. See M. Cohen 1926- Aram .-Syr. kapar 'a bound, increase', Md . kbar 'be
great', Akk . kaboru 'become fat, thick, strong'. kabut-a, ba-kabut 'secretly';
7 103, and kallbal, below. k"adkW.da [ hw.l:'hw1. (H) 'bind, tie':
ETHIOPIC: Tna. kiibiirii 'be honored" Te. kiibra kabalii 'hidden thing, hidden nature, secret' ;
Amh.Gur. kiibbiirii; Gur. kiibbiirii 'become rich ' (de-
,
k.blal 'act of hiding, concealing, keeping MA has kodkoda "~,,y. with the Amharic
k"ablala hwllllll (LI) 'flee, run away';
nominative .from AT. kablT 'rich'); also Amh . kabr, translation lliiqqiifli ' blame'. It IS quite possible
lankoblala (Lt) ' flee'; secret' ;
kiibbiirte ' nch ', Arg. kabar; passed into Cushitic: k.bulawi 'hidden, concealed, secret, pertaining that H',,- lliiqqiifii is a misprint or a misread-
ETHIOPIC: Tna. k"dblald 'stroll about', Te. (I.) kdb- Bil.Sa kabar 'be honored ', Be. kebar. ing for ~.,."- aqqiifii 'embrace, take in one' s
lala 'roll while falling', Amh. k"iibiilliilii ' run away'. to hidden things';
arms', a meaning that comes close to 'blOd , tie'
kabarit hII&T, (K) kabrit hll&T, (Lt) kobrit SEMITIC: Ar. kabala, in kabala gay:;ahu fi gawfihi given by H;
kabaro [ (pI. kabiir>w) hOC' 'drum, timbrel' hll&T 'sulphur'; rendered by Lane 2583 'he restrained his rage in his
(see Powne 16-19); kabriliiwi 'sulphurous'; insides (or bosom)', but by Hava 640 'he concealed ETHlOPIC : Tna. k"iikkWiidii « k"iitlk"'iidii) 'tie',
his anger in his bosom'. Bittner, WZKM 30 (1917- Amh. kWiidiikk"'iidii ' tie up (a criminal or a
SEMITIC: Ar. kabar considered by Noeldeke 1910:56 from Ar. kibril 'sulphur' (for its Syriac [h1>rqa)
a Geez loanword, Ar. (Sudan) kabiir 'drum'. 18). 425 identifies it with Soq . qabil 'teach', and for prisoner), .
origin, sec Fraenkel J53; considered by Zimmern 60 the meanings 'teach, hide' he compares Ar. 'allama
ETHIOPI C Te.rna.Amh. kiibiiro 'drum', Arg.
to be of Akkadian [kibriluJ origin); also in Te. 'teach', and Heb. ·Im (nif·al) ' hide' . This identifica- k"adk"ada II hw.l:'hw~ (KBT) ' be bloated (stom-
kiiriibo, Har. kiiriibu, Arnh.GaLGuT. kiibiiro,
karbit 'wood for making fire', Tna. karbit, kabr;t tion is not convincing. ach due to illness)';
kiiriibo: also in Cushilic: Sa.Af. kabaro, Bil. kablir, 'matches', Amh. kabrit.
Aw. kir;",". ETHIOPIC : Tna . kiibiito 'hide', Te. kJbt 'treasure',
ETHIOPIC: Amh. k"iidiikk"iidii. same.
Amh. kiibbiild 'steal money and go into hiding'.
kabasa (yakbas) hOfl (T.Y.M) ' wrap (a cloth or
kabaro [[ hOC' (T) 'woven basket'; kadana (yakdan ) h~~ 'cover, wrap, clothe,
scarf around the head), wind around, decorate kabota 1I hOT (Lt) 'humiliate, degrade' ;
metathesis in relation to karabo. hide, veil, close, protect, forgive (sins)';
(the hair), fasten with a hairnet, tie up (the SEMITIC: Ar. kabala 'debase',
hair with cloth)';
'akdana, causative;
kabra (yakbar ) hlll 'be honored, be glorious, kabowa hOm (K·) 'be extinguished, disappear, takadna, takadana 'be covered, cover oneself.
lakabsa, passive;
be magnificent, be great, be famous, be illus- become dull (eyes)'; be clothed, clothe oneself, be protected' ;
kabso, kabso 'hairnet, woman's covering,
trious, be precious'; kadiini, act. part. of kadana; also 'protector';
chaplet worn around the head, headband, is probably a transcription of Heb. kaga (kby ) 'be
)akbara, causative; also 'pay honor, glorify, kadun 'covered, hidden, protected' ;
veil cloth'; e"tinguished' .
venerate, value'; kadiin 'cover, covering, hiding place, garment.
kabasa (M) 'headband, diadem, (Gr.263) brace-
lakabra 'be honored, behave haughtily, boast'; kabyon, kabiyon, kiibeyon, kabeyon hll\,,') ! tunic, veil placed on top of the ~JWwa· and
let worn by women, ornament of women';
,akiibara 'honor one another'; hR.\"') , "'IL\,,') ! hlL\,,') (Lt) 'convent'; sahn'
. . (for which see below); . ,
kabur 'honored, honorable, glorious, magnifi- SEMITIC: Ar. kabasa 'surround (a town), lay siege', kiJdnat 'covering, protectIOn ;
corruption of Gk. koinobion 'monastery'; see also
kabasa ra>sahu jT 'muffle one's head (with a gar- makdall, makd.n, makdalll, (T) makdall, (T)
cent, famous, ilIustrious, noble, precious'; kanubya. below.
ment)'. makdant (pI. makad8ll, makadant, makdalltut)
kaburiil (Gr) 'exploits';
ETHIOPlc: Te. kdbsa 'fold', Amh. kdbbiisd 'wrap koba •• I>on (T.M), kabaza hOn (MA) 'bake 'cover, covering, veil, silk veil of an altar';
kabr 'honor, glory, reverence, prestige, splen- cloth around one's head', kiibiisa 'wrapping-cloth bread' ;
dor, pomp, magnificence'; (makdana ra's 'helme!');
around one's head'.
from Ar. !Jabaza 'bake', lJubz 'bread' (with I] be- miJkdiin 'cover';
~k~id~i~n______________________________~~~
276 ____~______~~__~~________~::_
kaf"
277
k"ihtli
'sr\fJTJC, 'cover> [ale se put on clothes.,
h h a ilOU,. hj>at 'bluntness, deformity'; - k1ji "J'ar' (from ka/ara 'cover,
5£~fI TIC: Ar. a ra 'bowl "
Jar Syr. - Akk .
k apurla.
kiija\'. k,ala)! 'kind of fine clmh', Har. kafa",; ' kind
", Ar kadaJlQ bi 'wrap oneself In (clothe~), Hbkapor • " _ .
pr~llec
<\r (Oat). mukdtJlJa 'cover 0 f ' Akk . kadanu
an oven, ETHIOPIC: fna. kiif>e 'be bad', Te. kii[>a, Arnh, nceal'), e. f rifice and the platter for It. of cloth . See also ka{a,.a Ii
:rr~Hect" Brockelmann 1928: 318 also compares kiijJa, Amh.Arg.Gur. ka/u 'bad, evil'. "
k(1pfU,
sac 'big basket'; a Iso 10 C us h'Ihc;
a t YTpe 0 kiifor
Aram.~S)'r. /..iJgan 'yoke, couple, bind' (cp. also Md. £11'IOPlC: na. of!:t) See also M. Cohen 1926-7:95. kafaya I h"-f (YM.H) 'be sullklent',
kdn). Praetoflus J890:25 derives G. kd" from Ar. kafala (yakfa/) h"-Il 'distribute, divide, sepa, , Bit. kahar (pI. ka a . ,
from Ar. kajQ 'kfl' J 'be SuffiCient'; also 1n Te. kJflIJ.
,, , , · t -'be
an covered"
n o . Brockelmann 1908:533. . n.3 rate, distinguish, allot, assign, apportiun, give I ,ak/iir) h"-C 'grave, hole;
rightl) expresses doubts about this companso~: a share, grant, bestow, impart, make someone k,f" II (p . Id' karaya II h"-f (K'), see kalalVi.
a participant'; Ar kajar" 'the netherwor .
ETHJOPIC Tna. kiidiinii 'cover, clothe', '!e. kadno makfe 'wrapper. cover, belt, (Lt) towel. (L)
• . ' Amh kiiddiinii 'cover the roof With straw, takafia, passive; also 'be given a portion'; from . .If;' .. 'be ham d bundle, parcel, (KG) wraparound, apron-Ioke
t. (KG) = Amh. a}jara as e,
cover, . h t h' Gur kafata hL ,.
cover
a pot' Har. xiidiino 'cover, t a c.
, ', .. ""d'.J" .. ( 'th r < ..n)
. (za'iyyatkaffal'indivisible'); , mbarrassed ,
garment',
kiit/dnii 'cover with a lid , taxa ua:~ WI. takafala 'share among themselves, divide up
'wear clothes'; passed into Cushltlc: Sli. kadalJ be e . e that Amh. aJJiirii has here the meaning kefiiz 11."'11; see kejas_
among themselves, become a partner, partici- ,I is posSlbl,
'cover'. pate'; dust an d G . ka'ara
'I'
would then be a
'/Urn to ' ,r. II kihi (pI. kiihayiit) 1'J't (T. K') 'heifer';
denomm . alive of kajar .
kidsn tvn; see kJ'd II. 'astakafala, caus. of takafala; also 'apportion, I see also 'akahi .
divide among many';
kid.1 h.~T; see kyd l.
! I h'r.C 'camphor';
k,ar
kafali, act. part. of kafala; k.hlH hlJll (imper!'. yakl, subj. YJkhal) 'be able,
skrit karpluo through Ar. kiifjir (l-:.It~mann
kHdHws h~'I' kaful, pass. part. of kafala; I from San aIso Amh . kall/ur. For Ar. ka/ur, see can do things, prevail (against), Overcome,
. , 'precious material, brocade, pre- kajil 'distribution';
1926:415);
master, have power to do things, avail
claus stone; Mery 246.
hjl 'part, portion, share, lot, division, frac- (against)'; with object suffixes: 'be able to
ETHIOPIC: Amh. kiidiill'wa 'brocade' (from Geez).
k',fiir ku Iiiar tt"'C:- tr"'c 'kind b'
tion, category, chapter, section, verse'; of hvestment endure, be possible for one';
'
ofa b~ls hop,(T
(>i-hhla 'be unable, be inept');
kif I 1'J'f: 'heel, palm of hand, sole of foot'; kufale
. . , 'partition, division, distribu_
(k'4iile) . M) headgear of a IS op ; .. (za-yakl 'able);
tlon, separation;
probably transcription of Heb. kOI} 'palm of han.d.';
(ma~ahafa kufale 'Book of Jubilees'; for a bib,
I . A karara 'cover, hide', kofiru d·dUrII'l
SEMITIC, r. "'
t f 'I' F H b
' armen! t ha I's worn over a coat 0 mal. or e. 'akhala 'enable, make able, make prevail, gIve
also Amh. ka{ (from Geez). In the other SemItIc
languages: Ar. kaff'palm of hand', Mh. ke~'back ood, pardon sin , make atonement superiority, give strength';
liography, see Hammerschmidt-Six 1983:278); kg· per 'rna k e g ,
of hand', Aram-Syr. kappii 'palm of hand, Md. kafiat 'division, distribution, (Lt) portion'; forIP, (also Ar. kallura "1 'atonement) from (akahla 'be possible (also used with object suf-
kapa, Ug. 'P, Akk. kappu. makfal (Gr) 'cross-roads'; an ongma. I meaning 'cover', see KoehJ('r 452. Baum· fixes), gain power over';
I gartner 470. takahala 'agree (with), Come to an agreement
kiif II 1'J'f: (T.M) 'shoe, sandal'; makfalt 'part, portion, share, lot, diversity'; h' 'Ik
takajlot (Lt) 'share'; ETHIOPIC,. A m. h kufar
'J' 'silken turban, w Ite SI (with), be in accord (with)" lit. 'make things be
is either an extension of kii/ I 'sole of foot', or 1 cloth'. possible for one another';
confused with ku/ (for which see below). SEMITIC: Ar. kifi 'part, share', kcifala 'provide for 1 'astakahala (K') 'make agree';
someone', Mh. ka/elit 'half of a fraction', For its kefiis M.ll, (Lt) kefiiz 11."'11 'precious gold';
kefii, kifii, kefiis h.'" , h.'" I h."'ll 'stone', relation with Heb. kapa/ 'fold, double', see Dill. kahiili 'mighty, all-powerful, capable';
nickname of the apostle Peter; from Gk. ka; pho: 'and phaz' (lranscripli~n of Heb. (ka/riile k'allu 'omnipotent');
mann 876, Noeldeke 1910:97; also Ug. kpl'duali-
ty' . I 'paz) read kaiphaz as one word (Eurmger, OC kahul (Gr.255) 'powerful';
from Aram.-Svr. kepa 'rock, stone'; Heb. kep comes 24119271. 145). See also qejaz.
Irke'"se from' Aramaic (Wagner 65), Akk. kiipu ETHIOPIC: Tna . kii/iilii 'pay, divide, share', Te. kiijla, kahil, k.h!, kahilot 'means, ability, power, fac-
'c1,ff': for ke{iis, cpo Gk. kephas: Amh. kiijJiilii, Arg. kiijJiila, Gur. kii/iilii; passed into k.f.t. [ h"-1' (K *) 'open'; ulty' ;
ETHIOPIC: A~h. ke/o 'stone, precious stone' (from
eushitic: Sid. kajJali, Dar. ka/ale, Or. ka/ala. ka/ati (K') 'who opens'; 'akhiili, makhJI (K .), part. of 'akhala;
Geez). takahiili 'possible';
kufiile tr"'lI. (T) 'colored cloth'. from Amh. kiiffiitii 'open'.
takah!o 'power';
'kofa •• kofH hI,,,- ; see kawafa.
k.fana h"-~ (T.Y.M) 'cover, veil'; k,fat. II h"-1' (K 0) 'form a group or a party'; . A (Dat) kahil'be able', kah,l 'powerful',
SEMITIC. r. . , . 'be' osition
kur. k".f (pI. 'akja!) tr'f: : It'f: 'shoe'; kafan (K 0) 'shroud'; I ",ak/at (K') 'clan, tribe'. Ar kahala 'reach matunty , that IS, In a ~h I'b
to do things', SAr. khl 'be successful', Soq. e e
from Ar. blljJ; also In Amh. kuf kof Hal. xuffi. See SEMITIC: Ar. ka/ana 'envelop, shroud'. S~. eko/an
also kq( I r. 'enshroud' . k'ftur 1!ti:1:C (T) 'circumcised'; ae,now,
bl k 'Aram . khel 'be able'; related to Heb.
ETHIOPIC: Te. kiifna 'wrap in shrouds', Hac. kefCina, nOle (KG) kiifitor 'uncircumcised'. Yakol 'be able'. k" , ..
- . kahala 'be able', TnLl. a'a,a,
~:~o~~; '~now:- ~~;
k.f'a (yakfa,) h'f:lI 'become blunt, become Gur. kq(anii; Te. kii/,n 'shroud', Amh.Har.Gur. ,
dull (eye), become obtuse, become weak'; ka/iin, Gaf. kii/iinii; passed into eushitic: Or. ka/a- k.fl.w. h'f:1'/D (MA) = Amh. aba9{ii 'sepa- ,;/:, Arg. <,ahala, Gaf. ,alii
)akja)Q, causative; na, Sa. ka/an. rate, divide; make fun of, belittle'. tara 'know'. The palatalized t, ! comes fro~ a ~he
. • k h f > • viJkJViJ/ > YJCJI, yJsiJl.
takaf'a 'become blunt';
hjiJ' (Gr) 'blunt, obtuse, weakened'; kafar I (pI. 'akfar) h"-c 'basket, container for k,f,wi ht.'I! (Lt) 'garment'; :~~~ ;:ss:: i~t~ Cushftic: -Bil. kahal'be able'.
measuring, bushel'; ErnloPlc: Tna. kii/iiy • 'kind of silken shirt', Amh . k"iihelii I 1;>,~!\ (Sw. in D 813) 'meadow'.
k"ihcli 278
k"ihi 279
•
- -
k"iheli II '>,'tl\ (K') 'plaything that one places kahnatiiwi, kahniiliiwi 'sacerdotal, priestly" (y akhad) tliM'.. (T ) kahda tlU.I'. 'deny,
<>n the fo rehead o n the Thursday after the fast lakahno 'ministration of a priest, priesth~od k.h •
:
d . d'
denounce, repu late, renounce, reject.
. ET~nO~IC; Tna. k"aJ:t biilii 'make nOise (a failing
of Nineve to a muse people'. office of a priest' ; , abjulreb'e perfidious, be treacherous, disown, be obJoct), Te. kiirkah b<la 'make no,se·. Arnh. k"ak".
~be, 'd . '. alii 'crack, explode', a.tkakka 'nc!lgh. cluck', Har.
k"ihili, k"iheli I '>,~I\ l '>,1'.1\ ' refuse, dirt, SEMITIC Ar. klihin 'diviner, priest' , Heb. kohen · bedieDt turn a SI e, apostatIze ,
dlso ' d d' kal)kQ~ 'sound of knocking'; also CUShllIC. Af. kah
'priest', !\ram.-SYL kiihnii, Md. kahna, Pb.Ug. khn . akhad 'convict of falsehoo , contra Ict, lac k
rubbis h. sweepings, filth , scum, dregs, mud,
On the Aramaic ongm of G . kiikm, and Ar. kahin , . ·h :. an unbeliever, no t believe, lead from
things without value, trifle, little thing' ; sec Noeldeke 1910:36, and n. 6, Jeffery 247. On th~ fait , , I
faith, lead to apostasy; a so causative 0
. f k~k.~a lJ.l.tI", (instead of kahkaha
.. . . of K' )
,
SEMITIC: DiJlmann 8 13 compares AT. qahila 'be etymology of kiihin , see bibliography in Baumgart. mIX, ,gnnd coarsely. break Open (a seed),
unclean ' (with the variant k :q). ner 440. See also Rabin 1976:246. kahda; crash ;
ETHJOPIC: Tna.Amh . kah3n 'priest'. k' hda pass. of bi)da ; 'allk.baka~a (T.H; should read 'ankiihk.ha)
la" -hada 'argue ' h , d'lspute, contra d'Iet one
Wit
k"ihili, k"ihelii II '>,~I\ ; '>,1'.1\ 'tamarisk, juni- k
la a. . h 'crumble up bread and mix it WI th sa u~,
per' ; k"ahapa II-UT (MA) 'be sweet, be tasty ' ; another, disagree with one ano t er, oppose,
waler, butter, and so on '. (It IS strange that
probably misprint or misreading of k W
arapa ; See · late controversy, be an adversary of,
stlmu
SEMITIC: Ar . kU~lOylii ) 'marigold' (Dillmann 1856 : M quoting T renders it ' trot'; One gets the
korep II . . contest'; .
239). impression that M mistakenl y tra nslated the
khada >astakahada
)asta., . ' mduce to fall away
k"ahis tt~fI, variant of ko>is, above. line above, namely, G. 'anba!lah. ha = Amh.
k"iihili, k"iihelii 1II '>,~I\
I '>,1'.1\ (T.Sw. in D 813) from a f.ith , create controversy. declare un- duM dubb alii ' trot') ;
' ball of wood or woven leather, game in which true, deny'; . .
ka~ii, ka~a h.l, j hth, (K) kahii h'f ' yonder, kiibakiibal (M) 'dish made of small pH,,,es of
spear-like sticks are thrown at a target (often a kahiidi 'infidel, impIOUS, unbehever, rebel , ;e-
away, to yonder place, thither, farther on , meat cooked in a sauce';
cactus or euphorbia), an object thrown (to beilious, apostate, di sobedient, contentious;
down there'; nakiibkiib (instead of nakahkah of K' ) 'dish
serve) as a target'; k,hud (Gr.257) 'infidel, apostate'; .
bakaba 'in yonder place, thither, on the other made of crumbled-up bread, sauce, butter, a nd
note that T .K . and Sw. in D 813 also have the kahd'iack of faith, apostasy, Impiet y, heresy,
side, beyond'; so on. dregs or residue Hoating on the surface
Amharic translation a/ama 'target' which may pe;fidy, disobedience, denial, rebelhon, sedi-
come from the above-mentioned practice of -haba kaha
. 'to yonder'; tion, contention, controversy, contradiction, of-
of a beverage';
)amka~a 'from yonder, from the other side' ; ETHIOPIC' Amh . kiikka 'grind coarsely. smash the
throwing at a target in the k"iihilii-game. fense, stumbling' ;
kai)aka , kaIJak, kiiIJ (a) ka 'there, back there, bead', Te. kah 'abiilli ' hit the head makin g a
kahad, kahid, (L) kai)id, (Lt) ka!ld, same; . wound ' .
k"iihilii, k"iihelii IV '>,~I\ ; '>,1'.1\ (T) ' hole of a yonder, on that side, onwards, beyond, above,
hhdal 'denial, infidelity, treachery, rebelhon,
stone marten '; (and) upwards'; · ,
bakaIJaka 'there, beyond' ; impiety, heresy, apostasy; . . . . .
probably the same as k"'a.hilii V.
mastakiihad 'heretic, infidel, har, htlglOus, tral- k"a~ala (yak"!tal) 11-"'11, (DTW 648) ko.~la
>.mkahaka,
•
>arnkahak
•
'on that side';
tt-.l.II, (T) k"ohla h'UIl ' use antimony for the
k"iihili, k"iheli V '>,~I\ I '>,1'.1\ (Sw.in D 813) with suffixes, as in kalJakatihomu ' beyond
lor, contentious, who creates controversy, who
eyelid, anoint the eyelid, (T.K.Lt) mark with an
'fox-Iike animal, (K') solitary animal of the them ' ; denies'; .Ifon, cautenze. ,
;
wilderness' ; 'akhadi, maki)adi, makh"d, part. of >akhada ;
see k"iiililii IV. kaha is composed of ka and ba ; kabak is composed lakab (a)do 'argument, strife, dispute' ; tak"ahla , tak"aba/a, passive; also ' paint the
of ka-ha-k . The initial k is to be identified with the eyelid (with antimony)' ;
kOohil tt-'fA (Gr.436) 'vase' ; prepo;ition kii 'from, to' (Amh.Gaf.), ke (Mh.Soq), SEMITIC: Ar. (Dat) khd'deny', Heb. ki)d (pi'el) 'hide, tak"iiha/a (DTW 648) 'paint one another's eye-
and probably Tn • . kab 'from ' from ka and -aboThe conceal', The connection with Syr. ka~a!! 'revere. be
lids';
ETHIOPIC. perhaps Amh . ( ma )kahal 'container of modest' suggested by Brockelmann 1928 : 324 (fol-
final k is an element expressing distance ; cpoAr. rjii- >astak"iihala (DTW 648), caus. of laVaha/a ;
skin ', lowed by Drower-M.cuch 205 for Mandaic) is un-
ka 'that', Aram. -kii, Heb. I,-/sii 'there' (in le~ I,/sii k"ahiili (K'), act. part. of k'aba/a ;
'go thither'). See also Dillmann 1907 : 116, 377; likely. The root khd is related to Ar. ga~ada 'negate,
kiihon (pI. kiihniit) IJUJ 'priest, clergyman '; deny' (Dillmann 824). k".iw/ (K .Lt) 'painted with antimony' ;
Brockelmann 1908 :323 ; Rundgren 1950: 105, 117.
(kiihan 'abiy)' ' high priest'); ETHIOPlc : Tna. kiihadii 'deny', Te. kii!lQda, k".!,/ 'antimony, dye for the eyelid' ;
(kiihan ""fq , nafqa kiihan 'assistant priest') ; k"oh• tt-.l. (T.M) 'hook' . Amh.Gur. kadii; pass~d into Cushitic : Bil.Sa. kahad k".h/i 'blue';
(Iiqa kiihniit 'high priest') ; 'deny' , Qua. kiid. Cerulli 1936:257 connects k!ld lak ~a!,/ot 'use of antimony for the eyelid';
kiilmiil 'priests, clergy' ; k"ihii
•
I, k".hii
•
11--.1, I tt-.I" (T ' ) k"e~ii \J.'" with the root kdf 'betray' (see kad<Q, above); how- from Ar. kU!II'antimony' (Noeldekc 1910;40 thinks
takalma 'perform the priestly duties, officiate 'willow' ,. ever, kdf is borrowed from Arabic.
th.t G. k".h1 is of Ar.m.-Syr. [k14h/ii) ongm}.: also
as priest. be assigned the office of priesthood' ETHIOPIC : Amh . kaya 'weeping willow', Tna. kM'i~a. in Tna. k":ii~lalii 'apply antjm~ny', :e. k ~~ala.
(denomina ti ve); kahaka . , kahak hthh
· , kahiika
see kahii.
. I h"'h i h"'tI ; A h k"'ald Gur. (tii)k"alii: 'anumony : Te. k .h. I,
kahnal 'priesthood, office of priesthood, sacer- k"ihi
•
II 11--.1, (K 269, MK) 'blowing of bel- • mh .' k"',1. 'our. k14l. According to Zimrnem
AIn "
61. Ihe
dotal duty' ; lows' ; origin of this root is Akk . guy/u antll~o~y >
(liq.nnii kahnat 'high priesthood'); ETHIOPIC :Tna. k"'ah biilii 'crackle', Amh. k"a alii;
. . 'askihkaha
khkh, " hillJ.ltl1th (H) 'neigh'; Aram.- Syr. ku.hl.-, Md . kula > Heb. kiihal
. pamtlhe
(za-kahnat ' priestly, sacerdotal'); also in Cushitic : Sa:Af. kab 'sound, resound' , SEMITIC : onomatopoetic, related eyelid', Ph. khl'antimony', Ar. ku~1 > a"'ohal (Lo-
'make noise', Aram. ki(ka(. kotsch, no. 1227).
280
kikros koka wa 281
•
k.ha,. h"'''
(L11 'compensate, replace',
.
kaha.\Q 'replacement, compensatIOn;
,
<!Illssiihe kawiikJbl 'astrologer');
(ra'iiye kokab 'astrologer'); the der,vatlon from Gk.
. kirkOJ, Lac nrcu.J, '\uggeSl-
k"'.l/1U IS
-
also used with a feminine Singular or
d b Dlilmann 859 IS not accepted by Neugebauer
FnU(lPh Tna J..iilh,n d ·compen~ate·. Te. kiihoso, (ra')'a kokahl 'astrology'); ~75. YFor more details on G. kikms. kekro.~. Ciee WIth a plural noun; e.g, k',lIu mang•• ' Ihe
-\mh ka.~/i. Arg. k~ha_w, Har kNtQso: passed into SEMITIC kbkb >_ kwkb: ~~'. kal~'kab 'slar', SAr. Neugebauer 175-7 whol: kingdom', k' ,>II" ma.'{j'.lihu all hI
CU~hltu,; Aw kl1_\u. Note that Practorius 1879'7
days,
k':'k~, Mh. kobk'~, S~q klb.llb (w,th ki > 'I, Heb.
IN:'S 0('11 C('tnocct this root with Hcb. k6/.raJ 'grow ko~ap, Aram. ko~apa, Syr. kawkapa, Md. kuk6a
k kawa I I>hlll (K ') 'turn' (tntr); k'Jllo (ad, .) 'altogether, completel,', "'th u
Ican ', a~ su{!!!c..,lcd by Appleyard 50. Ug. kbkb. Ph , kkb, Akk. kakkabu. Moscat, 8.6/. ' .;kokal\'a 'roll around, make roll'; negatIVe 'not at al\" , '
I lea
,
27 (1946).269-72 connects the noun with the r mankokol, pI. m~lJiikukl (DT), mankokl (T K'), k" ,1I.he, k·,lIah .. 'every" here, In e,ery dire",
k".hsa
. . . ) It'}''' 'become thin, skinny,
( r,k"haJ
kbb 'shme' (Akk, kababu 'burn'). For a b'bhog~~~ ank"okl (KG) aXIS, wheel, rotattOn, spindle' tlon, whern'er': hak . . <J1I.llte hak",J/ldnt' 'e\ery.
lea n' . phy on the ctymology, see Baumgartner 441-2. ;~ote that KG I mank"akl = Amh. allralal Where, wherever, 10 every way, I.:omplelei} •
ScMlTIl' Hcb. krilwJ "grow lean' (SO also Praetorius ETHIOPI(,: Te.Amh.Arg. kokiib 'star', Tna. kokob 'thumb' is copied by mIStake rrom mankohyiil = lilmkMallahe. 'Jmk~Jllaht.· 'from everywhere
1879 71. Aram kallai. Gaf. kokobii, Gur. k"iik"db. - , Amh. awralalocc 'thumbs' or the line above). rrom all parts', '
ETHIOPIC related to Amh. kiisso 'be thin' (from k"Jllii",; 'universal' ,
,t~ ,), k" iiHihii. T oa, k" (lJiisii. Arg. k" iissiiha. k"ak".~ (pI. kawiikJlJ) holt.}" (l) kok".h ETHIOPIC Amh. (tiin)kiiwiikkiiwd 'run here and
1>1t.}, 'stone, rock, stony ground'; , there, rush around", kiiwK'a "wandering' k",lIanlii 'totahty, entirety, the whole pe"on,
k".h'a, k·.hsa (r,k"ha.i) It.},'" , It.}," 'be (,.hn k"ak",h 'flinty rock'); with suffix pronouns 'all together, the" hole
kokswa lll·hlll (T.M) 'break or chip the teeth,
Infl~med (w~und), rester (wound), (T.TSH) be in construct state 'stony'; e.g. gariihla k"ak',h or. whOlly'; e.g .. k"lIantiihu (Gr. also k',lIull-
set the teeth on edge (sour rrUlt),; liihu) 'he whOlly, the whole of hIm, all of it',
large (wound), ooze (wound), (K) be super- 'stony field'; ,
ficially healed', k"ak"(,)!liiwl (DTW 645) 'stony, rocky'; ETHIOPIC' Tna. ( 'a)~ols"iiyd 'set the teeth on edge' also with a noun k""lIl1ll/(,hii I../)Ia 'the" hole
k""J... (T M) 'Inflammation, (T.M) widening ora mght', k",lIallliih" .i'giika 'the whole of thy
ShMITIC Ar. kiilJ. kflJ "rugged face of a mountain kslll hA (T) 'dark mourOlng dress'; body' ;
wound, (1< ') "oman's genitalia'; side of a valley consisting of the hardest and
perhaps from Ar. ball 'old and worn-out garment", k'''.:,lIamau:i 'total':
ETHIOI'IL Tna. "'''ush,> (with metathesis) 'become roughest stone'. Dlilmann 859 (so also Koehler 430,
.Iso Amh. kiill. k"allantiiwil 'the whole person'~
large (wound)', Baumgartner 447) suggcsts Heb. koDIJ 'strength'.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. kiiwlJi, k~iils-"/:li "rock', Amh. k~iikka ksU II hA (T) 'vinegar'; SEMITIC: Ar. kull "all', SAr, kl ·all. every', Soq kol
kOik"i I \>,\>, (L1) 'raven'; 'stony place", kiikka 'hit with a rock', kM'iikMiJh 'rock' 'every', Hcb. Aram kal, Syr kul, Md k"I, Ph l:g
(from Geez); also 00 Cushitic: Sa. kakiih• 'rock' • from Amh. kiill, of ArabIC (1]011) onglO, also 10 Te. kl, Akk . ..I/alll 'all, the totahly
SB1flI(". onomatopoetic Ar kakii 'cluck (hen),
kiil/. ETHIOPIC Tna. k"iJll·u 'all', Te, kJI, Gur kull•. ml.
cackle, challer' (D07Y II, 435).
ETHIOPIC: Te. kak he/a 'croak'. kiika)' 'raven', Tna.
koka~ 1>11.}" (Lt) k oak '.~ \>'It.}" (K) kok.h Har kull, Amh. lIulilt, Gar JI-Jm
I>I1IJ 'peach, plum'; kalo ht\- (T) 'butter'.
k"a~ hela ·crod.... k"ab" 'raven', Arnh. k"ak. call or w
see kok. k .llu, k".lli Itl\' , II'~ (0 1406,OT) 'glue',
cry made by a chu;ken. (tiin)k"akk"a 'c1aLter', kOiila \>,~; see kall'lVala.
(aJlkukka"dud.:· See also Gur. ka balii, k"a bald, tranSCription of Gk. kolla 'glue',
kaka III (lesl.u 1979:331, 340). The root also kekul h.Il-A (KG) 'border. boundary'; kw,lI_ ItA- 'all, every, each';
occurs m Cushitic: Sa.Af. kiik 'shout, noise', Sa. kol, k"sl (pI. 'akll'ii{) I>A 'I1-A 'apple';
misprint for kelul h. ...·A; see kallala I. without suffix pronouns In k",II.I,,'. k""lIah,'
kiiklJ 'ra\'en', Af. kako, 811. k"ik"ay See also gugii kala !lQqJ 'mandrake',
(see below);
"raven', q"J' J. kokam I>l1r (T), kakam hhr (M), kokiim with suffix pronouns: e.g., k~Jllilna ~lOrtla, or from Ar kula 'frUil dans nnde qUI rc"..cmbll' a
I>l]r (Gr.266), kokimi 1>1]"'1 (L), pI. kakamiil, homo
, k'JII'lJa 'we have all left'; k".lIoIIIII 'all rorange' (Dozy II, p. SOl); also Amh. kof.
k"ik"i II, k"ik' \>,\>, : \>'It 'scarlet, purple, kakamiil, kohmiil. kokamal (D) 'hollowed or them, they all'; kul Il-A (T), eighth Hebrew month,
(OT) black felt cloak WIth an attached hood, gourd used ror liquids, bowl, pan, (KT.) scoop k'.lIu (acc. k",/lo) IS used In the sense or
(T) a red "orm that produces scarlet color'; ror removing ashes, potsherd (ror borrowing undoubtedly wrongly ror 'eliil ~I'rl\ even though
'everything, everybody, anyth,ng, all'; e.g" :"11-
from Gk. kokkos "gram, seed, scarlet'. coals for a fire), (Gr.266) cauldron'; >eliil is not the eighth month, Sec also kuli/.
III k".1111 'all thts'; in a construct state pOSitIOn
SEMITIC; Fraenkcl derives it, with reservations,
70 as In' "'I::i>a k",II" 'the Lord or all', k.I'a (I'aklii') hAil 'hinder, prohIbIt, forbId,
kok 1>11 (T) 'plum, peach',
from Ar. qumqum 'long-necked bottlc'. NocJdcke k'.I1- with possessIVe suffix pronouns of the prevent, keep back, hold back, depnve, reo
from Ar. &ow&(a) "plum, peach' (for Its AramaiC 1910:41 suggests Syr. qiimii 'jar'. 3rd person (that is, k"J/lII, k" ,/lii, k",/lom. strain, impede, decline, reject, refuse',
ongm, see Fraenkel 142). also 00 Te.Amh. kok k'allon) preCeding or rollowing a noun mcans taka/la, passive; also 'abstain, restralO one'ielt~
'peach', Tna. kills, Gur. kuk, HaL xuxi; In Cushnic: k"akama hohou (K ') 'hurt, ache'; 'all, all the, every, each, thc whole'; e.g" k""II" hold oneself back, rcrrain, wIthdraw';
Sa, kak 'peach', a,L kok See also kokah, &0&. Amh. kakkiimii.
ETHIOPIC. baliJsi, or ba)as; k""allu 'every man, all men', kalii'i, act. part. or kat·,,;
kokab (pI. ka"iihhl) 1>11-0 'star'; k"Jllii hii~r 'all the seas, every sea', k",lIii hiII', pass. part. of kat',,;
kikros, kekros 11.11C'/'l : h.11C'/'l 'a measure or hagar, or hagar k',/lii 'all the city, the whole kali' 'prohibition';
(kokah :ahollu :alJab 'comet', lit. 'a star that tIme, the sixtieth part or the day, (Gr267)
has a tail'J, city. each city', V./lomu ~al"iin 'all the sin- ka/)Qt 'restraint, hindrance, prohibition, preven-
mterval or twenty-four minutes'; . ,
ners' : lIOn;
282 283
kal~.
- --
makall,'. makl,'; (LI.K), act. part. of kal>a; ETHIOPIC: Amh. kolla 'take off the clothes" I . takalaha (KO) 'shout to or at one another';
also 'adversary. opponent': Cushitic: Sa. kala<, Af. kal. The root is relat~:;o In 'astakal,~a ' roar, shout, cause to shout at One
makal/al (Gr) 'who crowns"
",uklii>, (Ll) makl" 'hindrance, impediment'; (see qal'a). Guidi Aelhiops I (1922). 51 has: ii' r cause to cheer one another"
ano the , '
laklit 'coronation church w~d
emon ( , mg, nuptial cer-
(za'albo makl,> 'indisputable'); and he derives it from Ar. oalafa ' take ofr. a 'a . Y reserved for those who marry the fi .
kalahi, act. part. of kalba; time)'; T:-;l
milkla> (K 0) 'that which prevents someone from kalsba h"n(T) 'pass, go beyond'; kala~ 'cry, outcry, shout, clamor, uproar,
entering (gate, enclosure),; . ,. SEMITIC:. Ar, kaJlala 'to crown" takalla/a 'be
takalaba (T.Y.Sw. in D 1397) 'pass'; nOise ,
taka/( J )'O( 'abstinence, impediment, restraint, kalh, same; ~rown~ are denOminatives, As for Ar 'ikfil
hindrance. obstacle, prohibition'; would it mean 'go or run like a dog'? If so, it wo Id crown and G 'akl'l th .
ETHlOrlc: Har. kalaIJ a, ka/~a 'call someone by shout. , '. . I , ey are considered to be of
be a denominative from kalb. u AramaiC ongm (Fraenkel 62), as is Heb. bfiTii
SEMITIC: Ar. kalla'a 'retain, detain" Soq. kole 'turn . g' Amh. (a)klalla 'make a thundering noise' (a
~agner 64). On the AkkadIan (kalilu) origin of
away', Heb. kiilar·) 'restrain, keep from', Ararn.- kalb (pI. kalaMt, 'aklabl, 'aklab, 'akalabt) ~~d~p(icated a-stem of kalla, root k/?), and probably s r~ot, see Zimmem 36, von Soden 476, See also
Syr. kala, Md. kla 'hold back, withhold', Akk. kala hoC\lI 'dog'; also kiilliilii 'resound' (fonned by reduplication of 0; thiS root Kaufman 63~. For kfJ bemg the origin
'detain. hold back, refuse', takallaba ' have a canine nature" , the 2nd radical), Te. kalal. 'little bell', Tna. a ~~. klll(l) 'all', see Baumgartner 457. Hebrew
ETHIOPTC: Te. kiil'o ' hinder, prevent', Tna. kobe, takalbotanntl 'canine nature'; (Iii)ka/~e 'argue with. ~ne another, quarrel'; proba- kalla bnde' (for the other SemItic languages see
Arnh.Gur. kiilla; also in Cushitic: Sa.Af. kal. kale bly passed into Cushluc: Sa. kallah, Aw. k.lax-x"a
SEMITIC: Ar. kalb 'dog', SAr. klb, Soq. kalb, Mh. Baumgartner 455) is perhaps also connected 'wllh
'hold back'. See also kalkala. 'shout" Be. kala) 'beU'. this root.
k6b (With I > zero), Heb. k~/~b, Aram.-Syr. kalba
Md. kalba, Ph.Ug. klb, Akk . kalbu; denominative : kallaha hoC\,f, (Y. M) 'puncture, cut a vein in the ET~10PIC: :~. k~f~a (kiJ) 'go around', kiilkiila 'encir 4
kall.'a hoC\lI (T. Y.M), kall.'a hoC\o (KG) ' make ele, blal CircUit, ,aklil 'crown', Tna. kWiilliild 'go
two, make another, (L) change, alter' (denomi-
Ar. kaliba 'behave like a rabid dog', Syr. k.leb. . roreh~ad in order to bleed or cup a person' ; around', 'alJlil 'crown', tiilslil 'sacrament of indis-
ETHIOrtC: Te. kiilb, Tna. kiilbi. See also kalab~.
native); ETHIOPIC: Te. kii/~a 'incise the skin on the forehead sol uble marria~e', Amh. kiilliila 'surround, crown,
kal'e 'two, both, double, twofold'; with suffix kalbane, kslbanen hoC\nl< 1 hoC\nl<1 'galbanum so that blood flows out', Tna. kiillahe, Gur. k".liik- ~ua.rd, protect , aklil 'crown ', tiiJ..:1il 'sacrament of
pronouns: 'both of. '" two of. . .'; (a resinous soap)'; k'alii (reduplicated kl~ > kl > klkl) 'scra tch the Indls~o.l uble marriage' (see Walker 36ft): passed Into
g/Ound (hen, cock, bull), make little holes'. Cushlt.c: Sa. klllel'circie', Bil. kaliil.
(ba-kal'e 'twofold '); from Gk. khalbane. 'galbanum', of Semitic origin
kal'ettu (acc. kal'etta) ' two (with masc. and (Masson 60); also In Amh. kiilbiine. In the otber kaIkala hoC\h" 'hinder, prevent, prohibit'; kallala n hM (T.TS) 'cut, (M) decree, grant,
fern. nouns), both, double'; Semitic languages : Ar. ~albona 'storax', Heb. ~t?lb~ ,akalkala, passive; (T.Y.K) thank';
kal>ett; 'two (with fern. nouns), both'; na, PbH . ~flb6n, Aram . ~ilbiinla. ~elbiinii, Syr. helbfj. kalkali (Lt), act. part. of kalkala ; kallil (Ll) 'who cuts, who assigns';
kiila' (fern. kiila't) 'other, another, anyone else, nfJo, Md . hi/buna. See also qalbane. .
ETHIOPIC : reduplicated verb of kl coming from kb ETHlorlc: Te. kiilla (kll) ·..amine', akallal 'the
second, successor, companion, friend, neigh- separation of good and bad', Amh. kiilliilii 'demar-
bor' ,. kalidin, kaldiin hl\..Il.1 I hoC\.Il1 (Lt) 'swallow" , (see kal'a) : Te. kiilkiila ' hinder, keep back', Tn•.
kiilkiilii, Amh.Gaf. kiiliikkiilli, Arg. kiiliikkiila, Gaf. cate, delimit a boundary, set the limits'. Nl)tc that
(kiila' lakiilcpu 'one to another'); from Gk . khelfd6n 'swallow'.
(.ii)klakkiilii. the meaning 'thank' could also be derived from
(kiila> >.mkiil.>u 'one more than another'); kallala I 'crown> express thanks'.
kaliidewon hilJ'..l"1 (T) 'magician';
kiila)Q 'again'; k"alk'al, k".lk·.lt ItMf'oC\ ! If'oC\ltoC\·l· (T.M)
originally 'Chaldean' (in Hebrew kaSdi), kalil hl\.oC\ (T), Hebrew fourth month ;
kiila>it (Lt) 'second section of a day' ; 'kind of black ant' .
Chaldea being considered the seat of astrolo-
kiil.>iiwi (fern. kala'it) 'second'; gy; corrupt form of 'elul holl-A, from Heb. 'flul even
kalak"astema hilltili:"'1 (T) ' honey'; though 'fliil is not the fourth month. See also kul.
SEMITIC: Ar. kila 'both', SAr. kby, Soq. ke'ala.
from Gk. khaidaion, ace. sg. of kha/daios 'astroiD- from Ok. glykiston 'sweetest', from glykus 'sweet',
kiala, Heb. ki/'-ayim 'of two kinds', Ug. kla-t 'both', ,
ger. Ot from glykysma 'sweetness' (Muller). "kolala, """alala, 'sokolala, ',nk",lsla 111""
Akk. kilallii(m). For more details on the Arabic
root, see Rabin 69. SEMITIC : Ar. ka/donl 'astrologer', Aram. ka/do,o. " ! h1IJ.M 'roll (intrl, roll down (tears), fall
'Chaldean, soothsayer', Syr. kaldayii, Md. kaldaia. kanala I h"" 'surround, surround for protec- (fruit, tears), be (become) giddy, be tossed
ETHJOPIC: Te. k~/)ot 'two', Tna. kalatte (root kb),
On Kaldu : Kasdim, see Steiner 137-143. tion, cover over, protect, encompass, encirc1e, about, turn (one's head; tr. intr), make giddy';
Har. ko'Ot, k61 (I > zero), Arg. ket, Gur. k"elt.
h'ell, Amh. huliill, Gaf. ,bltii (k > h, zero); Tna. fence in, crown'; >akolala (Gr.266) 'be dizzy';
kalila hI\. 4. 'caliph';
kala> 'another'; Amb. also kolla 'to double, make 'akallala (KO), causative; nakoliil 'dizziness, giddiness, spinning of the
two' (from G. k~/>e) ; passed into Cushitic : Som. from Ar. &alifa; also in Tna.Te.Amh. kiilifa 'disciple 'akallala, pass, of kallala; head, (Gr.221) agitation, excitement; lock, curl,
ofa sheik'.
kall 'another', Rabin 69 seems to connect this root kallali (K 0), act. part. of kallala; tuft of hair' « 'turn');
with kl· 'restrain' (see kaba, above) with an original k.l/ul, pass. part. of kallala; nakulul (T.M), nakawall (L) 'who loses his pow-
meaning 'yoke'. k".lIahe, k·allahe ltoC\~ I It"~; see kWall.
k.lIale 'crowning, coronation, surrounding, en- er of reasoning by being inebriated, one whose
kal~a (yakliib) , kall.~a hoC\,f, 'cry out, cry, compassing' ; head turns (due to drunkenness, or for any
kal'a (yakla') hoC\o 'pull out (the weeds), peel shout, cry aloud, howl'; 'aklil 'crown, diadem, garland, tiara, headdress reason)';
off, undress, strip off, remove, (Ll) break, dislo- 'akalla~a, causative; Worn by the deacons at the liturgy, (Lt) tur- mankolal (Ll) 'dizziness';
cate' ,. ban' ,.
taka/~a, passive; n.kul, see below;
284
kalamooi
kama -
kerns 285
FTHIOPIC Te. 'Qllko/ii/a 'turn', 'qllkal()lo 'hoop, ETHTOPIL: Amh. kWiiliittiifa 'hobble (domestic
-' -
. b an,. .
conjunctIOn: kama 'that, so that, in order
wheel', Tna. koliilii, k"iiliilii 'go around'. >ankalil biild
'surround', ',mkJliliu' 'round'. Amh. (tiill) kM'alliilii,
, an }kiilt'olliilii, k" iiliill alii 'roll, make turn', Hac.
kk/artiifii 'stammer'. The root is augmented b 'r
mal), stammer ( t hat IS, e tongue-tied)', Gur. ( "J.
karir, and kKrkKr II. SEMITIC kr<: Ar. kura' 'front leg, shank', SAr. krr corrupt form or kiJrJspJrastJs, below,
1923: 1201). Note that Dillmann's statement "Ar. 'leg of an animal', AT. (Yemen) kir'(jrl, Soq . .fer' ella"
k"rk"r II, 'ank"ark"ara h,)h-Ch-~ (T) 'make karuma 'pluviam profundit (nubes)'; deinde 'bene- 'foot' (with ki > S), Heb. kJrii'-ayim 'shank, split karaqa h~'" (T) 'be wet';
thin' . ficus, generosus fuit'" should read 'beneficus, genera- I bone', Aram. kar.a 'leg', Syr, kara'ti, Md. kraia, kerqii (T) 'wet';
sus fUlt'; deinde 'pluviam profundit (nubes)'; cpo Akk.lurlIU.
possibly to be identified with k"k"r I, the making also the three months e/-karamal (dialectal Arabic) ETHIOPIC: Te, kiirqo 'rain heavily',
ETHIOPIC: Tna. k"'arna< 'elbow, forearm', Amh. kJrrI
thm derived from being rolled. "sans doute ainsi appeJes parce qu'il pJeul alors" r 'elbow', kand 'arm', Gaf. kandd (ror lid:"" sec kcrqii h.C:I' (T) 'ste~p, narrow path'.
(Landberg 1923: 1453).
k".rk".r J ItCItC 'pillage'; Cohen 1931 :380), Arg. k>rra 'arm, elbow', Gur.
see q"rq"r III.
ETHIOPTC: Tna. kriimti 'rainy season', Te. kiiriim,
Amh. Arg. kariiml, Gaf. kriimtii, HaL kirmi. Gur.
I ~orra'arm, cubit', Har. kuru) 'cubit'; also in Cushit- kiriiqW h.t.."'" (T) 'day or judgment';
IC: Wol. kure, Mo. hiro 'ann, cubit' (II < k). For see k"Jryiiq\ below.
k"ork".r II ItCItC (T) 'commotion, shouting, karm. Praetorius 1879: 158 identifies Amh. miis- r the other Cushitic languages, see Cerulli 1951 :455,
argument'; kariim, name of the first month (corresponding to
under hiI/o. Reinisch 1887: 225 also compares Hi!. krr [, karra, karar. (yakm) hl I hU (T K')
September) with miiskiiral1/ 'Regen bringend' from k'arQ' 'foot of bed'. 'be dry, dry up (spring)';
'k~rr~______________________________~2~9_4______________________________~k~.~r.~y.
- - karaya 295
'akrara (K') 'make dry'; krasfiyan 'Christian'; h .. b.
karar (T). karir (KG) 'dry land'; ('abiyy krasliyiin 'adult Christian'); ,akraya. caus~tive; also 'dig';
ErHIOPIC Tna. kiiriirii 'be hard, be dry', Amh. (na>usa kr(}stiyiin, mJ'US krasliyiin 'Catechum takarya, passive; karaza I h;:1f (Y.K.M) 'procl .. m, decree, edict,
. .. I en, teach' ;
kiirrord 'become hard, dry ouf, Har. kiirara 'be- one who IS recelvmg e ementary intructio . kariiyi (pI. karayl, kariiyayiin), act. part. of
come stiff' Christian religion, neophyte'); n In karaya; ., , k"z (KO) 'proclamation, preachms',
(bela krasliyan, pI. beta krasliyiiniit, 'abyat karuy (fern. kant) dug, excavated;. takri=. 'proclamation, edict, (K) blessing, sanc-
krr II, karra. karara hl ! hll (KBT) 'fall'; k ryat 'digging, excavation, hole, PIt';
tlficatlOn' ;
krasliyiiniil, 'abyiita krasliyiin 'church'); a
SEMITIC: Akk. kariiru 'set, lay'. krasliytimiwi 'Christian'; :akray, (Gr.260) makriiy 'instrwnent for dig- rrom Gk. kerysso '{ proclaim, I preach' through
ETHIOPIC Te. kariira 'lie down', Amh. (Iiin)karriirii
(bela krasliyiiniiwi 'pertaining to the church'), ging pickaxe, spade'; Chr.~Ar. karoza. On the Greek origm of Ihls rool,
'lie on one's back'.
kraslannii 'Christianity'; , mak~iI (D.Gr.260) 'shovel, spade'; see Buh1911 , Koehler 1087. On the Aram.,e O"IllO
see Eilers 594. '
karir, kttarir, korar, karer, kerir ht.C ! 1'J..tC ! (ma~(a)~afa kraslannii 'Baptismal Ritual'); SEMITIC: Ar. karli (kry) 'dig', Heb. klirii (kry) ,
It.:.C , h&.C : h •.:.c '(round) hill, (It) ravine. krastun 'one who has become a Christian"
,
Ar.m. kara (kry) , Md. kra, Ph. kr', Ug. kry (Ca- karan n hllf (T.Y.M.Sw. in D 840) 'hang';
(KG) rock '; rrom Gk. khrislos; also Tna.Amh. krastiyan 'Chris. quot 339). , . . , karuz, kantz, (T) karzu, k"'ar: 'cross':
ETHIOPtc: Te. k!ira (kry) cut off (by digging) , Gur.
rrom the root krr 'be round'; see k"·ark"'ara. tian', Te. ki1stan; Tna. kiistiina 'become a Christian'. SSMlTJC: perhaps Ar. kara:!a 'lean toward' For
kiire, Har. xara, Amh. kiiriiyya ·di~. till the earth'.
On the church building, see Hyatt 109ff., Hammer_ Could Te. karay 'hyena', Be. karay be connected karu'i, Milller suggests Lat. crux.
kors IICI'I (T) 'red precious stone'; schmidt 1967:91-2, Heyer 2711'.
with G. kariiy; 'that which digs', rererring to the
kiriis (KO) 'gold'; k".rz ltC'll (T) 'case, pOuch, wallet';
krnstiyiin IlCl'ltf'; see krastos. hyena that digs up corpses? See also karaya II.
perhaps rrom Gk. kirros 'tawny'. from Ar. kur:: 'shepherd's bag, sack'.
karaya II hlf (D.T) 'stir, excite, incite, make
korisolit II.: {It\. ol- (T) 'chrysolite (precious kars (pI. karSiit) hcP' 'belly, stomach, womb, k"arszi hot-II. (It) 'ant'.
haughty, puff up, blow up, (Y.M) get angry';
stone)' ; abdomen, interior (of ship, ark, vessel)';
takarya (Lt) 'become glowing, become hot'; k.ruz h~lI (T.M) 'poison'.
from Gk. khrysolithos, same; also in Syr. karisuhjiis. SEMITIC: Ar. kiri, karii 'belly', Sh. ekre!; (pI. of firs),
Heb. klireS, Aram.-Syr. karsa, Md. karsa, Akk. (Note that B 75 ".:> ' ~4- .... ~.ga n!iffaw should be k"asa iJ..r'I; see kws.
kariu. corrected to ".:>il , ~4-.... ~.gab naffaw. Gr.435
keresam 11.&.1'19" (T) 'kind of tree'. karayo rendered by Amh . !agab 'sa tie-te, plenitude' kis h.1'I 'purse';
ETHIOPIC: Tna. kiirsi 'belly', Te. kiiras, kdriiit, Arg.
is doubtrul. The correct reading seems to be !agab
korsimoton. karsemoton hel'\. .,..,., ! hCI'I."'''' GUf. kiirs, Har. karsi, Gar. arsa (k > h > zero), rrom Ar. krs (or Aramaic [kisiiJ origin, see Fraenkel
karayo 'the plenty pf of food ("gab) made him be
" (OT) karsimoton hCI'\."''''" (K) karsemton Amh. kiirsam 'one who eats much, one who has a 197). For the Akkadian (kisu) origin of thIS noun,
big stomach'. haughty or puffed him up (karaya)'.
hCI'I.9""" 'chrysolite (precious stone)'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. kK'iirriiyii 'become enraged', Te. kiira
also ror the origin orHeb. kis, sec Zimmern 20; also
in Te.Amh.Arg. Our. kis, Har. kis.
corrupl from Gk. khrysolithos. See also karastilobe, ~ara~it 'filltol- (T) 'purse, pouch, sack, bag'; (kry) 'attack'. Or could it be a transferred meaning
>akrasm;mron, karisolit. of karaya I 'dig> stir up, incite'? See also k"·oraya. kosa Itr'l; see kll's.
from Ar. barfra 'bag'; also Tna.Amh. kiirii!il, Har.
b .......rasos. bris parasas IICl'lk.:.1'I1'1 ; h.: xarila,
' Gur.
. karatil; in Cushitic: Or. karatit;.
. The k"araya iJ..lf (Y.M) 'become angry'; kasaba I (y.ksab) hr'lO 'circumcise';
1'1 : At.I'l/'l, (l) k• ...oparasas IlC{lAll'I1'I 'chrys- rorm Isara#l (with ~) is probably hypercorrection perhaps to be identified with karaya II 'incite', 'aksaba, causative;
oprase (precious stone)'; through Amharic where s• > •I is normal; thererore I• takarya 'become gloomy'. /akasba, passive, reflexive;
> $ by hypercorrection. kasub 'circumcised';
rrom Gk. khr),soprasos, same. See also kariporiis. kiryii liiyson h.Cf : ""{I', kiryiiliiyson ItCfll kiJsbat 'circumcision';
karit IMol-; see (karaya I), hruy. "'{I', kiriiliiyson h.':'II"{I' 'Lord, have
ka .... tilobe. briso tolobe. korelosotobe IICl'lt maksab (K') 'foreskin';
mercy!' ;
h-Il. ! 11':{I , "'h-Il. ; 1I&.h-{l"'Il., (l) karesoto- kartas IlC;I'I'I 'leaf of a book, scroll, roll, SEMITIC Ar. kawiisib (pI. of kiisib) 'wild animals,
lobe h':'{I"'h-1l. 'chrysolite (precious stone)'; letter, slate, parchment, paper, leaf of paper'; from Gk . kyrie eleeson, same. birds or prey', from a root ksb 'snatch away'; cpo
kartasa 'write' (denominative); Mh. ke~'ob 'snatch, disarm', Ar. (Oman) kassiib
corrupt rrom Gk. khrysolithos, same. Euringer, DC kiruy h.~f (T.M), k"ariiy , ...:.,. (KG) 'pitcher,
jug' . 'highwayman'; related to Heb. kiisap 'break' (Driver
24 (1927).144 considers it a corrupt form of Gk. from Gk. khartes 'leaf of papyrus', through Ar. 1935:62-3), Ar. kasafa 'cut out (cloth.,), hock (.
kryslallos, but the final ~be is unclear. COUld it be qir!iis; also Tna.Amh. kartas 'parchment, paper',
k".. yiiq" I, kiryaq tt-C.e.,... , h.Cf.», (T) beast)', Akk. kasapu 'cut. break off a piece' .
instead or ~se I\.? See also kersimoton. Syr. kar!fsa.
ETHIOPfC: Te. kiiSba 'circumcise', Tna. kiinsiibii, kiifl~
kiyiirq" h.fC""', fourth Coptic month;
JiiM (with augmented fi), Gur. (a)kiissiibii 'pound
krnstun IICI'I1:', krnst.nna hCl'lol-'i'; see kras- k"ariitata tt-.:.1';I' (KG), misspelling for Itt.
corrupt rrom Coptic khoiahk, koiahk. See also kiJ'ii~ the shell of grain'.
lOS. T;I' k"ariipatii. hak, kiriiq"', q"·aryaqK'.
kasaba II (yaksab) hr'lO (KO) 'earn money,
karaya I (yakri, yakray) hlf 'dig (a well, in k""yaq" II tt-Cf"'" (T) 'day of judgment'; make a profit';
kr.stos IlCI'I"'1'I 'Christ';
krastosiiwi 'Christian'; the ground), make holes, dig up, excavate,
from Gk. kyriake '(day) of the lord, of last Day'. from Ar. kasaba; also Amh. klissiibii, Te. kiisba,
peck (the eyes), make cuts or incisions'; See also kiriiqK'. Tna. kiisiibii.
296
k'"asay& k'"asaya 297
k• .ad, k.siid (pI. kJsadar, kasawad, bsawad) kasi'ii hl\./I, (K) kese. h.Il.A 'Orion (
•
-
lltt" , ll"t.i:" 'neck'; tion),; constella. stray, dissolve, decompose, belittle, disprove,
('ag:afa '.stido 'he is stiff-necked, he is stub- refute'; .
(ka.sita lasb;}>t 'incarnation')
Dorn') ; transcription of Heb. kasf/; could kasiJii be Ar . kas/at 'unco . d' '
with the Aramaic article .a? arnalc rak"'asya, passive; . venng, ISC!osure, revelation open-
(,",wJd pbus 'stiff neck, stubbornness'); k"'asyal, .k"'ase~, verb~1 ~oun of k"'asaya; also ~ng, (Gr) prayer composed of verse; taken
SeMITIC': s~ kcnsed 'shoulder', Md. ksada 'throat' ksm, 'aksama hllfloo (M) 'dedicate" , 'abrogation, dlssoiutJOn ; . ro~ the Psalms and recited at funeral serv-
Ices;
(SO Drower~Macuch 224; Kaufman 64 translates it ETHIOPIC: Tna. k"'"smi 'saint to whom a h . SEMiTIC: related to kss, ks~, as in Ar. kassa. kaskasa
'a neck ornament'), Akk. kifiidu 'neck, throat'. dedicated'; to be identified with ksm ' Ct,urch IS 'pound, grind'. Heb. kasas 'divide into portions',
maksat 'opening (n), act of opening, (KG) who
- - uncovers, Who reveals';
Dietrich 298 considers Md. kfada an Akkadian kasam, Akk. kasamu) > .separate > .cu. . (Heb . kiisa~ 'cut off brushwood" Syr. kas 'break into pieces',
loanword. · , F H
de d Icate. assIgn >
or eb. kirsem, see Greenspahn 130. Akk. kasiisu 'chew up'. SE~ITlC.; Brockelmann 1927:28 compares it with Ar.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. ki1sad 'neck', Te. sagad (with me- ETHIOPIC: Tna. kWiisiiyii 'break into pieces'; related kasafa reveal. disclose' > G. Hr, the, of whIch IS
tathesis and assimilation: *SiJkad > sagad), Amh. kosmii "'11"'1 (LI) 'stake'; to k"'iii~e 'break into pieces', Amh. kiisiikkiisii, Gur. due to 'Reimwonbildung' with the opposite kbt
kasad 'back of the neck'. Reinisch 1895: 150 com- 'hide' .
kasama (MA) 'plant stakes' (denominative); kasiikdso 'break a stone or a clod of earth'. For
pares Be. keiiya.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. Amh. kasma 'tent peg'. 'belittle, disparage', cpo Amh. k"'ajiii (from k"'sy) ETH10PIC: Te. kiis/Q 'open', Tna. kiisii/o Amh. kii~.
SOla (from Geez). , .
kasgu hll.,. (T) 'army'. joke', Gur. (a)k'iiSa, Har. qosa; also in Cushitic:
kosmos 1111.,..11 (M) 'WOrld, universe' . Or. qosf, Sam. qoi.
, katta h1-; see kit I, II.
k".s~a ()'Jk'siih) h-II"', (T) kos~. 1111'" 'def- from Gk. kosmos, same.
ecate, relieve the bowels'; kWasay. II h-1It' 'bear a surname, have the
same name as someone else'; . (yaktab) h1-fI (V.Lt) 'write down , write ,
kataba
)ak"'SJ~la, causative; also 'defecate'; k"asara h-tlt:, for k"astara, below. register' ;
makwsi, makli'say 'who has the same name, takatba (Ll), passive:
k'asb 'filth, excrement, dung';
kosasa htltl (LI) 'accuse'; surname' ;
(maktinG k"'iJs~, nJlUjO>G k"as{l 'latrine'); kattibi 'scribe';
mak"sayayiin (pI) 'homonyms';
mi1k"sti~ 'latrine'; from Amh: kiissiisii. Greb~ut, Aethiops 3 (1930). 45 katiib 'writing, message, leuer, book, text, doc-
renders It break ~o pieces and denves it from Ar. ETHIOPIC: Tna. mii's"'si 'namesake', Te. maksa, ument, chann, amulet';
SEMITIC: Dillmann 842 connects it with Ar. kasaha
kassa. However, III the sentence given by Grebaut Amh. miik"Je, mokfe. Gur. mokfe; passed into
'sweep' with a possible development 'sweep> sweep- from Ar. kafaba 'write', kilab 'book'; also Te. kiilba
the verb kss could also mean 'accuse'. Cushitic: Qem. rnokse. See also mk"'sy.
ings > filth> dung'; 'write', Har. kataba, Gur. kiitabii, Amh. kiilliiba
ETHIOPIC Te. kiis~a 'soil, desecrate', Tna. k"";}shi k".set ttll..r; see k"asaya I. 'vaccinate', Tna.Amh.Gur. kJlab 'chann, amu.
kWaskW.sa h-I"h-IP (K') 'be variegated, be
'excrement (of chicken)" Amh. k"'iissa 'defecat~', let'. See also katapa.
kosata I1tl1- (L) 'mix'; speckled' ;
k";}s, kUJ 'excrement', Arg. kaf 'dung (of chicken)',
GUT. kiiSii bard 'have dysentery'; also in Cushitic contraction of kawsala, below. kWasak was, k WaSkwas, kWask"'as, kWasiik"'as, k.tbii h.r1J (T) 'linseed'.
(rather tilan 'passed into Cushitic' as in Leslau k",siik"as, (T) k"ask"as, (L) k"asiik"as
1979:354): AI. kus, Sid. kose, Or. kosi'dirt'. k"astara h-1I"'t: 'sweep, cleanse, wipe away, 'speckled, variegated, multicolored, spotted, kataf. (yak/af) h1-.t 'bind firmly, lie up';
get rid of debris, dust (and so on), purify, black and white (horse, cow)'; takatfa (K '), passive;
kos~. 1111", (M 432 going back to k'asha) prune (trees), correct'; (!"bra k"asiik",s 'of variegated colors); katuj'bound firmly, tied up';
'make peace with one another' is given by'M lak"'aslara, passive; k"atfar, kutfar, (T) brfar 'binding (n), bond,
ETHIOPIC: Amh. k"'iisiikk"'iisii 'paint something multi.
on the authority of Tayy;;, but Tayy;; has only kK"astiiri, act. part. of k"'aslara; colored, speckle'. tie' ,.
the meaning of k'asha •
mentioned above • k'astur, pass. part. of k"astara; also 'dir!' (that SEMITIC: Ar. ka/afa 'lie tbe hands behind the back'.
is, 'what is swept'); kasata (yaksar) hIP.,. 'uncover, disclose, lay Soq. kIf; but also a metathesis in: PbH. ktipat 'tie',
k"ask"asa h-1Ih-tl; see k'ask'asa.
kK"aslar 'sweepings'; bare, expose, reveal, make manifest, divulge, Aram. kapal, Syr. kapal'form into a knot" Md. kPl
k".}skotas, k''";lSk''"ast (pI. k"asiik"asl, k"'asiiklt"asl k"asriir (K') 'sweepings'; discover, open (eyes, mouth, box)'; 'tie, bind'-. Akk. kapatu 'become compact'.
k:as~k:as) tt~tt;1I : ttllttll.r 'pitcher, po!';' mak"'astiir 'rubbish heap, sweepings, refuse, rakasla, passive; also 'be visible, appear, un- ETHIOPIC: Amh. kUlfat~a ad 'hands bound behind
k asak asa may watenng trough'; (TS.K) broom, (L.D) twigs (serving as a cover oneself; the back' (from Geez). See also kaltaJa.
broom), (L) snuffers for a candle'; kaSiiti, act. part. of kasata;
ETHIOPIC: Tna. k"ask"asti 'phial of glass or metal', katolikii, kototikii M·/I. ... j 11-1'/1. ... 'Catholic';
maklt"astar, (Lt) mak"'aslar 'broom, snuffers'; (kasate bar"iin 'illuminator');
Amh. k~ask";}st 'water jug'; also in Cushitic: Kham. from Gk. katholikos; also Te.Amh. katoUk, Tna.
kuskusa, Af. kuskusti. ETHIOPIC: Tna. kWdstiirii 'sweep, wipe off, filter', Te. kasur (fem. kasall) 'revealed, uncovered, bare,
ka/olik, Har. kotaUk.
k>t"iisliira 'sweep away', Amh. k"'asa/liirii 'wipe off, manifest, obvio us, dear, evident, public, open
kose. "'Il.A (0), kiise'e "'1l.1\. (L), kasil, kas'u, sweep away', Our. kostarra 'filtered'. See also kM"a· (eye), visible'; katama I h1-"" (T.Y.M) 'seal, stamp, close,
kisl. hl\.A : hllil' , h.1I1\. (T.M), Hebrew sara. (kasu/a, ba-kasut 'visibly, openly, obviously, vaccinate, tattoo, incise'; (Amh. a!iiqqiirii giv-
month, publicly, plainly');
k"asaya I (yak"si) h-1It' 'separate, divide, in---> en by Y as the translation of G. katama means
transcnplion of Heb. kisJew. kasurawi (Gr) 'pertaining to being revealed'; 'tattoo' rather than 'be black', as rendered
validate, abrogate, rescind, repel, abolish, de- kasir 'disclosure" , by M);
"'atama 298
299 _______________ ~~
~~e~!e::..~m~______________-.:~
rakalm,l 'be vaccinated, be tattooed'; (in the abstain, detain, determine a boundary
-
(K')
meaning 'dlsgui~e oneself' takatm~ is the tr~n~ kete Je m 1\,m.1>,9" (OT) 'house';
"Cnption t.."'If Ar. ta~altama, accordmg to GUIdi
make an enclosure, surround'; ,
W Muller su~gests: With reserV'dlloni, a borrOWing
Is09·458).
(karara bii&ra 'build a dam');
rrom
. Gk khetli;m, a wrong tranSCription of Heb.
. . d· f b from Ar ta~a.l"ala conceive ec(tntn\.: Ideas
(ba'iila kararii 'eve of Epiphany', celebrated on bii!im resulting from a mlsrea mg 0 ~ as:> k.
kJlmdr 'seahng, (T) sign, (Lt) obligation'; kawlala hfDo/l/l (Lt) 'become gtddy'.
the 10th of T~rr; . so called because of the kotme I>'I'''J (T.M), ~'!Jne li'l'''J (D) 'mallow Stt *kolala. >aMnla/a. '
from Ar halama 'seal'; also Te. (>ajktiima 'make practice of dammmg a stream to fonn a
pond); (ki~d of herb)';
an end', . kalmiil 'end', Amh. (ajkiittiimii 'be
finished. come to an cnd', Tna. kiiliimii 'be finished'; rrom Ar. ai!miyy. kawama hmoo (MA) 'burst';
kariirit, fern. of kariiri (T+) 'lion's den' lit
Tc kJlnta 'seal', Amh. kiltlamii 'print'; in Cushitlc: 'thal which bars, encloses'; , . SEMITIC perhaps Ar kiima 'cover (an animal)' lAm.
Sa. kalim 'seal' (n.). See also kalama II. kitrogawlos, ke!"o, gawlos 1t'l'C'1fDoll-lI i bros).
SEMITIC; connected with the root klr 'surround \l.TC' ' 1(1)-11-11 bastn, bowl, Jar, kind of
,.
katama /I h+"" (Lt) 'assign a garrison' (de- make a hedge', a meaning that developed inl~ measure, kwn, kona (y.kun) I>~ 'be, become, there ",
nominative); 'prohibit access': Heb. kilter 'surround', Md. ktr there was, exist, happen, OCcur, come into
'detain, retain', rrom Gk. khYlrogaulos 'kind of pot'.
rakarma (Lt) 'camp, be encamped, (Y) move being, come to pass, take place, be done be
here and there'; ETHIOPIC: Tna.Gur. kiitiirii 'prohibit, prevent, forbid katiiriiqii!en hllJt.?m.') (Lt) 'pelican'; permissible'; with object suffix pronoun,' 'be
kalama 'extremity, utmost, tip, top, summit; access', Har. xiiliira, Tna. kiittiirii 'make a dam see' qa!Oraq!en, and kaliiriiqiilelt. sufficient (for), be enough (for), behoove (to)'
camp, mJlitary camp'; make a fenced-in place', Te. kiitra 'surround, mak~ Note that the predicate noun or adJecttve wtth
blulII (Lt) 'conscripted'; a hedge', Amh. kiittiirii 'screen, surround with a kOat.tme tt'l''I''''1 (T.M) 'cotton plant'
, , kona 'become' is used in the accusative; e.g.,
fence, dam a flowing stream'; passed into Cushillc'
k"mar (Lt) 'conscription'; Qem. kiitiir 'dam up, embank', , kOl/a n.guia 'he became king',
kawaf. (yakuf) hlDL (Gr.267) 'draw (water)',
ErnloPlc' Tc.Tna.Amh.Gur. kiiliima 'military kona + imperfect expresses habttual actton In
'akofa, (L) 'akll'afa 'collect (liquid that falls the past;
camp, city', Har. In kiltambar; 'gate of the com- katar, htr, kOatarit, kotarit, k'~tirit h;t-c , into a receptacle), (L) draw forth, (T) cause a kana + perfect expresses the pluperfect,
pound' (from kaliim/aj ban); Tna kiitliimii 'estab-
lish a permanent camp'. However. it is also possible
h..,.c • h-h~')- , I>;t-,:..,. l tttt."", (Lt) k.tar puddle to form';
:akolla, :akona kawino 'whoever, whatsoever.
that the onginal meamng of kalama is 'compound'
h+C, (Gr.264) htor h.y.c 'capital of a pillar, SEMtTtC: Ar. (Ia)kawwa!a 'assemble (people)'. Note whatever happens, whosoever he may be',
(Gr) crown, wreath of flowers'; that D,IImann 866 suggests reading yiiK'akhju 'they
(as 10 Har kiiliimhiin 'gate {bari! of the compound lakawana (K') 'be fintshed',
(,alim,!) and could be denved from kalama I 'seal', transcription of Gk. khotar, kholharelh, from Heb. accept, they receive' (see wkj) instead of yiikawK"afu. 'akol/a (D t432) 'cause to be',
that 'close In' Ludolf 402 (followed by D,IImann
IS, kogrn 'capital (of pillar)'; also Amh. k"iilaril 'caPI- ETHIOPIC: Tna. ('a)/sojii 'collect the urine or cows'. kon 'sufficiency'; the attested example tS that
852) Identifies kalama 'camp, military camp' with tal of a column' (from Geez). of the 1st pers, sg" that is, kon.ya 'it is suf-
kOlamii 'extremity, top', stating, "vulgo vocantur kawiik.bt h'l'hofl""; see kokab,
ficient for me'; or would it be from kana With
'castra regina', scil. swnma", that is, 'top, summit'. kataraqa!en h;t-t.?m. '}; see kariiriiqii!en, a not-attested suffix pronoun of the 1st per;on';
kawiikah, h'l'h'}'; see k"'ak'ah.
.
k.tin h;t-'} 'flax, linen, cloth, tunic'; kawiil/i, act. part. of kana;
from Ar kaltan 'linen' (for Its Aramaic origin, see
kit J, kalta (yakrat) h+ (K·) 'cut in little
kiwakilu 1t1D1t1\- (KG) 'small house'
kawanit, hll'iinit (pI. kawiin.yiit, [KG] kenOliit)
pieces, beat'; 'creature, being, image, column, obelisk, that
Fracnkel 4:!; for Its Persian ongin, see Vollers
1896:647), also Amh. hlan 'hnen', Som. kilan. In SEMtTIC; Ar. (Dat) kafl 'demolish, cut down', Heb. kawwala hm/l 'form the rearguard, htde'; which is a place of rest (that,s, that which
the other SemitiC languages: Heb. kuttonrJ 'tunic', kala] 'crush fine, crush to pieces', Aram. katle! serves for something)';
takawwala 'stay behind, remain behmd, follow
Aram. kiUiinti, Sn. kellinii. Md. kitana 'linen', 'pound, crush', Ug. kfl 'beaten (copper)', Akk. kala. behind, be the rearguard';
kaw ..al/ 'established';
Ug.Ph kIn, Akk '"i.
k'flnlu (conSIdered to be of
Sumerian origin). For Gk, khilon 'undergarment,
lu 'be short' (from a meaning 'be cut down').
ETHIOPIC: Te. kiilkiita 'hurt, beat', Tna. kiitkiitii
kJWw.1 (K') 'who remains behind'; kawin 'being (n), nature';
kaw;IlG 'condition, quality';
kawalii, kawiilii, k'iilii, (Gr.465) k"awiilii 'be-
coat' borrowed from SemItic, see Masson 29. For 'cut', Amh. kiitiikkiitii 'cut in little pieces, chop up kJwwGlle 'being, origin, generating, essence,
hind, hind part, back part, rearguard';
more details on thiS root, see Baumgartner 480-1. (wood)" Gur. kiJlokiitii 'break into pieces', kiitra existence, nature, statute, condition, quality,
'break bread in half' (from kt'), k'iiCle 'hashed kawala, kawiilii (adv) 'in the rear, afterwards,
manner';
Latapa h+T (T.M) 'write'; meat' (from kIY). later on, in the back';
hrap (T.M) 'wnting'; kunat, k"anar 'bemg (n), commg about, origm,
SEMITIC: related to Ar. (Ia)kayyala 'keep on the essence, mode, situation, station';
see ka/aba. kit II, kalta h+ (K·) 'gather'; rear' (Dillmann 860). makiin (pI. makalliit) 'place, space, room, occa-
'askatata (Lt) 'mobilize' (from Amharic); ETHIOP1C: Te. kJwaJ 'rearguard', kiiwwiiln 'hide', . ,
SlOn ;
btip h;t-T (T) 'wood, tree, bramblebush'; Amh. h. .·ala 'behind', Gur.f'·iilii, with k" > *w > f
ETHtoPtc: Te. kiifla (kll) 'call together', 'akliila (makiina 'in the place [of])'; ,
ETHloPlc perhaps Amh. kiiliib. 'fond of tree'. (Praetorius 1879:522; Leslau 1979:231); also Tn •.
'gather', Tna. kiiliilii 'gather, be mobi lized',
kiiwwiilii 'hide, protect' from an original meaning
makiiniit (pI. of makan) 'oratory;
Latara h+.: (T Y) 'curtam off, screen from Amh.Gur. kiittiitii 'gather, mobilize troops', Har. 'stand behind to protect'. SEMITIC: Ar. kiina 'be, exist', SAr. Kwn 'be, occur',
Vie", bar, prohibtt, forbid access, hinder, stop, xiitiita 'store'; also in Cushitic: Sa.Af. kal 'gather,
come together'.
Mh. kan 'be', Heb. kwn (hif'll) 'be firmty esta~
--. kwl, takewala +h.ID/I (T) 'foretell, predict'; Iished', Aram. ken 'so, thus', Syr. kan 'be, eXist,
kllt.nim 300
kiYi_ ~yd 301
Md, kan, Ph . Ug. kn ' be', Akk. kimu 'be firmly -
m placC'. last ',
SEMITIC Ar. ( ta )kawwasa 'be thrown upside dow' I ked. (yakid) h.~ 'tread , tread down,
ETHIOPIC Tna. ()ak )kawiisii 'stir up' Te k .?' kyd 'I trample down , thresh (by treading)' ,. containing the t h·
ETHIOPIC: Tna.Gur. konii 'be ', Te. >i.. kofl 'no', , . o,sQSQ tramp e, days bee h eac IIlgs of Jesus dunng the 40
(from a root kss or from ks with reduplicat .
AmhGaf. Ilonii (with k > Iz), Arg. hona, Har. :clina: . , 100 of
the last radical) , kus bela move'. Amh. kiiw ," .. lakeda, same; also 'make tread, make h. Ore t e resurrection): ror a bibhogra~
al~o 10 Cushitic : Bil. kUfl 'be', Sa. karl. P }, see Hammerschmidt_SIX 1983 :62 ;
's hk · 'R
a e, stir ·· hI89 5: 149 compares Be "USa
. emlSC k" trample'; .
'stir'. The root is perhaps to be identified With' k Us kayda, paSSIve; ETHIOPIC: Tna, kidan ' .•
kawinim I, II h'l't9"; see kamanim l. II. ( tii )kaYl'iidti 'enter ' pact, c.o"enam , Amh
II. ~ ra _ do 'tread one upon another, trample';
lakOl'a kidan ' pact,
. treaty'. Into a pact wah one another' '
kawinim III h'l't9" (KG) 'priestly garment'; cd,· act. part. of keda ;
kws fl, k wasa IJ..() (T.M), for kosa 11() 'sepa_ kaya ' '.
ka 'yud 'trodden down , . ,
undoubtedly confusion with kamanint (see above),
the fonn kamanim being corrupt from kamam .
rate, sweep, destroy';
see also kws J.
k~'ad (LI) 'tramplmg, treadmg ; kyd llJ, ked. h.f. 'rob';
-d 'something trodden down' ; could it be for ~Jeda, above, with k > II? W Miiller
k"'awanaw ho"'~'tIJ-o; see k"'lJ1tif. km'a
·d I 'treading down, steppmg,. f'
ootstep ; suggests Ar. kado (kyd) 'outWit, deceive , plot'
kawsata hw-()+ (L) 'mix';
~a:ayad, makyad, (Lt) makayad (pI. makiiyad)
k..p, kopa I1T (MA) 'create'; denominative from *kawsat, from kawasa (see kws 'footstool, stool, step, platform, footpnnt, base kiyiihok h..I'Uh, (K') kiyiik h..fh, the fourth
kop (MA) 'creator', I). See also kosola.
COPtic month (corresponding to G, toMii.i) ;
(of a column or of an altar), sole of foot, foot
kwr, kora 11.: (K*) 'carry, load'; (as measure), shoe' ; . from Copt.k_khoiahk , kiahk ; also C'hr.-Ar. -ki)'ahk .
kawawa (yakwaw) hmm (T.Y.K) 'hasten, hurry
kyiid (pI. makyiidiit) 'trampmg-ground, See also kJyarq-", kKiJrJ'iiq~' j, qaryiiq"w.
denominative from kor ·saddle'. be quick, be swift, be agile, be smooth (words)' ,;"3mpled ground, threshold, threshing floor,
lie, cheat';
:~nepress, oil press, footprint, foot (as meas-
,
kawr hw-C 'furnace', (T) = Amh. agodo 'pit kyn I, kena h.~ (K') 'be sharp, be clever' ,
kawaw 'rapid, energetic, swift, agile, smooth
In which the blacksmith melts iron'; (words)' ; ure)'; a denominative from kin, created by KWK
(makyada wayn 'winepress); ,
SEMITIC :Ar. kur 'blacksmith's furnace', Heb. kiir, kalVaw (K) 'rapidity, speed, agility';
(makyada 'akl 'threshmg floor ); kyn +hn (T.M) ' be covered' ,.
Aram.-Syr. klira. Zimmem 32 derives it, with reser- ETHIOPIC: Amh. kiiwwa 'wandering'. . II,
. taksyana
vations. from Akk. kuru (not so von Soden 512; SEMITIC: related to Ar. kadda 'press hard', Ar. mlspnnt for takadana ''''hf.~ ,
Kaufman 65). There is also a form klr (Heb.Ar) kay IJJ'. (0 1407) 'precious stone'. kadid 'ground trampled upon' (Dillmann 872). The
considered an Akkadian loanword according to von connection with Heb. klgOIl 'dart' suggested by Buhl
k"oyiinow li-.fJlD- , k'ayiinow ll-,f'}lD-; see
Soden 484. but not accordmg to Kaufman 65. )4) and Koehler 433 is unlikely. k"'iniit.
kiya- h.!- with nominal suffix pronouns
ETHlOPIC: Tna.Amh. kiiwr 'furnace, melting pot'; ETHIOPIC: Te. keda ·tread upon', Tna. kiidii 'walk',
Cushitic: Af. kiir borrowed from Arabic. expresses the personal pronoun as direct ob.
AmhGur. hedii (with k > h) 'walk, go', Arg. hcdo,
ject; it is used for special emphasis, e.g. kiyti-ya Har. xlga 'stamp, trample'; passed into Cushitic: kiyiirq" h..fC"'" (T), the fourth Coptic
kawra, kora hw-.: , 11.: (Gr.267), ka .... ara
hm.: (K *) 'steer a ship';
'me', kiya-hu 'him, it, the very same'. It is also
followed by a noun in the accusative: e.g, kiyii-
I Sa. kayad 'tread upon'. month;
see kiyiih,k.
lakaH'lI'ara 'steer a ship, keep a steady helm, hii m.dra 'even it, the land', that is, 'the land
(T) turn, go back and forth'; itself'. At times it takes the place of a demon- kyd II, >skeda hh.~ 'take testimony (of wit-
ness)' ; *kys, see 'akiSI h h.1l-r,
SEMITIC : Ar. (South Arabia) kawwara 'place a strative pronoun; e.g. ba-kiya-hom mawQfiJ/ 'in
boat in the water'. those days', kiyii-ha lelita 'on that night'. The lakayada 'stipulate, demand a promise, enter
ETHIOPIC: for "turn', cpo Amh. ( fiin)kiiwarriira. 'wan- direct object may also be expressed with the into a confederacy, make a treaty, form an kaysi (pI. >akYJsI) hf.()' 'serpent, dragon';
der while searching'. object suffix pronouns attached to the verb alliance, make a pact, make a covenant, be ETHIOPIC: Te. kiiys 'snake', Tna, kii~'ifS, kiiy.ti,
and with kiya-; e.g" kiyaka laSiihalakka 'he bound by a covenant, promise, pledge'; Amh. kii,'si (from Geez),
ka .. wara hm.: (K *) 'set traps, catch fish'. was gracious to you' (possibly with emphasis); (lakayada kidiina 'make a treaty');
the derivation of kiyii from k"'.I.yiil (pI. of k"alit)
'Qstaktiyada, causative of takiiyada; also 'unite kiiyse IJJ'./l, (T ' ) 'liver';
k .. s I, kawasa, kosa hm() i 11() (T. Y.M) 'agitate, by covenant';
'kidneys' > 'self suggested by Praetorius, ZDMG could it be a corrupt fonn of kiifs{' (see above)
stir, incite, shake, mingle, mix'; kidim 'covenant, pact, treaty, testimony, alli-
27 (1873). 640 is not convincing. Note that for a 'contents of the stomach' and possibly also 'stom-
'akosa, 'akosa, (T) 'akll'asa 'move (tr), con- noun with suffix pronouns used as a pronoun he ance, will, testament, promise made by God to ach', as ill Te, kii<as 's-tomach'? For 'stomach' and
found, trouble, perturb, disturb'; quotes Tna. nass-u 'he' from niifsu 'his soul', or Ihe Virgin'; 'liver', cp. G. kiibd 'liver' and Amh. hod « kdMI
lakaH'sa, takawsa, passive; also 'move (intr), Amh. assu, arsu 'he' from ra'su 'his head'. It would (kidiin balil wahaddiis
•
'Old and New Testa- 'stomach'.
be turned away_ blaze'; seem that kiya- comes from *ka-'a, to be compared ment');
lakiill'asa 'be perturbed, be moved (tossed) with zi'a- from za- (see also Rundgren 1955: 188). (kidall a m'(lrat 'testament [pact] of grace'
As for ka it is perhaps a prepositional element (cp.
kiza h." (T.M) 'arrow';
here and there'; [epithet of Mary]), promise made to a saint to
Amh. kii) which becomes in Geez an element for the W. Muller suggests an Arabic origin: !Ii;ii', pI. of
hwwus, pass. part. of kawasa; grant all the prayers performed in his name');
expression of the direct object. hi::wa, huzwa 'arrow'; however, Ar.!t becoming k in
(ma,(a)ha/a kidan 'the Book of the Covenant' io~nw~rd's is not nonnaL
302
kaZata
hub.1 hnllA (T) 'measure of grain '. -
kzr, tahir +'lIlC (Tl 'souvenl' r
brance'; , rernern.
huma hnOD (MA) = Amh. diilliisii ' repair
somethmg broken by pla~tering over the metathesis of the root zkr. zaka,.a , lazkir 'rem
bra nee.. em·
crad. s, anoint the hair, anOInt the balI wIth
butter and plaster down the hair with it'. kazara hn.: (MA) 'migrate, be Uprooted '.
L "
I
I. II 'to, toward, for, to the advantage of, with
regard to, accord,mg t?, .of (as 111 bet-u la-nagus la'k (fern. /Q,.kt) 'messenger, servant, attend-
'the king's house, Itt. hIs-house of-tor to) the- ant, deacon, minister, apostle';
la>iiki, liilki, same ;
king'; for more details, see Dillmann 1907 :
391-2; Lambdin 44-5) ; la'uk 'sent, messenger, apostle, cantor (ecclesias_
tIC) of lower rank",
it indicates purpose : e.g. sannay la bali· 'good
to eat'; mabak (pI. ma/Q'akl) 'messenger, angel, gover-
it serves for the expression of the direct comple- nor, prefect, prince, chief, captain, ruler,
commander' ;
ment (see Dillmann 1907 :391);
mabakiiwi (Gr.37) 'angelic';
la- prefixed to the jussive expresses a wish, a
command or an injunction; e.g. la-yakun bar- mal(a),.kt 'letter, message, epistle, duty, bUsi-
hiin 'let there be light!' ; ness, service, cult, mission, ministry, function ,
office, legation';
for la- with the suffix pronouns, see Dillmann
1907:406; see also lita; (ma, ( a) ~a/a mal( a) 'akl 'message');
lalaliiki 'servant, minister, deacon';
lalla- (repeated la) expresses the distributive,
lala'ako( I) 'service, serving' ;
'(at, for) every, each'; e.g. lalla ba·al 'at every
feast' ; SEMITIC : Ar. 'a/'aka 'send' (for mabak 'angel ' bor.
with suffix pronouns the base is lalli-, lalla-; rowed from G . mabak, see Jeffery 269), Heb. ma/.ats
e.g. lallaya 'for my part', lallihu 'he himself, he 'messenger, angel' , Aram , Syr, mat'a/pi, Md. m( aJla.
ka, Ph , mJ.k, Ug, t'k 'send" mlak 'messenger'. For
alone', and so on (see Dillmann 1907:344,
374); G. mabakt 'business, service', cpo Heb. mala(' J!sii
'work, job'. As for Heb. m.lii (')~ii 'service' (from
SEMITIC and EnnoPlc : la, Ii, {tI, Te. >a/. For this "k 'send'), Kopf 152 compares Heb. miSla~ yag
particle in Semitic, see Brockelmann 1913 : 377ff; in 'undertaking', from il~ 'send'. On Heb. ma/.a~ ,
Ethiopic, see Leslau 1956:51 , 149. For the expres- malii(') ~ii, see Barr 160.
sion of the distributive, see Dillmann 1907:373-5. ETHIOPIC: Te. lii'aka 'send', Tna. tiilalsa, Amb. Gar.
GUf. laka, Arg. lanaka, Hac. la'axa , taxa; Amh.
lo'ofo (yal'a/) flh.r. (T) 'take a morsel, gulp, 1.'Uk 'envoy' (from Geez). For G. mal'ak, see Noel-
eat avidly'; deke 1910:34. The root passed into Cushitic : Sa . liik
/tif, (T) lai'food, morsel, bait, (K) soft food'; 'send'. See also mt'k.
SEMITIC: Ar. la'ifa 'eat becomingly', Soq. Ii 'eat'. la·d fI{)f: (T) 'butter' ;
ETHIOPIC ; Amh. la/ii 'swallow without chewing, eat misprint for lasd flllf: .
quickly'; also in Cushitic : Som. Af. /Q'at ' bait', Sa.
/a,if. la'ala (yal·al) flOII, 100Ia AM 'be high, be
superior, be elevated';
lo'oko (yal'ak) flhh 'send, commission'; ·alrala, 'alarala 'lift up, raise, elevate, exalt,
lal.'ka 'be sent, serve (lit. 'be senf), assist, be extol' ; .
employed, minister, administer'; la/a</a, talarala, tatarala, (T) talalala 'rise, rise
lalii'aka 'correspond' (that is, 'send messages to up, raise oneself, be raised, be lifted, ascend,
one another');
be superior, be exalted, be extolled' ;
li,I.... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~3::.:0:..:4_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~I.~b~b.~b~
labada
305
'iQ .... 'ald'a/a 'extol'. 'al'ola (by assimilation <o/<alii) 'raise' are deno . labesit
. ,
'o.Haliitala 'raise up, help to raise lip : tives. Sec also ~al'ala. mma_ t.bbub 'knowing, prudent, perspicacious, atten-
Io-.i/i. a(l. part. of /O(Olcl; tive, moderate, soothed, quiet'; labaka /lOh (MA) 'touch, reach';
la'lo's "j)A~ (K. Y.M), la'lo's "'-A>, (T) 'stam_
/."111 (frm. le'Jlt) 'Iugh, upper, lofty, elevated,
mer, stutter;
I,bbabannli 'prudence, moderation, presence of ~EMITIC: Ar. lobaka 'mix' (which is done by touch
,upenor. Most HIgh, exalted';
'a/ae/,J<a (Gr), causative;
mind' ; 109), Amm.-Syr. I'ila~ ·Iay hold of. hold fasl' -
Ili'I'the above, height, elevation': IJbbawi 'pertaining to the mind, rational'; ETHIOPIC: Te. liibbiika 'rub in'.
1tJ-/u 'above, upward'; la/ii</iJra 'stammer, stutter';
/.bbubiiwi 'pertaining to knowing, prudent,
/iic/ii( 'stammerer, stutterer'; lobn A1l1 'storax tree" ,
(~<I-/,NII ·upon it, at its top'); that comes from the heart (feelings, words)';
('.l1l1-IiNu 'from rhe top'); /O(/o(a /;;SSiill, /iir/(JeQ /(Jssiin 'stammerer" 'albabi 'who gives intelligence'; (maya labn 'storax'. lit 'water [sap] of the
, storax tree');
(:a-lii'lu 'upper, the upper olle'); SEMITIC':Ar. loga (lgw), lagiya 'make mistakes i SEMITIC: AI. lubb 'hearl', SAr. Ib, Soq. 'ilbib, Heb.
liNa ·aoo\·e. ag3insl, on, upon, over, about. spcaking, talk nonsense', Heb. In (or hv'?) 'stutter'~ leb, Aram. libba, SYI. lebba, Md. liba, Ug. Ib, Akk. ~EMITJC: Ar.
storax tree'.
lubnii 'storax', SAr. lbny, Heb. libnr
_
cOTlcerning'; with suffix pronouns the fonn is possibly related to Ar. laglago 'stamme r', Aram.' Ubbu. For the denominative, cpo Heb. Ibb (nif<al)
/iNe-; ligle., Syr. la.lelf, Md. lag, fig, and 'Ig, I<g: Heb. 'become understanding'. Delitzsch 89 explains the ETHI~~IC: Amh. labn 'myrrh' (from Geez); also
'il/eg 'stammer", Syr. I,'e. (Brockelmann 1928: 368 CUShltlC: Af. lawin. louwin.
(ha-I,]</a 'aoove, on high. upon, in, by, roo t Ibb (libbu 'hearl') through Akk. lababu 'in
under /;reg). '
through, agains"), unruhiger Bewegung sein, aufgeregt scin'; however,
Tna. IOflii(e 'stammer', Amh. la>/a. the translation of Akk. labfibu 'rage' (CAD, vo1.9, lobne ~,ll~:kind of tree'; T renders it by Amh.
('>II1-IeNa 'from above, from on high, from'); ETHIOPIC':
'tongue·tied' (from Geez); note Te. lar/ii-a 'speak in p. 7), 'wuten' (von Soden 521) does not seem to I,mba, a kind of palm tree'; KG renders it by
/11 1,11(, 'height, altitude. summit';
an animated way'. ravor this explanation. Amh. lamf/1;J{ 'a kind of tree whose twigs are
I,'"bnlltl ·height, exaltation, (LI) high rank'; used as toothbrushes'.
I,Ndy. l,i'lii'lIl 'upper, high, superior'; ETHIOPIC: Te. [iibba (lbb) 'be intelligent, be clever',
Is'at /I'}-l- 'hilt, haft, handle';
liJfuliiwi. /U'illiiwi 'high, upper. superior. sub- Tna. liibiibii, Amh. liibbiibii, denominatives from lobbuna Art'i; see labbawa.
la'ala (K ') 'make a handle, put mto•
the Ib(b) 'hearl': Te.Amh.GuI. labb 'hean', Tna. I,bbi,
lime, ascendant': handle' (denominative);
ma/fiil Arg. I,b(b); passed into Cushitic: Bil. IibM 'pru-
'c!C\ ated place. summit'; labss (yalbas) /lllt'l 'clothe oneself, put on
ETHIOPIC; Te. Tna. lii(at 'hand le (of a knife)', Amh. dence'. See also labbawa.
ma/'ali, 'ahili 'who elevates'; clothes, wear'; also 'clothe (e.g. labsa la'ad-
lar: also in Cushitic: Sa. local. dam 'he clothed Adam');
ma/(,l/ 'who raises, who elevates': labads /lOy' (KBT 17) 'plug, cover with a coat-
mal"'/o (D 14c6) 'upward, above': lobb Al1; see labbaba. ing of plaster or dung, cover with a sticky 'a/basa 'clothe, dress';
m,l/'JI 'summit'; su bstance' ; talabsa, passive, reflexive;
mal,.11 'upper part of everything. height, high lib;; II.fJ 'south, southwest, (Gr.28) sirocco'; talabasa 'disguise oneself, put on ostentatious
SEMITIC: Ar. labida 'stick, cleave', perhaps SAr. Imd clothes' ;
place, higher part, top'; from Gk. liba (acc. of lips 'south'); also in Te. liba (?) 'harden (a surface) with cement" (Biella 260)
ma/~<}/ta 'on, abo\·e. over. upward, on top of'; 'southwest wind', Tna.Amh. Iiba -northeast, si- 'coa t with plaster'. 'aslallibasa (GI.29) 'clothe several persons';
""/'all 'high place': rocco', Syr. {fila 'southwest wind'; for Ar. labag, ETHIOPIC: Te. labd 'ointment for the hair'; Tna.
labasi, act part of labsa;
la/,'<alol ·helght, excellency'; likewise from Gk., see Dozy II 510. Idbada 'gl ue (the griddle) with mud', Amh. labbada labus (fern. I.bast ) 'dressed, clothed';
'plug, paste on'; related to laba!a, see below. labs (pI. 'albas, labsat, 'albasat) 'clothes, gar-
lababs (plb,b) /lOll (K 'J 'put on a halter or
Sn.IITIC. Ar 'alii 'go up', SAr. ~/y. Soq. 'evli 'be headstall' ;
ment, apparel, tunic, curtain (of court), silk
hi!!h'. Her.. 'alii ('~I" 'go up, ascend', Aram. (alii, I.bd All.l:' (GI.400) 'horse blanket'; veil of oblation in the church';
'aft; 'g~l up'_ S) r 'tllIi (pace!) "raise', Akk. etu 'go up'. either from Amh. liibbiibii or from Ar. labbaba /absal (n.) 'dressing, clothing';
'tighten the breast collar on a horse'; also in Tna.
from Ar. libd; also PbH. I~P~<J 'felted stuff', Te.
F Rundgren. Onfl/{Il/ia 28 (1959), 364ff. compares I,bdal 'saddle pad', Tna. labdi, Amh. I,M 'albasi, rnalbasi (OL29) 'who clothes';
the Ak kaJlan ff'lml Ilth-II'I 'rise, fHise oncseJr. a /_ Idbiibii, Te. labab 'front strap of the saddle of the rnalbas, malbast (pI. rnallibas) 'clothing, gar-
form fH1m ·ukhi < ·/0"11/01 "> ·'erclf(wlth aggluti- mule', Gur. I,bab 'headstall'. . ,
lab~a /111'" (T.Y. MA) 'make earthenware, ment. tumc, cover;
lated I. 'r" hlLI-t S(,C' hela,",), from a root .,,(1'
Isbbaba /100 (T.Y) 'understand, be intelligent, work iron'; SEMITIC: Ar. labisa 'wear, put on a gannent', SAr.
Prcpmlli0n 'on.:lbOh" AT 'ala. SAr. N (for the
tnlltal I, "L"C Ethi('PIC bcl0W), Heb Syr. Aram. '01. be perspicacious, pay attention' (denominative 'albaha (Gr), causative: Ib51. Mh. /fbes, Heb. taqei, iapas, Aram.-Syr. /apes,
\Id. al. from labb); lab~ (T) 'clay, (G.r) earthenware'; Md.Ug. 1M, Akk. labiislI.
fTHIOPK N arose from the preposition /0 aggluti- labb (pI. 'albab) 'heart, mind, understanding, lab~ii 'eart henware, an earthen vessel'; ErnloPlc: Te. labsa 'dress', Tna.Gur. liibiisii.
Amh.Gaf. labbasa, Arg. labbasa, Hal. labasa.
nated to the root '/r'
. Te lu'al 'on, above" Tna. /;}./i, intellect, consciousness, ideas: middle' (as in laba~, laba~i (TS), laba~liwi, lab~liwi (D)
Gur la/a, Amh IJ'Il/ 'hIgh, exalted. prince' (from labba blihr 'heart of the sea, middle of the 'potter' ;
Ibs, 'slb;;s hAfJll (T) 'body of troops, princes':
(icez). The final t IS palatalized In Amb. lay 'on, sea) ; ETHIOPIC: Amh. liibah 'clay, brick' (from Geez), See
abo,c. Har. /a'a.!, GaL la.~M (for which see Leslau (balabb 'by heart'); also lab~awa. the root is perhaps ·lbs.
Iq5~q). I'or the agglutinalion of the I, cp. SYI. 1,'01 (t'(lUta I,bb 'modest'; takkuza l,bb, l;azuna lab,b
'tip"ard, abo\.., SAr N. Md. '" (see Semllic. above). Isbesat /I/l,I'I-l- (KD 1399) 'caldrons';
'sad, afflicted': dakuma labb 'discouraged; lab~aw. /ll1"'w (Y) 'make earthenware';
The lerbs of G. la'ala 'be high·, Tna. la'alii. Te. from Gk. lebb 'caldron', with the Geez plural
'abbuya I,bb 'haughty, arrogant'); denominative from loblJii or lablJawi; see lab~la. marker -iii. See also balbisat.
I.bat.
• 306
Itf lifaql 307
lab.!a It'.lb't) t\l1m 'overlay (with m~tal, labh.wanna (K 0) 'intelligence, wiSdom
•
- tagn
wood), plate, gild, smear (with a coatmg) ; dence'; , pru· which is buried with the dead in order
lagab. /\111 (T.Y.M) 'sew, patch, tnm the ed~e
names . h E'
'alba la, causative; lalabbawi, part. of ~a/abbawa; ble their entry mto eaven: see unnger,
to ena
. talia 9 (1940). 7699'
- . L"f
a gren, OS II of the leather, be superficially healed': note
talahta, pass. of labata; also 'welter (in one's Orten .
blood)';
malabbaw 'teacher'; also participle of 'alab_
(1962).95-120; E.A. Walhs Budge, The Bandlet that Amh. lliggiimii (translatIon of G. laga~<I
bawa;
labari (Gr,35), act. part. of laba!a; . 01 Righteousness [London, 1929], Walker 21, gIVen by Y 324) also means 'be inactive, be
l.bll! (fern. I.b.t!, for I.b.!t) 'overlatd, plated, denominative either directly from labb 'heart' lazy, shnnk', meanings that come close to 'be
53);
smeared with a coating'; from a fonn such as labbaw; 'rational'. The denom~~ superficially healed';
natives formed with final ~wa are frequent forma. r Ic; Ar. laffa 'wrap up, roll up', PbH. MUaU
I,I>!al 'act of overlaying, plating';
tions in Geez; cpo ga~.Jawa. from gaJ.J. For laM, see 'wrap', Aram. /apa~, Syr. Iap ,..,
S,"I Jom,
Md . Iup ( lpp), SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. lagamu 'sew' wtth aJlernancc
of labials (Ambros); ,
Sl::MJTJC perhaps related to Ar. lii!a (lwtJ 'plaster, labbaba, above. For other denominatives from liJbb Akk . lapapu 'wrap.
ErHlOPIe: Te. liiffiifa 'roll up, decree', Tna. lafiifii, ErHloPlc: Te. liigba 'patch', Tno.Amh. liiKKiiba, a
overlay with clay', Heb. liir (lw!) 'enwrap, envelop' cpo Tna.Amh. liibbiimii 'be intelligent, be prUdent' vanant of liiqqiibii.
(so also Armbruster 59, Leslau 1958; 28), with alter- be perspicacious', Gur. lebbiimii 'economize, b~ Amh liiffiifii
nancc b: 11'. thrifty', from labbam 'intelligent, careful', from labb' I.faqa I t\lo4' (D) 'adhere, r~ac~ by pursuing, lagaga t\n (T.Y.KBT 19) 'drool, produce sali-
va' ,.
ETHIOPIC: Te. liibbiita 'besmear, cover', Tna.Amh. Amh. liibbiiwii 'be intelligent' is taken from Geez:
See also labbaba. (T.Y.M) arrive, be near, receIve;
liibbiiro 'overlay (wiih metal, wood, etc)'. See also
labada. SEMITIC; Ar. ltifiqa 'obtain' (that is, 'reach Some. ~EMJTtC; Ar. (Yemen) laggat 'drool, drivel', lugag
labbiwi ':Vl'l! ; see laMaba. saliva, dnvel' (W. Muller).
thing'). .. , ,
labiton
• t\fl(ll1 'short, sleeveless tunic worn by ETHIOPIC: Te. (ra)lafaqa be pressed together (that ETHIOPIC: Amb. laggiiga; passed into Cushitic:
monks' ; labbaya t\l1f 'err, be ignorant, blunder, be . 'stick to one another), Gur. (tii)liiffiiqii 'be Qem. I~gag 'saliva'. Conti Rossini 1912:123 Com-
pares Qua, 10&, Bil. laq.
from Gk. leberollarion, same; also Amh. labironar;
undecided, be perplexed, offend'; IS,
pressed (people in a room ) , be crammed'
nar. See also lab;roniir. 'albaya 'induce into error, mislead, (T) make Igm, see rna/gam.
disappear' ; lafaqa 1I t\lo4' (K 0) 'be stained, be dirty, be
>alabbaya (KO), caus. of laMaya; smeared with dirt'.
labitonir
•
•
t\fltfl"C 'short, sleeveless tUniC lagama t\1 00 (KBT 28) 'become inactive, work
(worn by monks)'; 'astalabbaya, (Gr.492) 'astalabaya 'consider slowly' ;
lafaqa 1Il t\lo4' (T) 'be distrustful, doubt';
something as arisen through error and reject it, Toa.Amh. liiggiima 'be inactive', Te .
from Ok. lebetonarion. same; also Amh. labironar; SEMITIC : perhaps Ar. laffaqa 'embelIish (a narration ETH10PIC:
see labitoll. make disappear, consider to be in error, be with lies), forge (a story),. liigma 'be incurable', Gur. liiggiimii 'work slackly'.
reckless, (K ') mislead';
labitos Mltflil (Lt), same as labi!onar. labbuy 'erroneous, arisen through error, reck- lafasa
•
t\loll 'knead, crush'; lag"ama (yalg"am) t\1-oo 'rein (v.), bridle,
•
less, blamed because of having been in error, talaha (K'), passive; curb, restrain, hold in check, shut off (denomi-
labbawa MIlD 'possess understanding, under- (T) lazy'; l'lu~ 'kneaded, mixed'; native from I,g"am);
stand, comprehend, perceive, be clever, be lahat 'kneading' (n.); la/gWama, causative; also 'rein, bridle, to si-
ETHIOPIC: Reinisch 1887: 250 compares Bil.Qua.
mindful, devise, take heed, beware'; lence' ;
/iib, Kham. lib 'fall, attack'. ETHIOPlc; Tna. liifii~ii 'plaster', Amh. liiffii!ii
'alabbawa, ca us. of labbawa; also 'instruct, 'knead'. See also laf!. la/ag"'ma, passive; also ' be silent, be quiet';
give understanding, make intelligent, (Gr.33) lad I:IY:, ladat I:IY.T; see walada. /ag"'iimi, act. part. of /ag"'ama; also 'groom';
inspire' ; laft A'i:T (T.D 1393) 'share, portion'; I.gllm (Gr) 'bridled, restrained. repressed, over-
loda /\-9; see Iwd. come' :
talabbawa 'be comprehended, be understoOd';. • •
perhaps derived from laJaya 'divide, share'.
labbaH'o 'inteIJigence, cleverness, prudence'; laffa t\lo; see Iff. lag"om (pI. lag"limat, 'alg"am) 'bridle, rein,
laf! t\'i:1' (T) 'evening meal'; halter, band, tie';
labbawi, see I.bb.w; also 'rational, intelligent,
who (that) reasons'; laCe t\J..; see fe, and lafaya. related to lafasa 'knead' (see above), or would it be malg"am (Gr) 'bridle';
I.bb.... 'wise, understanding, intelligent, lafeyat (Lt) 'sides'. a graphic confUSion with +'i''I' qaf!? malg"am, malg".mi (Lt) 'which curbs, which
comprehending, prudent, skilled, learned'; binds' ;
lafaya t\lof 'separate, divide, move here and
(I.bbawa 'skilfully'); lufi Irt. (T), first month of the year (maska- there, (Y) err'; ETHIOPIC: Noeldeke 1910:41 derives G. I.g'am
I.bbawe 'intelligence, prudence, mind, intel- ram 'September'), 'beginning of the dry season'. [alafaya, passive; from a rarely attested Aram.Syr. la~iimii. Illgmo
lect' ,. 'bridle', but it is perhaps rather borrowed from A,f.
Iff, laffa, laCaCa (Y~If.j) t\lo ! IIlolo (T. Y) 'write, denominative from lafe (see fe, above). See also lafl. ligiim 'bridle', for which see Fraenkel 100; al~o 10
labbuna, I.bbona 'understanding, comprehen- roll around, cover';
lag. A"IlJ (DTW) 'the milk secreted a few days Te. lagam 'bridle', Tna.Amh.Arg.Gaf.Gur. I.g am.
sion. intelligence, insight, wisdom, reason, rea-
'alfafa (T), causative; also 'decree'; Brockelmann 1928:359 connects the root wtth Syr.
soning, prudence, attention, skill, cleverness'; before and after childbed';
lafof'scroll, (T) writing'; lugmii 'jaw'.
(ba-I.bbuna 'attentively');
(lafafa fadq 'Bandlet of Righteousness, Decree SEMITIC: S~. lega. 'suck (teats),. -
labbuntiK'; 'wise, understanding, attentive'; of Righteousness', a scroll containing magIc E1lIIOPIC: Tna. liiga!, laga( 'colostrum', Amh. /aga' lagn t\"I1, (T,M) lagn 1:1"1') 'cake, wafer';
(from Geez). {note that Amh. +1.'; qafo 'beehive', a transla-
308
lohlaYa
...
ibJDI~ _-----------------------~.30~9------------_________ lahua
-
h} Tan. 147 for G. lag" is strange;
tl<'11 tll,'cn
- U"" (Lt) 'hum, flame', 25'1. ., 'gam,t Greenfield, /I( ( 1 2' (910)2\204
legewon, legowon /\,1.1"1 : /\,"11"1, name of Iab''''' /If Jahaha, above
It " perhaps a nllSpnnt for J!::t:. d.(o 'kind of demon, body of demons; who ,Interprets Heb. Ihq ai meaning 'band. tom...
bread', a Iranslalion given by Tayyii 147 for want 0 pan)' connet:tmg It v.nh o\r lhq 'O\·c:rt.lkc. reach
{'.I!n); from Gk. legeon, from Lat. legio 'body of soldiers' • I '0/1"1111) 11119", (K) li~m 1I.l.?" 'ox, with a po~slble pa\\age of meanmg 'JOin' Pr~c:to
lib'" bullock,
(P
cow ,
,
. nm.. Z[),\fG 47 (1893), ~'H c\lnnCCLS G IJhqa With
lag"'''' ("') 'bake cakes' (denominative), logyon, logiyon, logyo 11-"11"1 : 11-1.1"1 I I\- bull, 1-", [LtJ 'buffalo ): AT lahula 'become ",hue'. pn."Sumahlv hccausc of
from GJ. lagll'IOII "thm and broad cake'; also In "II" 'oracular breastplate of the high P,iest' IJilmo ga< a ,
, ( . ' lohm 'calf ); age (so aho Lmdberg SJ, n t. and Brocl-:lmann
,Syr. I{'~na. lagna "a cake made of flour and oil'
- - from Gk. logeion 'oracle'; it translates Heb h .
. . osrn,
lIJ'JIIO
. romel 1879: 103, n. ~ compares It Wit
'h 19.:!8 360), The connectl\1n Wllh Ar qtlha/a \"It'fall
down due 10 mfinnuy {'If ('lId age', qll~ala \"11 'be
log"on A 1'1, (T) I.g"an A 1-1 'kind of meas- $r'dJTIC ~o .tlahdmim 'who are swallowed greedl'
ure, uten!'i1 serving as a measure. container for
lohaba Valhah) /lUll, (T) lohbo AuO 'burn
(Intr'I' blaze, flame, (Y K.MA.M), be warm, per.
Hcb.
"
1hm
iO ml_ 'swallow greedily'.
lahlllw. .
""m h
'aged ox'
b II
weakened through age' . . uggc~ted h) Dlllmann 15 i
not connncing.
grain, (T) POI'; also = Amh. mamma 'shelter spire; I) "",r. .ft . n of EthlOplC lIun wit He. f'l'm
erected on poles or in a tree for guarding crops The IdcntJ cal1~f od' in general. 'bread' In Hebrew, ETHIOPIC Amh.Gur,luqii 'gro\\, gro\\ up' Adem
'alhaha 'burn (tL), ignite';
',,,a d' (lhallSb' )0which goes back 10 Isenberg 6 and cd noun II" 'chlcf' occurs 10 G Amh.Tc Jnd Tum.
or cattle';
lalahaba 'be inflamed, be ignited'; , n Ara IC . nya (see below). The root pa'~ed Into (u'ihlllio:: -
'meal I b Annbuster 29, and Ullendorff, I T 6 Kam. Jafo 'grow', Had. Ji'ti·J.J;o, \\uh q
from Gk. la~l"os 'measure for liquids'; also In lahub 'ignited, inflamed, warm'; "taken up Y d ubtful . G Krotkoff, 11'7/\ M 6"
Amh. IOKt/n 'potlery vessel'; in Semitic: Ar. /ugna 6) 192 IS 0
liihb 'flame, heat, glow, warmth, perspiration" (195. 82 I kewise expresses doubts concerning I.hso, lahaso &\111'1 : /1111'1, (Y) la~a.a, lo~"
(for which sec FraenkeJ 130·1). Aram.-Syr. liJglllii , (1969).76' . I
laMal (Lt) 'heat, (Gr) flame';
'bottle. vessel'. Md lugiana; Akkadian Iigi"nu~ h- th compaTison, , 'A h "- /1",1'1 : A.l.1'I 'vamsh, di,app«IT. depart from.
'alhiihi (J) 'who ignites'; IS . lna. fahmi, Ja~unj, lam cow. m" rg, (T Y) be sent awa} , be dISpersed',
KUlu quoted by Drower-Macuch 232 in the meaning
El1HOP1C. 1_ Gaf iilii"," There i!<> pcrhap~ a
of 'measure of gram' (on the authority of Zimmern) SEMITIC: Ar. lafriba 'flame' (v.), Mh. lahab 'fl.me' l 1 Har. am,· . ' , ' L'h lul"h .." (D 1425), lal"hus" (T) 'ghde away, es-
ISregistered \\':Ith (hiS meaning neither in von Soden (n.), Heb. lahaq, labba, SYL Ihb 10 salhe~ 'flame' (v), an. '
oonne<:t1on WI t h Cushitlc: BII /,nl'l CO .... , l'\. am,
cape, 'anish, dISappear, (M) elapse, (T) be sent
nor In CAD. See also l.1gna( Aram. lallti~ii 'flame' (n.), sQlheq 'mfl.me', Akk. /Jlla. ",llh m > \I'
/a>bu 'contagious fever'. For the secondary saf.cl-
awa}' :
ETHIOPIC" Relnlsch 1890: 27 compares Sa. algen
formation ilhb in the various Semitic languages, see l'IHI'l!'alhaq) AU"', (KG) I.~qa A/~4' 'grow,
'ca~e, box' ETHIOPI( connected \\Ith Cu!;hitlc: S(lm, lOw 'bTln~
Rabm, EI 9 (1969). 152. groll up, reach ~anhood, grow old, to .tn end'
I.gnat A"I~T 'porridge, container for grain, ETHloPlc: Amh. laba 'be warm, perspire', Amh, (:a-valah.q 'elder); . ..
beehll'e' , lah.b 'flame' (n.), from Geez; Te. Idhaba, I.h.b bela 'alh~qa, 'alhaqa 'bnng up, rear, make grow, lahaya "Of (T.M) 'comfort oneself, amuse
'perspire', Tna. lahbiit 'perspiration' (for the Indo. I make grow old'; , one.elf, enJoy oneself, .
lagl/ala (M) 'prepare porridge' (denominative);
European root for 'sweat' going back to 'heat', see IQI,hqa 'become old, become a presbyter (de- IJh",,, 'comfort, play'; (T Y M) hihuru 'comlort
ror 'container for grain, beehive', see liJg\m. above. Buck 264). The root Ihh > Ib, reduplicated as Iblb, one another' IS undoubtedly for lalii"ul'u~
nominative of lahiq); .
Jigir II.1.C 'kind of precious stone'; Occurs in Te. liib/iiha 'singe, kindlc', liiblib 'Rame', IOlalwqa (K·) 'compele, wllh someone III 'd/haya 'comfort, free someone from anxiety,
,
Tna. Idbldbd 'flame, flare', Amh. labal/iiba, HaT. (T) entertam, alUuse , .
from Gk. IigyrQ.f. same; see also lagiryon. height, status, and so on, _
llibllib 'flame' (n.), GUT. lablil/iibli 'bum the surlacc' lala"al'a (T.GT.20) 'be m motIOn, be III move-
'osraliihaqa (K '), caus. of lalallllqa;
lagiryon /l1.CI"1, (K) lag.ryon /I"IC1"1 'kind I'hiq (fem.lahiql, I.haql) 'grown-up, adult, old, ment, be agitated',
Ihh, lah.ho /lUU (T.Y.M) 'draw water';
of precIOus stone': old man, senior, presbyter'; /alii/lll,a, 1"lahara, (T) IIIlahal'" 'play, amuse
probably to be idenlified With IQha~a 'be humid' oneseli, enJoy oneself. amuse one another,
from Gk, ligyrion, diminutive of iJgyros. same; also For a connection between 'draw water' and 'be liq, see below; . . "
In Syr. liKQI"r~yiin, See also JigIT, I'hqal (n.) 'maturing, growlllg up, growth, comfort one another, play a mUSical mstru-
hUTmd', cpo Amh, qiidda 'draw water' and qaddaw 'it , ment, (Gr.492) play together, (T) go here and
rained heavily' I'hqiil 'old age, mature age,
logat A1T 'hut, booth, cottage, storehouse, there', d t'
thatched house'; I'hqiill 'seniority, (TS) old age', .,.
lihJo IIUII- (T.M) 'iron ring of the plow', (T') 'entu/ahara 'amuse. entertalO, Iver ,
I,hqallnii 'old age, dignity of elder, pnnelpah-
could be deri\'ed from walaga, below, but the = Amh. alalo 'round. black stone used for 1;lii"iiyi :who plays, pla~er';
t y' ; •
connection IS doubtful. crushing cotton seeds'; laliill<1l'o (K) 'movement, . '
'alhiiqi (K'.J) 'who bnngs up, foster fa~her;_
ta/ahJ'~,o 'amusement. mirth, pastimes:,
log"at A1-T 'abyss, depth, pool of water, liihlawa (T.M) 'make the iron ring of the plow' malh.qr (pI. malhaqliil, maliihaql, malah:,qtal,
(denominati vel. 1,/"il :play, amusement, entertammenl, '.
whirlpool, (D 1427) a piece of land' (in the ITI maliih.ql) 'eldest, elder, senior, c1uef : - (G 20) 'place reserved for p(aymg ,
expression lag" ala madr); malh.qa bel (Lt) 'steward'; II
mJ IOV r. I_I "
lihlawa IIU/lm (T.M); see liihlo. masta/a . -h J}' (K') , act. part. of 'asia a wla,
, •
lag'ala (K·) 'be deep' (denominative); SEMITIC; Soq. dileq 'be numerous' CO~lfig f ro m di./. - Ih' Ihv) 'amuse on",ell, play,
S'MI1'I(" Ar lu~g, lugga 'depth of the sea, abyss, lahlaya /lU/lf (T) 'comfort oneself, console ('who, which') i/eq 'is numerous', pI. ·,I·eq, from # SEMITIC: Ar. laha ( 1\ p' '6' H~.19) recorded In
gulf oneself' ; 1'9 (II being the plural of the relative pronoun) fro~ Heb. IhllI in ".Jil~ahloh <, ~~~e; Ihh, IS i~terpr~led as
EnuoPlc Te. liJggat 'depth, whirlpool', Tna.liJg"at, Ihq (Leslau 1938: 129), Heb. laMqa 'seniors, elde~~ the existing dlctlOnanes d nceted With the root
, .. one would expect liihlaya; to be connected 'trifle. enjoy oneself an con
Mg at. suggested by Ludolf 635 (so also Dnver, iTS -
with lahaya, below. [1928[.394, UJlendorff, VT 6 [1956).194 and Barr Ihl' by Kopf 152
ih ____________________________~3~10~__________________________~I.~~am~~
..luna 311
l THIOPIC Te ( Iii) talha (secondary development of q:xJdus for help', (T) also = Amh ab"
- •
'hI' wllh agglutinated I) 'play. dance', Tna. (to j /iiha- '1" azza Ihama 'close, glue';
.1'0 'smg. dance ',
'rnu 1tIP Y ((I; pro bbl .
a y a wrong interpretation ;:h~m (KG) 'strong, severe (disease)' ; I.hsal (Gr.22) 'hcklOg' tn .),
,
SEMITIC: Ar. lahiha 'stick together (eyehds)' h • •
malhasi (Gr22) 'Who giVes to hck '
li~ 'I.lt. (T) lih 'III. see lalJa ....a. . . . '. were SEMITIC. Ar. la~ama 'consohdate, solder, mend', G m./~iis (K') 'tongue',
the effect of mOisture IS Involved (Amb
'11.11. ' ' . ro,) /oh(Jl1JO is perhaps borrowed from Ar laJ:rama rather
(.a) ,a~. a give a c~ntJnuous, ra~n (,cloUd)', Heb.lah thim being a cognate. SEMITIC- Ar lahi.,a 'h<k' Mh lahfu, Akk. IdI.
lahha
. . /\"'; see Ihh. (1&11. ) mOlSI, fre,h, PbH. "&Ie & moisten', Aram' 'taste, lick', .
lahlah, ETHIOPIC: Te. lii~ama 'hold together by means of
. . Pal.Syr. III.. 'moisture'. .
loha 11-"'. loha II-IJ. lu~ II-.lt; see la ....lJ. glue' ETHIOPIC ' Te. liiJ:rrua 'lick', lna laha..fii Amh .Gur
lasti, Arg. liihasa, Har lii~QJa ; de\"clo~d IOto the
•
ETHIOPIC: Te. lahl.&a 'be soft, be dull' IS to be
lahda I A.ltY., (T.MA) lahda AllY., (l) la~da compared with G. liib'ba 'be weak, be 'ofr and I.hm. (yallJ am ) A.ltup (OGr.21), la~ama meanmg 'tongue' m Tna miilJ:ras, Amh It'Yla.:r, Gar
A~Y. 'be tender, be gentle, be delicate, be pam- does not belong here, contrary to Baumgartner 499 II;""" (T.Y) 'be tender, be soft, be reduced to rru/asii. The root pas~d into Cushitll: Ekd. /eha .t,
pered' ; See also tahliJha. . See also liJssan, below
pwder
o , be pulverized, be 'flexible, be supple,
• •
(al,lIda, same; be ,
be feeble, be infirm, mOIst;
lahadi (K'), act. part. of 1.lJda; la~ak'a (yallJak") /\"'11- 'fashion, form, mold la~asa " II"'''', (K') la~·.s. II~'" 'murmur' ,
create, shape, (Gr.22) make earthenware" ' 'a/hama, causative;
, only In Jos.10:2I, one of the three passages
I,hud (fern MIJ,dd) 'tender, delicate, luxurious; 'a/~ak""a, causative; I.h~m 'tender, soft, supple, weakened, feeble,
pampered, given to pleasure, (T) old woman quoted by Dillmann, has lahasa the meaning
lalalJk"a, passive; (Gr.21) reduced to powder, pulverized';
(-<. 'delicate'); of 'murmur' (according to the SeptuaglOt), but
lalJak"i 'who fashions, fashioner, potter, crea- I.i}mal (Gr.21) 'reducing to powder (n.), pulver-
lail.d, same; .' , 'whet the tongue against' (according to the
tor' ; Izmg ; .
Hebrew text). LIkewise 10 Ex.ll; 7, the Hebrew
ETHIOPIC: Amh. liidiilliidii 'be soft' (reduplicated I,huk" 'fashioned, formed'; 'alhiimi, mallJami (read thus Instead of 'alJliimi, text has 'whet (the tongue)' while the Greek
-'lid> Id); also In Cushitic: Som. lid ·weakness.
1.IJ.k'l (fern. of 1.lJuk") 'formed, fashioned; mdhlami of Gr. 21), act. part. of 'alhama; text has 'snarr. Also, the meanlOg 'murmur'
frailly'. See also I'bda m.ihiim 'place where one reduces to powder'
form, formation, creation, work, handiwork cannot easily be rendered by lahasa With ob-
lahda II A.ltY. (M) 'be fixed, be established'; earthenware, (T) clay, (Lt) vase';
, (insiead of ma~/iim of Gr.21);
Ject suffix pronouns as IS the case 10 Ex . II. 7
I,hd (Gr.20) 'arranged With stones, bridge'; lalJak"anna, lalJk".nna (Gr.23) 'art .of the SEMITIC:related to Ar. la~ma 'languidness' (so also and los. 10:21. A meaning close to 'ltck
MA quotes 1.lJda = Amh. i'iirriisii 'finish'; it potter' ; Ams.lu I). (them) to do harm' IS perhaps more approprt-
should be rather liit:iirriisii 'be finished'. m.llJak" (1) 'place where pots are molded'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. lii~amii 'be pulverized', lahamii 'be ate for lalJasa in these passages than 'murmur'
soft, be tender', Amh. lamii 'be pulverized, be tender', The same meaning can be applted to Judith
lahda III A.ltY. (K') 'prophesy, predict the ETHIOPIC, from Cushitic: Bed. luk 'clay'; Praetorius, Arg. lahim 'soft', Har. liJ:rama 'become sofr, Gar.
• 11:19;
future' , ZDMG 47 (1893). 390 following Reini,eh 1884:89 /iimltim~'a 'soft" Gur. lamii 'be soft, be smooth'
derives it from Cushitic: Kham. roq"a 'clay', Ar. 'alhasa (It) 'make murmur';
laillidl (K'), act. participle; also 'sorcerer'. (Sel1i, Wol.ne also lamdldmii). Note that Gaf. and
ruga, Bil. darawqa. The derivation of Ethiopic fiikla Gur can go back to lamlama, below ETHtOPIC: for 'munnur', cpo Te. Idha.fa 'pant', and
la~af /\"'<t: (K BT 5) 'fringed rug or carpet 'clay' from I + kl from G. Ihk" 'mold, shape' see below lahosasa.
•
made from silk or from other thread'; suggested by Praetonus 1879:94 is unlikely. I.~.q. (yallJaq) /\"'.,. (K·.Gr,22) 'stick to-
la~asa III /\"'... (T. Y), I.~sa A.b... (Y) 'be
from Ar "hiil; also Amh. liiha! gether, fasten, cling' (intr.);
. . II.ltA"', (T) lihl.ha 'IIIAO, (Y) lohl.h.
lihlaha . . mallJaq, (K) mallJaq (pI. maliilJaq) 'anchor',
chased away, be sent away, be dispersed';
-Ihf, 'alahfa .,.A.lt,,-, (T V) 'alahafa "'/\"'''-, 'I"'~ 'l (instead of lI"IA'l) 'be humid, be ETHIOPIC ' Te. (tiJ)/iihasa 'be swept away'
ma/~aq (T') 'iron tnpod';
(Ti 'al~aia "'A"',,- 'be troubled: worry, have damp';
'alalJl.lJa, (0 1425) 'allJalIJa 'moisten'; SEMITIC:Ar. la~;qa 'cling to' lahosasa /\,1. ...... ; see 'alho.ms.;
concern for, be annoyed, be importuned, be
affected by a matter, (T) be acquainted with I.hluh
• •
'humid, wet'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. ma/~iJq 'anchor'. Amh. miilhJq. 'ai!lOsasa, (K) 'a/~'asasa: 'aWossa, (l) 'a/~os.
one another (onglnally. 'have concern for one lalJliihe (Gr.21) 'cooling, relief'; sa 'whisper gently',
la~asa I (yallJas) /\", ... , (T) I.~sa A.lt ... 'lick, lalh" asasa (K), same,
another); see also 1M.
be parched (with thirst) and thrust out the talhawiisasa 'whisper gently to one another',
'alhafa (K') 'cause concern'; tongue to lick'; (V) lalJasa = Amh. amarii 'be
)aslala~afa 'cause concern, give worries';
I.hal,
• A.ltAT (T) 'wet, humid, soft'; lalJ'osas, (Gr.23) I.~osas 'whisper, soft whISper-
pretty' is strange; possibly a misprint for la-
lalhaf 'concern, worry, solicitude, dealings'; seems to be a wrong reading for liJ~/iJ~t (see Dill- ing, style of singing'; .. ,
haya;
mann 30, under la~/ulJ); as for the meaning 'sort', I.htlsas (0 1425, Gr.23) 'soft whlSpenng ;
SEMITIC" related to Ar lahifa 'grieve for, lahl see lahlaha. M.19 renders it 'pearl'; he apparently laliilJasa (ll), lalahasa (M) 'move when hissing (b~-I'lJtlsas [Gr] 'in a low voice');
'sorrow'
misre~d TaYYii's Amh. 1.1 ',oft' (translation of O. (tongue of a snake), move (scale, by counterbal- 'alhosasi (Gr.23) 'who whispers';
lahall) for lui 'pearl'. ance)'; •
Ihh,
• • lahha,
•• lahaha /\'" : /\"'''' 'be humid, (V) SSMITIC: Heb. lii~a! 'whISper' (v), Aram. la~a!, Sl7'
'a/~asa (Gr.22) 'cause to lick';
••
be soft, be smooth', l.heI, Md. liMa 'whISpering' (also nhJ 'whISper),
I~ama lI"'up (K .), lahama /\IJUP (T. Y) 'be lalalJsa (Gr.22) 'be licked';
'alh.ha 'mOIsten, cool off, soften', (KG) = strong, (T V.KG) become severe or worse (re- lahiisi (Gr.22) 'who licks' ;
Ug. lhi, Akk. labiiJ. 'whISper' (v.).
Amh. abbo abbo alii 'ask St. Gabra manfas ETHIOPIC: Tna. loJ:rsiisii. /aJ:rosiisa 'whisper', Amh.
ferring to a disease)'; I.~us (Gr.22) 'licked'; lahosas 'whispering' (rrom Geez). See also luhasa 11.
~1.~~~'.~~'~____________________________~3~1~2~______________________________~I~'k~.~ ~~~~~.~------------~~--------------~3~13~____________________________'~i~k'~~~'
lah.as.• '1'~/lIas) /\",11, (TS) lo~~a A.nll, (T) ta/ahaya, (K Gr.24) lala&yo 'be resplende I,kka- At) 'resin' (0 1426): b ) Th
lihada t\",8 'peel. bark';
C
a orn onese , a tlfe onese ; '
d If t' IP nt""
di
r,OS,'
,<,~ ""
e Connection with S"r 1,,,1. ... 1. 'Ia) h-Id ",'
. ..,·o (Gr.!4) 'cause to peel','
'ailla (a ,-,
a.wya (L)
l , a d orn onese If for others" from Ar . lakk, of Middle-In 'c lakkha ongin. ETHIOPIC
SCize T
suggested by Barth 1893.27 -I' unlikely.
("k- '
-
wl"II,<o, passive; >asla/ii/raya (It), caus. of taliihaya; , lok'o I (yalkii» t\hh (D), lak,. t\ha (Gr.38) the finger), na a_iilii
:. Amh. 'touch
liikkiifO ,wilh
'touch thethe
",th tonglle
no,", "r
s~t
10
/aha.,; (Gr.24) 'who peels': la!lUY 'pretty, handsome, brilliant'; 'inscribe. impress, Imprm!, mark, down m smlf'. The connectJon wilh Te. /i,kfa 'thro,,' ,u _
/"lrus (Gr.24) 'peeled': laMy 'beautiful'; writing, compose, (1) com (money) ; gested by liltmann-HOfner 43 IS unlikely. g
f.lIs, (T) lairs 'bark, rind'; lii!laY (fern. fa&ayl. lii&it) 'beautiful, handSome' 'alk"a, causallve; lak-
f,'Ir,1'<I1
. . (Gr.25). 'peeling' (n .);
SEMITIC related to Ar. lahasa 'extract the pith of;
b eau t
a.
y, sp
l en d or,b ng' ht ness;'
1 UI thOmgs , ;
- (Ll) 'b eau t'f
-hayar
, ,alak'a,
• passive;
lakoli, act. part. of lakla;
ii\lka~
or veget blt\l1.},"';"
'(A h(0 tJ91 T.M) 'kind of fruit
a e m . ",a.ias);
'
perhaps also Hebrew /Iola;, :draw olf' (so also DiII- fiilrayannii (Gr.24) 'beauty'; laka', pass. part. oflal<'~; !':,~OPIC: Amh. liikahkah 'vine that has an edIble
mann 34), Aram . hiilas 'take off, undress', Syr. SEMlnC: Barth 1893 :3 connects the root I~y with hi idka't (Ll) 'text, ongmal (n); . .
hall,s 'take spoils'. (WIth metatheSiS): AI'. halii (My) 'ado rn ', Heb.hI M'at 'act ofinscnbmg, Impressmg, recordmg';
ETHIOPIC Te. lii(wo!a 'bark (trees)', Tna. lii~a$ii, lii'[m 'omaments' (going back to ~/y); so also Reini~h maIka' 'fonn, image, figure, ~ffigy, t~on, por- lakaka /\hh (T.Y.M) 'write';
Amh.Gur. lara, Arg. !iihara, Har. te{wr a, Gur. !e- 1895: 157. The connection with Ar. labii (lby) 'peel trait, likeness, aspect, a seal ImpreSSion, kind
ii probably a misprint for lakla, for which ~ce above.
riilii. from ler with a reduplicated last radical; off', Syr. I'h a 'rub off' suggested by Brockehnann of poetry (consisting of five verses) which eulo-
Passed into Cushitic: BiJ. lehec.a 'bark (a tree)'. 1928:363 is unlikely. . b tad a h
gizes a samt y enumera mg n pr tsmg t e lak'ama /\hoOD (Y.M) 'hit someone's chest
liihit /lth.-r; see (la!laya) , liih.y. lo~da A"r~ (Gr) 'pave, level off, make easy" various parts of the body'; hit': .
. la/.ljda (Gr), passive; ' m a l k i i ' , m,/kii' (KG) 'means of writing'; 'alk" allla 'dash against, thrust, strike, throw
lo~ut Adt--r: see (/ahowa) , /a&al1'.
laryiidi (Gr), act. part. of /,ljda; SEMITIC: SAr. (Qataban) Ikll" (pi) '(schriftlich) fest-
down, stamp the ground, hit'; note that the
la~awa (l'a/how) t\",ID (Y), I_hawa {WID (T): "bud (Gr), pass. part. of /aOda; gelegt' (Muller). Amharic translation ,afii 'write' given by
see liihaH'G. I.rydal (Gr) 'act of paving'; Tayyii is wrongly copied from the line above:
•
ETHIOPIC: Tna. liikk3<e 'measure', Amh.Gur. liikka, lak"mal (Ll) 'act of hitting';
IJ!IGI1'G 'mourn for, lament, bewail, weep, the meaning 'make easy' is to be identified with Arg. likka. For G. malkJ', cpo Tna. miilk;J' 'aspect,
grieve, groan, sigh'; la~da (and, in fact, /iJbda could be another spelling appearance', Amh.Arg.Gur. miilk. The root passed SEMITIC Ar. lakama 'punch, strike with the fist' .
'a/hal1'a,
•
(Gr.2J) 'afiiha»,a,
•
causative; for la~da); as for 'pave, level off', it can likewise be into Cushitic: Dar. likki·su 'measure', AI. milk ETHIOPIC: Amh. liikkiimii, liikkkiimii 'punch, stnke
with the fist'.
'aslalallal1'a (Gr.23) 'make weep often, weep derived from the basic meaning 'be gentle, be easy' 'appearance'. See also lak'a II.
often' ,. > 'be paved, leveled olf'.
lok".nt A1t1-r 'pan, vase';
lailiiwi (fern. /ailiil1'il) 'mourner'; la~lo~a /I"rA.." (Y) 1_~lo~a t\;"A", (should lak'a II (yalkij,) t\hh, I.k,. t\ha 'affix, nail
failaw, IU!ld!!, (fern. lahul) 'who mourns, griev- down, fasten to, adhere to i ; from Gk. lekalli 'dish, pot, pan': Sec also lakWt;mt.
. , read liihlaha) 'become weak, become slack, be
mg; soft, bl> loose, languish'; 'alab'a (K) 'adhere to one another, be fasten-
loksa t\hll (T.M) 'swear to one another'.
liiil, (T) liiil 'mourning, grief, dirge, (Gr.23) 'aliiOI'Oa (K'), causative; ed 10 one another';
tears' ; "b'uo 'soft, slack, loose, languid'; 'as!aliib'a 'make adhere to one anolher, lokut Ah--r; see (lakawa), I,'kaw.
lii&all'o (It) 'mourning, grief'; (Or.492) make something adhere to oneself':
maslafahii!!'i (Gr.~J) 'who makes weep'; --
/ahliihe 'weakness, softness, slackness';
/ablaoal (Gr.36) 'softness';
I,ka' 'affixed, fastened to'; lakWtant AIt-r'}-r (T) 'pan, vase, pot';
ETHIOPIC: Te. 'ii~la (/~w) 'pratt le', Tna. /0& bela larylaryannii, see I.ry/arye; SEMITIC: Ar. laki~a 'stick to'. variant of bk"alll, above.
'pester, annoy'. ETHIOPIC: Te. liikra 'fasten with nails', Tna. liils<e
SEMITIC: related to Ar. lahifQ 'be soft, be lax' re-
-
duced to Ib in the reduplicated fonn Iblb (see lamla-
'hit, strike'. It is possible to connect the meanings of I_kawa t\hID 'become dull (eyes), become dim,
I~ay t\",~ (T) 'scarlet thread'; lak'a II with those of lok'a I. be weak (eyes), be feeble, (Y.M) not under-
ma for a similar development).
stand, be ignorant' ;
could it be connected with la&aya 'be pretty'? See ETHIOPIC; Te. tiill• bela 'relent', /ahlaha 'be soft',
also la~'.
• • lakafa (y,lkaj y.lkaj) t\h.t 'touch, smear, be- 'alkawa (K·.T) 'make dull. make dim, weaken';
'aliilla~a (from 'alii~/aha) 'render soft', Tna. lahl,he
smear, (K'y) reach '; I,kall', fern. I,k", (Gr.37) 'weakened (eyesight),
'be loose', Arg. fiihiilliiha, Har. lahlah baya,
lahaya (yafhay) t\",f, (Gr.24) lo~ya A;"f, (T) 'alkafa 'cause to touch'; blinded, who does not see clearly';
Amh.Gur. lalla, Amh. lahlah 'soft' (from Geez);
lohya Atlf 'be pretty, be beautiful, be shiny, passed into Cushitic: Bil. Iii{l y. talalifa, passive; lakwat (Gr.38) 'weakening (of eyes)';
have a sheen (skin)'; lalakafa 'touch one another, (Gr.492) come 'alkiiwi, malkall'i (Gr.37) 'that weakens the eye-
I~q, Ihq, mals~aqt OD/I"ro}-r (T.M), malahoqt near One another'; sight';
(H 224 wrongly renders Amh. wiizza [transla-
OD/lllo}-r (T reprint) 'kind of basket for food'; 'astalakaJa (Gr.39) 'dash against each other';
tion of G. 1'&yaJ by 'perspire'; it also means ETHIOPIC: related to Te. lakka (lkk) 'be st upid'.
'be pretty'); a plural of a singular *mall]Jq, malh-aq. I,k,,/, pass. part. of laka/a;
'alilaya (Gr.24), causative; l.kfal 'contact, touch'; liikawa /lhlD (T) 'poke wilh a stick';
lak"s t\\;I" lak"s /1\;1" lakwe t\1].; see liik"aya.
SEMlTlC: perhaps related to Ar. laqafo 'catch' (Am- variant of loVaya: see below.
(.ldM'an 314
•
10DlI 315
laki"in /\h. '1'1 (Gr.38) 'peach'. -
lolawa I 1I-/\(lJ 'inlla":,e, light up, kindle, make
loml· ,,-
.... "'1. 'lemon'; •
lakaya /\hf (Y. H 225) 'touch, anoint'; sparkle, make scmtlllate, Illuminate s'
scorch'; , lOge , A IUmf: also in Te.Tna. lomin, Tna. also limedii '1"'1-'1 (T.K*) 'Wooden 'hovel used for
Sf\fITIC: Ar. Jakira 'stick to'. from r. . C h" wmnowmg trampled gram'.
'alolawa (Lt), causative; l1l1· Amh Our. lomi; 10 us I(lC: Af. um, Bil.
EnnoPlc Tna. iii/siiyii 'touch lightly, anoint'. fomf,,n'som . i[n , Sa. I[min, Bed. lemiin. See also W.
Iti from .~mh. [ameda; also Gur_ lameda perhaps from
SEMITIC: related to Ar. la>la'a 'shine be b . h' Muller, ZDMG (1981).400-1. CUShltJ.C: Had. Kam. familia . See also liiyda,
13k'.y. 'Ih-f (T.K*), see talok"aya; . . . , rtg t
(0111 mann 53; so also FleIsch 217; note that h'
lolak"'o)'o 'quarrel with one another, ~lspute, trans IatJon
.
occaslOna
' , remuer Ia I angue' r
II y wntten
. I 0 Iawa) .
re,ers to lawl IS
a"a. 11,. see lam<a. lamha.
laOl)a II 7-~ . lam~.
thrive' ;
II'/"m (T.Y.M) 'become prosperous,
discuss, wrangle, debate, contend, stnve, re-
see lam~a.
vile, poke, reprimand, blame, (Y) importune, ETHIOPIC: Tna. liiliiwii 'singe, Scorch'.
deride' ; < II'/"O (D.TS), lam'a II'/"h (T.Y) 'be re-
lam • h' ,
lolawa II II-II(lJ (T. Y) 'block up a hole, bank a splendent, scintillate, s me ; lamlama 11'/"1100 'be verdant. bud, become
lak"'ti, 'akwii, lak"'e 'altercation, strife, conflict';
fire' ; 'alm.<a (L1), causatIve; ", Soft, be smooth, be mild. become tender, be
ETHfOPIC: Rcinisch 1887:252 connects it with Bil. I <a 'be resplendent, gleam, sculllllate ; flexible, be fresh';
seems to be opposite of lolawa L
lag 'accuse. reprimand'. Fleisch 239, n. 2 thinks that lOam
lamu< (K *) 'shining, resp Ien dent ' ; >alam/oma, causative;
the verb is a denominative.
lolawa III II-II(lJ (T.KG) 'separate'; SEMITIC: Ar. lama<a 'shine, gl,eam'. . I.mlum 'soft, tender, mild. smooth, flexible,
lalla - 11/\; see la. secondary form of lelaya. ETHJOPIC: Te. liim<a 'blossom (perh,aps to be lden- delicate, fresh. verdant';
·ft d with lam'a 'be green, be tender; see lamlama), lamfam, same;
liIo 11.11- 'vulture'; lelaya /\,/\f 'separate, disjoin, divide, diStin- [I e
with metathesis in /ii'ama • . p.ro.fit' ; ..T na,.. I"
gam ,am:e lamlame 'verdure, freshness. moisture, softness,
, per flourish' , with metathesIs In larama gam tenderness, delicacy' ;
:~o;f, Amh.liimma 'prosper, be fertile (land), shine'.
ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh. lila, 1iI0, Te. lilo; also in Cushit- guish, make a difference (between), segregate';
ie: Bil. lilo, Bed. lale. See also 1010. luIo. )alelaya, causative; malam/ilnt, part. of 'Q/amlama;
talelaya, passive, reflexive; See also lam~a.
1010 11-11- (T) 'vulture'; SEMITIC: Ruzicka 102 connects Ethiopic Imlm With
leloyi (1), act. part. of Ie/aya; PbH. lblb 'germinate, flourish, sprout, be green',
see /i/o. lamada (yalmad, yalm.d) /\001. 'be accus- with altemance of labials. Armbruster 27 compares.
liluy (fern. liI.yt, liIit) 'separated, distinguished,
segregated' ; tomed to, be familiar with, be used to, be Ar. lama(a 'gleam'.
lui li-A 'pearl'; liloy 'separation, distinction'; trained, learn'; ETHIOPIC: the reduplicated root goes back to 1m?
from Ar. lu,lu'; also Te.Tna.Amh .Gur. lui, Har. lelit (M) 'member of the body, joint'; 'almada 'accustom, be accustomed to, be wont (? = laryngeal which became zero) in Te. iamliima
lul/u'. talel.yo (Lt) 'separation'; to, (U) tame'; ., 'become green, sprout', Tna. lam/lima, Amh. liimii/-
,alamda (K*) 'be a habIt; lama 'become verdant, send out shoots'. Oaf. liim-
lulo li-II- (T), lilo 'III- (Lt), name of Satan; malelit (pI. malayolay, malayolayot) 'jOint,
talamada 'be accustomed to, have the habit, be liim"'ii 'tender'. The non-reduplicated 1m' OCcurs in
limb, member of the body, sense, (T.KG) geni- Te. liimra 'be green, be tender', Tna.liimm,re. Amh.
is there any connection with liIo, 1010 'vulture'? tal organs'; accustomed to one another';
liJrnad 'custom, habit, usage'; liimma, Our. liima, Gar. liimmii. The root also oc~
lilih '1'111 (Gr.20) 'big jar'. ETHIOPIC: O. lelaya is a reduplicated root Iy; so also (,a-I.mod 'habitual, customary'); curs in Cushitic: Qua. Iii/ani (from Imlm) 'be ver-
Te. ('a) lela 'separate, distinguish', Tna. Wiiyii. The dant. be fresh', Kham. li/em. See also iam>a, lamra.
lelit I (pI. layolay) fl,lI.-r 'night'; lamlld (fern. lamadd < lamadt) 'who accustoms lamha.
root Iy ( y) Occurs in Amh.Gur. liiyyii 'separate, himself, accustomed, expert, usual, tamed,
•
(nafqa lelit, manfaqa lelit 'midnight'); distinguish', Arg. liiyya, Har. liiya, Gaf. liggii (for
trained, (Lt) addicted'; lamama 110000 (MA) = Amh. niiqqiisii 'shape
'alelaya 'spend the night (doing something), do which see Leslau 1956:9). A reduplicated root also wood or stone, tattoo'.
lamd (Gr.25) 'accustomed';
something early in the night, rise early in the Occurs in Amh.Arg.Gur. lela 'another, different'.
night' (denominative); For malelit 'joint, limb' coming from a root 'sepa- lamMawi (Gr.26) 'habitual. customary';
lammana lIoo~ 'beg';
rate, disjoin', cpo Ar. maf,yi/ 'joint, articulation', 'almadi, malmadi (Gr.26) 'who accustoms';
SEMITIC: Ar. layl 'night', SAr. (Qataban) Iyl, Soq. talmid, see below. m.l.mmon (Gr.25) 'place where one begs'.
from/a,yala 'separate, disjoin'. The root also occurs
lilhe, Heb. layil, Aram. lelii. lelyo, Syr. lelyii, Md. in Cushitic: Sa. layti 'part, division'. See also rna- from Amh. liimmiinii 'beg'; the root also occurs in
lilia, Ug. II, Akk. liliiilu, liliiru. SEMITIC; Heb. liimad 'learn', limmiig 'accustomed',
laya. 1na. liimmiinii 'beg', Te. i3mmano 'begging', Gur.
Syr. lammei! 'accustom', Ug. Imd 'learn', Akk. la- lamman 'beggar',
ETHIOPIC: Te. lali, Tna. liiyli, Amh. leI, lelit. madu 'comprehend, learn'.
Uy, '.Ielaya h/\,/\f; see lelit l.
lelit II /\'11. -r; see leIaya. EnnoPlc: Te. liimda 'get accustomed, learn', Tn3. lamont 1I,/,,1-r 'why?';
liimiidii, Amh. liimmiidii, Gur. niimiidii (for liimiidii)
limi '1"'1 (T) 'why?'; 'love' . lit. 'for what?'; see la, man.
lilit 11.11.:,.; see (Ielaya), filuy.
transcription of Heb.Aram. liima. lamonzub• 11,/"1,,..., (Gr.25) 'accustomed, cus-
1311iwi A'I'/! (T) 'understanding'; lamd II'/"1: (K.KBT) 'sheepskin cloak, ornate tomary, usual';
10m II-'/" (T.M) 'hyena'. ceremonial garment';
misprint for labMwi, labbawi All,!! I 1I11'!!. seems to be composed of la- and manzub 'accus-
could it be a misprint for lop II-T? ETHIOPlc: Amh. lamd. tomed to pleasure'; see also manz3ba, below.
lampi 316
317
'"i(q~______------------~~______~~_______________________ Nq~
lampa 119";" (T \IAl 'lamp': .. -
in the form of a hal~-moon, (1) tent, small tent :.-~ Ii an. liqanal, liqal\'~nt) Il~ 'chIef, sen- -- -
hq (pll·d ~an, aged, elder, master, magIstrate,
lamar" (\lA) ',hlne, be bnght' (denomlnallve): wllhln a bIgger tent:
frllm -\rnh. tampa 'lamp' (a variant of lamha. from lor, 0 d man, pres b yter' ,
from Gk. lampilli 'covered chanot'; also In T
Ar {ambo, of It<lhan (trlgm); also In Te.Tna~Gur . learn: I 01 'archpriest, high pnest',
fiinpane 'liner, tent', Amh. liimpane,liimpiine 'thro e.
lamra . lanr/la, Har Jam/la. See also lap, IUllpas.
for'the monarch or prince', See also liJnpa,.lampell:~ /lqa a masal 'patriarch, archbishop':
fiqa papp I'
lampen. 119"A.~, vee lal/pel/e · . aia'Jkl 'archange ;
, lan~as II'}A{), (It) I.n~iis A'}A{) 'lamp, torCh, flqa m" (Gr 19) 'spiritual leader',
SEMITIC perhaps Ar faqlaqa 'agitate, lihakc', Soq
flame' : /lqa naJs f h·' hqr/rq 'confuse', from a basIC meanmg ' mn: '; pos.
lam.an)ii 119"I'I'}l, lam .. nya 119"{)'}J' (Ll) · h mar 'captain 0 a s IP;
Ilqaa h'
<~bly also Ar laqqa 'lap. hck', Heb. laquq, P~H
Itgleq .
'olive (frUlt)', lal/pasa (T) 'shine, scintillate, sparkle' (denomI_
native); · ;, fa 'chief of t e army,
from Gk. lomrJaIll"; 'charlock (herb), (sab'a · a-nal 'Septuagint', lit 'seventy learned
flqa ._allq ETHIOP~~:.. ~~ ... fjjqliiqa
'smear Over'. Tna IJq/(iqa,
from Gk. lampas 'lamp', See also lampii. Amh. /aqal/aqa, Gur. I~qa{iiqii: al\o In Cu,hll1c 811
lamasa 1I(I"lI, (D·, Gr.26) lam~a 119"8 'be men'); .., lalag (from Iqlq), Kham. Ith'q
liq,nna 'semonty ;
smooth, be soft, be polished, be plain, be bare, lanpasa II '}AI'I (Y.MA) 'wear a garment, wrap laqama I ""'01> (T Y M) 'PIck, choose, <epa-
be bald': oneself in a garment'; . d f rom IJhqa , above. See also loqa.
derive rate' ;
lammCl~Wl. causative; also 'make slippery'; lal/pas (T) 'colored cloth'.
• Iiq. II.:J' (T) 'precious stone'; ETHIOPIC'· Te. liiqma 'gather, pluck', Tna kiqllftlii,
'almaJa, causati\e;
Amh. liiqqiimii, Arg. /iiqqiima, Har. liiqiima,~ Gur
lamii"~' (Gr.26). act. part. of lama~a; lanpewon
, 1I'}A.9',} (TM) 'bandage, linen'; perhaps from Cushitic: Bil. laqii·o '5liver'
liiqiimii: passed Into Cushitlc Bil laqam, to.;.ham .
I,mll.; 'smooth, sIJppery, soft, polished, bald, mispnnt for lan.re ....·on 1'i"'~jP'}. liqrm See also laqama II,
(D')hard, rough' (but in the sentence quoted loqa fI-"'; see Iwq.
bY'• Ludolf it could also mean 'slippery'); lanqii /I'}:J> 'sacerdotal vestment, velvet cape . , laqama II ""'01>
'chew on food that" hard
formerly used by the ecclesiastics and the nobil- loq. fI-:J' (T) 'elder, semor ; and makes noise when It IS eaten',
SUflTK. Ar. mall~" 'smooth', with metathesis (0111. , .
see liq, above.
lly ; SEMITIC: Ar. laqlma 'eat, swallow up'
mann .16). Heb. m/~ (mf<al) 'be smooth'
ETHIOPI('". Te. liJmso 'be smooth, be moist', Tna. ETHIOPIC· Tna. liiqiim(l 'eat roa~tcd gram', Te
ETHIOPIC: Amh. lanqa; see HammerSChmidt 1970:
/umil.\ii 'become soft', Amh. I~mul ·smooth. pol- 154. laqqada I ""'~ 'mock, deride'; liiqma 'eat', The root might also be Identified with
j"hed' See also lam~~. ErnloPlc: related to Te. lagda 'play, Jest', Amh. laqama I 'plck > peck, graze (as in AmhariC), eat'
lans, 1'I'}l\', lans. "'}l\' 'bandage, linen, (1) laggiidii 'make fun'; passed IOto CushltlC: Sa. lagrd, laqaqa (yalqaq) II.,..,. (T Yl 'shackle, bind a
lams (lamd) 119"l\' ("9"tl) 'leprosy, scab'; Qem. lagat.
shroud, belt of monks, (Sw. in D 47) prJest's prisoner to h,s guard, (0 1426) stnke through
lom;,.,a (T) 'become a leper' (probably denomi- turban' ; and through';
nati,·e),
laqqada II "4>~ (T) 'exhibit to view, aspire to'.
'""a
(:a-Iarl/I, pI. lams 'leper', lit. 'of [who has, possibly Ok. lent ion 'cloth, towel, apron worn by
monks' (ludolf 477). Sec also lan,<ewon. I
,
SEMITIC'· Ar Jaqqa 'stnke WIth the h.md' ,
ha,e]leprosy');
I.qq.~. II~'" 'lend'; I.qasa II.,." (K'T.YI 'mourn',
IJmlls 'leper, leprou,', (:ay,leqqJ~ 'lender'); 'alqa.ra (K') 'cause to mourn',
, won "'Il\.9',} (OK) 'bandage, towel, lin.
lanse
lall/saw; 'leper, leprous';
en' : 'alaqq,~a 'cause to lend'; 'aliiqasa 'condole with anyone, show sympa-
SEMITIC Ar. lama: 'while spots on a horse's lower see lan~. lanpewon. talaqq,~a 'borrow'; thy' ;
hp' (Armbruster 35) (zayJlleqqa~ 'borrower'); lalaqsa (K') 'be mourned',
ETHIOPIC. Tna. liJm,fii 'leprosy', Amh.Arg.Gur./iim!;
passed into Cushlllc; AI.Tern. l(imra. The noun
lap
see
"T (T) 'lamp';
lampa.
laqqa~i 'creditor, lender';
I,qqu~ (K ') 'lent';
laliiqasa (K') 'mourn publicly';
'aslaliiqasa (K ') 'console',
'leper' L\ perhaps to be den\'ed from lama:fo In the I,qqa~ 'loan, giving a loan'; SE"lTlC Ar. /aqlSu n,naf'; 'sad' (Dozy II 543);
meaning 'be bare. he bald', since the part of the
bod) that IS affected by leprosy is white and gives
the Impre~Slon of being bald.
Ipp, lappa "T (MA) = Amh. liimiilliimd which,
Without a context, can mean 'become verdant,
(sab'a I,qqa~ 'creditors');
I'qqiihe 'borrowing, lending';
perhaps also Ar. mu/aqts 'patient, who endures ~
lot" a Gcez rorm such as 'aliiqasa 'show sympathy,
prosper, prune (a tree)'; talaqqiihi 'debtor'; condole with someone' would mean 'help someone
to endure' (Fleisch 210). .. f
lamsida
• "9"Il~ (T) 'sap of the euphorbIa'. lapa (T) 'grass', (MA) = Amh. :iir IIC IS SEMITIC: Ar. laqa~a 'impregnate. conceive' ,(Noel. ETHIOPIC: Te. liiqsa 'mourn', laqsa.'p~ra VISIL 0
undoubtedly a misprint for sar "IC 'grass'. deke, ZDMG. 40[1886].723), SAL Iq!1 'take , He~. condolence', Tna. >aJqiisii, Amh. a/cJqqa.m.
I•• pa,
, A ,}A)' (Gr.400) 'liller, bed'; laqa~, Aram. Iqh (itpo<al) 'be taken, be married,
see larzpt'nt' lop t\"T (T) = Amh. qes yohann" 'priest Ph.Ug. Iqh 'take', Akk. leqli. , loqsi fI-~'" (T.M) 'empty house' .
John'. ETHIOPlc: Te. 'alaqha (or 'alaqq'ha?) 'lend, ~na
lanpene II,}A.~, (J) lanpane lI'}Al<, (T) I.npane 'aldqq.ha, Amh. Idqqa, Har. (a)leqaha (and aleha- luqis I\":J>{) (T) 'light';
A '}·Al< ·stretcher, throne, chariot, (T) headrest qa, with metathesis); also in Cushitic: Or. liqi.ssa proper name of the apostle Luke, mterpreted.
h' with
leqa /1.4>; see Iyq.
·Iend', Qab. liqi·sso, Sid. liqi-ss;, Sa liqaha. reference to Lalln lux, lucis, as 'hg t
'!II.Ii.~_'l~,.~;.:;~.~ L ....L \~.
1000ql
IlqlMa l14'm (T') 'open the mouth, make the
liJsu!1 (fern. I,s'ill) 'insipid, flavorless ta I I - • 319
moulh wide open, (T Y.M) yawn': . .... used up, worn-out'., ,seess,
~ laqOI'Q.
mcuechve.
I.ssiihe (Gr.27) 'insipidity, flalness, foolishne
SEMITIC: Ar ltJ!lara 'agitate, shake'
ETHIOPIC: ~eml~h 1887:252 compares Bil. latat ~al~,e (,m~ltiril 'razor, lan~et·; the
-
tran~lation
nonsense'; S5, 'stagger, hesitate beehIve given by D.M is strange:
laqa)a l14'f (0 1393, T Y.M), laqaya l14'f (T)
'open, loosen'; l.sfJal 'insipidity, folly';
'alsiihi. mals'bi (Gr.27), part. of 'als.ha lasaqa (y.I~.q) 11"'4' (DT Y M) 'be close to, ETHTOPIC : T na laJiirii '.!ihave·, Te ltl$Q (II)'
Ihe Amh. liigg'iimii 'pUI on a bridle' given by dr~w close, adhere, chng to, be affixed': Amh . <:,uT. lor(ii, Arg. lalfa, al,o In CU,hIIIC Qem.
. ,
T (as a translation of laqaya) is slrange since SEMITIC: Praetorius 1890:369 compares it with A 'alsaqa, causative; also 'cling, be on Ihe point 811. lis, K~am. lir. The denvatlon of EthH:lpiC by
one would rather expecl 'release Ihe bridle' for salib 'tasteless (food)'. with metathesis. r. from Cushulc suggested by Flclsch ~06 IS unllk.ely
or' be near 10 (as in 'al~aqa la-ma .... il 'he was
laqaya:
ETHIOPIC: perhaps related to Amh. lass alii 'bee ne~r dealh'), draw near, approach'; lal II-l- (0 1399, T) 'the five books of 1.10'.,',
S1-MITIC related to Ar. laqqa (Iqq) 'come loose'. lepid, be lukewarm', or G. ~all1fa J 'be bland °1 mke taliisaqa 'join one anolher, be side by side, be
ETHIOPIC Ii/..ewise Iqq, as in Tna. liiqiiqii 'take
, ,
seasoning. , ac DII.lman n 1399 considers it it foreign word without
coniiguous, become one, cling, stick logether, glvmg the orlgm Ambros suggests to explain IIlI for
arart'. Te. /aqqa flqqi, Amh.liiqqiiqd, Arg,liiqqiiqa,
Gur liiqaqii, Har. liiqiiqa 'twist out of joint'. las~a II IIllm 'smack Ihe lips, be connecled, stay near, adhere to, apply liJdat A~"" in 'orit za·liJdat 'OencMs' and u~d a~
making noise'. chew saliva oneself, persevere'; par~ pro toto.
. -
m.dm.h 00 ~'I";", m.dmah OD ~'I""I : see dam- mara!, mar!, mOr!. mofat, mafit ""t.1' , OD~1'
ha II. meda.gu "'if.C1- (T M) 'tweezers, pincers" madid
.. ODU (KG) 'dark leather' ; , '1"<;:1' , 'I" '1' . - ,' .
see also dargu. I see miJ~4it. ,." .... - ..1' . see ~'afa,a.
m.dinii OD.<t'i" 'Ci ty, seat of a ruler'; mog.' moga-' mug- l ( I
~_ ' a p. mawaR'J») 'fO""~ I
from AT. mudina 'capital city'; also Tna.Amh. mod;-
m.dra .. a OD~t.W (K*) 'put into the grOund'. modaf 'l"B<;:, mu~ir OO-,tj:, moc!aft 'l"B<;:i- (pI. '1":>>. , .....:>>.: see wag'a.
no. )amadrawa (K·,MA), causative; , ma~iirj'ft) ; see warjafa I.
denommative from miJdr. maggaba IJD10 'steer, be a steward direct
madiqq", madiiqq"s '1"-'1"" , 'I"-'I~, (T) m... modaf. 'l"Bt. (Gr.1 19) ' hurl with a sling': manage, administer. be in charge of, ~aintain:
diqqo '1"-'141 'gazelle, antelope': madiisu!ii OD-'I~"l (T) 'pertaining to Ram ,a";adafa (Gr.1 19), causative; surround to protect, protect, (K *) feed',
epithet of Christ, (T) cry of woe" , e, tamadafa (Gr.1 19), passive; 'amaggaba 'appoint a guardian , appoInt an
ETHIOPIC' Toa. meduq, moydaq" 'small gazelle',
-
Amh. midaqq"Q 'gazelle', - comes from Gk. ( mnes/hiti) rnou despola '(remem_
tama;viirjafa (Gr.119) 'throw at one another administrator or an Overseer, place in charge
of' ,
with slings';
ber me) oh, Lord!'; see also mu>agayii. mukirya.
mudiq 00--'10}>; see lI'adqa. marjiiji (Gr 119), act. part. of marjafa, tamaggaba, pass. of maggaha;
miidiiy "'I-'lf. (D 140 I ,T), mad.yii, mad.yo denominative from mot/af, above. maggiib, 'admInIStrator, guardian. steward,
mdq~ I, '.madqa~. hOD~o}>"', (MA) 'amadq'" OD~f ' . OD~f' (T), midayo "'I~f' (K) 'gar, manager,. prior (of a community), purveyor,
h. hOD~o}>/J 'do. work', ment, shIrt, (K) outer garment, honorific gar. madriirohi
•
'l"flt-e'l (T) 'mirror, glass, piece of one who IS In charge, officer, prefect' :
perhaps denominative from madqJ& 'awl. hammer', ment', (KG) = Amh. ¢ufa 'gold or silver brace. glass' ; (maggiibe IIamar 'captain of a ship'):
and 'amadq~ha would then mean 'make hammers, let given warriors to wear on the arm as a (note the misprint ma'riirohi 'l"1M.t:'l. in m'ggub, pass. part. of maggaha ,
awls. and so on'; see daq&a 1. military decoration' ; M 113). magb, (Gr. 114) magb 'guardaanship, steward-
ship, tutelage, management, mInistry, admInis-
tran scription of Heb. mag 'cloth, gannent',
mdq~ II, m.dqa~a oo~o}>", (Gr. I 13) 'conse- mada• .. OD81»' 'season of Rowers, spring, sea- tration, office, function, duty',
crale' . madayo 00 ~f' (T) = Amh. riiffe 'slightly son after the rains (September-December)': m'ghat, verbal noun of maggaha :
denommatlve from madqJ&; see daq&a n. marshy meadow'; madawa,
• masawa
• (T.Y) 'pass the season of m'gbat 'mandate, administration, tutelage':
madaw'
•
; magb'"l1ii, (Gr. 114) magh.llnii 'administration,
one wonders whether there is not some confusion in
m.dar ODf.C (M) 'liller, stretcher'. the Amharic renderings tufa and ?iiffe for marbyo ETHIOPIC; Tna . mii.yiiw 'season of flowers' (for management, guardianship, mandate',
(see maday, above). which see Coulbeaux-Schreiber 194), Amh. mii~iiK' .'amaggiibi,
, part. of 'aml/ggaba: also 'guard-
madr (pI. madriit, 'amdiir. 'amdiiriit) 'I"~C 'season after the summer rains' (from Geez); also in tan ;
·earth. ground. soil, field, country. land, territo- mudiiy ""'-'If., modiiy 'I"-'lf.; see wadaya. Cushitic: Bil. masuw, Qem. mruH'a. Qab. masuH', 'amagg,bo 'mandate',
ry. district, regIOn. Roor (of a house), bOllom Or, omiia. The Cushitic forms were borrowed by
(of a pitl' : madyiim OD~f'l" ; see *dym. ETHIOPIC : Tna. miiggiibii 'feed', miiggaht ·steward.
HaT. ami.! 'harvest', Gur. miila, name of the fourth
manager', Amh . miiggiibii 'feed', miiggabl 'house.
l1L>driiw, 'earthly, worldly, of earth, terrestrial month , On the confusion in the tenninology con.
madda OD8; see mdd. keeper, steward'. Gur. (Soddo) m.gb 'food ' The
being'; • • • • cemmg the seasons of the year, see hagjjy in Dill-
connection with Te, magbo 'be in the nuddlc' sug.
mann 130.
madara (K*) 'be wide, be long, (It) be moda
•
'l"B; see mws• n. geSied by Llttmann-HOfner 142 (followed by
stretched out, be extended, be expanded' (de- mofi '1"1. (T); see wfy. D. Cohen 1976 : 105 who connects it with the foot
nommative) ; · '1"'>''mudi'
modii' . 00-,1. ,' see wad'a.
. gwb) is unlikely since G . maggaba does not mean
maddara (Gr.1 12) 'create the earth' (denomina- mafde ""<;:J.'..; see fadaya . 'surround (umgeben)'. but 'surround to protect'
tive); m~~, m8~~8, m8~a~a (yamtj;II!) OD8 , ooBB See also maggable,
(T.YK*) 'ferment, be acid, be sour'; morada 'l"t.f. (MA) 'dig';
tamadara (It), same as madara; 'amdarja (Gr.1 18), causative; maggiibit oo:>Ili-, seventh Ethiopian month
SEMITIC': Ar. madar 'clods of earth, mud', SA •. marjurj (Gr.1 19) 'fermented, sour'; misprint for moJara "'Lt., denominative from mofar (10 March-9 April);
'beam of the plough' (see wafara I) .
mdr ' territor)" ground" Mh. medir 'sun-dried marjirj, fern. marjrjiid, (T) mCLiiJ 'acid, sour, (T) ETHIOPIC : Tna.Amh. miiggabil. GUT maggiibit
bnck', PbH. mrkr 'clod of earth', Syr. meg'r" 'clod, angry, ill-tempered, rapacious'; maflas, m.flus, m.flas ODtj:llil , ODtj:/l-il I OD<;: Conti Rossini 1923 :376 nghtly conneelS ,t with mgb
SOIl'. Note Ihat while von Soden 651 renders Akk . maJiiJii, (Lt) marjiirj 'vinegar'; tlil 'wild boar" , (see maggaba, above). that is, 'the month that
muiru by 'eine Art Land' and compares it with G . feeds', The noun passed into Cushltic: Kam . mag-
mJrjrjal, verbal noun of marjrja; ETHIOPIC : Te.Tna. miijfas ' wild boar', Hommel 385 giibitti. Had. maggawfte.
""'gad 332
- rnogar 333
mogad '1"7.1':, (L t) mawgad 00tD-7Y: (pI. moga- - -
dal miluiig,ldd) 'wa\"e, flood. tempest';
ETHIOPIC:
,
Tna. mag"'~ya mag',ya
" mug~ya '
~rass, Te: mog)'~ 'a so:t of corn', Amh.Gur eou~h
"rab ""1't:l1 (T) = Amh. ganJo Iron , - mlhlkl
- -
m.g terbalance on the butt of a spear', mag.zoh on :>110 (T \ '
tfllo111iig_dda ''.<<It [TJ 'blast of hot air'); Wild panic grass; also In Cushitlc' Qe . Inuga caun htde' , .1) Coat made of leopard',
. m.mul>·O a
(m" ...iig.,dda k"aJllt [TJ 'driving rain, tempest'); mugga. The noun is not to be derived f1 6 , r ETHIOPIC Tna. miig"riih.
gr\lcs the lmpreS'iIOn of a plural form.
'aJn(J~ada 'make \\-'aves, cause to rise in waves'; attest ed. g'h.J' as suggested by Dillmann rom 1146a nOn -
1t.1n1(1gada (K·). passive of 'amogada; that Dilimann 1907:277 derives G. m~"" h ,.; NOte mag' s, '1"111 'be gracious';
mugzoyihu ""'''I11YII- (Tl " ..
IIt. ' t hat W hIC h makes waste' from Ar • )0 "<ed'
.ah. ' ,amogasa 'bestow. grace, favor, (Gr.IIJ) make in th . a grass thaI grows
0
. . IVa 'be •
Sl'OTIC Ar. mall'Kolt, 'wave', Mh. mOligit. Buhl404, rumed (house), WJden (a wound)'. Sec also. g ;_ meone a favorite; e ramy se'1Son in \oft SOIl';
Kl'Chler 501, and Baumgartner 526 connect it with below. mug.. iJyMu, ro JOgasa 'be given
. grace, b '
e gracIous, be a ~Ums to be a .
Heb mwg (mf(al) 'wave to and fro, swerve', As for G. tan 'hh' .l,y b mlspnnt of m"g·~l")"(l "1"-
favorite, find favor Wtt .ot ers , ,a Ove. For the freque t d
m(lKod. Practonw~. ZDAfG 47 (1893). 392 derives It magal. 00111 'fester, be purulent'; 91. n en 109 -1111. see Tana
from Ar mawga(t) through Somali where final ( 'amgala 'make pus come out'·, mogas 'favor, grace, d.graciousness, charm, love.
. ,
becomes d However, mogad could be a variant of
magi 'pus, blister, mark of a blow',, I·ness, benevolence, tgmty, mih(.)bab "0011 (T); sec bababa II.
mogaf withm Gccz by f becoming d through assimila- I
(mogasa .
qal 'gractous word s ') ;
mamgal (Gr.450) 'pus';
lion Noeldeke 1910: IQ8, n.1 derives, with reserva- m,gus (Or) 'full of grace'; . mihbaba I "000 (TM) 'work',
Uon~. G. mrwad from AT wagada "dessen Grundbe- SEMIT,tC: -:'-r. magala 'be ~Ii~tered', Ar, (f:la~r) mitt mogasawi 'graceful. gracIOus, charming, perhaps mfj~hah", denomlnatl"llC from m;i~hl1b 1St.'(
deutung clwa 'slossen' scin konntc" and he docs not mugl pus, Aram.·Syr. mug/a. Note that Payne S . h (Gr 114) favorite, friendly, agreeable',
agree with the opinion expressed by Praetorius. babaha II) With a generalized meamng 'work'ln,lead
2004 and Brockelmann 1928:37 record (Byza mil mamog(g) as, (LI) ma",og( g)asi 'well-disposed,
ETlfIOPlc' Tna.Amh. mogiid 'wave'; Amh. mii~g "
Gk . moukhla In ntlOe) of the specific meanmg 'press grapes', a'i e'pres"cd
connectIon with Syr. mug/a. benevolent' ; by hababu II
'wan", Te. mog come from Ar. mawg. See, also mogat, -
below ETHIOJ)JC: Tna.Gur. miigiilii 'suppurate', Te. mii I ErnIOPIC" Te.Tna.Amh. mogas 'benevolence, kind.
Amh. miiggii/a, Har. miigiila 'Suppurate', miigi '/~' ness. favor', Amh. moggiisii 'be 10 favor, be hon.
mihbaba II "000 (Y) = Amh. tiillliqli 'draw
water, dtp, plunge', .
mogada 'l"7J'. (KBT 137) 'ignite, kindle'; Arg. frL'g~/; passed into Cushitic: Bit mog/a ,p~:" ored'
ETHJOPIC Te. l7I;lgdll 'fire', Amh. moggiidii 'use as ISeither a SC(ondar), fonn of ·mJhrahd, mah\'tlha,
maguli' OD1-IIj) (T.M) = Amh. ambiyagusam below, or the Amh. !iilliiqa i~ placed here by error,
fuel, put In the fire', mugiido 'firewood', Har. miigiida m.g·a~a 00'''''' (TY K'.M) 'blame, reproach,
'bum. sct on fire', Gur. magiidii 'kindle, bum, light a 'chest strap for a mount, breastplate attached for Amh. !iilliiqa given one line below as transla-
to the saddle'. rebuke, irritate, utter harsh words, attack with
fire'. It is perhaps to be connected wuh Tna. >ag""jidii tion for miihyaba (p. 318), and miihhtlncl may then
harsh words, be harsh, degrade'; have a meaning not gl\"cn by y_
'start a tire', ma'ag"iidi 'firewood'; in this case the
mag"napa oo1'~T (MA) 'shout'; (H 235 = Amh. aqqalliilii meaning :n this
verbs with IOllIal m of the various languages would be
mag"'nap (MA) 'hyena'; context 'degrade', not 'make smaW); mih.babt .,UOofH; see hahaha II
denominalives from ·mgd 'firewood'. In Leslau 1958:
241 I expressed the opinion (partIally follOWing Praeto- probably connected with mankup, below. tamoga(ia, (Gr. I 15) tamag( g)a!'a, passtve; also
nus 1879: 175) that Ethlopic 'mag(g)ada, mogada IS 'insult, degrade' (H 230 = Amh, lIallahi; mean- mih.bal "00').; see llliih,hat.
,
perhaps a denommatlve from magiido 'firewood' from m3g"3npi, m3gunpii 9"1'1~ : 9"1")A, mog".n- ing 'insult' in this context, not 'drip');
a root' wgd that could be compared with Heb. yaqai! pi, mog"anpi 'I"""1~ : 'I".,.,1A 'quiver, cover )amgKa~o, (T.M) lomagKa,ya, 'ama!(ll{/a, same mah,ddaml ODIJJ'.9"').; see huddama.
'bum', At MaqadtJ (so also Cerul" 1936:261 in connec- ior a spearhead'; as mag"a~a: also causative~
tion With Har mogada). mah,ka, m3hka (plllhak) oollh : 9"lIh, (LT)
see ganal!a, and magul!l!ii. below.
mgdm, 'amagdama hoo"lJ'.oo (TX '.M) 'look
I perhaps a denominative from· mg".r, from u root ma~aka, m.~ka oo,r,h I 9",'hh 'have regard
"g~, for which cpo Amh. ll'iiggii!ii 'up'>et, harass, for, pity, have pity, treat with consideratIOn,
mag"anpat 00~1AT (Lt) 'chisel'; trouble'.
from the comer of the eye'; ,
be compassionate, be 'panng, 'pare, take care
SEMITIC related to Ar. qanaba 'trim (a vine)'. of, save, refratn, withhold, (V) estImate, ap-
denominative from magtbm; see gadama.
mogal 'l"1·l, 'wave, flood, (KO) drillle', praise' (could possibly go back to the mean-
rmgdwn 9' "1.11.9", see gaddama. magni!os, mag"anps oo"lt"'... : oo'l-')IIlIl, see mogad, above. 109 'spare);
magni!on, magni!an 00"lt",1 ! oo"ltm') (Lt)
mgb, 'amegha h"'l."IU (TM) 'illuminate, light )cwlhaka, (Gr.79) amfltlku. causatIve;
, 'magnet' ; m.g·!ay, m3gu!ay 9"1'10'. : 9""'m.e; see g"a- tamah.ka 'be treated WIth constderatton';
up;
from Ok. magnetis 'magnet'; also Ar. magna!is, taya, lIIahiiki (K'), act. part. of lIIahaka,
rx>ssibly for 'clJ1JI'K(ta, a denorrunatlve from a non. Amh. miignii!is. See also maqli!os, mt1qiJn!OJ, IIIJllJlk (K ') 'one who" treated with consld·
attested mgft In Geez, but occurring in Tna. as maga& mang"an!is. magwe 00"1'£ (D.T.), magawe 007'£ (Or 114) eration, one who obtams pardon, one who
<daYt'n, early mommg', coming from wiigJ;e 'to dawn'. 'bunCh, handfu l, small bundle', ,
spares;
m3guppii 9"1-A (T) 'quiver';
rmg·.~ya, m~yi 9"1'ih! : 9 'l-ih! (D 1146,
u , , m<)hik, n/()hikol 'clemency, pity, compaSSIOn,
see m~g"~npii, above. mgz', 'amagz,'a hOD"I.,'h, (KG) 'amag"'"
under x'ahaya), mug>/:lyi. mo/.Jguyi -"1m, : 9"m • indulgence, sparing';
1-, (S~ In D 1146), rmg·.hyi 9"1'U, (L) 'wild >,00"1110 'fatten, feed, nourish'; (=a'JII6alo lIIahik 'unsparingly, merc:!c"I}, ruth-
mogar, mugir, mogsrt 'l"1C : -;>C : 'l"7C:t-; tamag:a>a (Lt) 'become fat';
grass, weed'; lessly');
see wagara.
denommatlve from magz~', for which see XUZ'D II. mahkot, same as IIIJhik,
mihka~'a 334
mahwa 335
SEMlnc: AT. mahaka 'soften a thing' , Ug. mhk don 431). Note that the meaning 'quick ( ,
·care, worry ' (SO also Fisher 123). . A ram. (Pa I ) , Syr. mahfrQ>if, mhU
occurs In myra •aSI also tamahwa, same as mCJhwa ;
ETHIOPIC Te. miihaka 'spare, have pity'. Iy, skillfully'. - prompl_ mahaw, fern. mahur (It) ' melted, fluid'; mam!J,d"II. act. part. of 'amohduna '
miftkswa "'IuhlD (K *) 'terrify, frighten'; EmloPIC: Tna . mahara 'teach' Te "h ahwat (Gr.73), verbal noun of miJhwa; mam}'¢iin, nliJm!J.<,iiin ' place of ref~ge'
A hG ..) ,,' d' ' . maara
m . ur. ( ca mara stu y, osramarii 'teach' A '
tatnahd- ., •
lamahkowo 'be frightened. fear'; ';.mhiiw (Gr.73) 'place where one liquefies'; .. am one Who receives in trust. trustee':
(am) frI3hera 'study'. ' rg.
SEMITIC: it is tempting. to ~onnect. this root with Ar. SEMITIC : SAr. mbtfn ' favor, grant '.
D11Imann 10 derives it from a root *hkw which he
co mpares with hwk , hkk. In this case the verb would miihrska "'Iu.:h 'take as booty, plunder I mahuwa 'be watery (milk) ; see Dillmann 145, Noel. ~TIiIOP~C : the verb is a denomlOatlVe from miihi1dan
rob, pillage' ; , Oat, deke 1910: 170, and others. However, while Ar. ma. bosom (see harlana ab ) . T " "
be a denominative from a noun such as *m<Jhakaw. ' ' . , ove , In na ,' fa JmahsanQ
'amiihraka (K*), causative; huwa can be derived from the root for 'water' (Ar. t~lace oneself under protection, appeal for p~~tec.
m.h.lli 9"UII; see ma!J.llii. ma') enlarged by h, as suggested by Noeldeke ib., I?n, seek protection, take refuge', Te. ( la )miiha.
tamahraka, pass. of miihraka; t;liina, Amh. ( lii ) maHiinii. .
this procedure would not apply to G. m<Jhwa where
mahlsl 9"UI\t\; see ~alala If. miihriiki (Gr.73), act. part. of miihraka' the enlargement of a biradical root through" does
,
mahruk (Gr.73), pass. pan. of miihraka' flat occur; cpo perhaps Ar. (Yern) mihi 'be soft' ma~guya 9";"1-' (Sw. ID D 1146) 'weed';
mahmaha (instead of mahmaha) "'IU9"O (MA) maharka 'booty, spoils, plunder'; , (W. Muller). metathesis in relation to m3g·<J~lyti, above.
'push' . maharkannii, same; ETHIOPIC: Te. miiha 'melt, be melted', Amh. mWa
alii, with reduplication of the root in mamma , ma~~ "'1"',"1.; see ,.Imuhah.
. -
mihen "'I'tJ (ll) 'kind of measure'. SEMITIC: SAr. mhrk 'booty' (W. Muller, ZDMG
131[198IJ.401). m"'amm""a (passed into Or. miimawa), Har. mo~a,
Gur. (Zway) mom" 'be melted (bUller, honey)' ; m.~aks, m.l)ka oudth , 9";"h; see mahaka.
mahars (yamh.,) UDO':, (T.Ll) mahra 9"U': ETHIOPIC : Te. mariika, Tna. marii/sii, Amh. perhaps also Cushitic: Be mu' 'humidity'.
'teach, instruct, educate, train, discipline'; marriikii, Arg. marriika, Our. mariika, Har. mariixa ms~sk'a I oodtll- (T.Sw. in D 1393) 'go back
Note that the root is mhrk in Geez while in th~ m.hws [[ 9"UID (MA) 'rub, massage ' ; and forth·.
'amahara (Gr.71), 'amhara (K*), causative;
other Ethiopian languages the root Seems to be a for ma~wa, and see ma~awa, below.
lamahara, tamahra 'be taught, be instructed. triradical mrk in the C·type. The root also OCcurs in ms~ak's II -",II- (Y) 'think. have in mind"
learn, be skilled, be versed in, be disciplined'; Cushitic: Aw. marex . .·a, Kham. mirek, Qem. mirak. •
mahiiri 'teacher, tutor, title of a learned man'; mihyabs "'IUfn (Y); see mii~yaba. Comes close to mahaka (ma~aka ) ' have regard for '.
miJhur 'taught, instructed, trained, learned, m.hut 9"II-T; see (mahwa I), mahaw.
skilled. experienced, expert, versed (in)';
mahayy.mn UDOf.9"J; see haymalla. m~als (yam!Jal) oodt/\ 'swear, take an oath';
l1li1h (a)1' (Ll) 'teaching, doctrine'; msha,s UDUm (MA) 'work'; (malJala ba-~assar, maiJala ba-'ama<,iii 'perjure
mah.zan "'IUlIJ (T) 'hidden, concubine'; oneself, swear falseli) ;
maharo, mahiroT, same; probably rather maIJa!a, below.
from Ar. ma~zan 'storeroom, storehouse', that is, )am{la/a 'adjure, compel to swear' ;
'asramh.ro 'teaching' (Velat 32, n.5); rama!Jla, pass. of ma!tala;
mih.w (pI. miihwiil, 'amhiiw) "'IUID-, (T) ma- 'place where one keeps (hides) things'; also in Te.
mamhiJr 'teacher. instructor, master, superior,
abbot, prior of a monastery'; ~.w "'I11D- 'utensil of glass, glass cup, bottle, miikziin 'storeroom'. tamiiJ.lala 'swear to one another, conspire, fonn a
crystal, glass'; conspiracy, bind one another by an oath, make
(mamhiJra 'orir 'doctor of the law', that is, the a covenant';
Oct.teuch); SEMITIC: one might be inclined to connect G. miihaw
mahuli, act. part. of ma!lala;
('ala mamhiJr 'representative of an abbot'); with Ar. maha(t) 'crystal', as suggested by Noeldeke m~4n, 'ami~~ana h"'lmO~, (l) 'ami~4sna
1910: 170 (following Gesenius), but while Ar. ma-
mallUl (Gr.78, sic!) 'one who swears';
mamharr (fern. of mamhar) 'abbess'; h"'118~ 'entrust, give in deposit, commit to 'am!liili, part. of 'ami,tala;
ho(l) could be derived from the root for 'water' (see
miJlllhiir (instead of mahmiir, Gr.72) 'place of someone's care, hand over into the care of, put mahalii, miihalii 'oath, adjuration, treaty, cove-
learning, school'; mahwa, below), this does not seem to be the case for
this noun in the various Ethiopian languages. under protection, commend, recommend, con. nant';
mamhal'dlmii (Gr.72) 'title of doctor'; fide' ,.
ETHIOPIC: Te. miJho 'goblet', Amh, maho, rno (also (ma~alii ba-~assar or za-!Jassat 'perjury');
tamahiiri 'disciple, student'; mahaw, from Geez), Gur. (Zway) mowa; passed into tama~t;lana 'receive in trust, seek protection, (bal'a ma!lOlii 'violate an oath');
lamahar 'instruction, teaching, study'; Cushitic: Qem. rno 'glass, cup'. The identification of take refuge, take sanctuary, put trust in, trust,
SEMITIC: Dillmann 155 identifies it with Ar. maJ;a/ijla
ramhiir 'teaching, study, doctrine, discipline'; Amh. waha 'water' with Amh. mqho 'cup, carafe', place oneself under protection, be protected, 'plot, intrigue, scheme'; cpo also SAr. mf;1)"'m 'oath'
/am (iJ)harr 'teaching, study, learning, educa- G. miih.w, as suggested by Praetorius 1879:54, is appeal for protection'; (?), Heb. miiJ;al 'forgive'. Ihe forgiving possibly
tion , erudition, doctrine, dogma, method, disci- unlikely. Leslau 1963: 106 suggests a connection mah(iun, pass, part. of 'amii!J¢ana; also 'de- expressed by an oath.
pline, science, ability, skill'; with Har. mii~awa 'object, goods. utensil'. posited, entrusted'; EnuOPIC: Tna. miifmlii 'swear', Te. mii~Qla, Amh.Gur.
ma!Jd;mnii 'deposit, trust'; malii, Arg. maha/a.
SEMITIC: Ar. mahara 'be skillful'. SAr. r.mhr.t m.hwa I (yamhaw ) 9"UID, (KG) mahawa
'contIngent of Bedouin mercenaries', Heb. mahi,. mii!Ja¢an, mii!Ja¢ant, (T) miihiJ¢ant 'trust, de- mahoUi 9"mil; see mhll.
UDOID, (Ll) ma~awa UDdtlD 'melt (intr), be posit, pledge, custody'; •
'quick, skilled' (ludolf 638; so also Uliendorfi', VT liq uefied, be dissolved, dwindle';
6[1 965J. 195), Aram. mh(y)r 'capable, skillful', Syr. miih¢anor 'deposit'; mJ:ill. tamiJ:tlals (tamiNals) -1-"'1;""" (-I-"'1U
>amhawa 'melt (tr), liquefy, dissolve, make )ama~t!iin i 'deposi tor';
mahirii 'trained. skillful', Ug. mhr 'serviceman' (Gor. dwindle' ; /\/\) 'beseech, supplicate, make supplication,
mamha¢iin 'pledge, refuge'; seek earnestly';
mi~(.)I.t 336
ma~ar(r)arn
ma~uraw~jt
I<1mJhliili (Gr.7I), act. participle; ETHlOP1C Tna. malpn 'woven textile', Amh . - 337
mahua
mahalia,
. (K') mahllil 'supplication, invocation,
_.. ,
1_-
ln3fhm. ..,
man weaver's d
ree ' ; passed int C. tnahan
.. ' mahuraw~iit "".h-£:m-dt-}- (instead of ma-
(sun),. d~sappear, (Y) be teary (eye)" M 104 ren-
solemn service. adjuratIOn, Imprecation; Qem. mm.. 0 ushuJc'.
hur~w&iit of T.M); see ~wr.
""'h""1i bamalu' 'imprecation at full length'; ma- •
m&\lara, m.~ra (yambar) oo"'£: ; I"'.l,.: 'have ders It mtrude, invade' apparently mlstak.ing
,",Iiii bag"adalo 'abridged imprecation' (from ma-
I'a. p:"adala; see Velat 577tf); compassion, be compassionate, show mercy, mahasa I """'" (TM) 'extirpate, eradicate, Amh~, l3/aq/aqq alii 'set completely (sunf,
have mercy, have pity, pardon'; upr~ot, rake, puJ~ ~ut'; Tayya s translation of mahsa for IJllaqq a/d
mahalia, mahalia, same~ also 'intercession, advo- mahus, pass. parttclple;
'meddle'. .. , .
cacy'; 'am~ara, causative~ also 'move to pity';
lamallra, tam~hara 'obtain mercy, be shOwn SEMITIC: AT. ma&asa 'knead, rub Oeather)'; possibly
SEMITIC Praetorius 1890; 369-70 thinks that the mercy or Pity; AI. mas&a metathesis) 'wipe out, erase', Mh. ~a~ "'.l,lI., (L) miil)~e "'.l,\, (T) rna"'!_ "'11\
, . (with
, axe',
correcl form is (Ia)miilt/a/a (with h) and not (Ia)- >aslam/Jara 'implore pity, crave mercy, seek mahOs WIpe.
mii~"ala {with M and considers it a denominative from
mercy, ask for mercy, be prone to pity, have ETInOPIC: Tna. mii~asii 'weed, extirpate, pull out', SEMmc, from hsy: Heb. &~ii Ol,y) 'dIVIde', Syr. hasii
*I1IMI to be delived from Semitic hll'praise' (Ar.Heb. Amh.Gur. masa 'dig out, plUCk out. excavate'. (/"y), Ph. hsY 'half, Akk. esa 'slit'. .
Syr): so also Christian, WZKM 55 (1959). 169. How- pIty, tntercede, be merCIful, be compassionat EnnoPlc: Tna. maJ.~ii 'axe', Te. mii~a::e (d'Abbadie),
· pard
o btam '
on; e,
ever, in view of the more frequent form with ~ the mahasa
, 1I oodtll (MA) 'cause to grow, rear'; Amh. n~e (from Gcez). matu'. The root is relatt.'Ci
verb is (Io)miiblala even though Te. and Tna. have 'astamii/Jara 'ask for mercy from one another" to hasas
. . . a, above . ..
SEMITIC: Getatcbew suggests, with reservations, the
the root mlili. but also mbll (see below). The root m(ll1 ma~ari 'merciful, compassionate, gracious, on~ possibility of an original me~ng 'dig out' (see ma~a
is perhaps to be identified with m(ll 'swear' (see who has pity'; "",~ut I'"m.-}- ; see (mahawa) , mal/J",.
sa I) in the sense of softemng the earth around a
mabala, above) with the reduplication of the last mahur 'one who obtains mercy'; growing plant, and thus making it grow,
radical. miil)tata "'.l,-N- (T. V), mahtata "'U++ (T) 'tes-
mallra! 'compassion, pardon, mercy, pity, clemen- tify';
ETHIOPIC Tna. (rii)ma(Jliilii. (tii)mahliilii 'invoke cy, affection'; miihso<, m&\t""'" (pI. mahiisJ'iit, mahasa'/) ..,.l,iI
God, pray', Te. (I>}mahlii/a, Amh.Gur. (Iii}mallii/ii,
('amara ma!lrar 'year of grace'; it designates the b ,oo"'iIlJ (0 95), mii~sa' ..,.l,ilh (L) 'suckling . , see halata.
denOminative from mahtal' .
Arg. (Iii)miihalliila 'beg'. The root passed into Cushit.
Ethiopian calendar); kid, lamb, young goat';
Ie: Bii. mahtal 'implore God'. m&\lawa (yambawi OO"'ID 'uproot, pluck out,
mami:zar (Ll) 'one. who implores compassion, (miihsa' {ali 'young kid');
pull out, tear away, tear out, carry away, (T Y)
mii!J(a)let (pI. maba/a)') ..,,},/\,-}-, mii\l(a)letiiy worthy of compassIOn'; (miihsa' bagga' 'suckling lamb, calf, kid'); rub';
"''}'/\':rf., mii\l(a)letiiwi "',},/\,:r'f ; see hala),a. 'astam/raro (Gt) 'characters of the dagg"ii-anti- lamiihsa'a (Ll) 'represent oneself as a lamb' (de- 'am!lOwa (Gr.79), causative;
nominative);
phonary, (Gr.78) supplication (religious service)'; ttund~wa. pass. of ma~awa;
ma~anal ()'amhan) oodt~ (K*.LI),mahana ooU~
mastami:zar (instead of mastami:zar of 0), part. of EnnoPlc: Tna. ma/ysi>. maJ:rsiJ) 'kid'. mahiiw; (Gr.79), act. part. of ma!lOwa;
(Gr.73) 'scrub, rub, soften a hide'; 'aslam/:tara; fniJ{IaW, fem. miJ{lut (Gr.79), pass, part. of ma~la.
'amahalla (Gr. 73), causative; mahaSaS OPthUJP'"; see hWajasa.
ramahallo (Gr.73), passive; SEMlTIC: metathesis in Ar. ral:zima 'have mercy, be , - wa',
merciful', SAr. r/:lm, Heb. ra~am 'love, have compas- t1whwat,
. verbal .noun of mallawa;
.
mahiill; (Gr.73), act. part. of mahana; m.~~. I oodtll, (Y) m.~~ 1"',},1I, (T) m&\la~a
sion', Aram.-Syr. ra~lem, Ug. r~m, Akk. remu; consid. In<Jmhiiw (Gr.80), mamho (Gr,80) 'place where
n",/rull (Gr.73), pass. part. of mahana;
ered a denominative from rhm 'womb': AT. rahim,
..
00"'0, m.hda I"',},O 'smite, cut, pierce through,
one uproots, instrument for uprooting' ;
mahiin, malriill 'soft hide', possibly 'skin dyed . . (T.Y.M)
. .. ,
split, chisel, destroy, injure, inSUlt, blame,
red' ,. Heb. rf~fm, Aram. ra~u'jma, Syr. ral:zma, Akk. remu. cntlclZe ; SEMITIC: Ar. ma&ii (m&wly) 'crase, cancel', Heb. miihii
EnnoPIC: Tna. miiJ;arii 'forgive, pardon', Te. miiJ,lQra, (m!ty) 'wipe out, extenninate', Aram. nJ.iJ~ii 'efface',
"",hiine, malmal (Gr.73) 'act of softening the larnah}a (K'), passive;
Amh.Arg. mara. Note that Te. riiJ;.ama 'have pity on', Ph. m&y, Ug. m&y (Aistleitner, no. 1540) 'be effaced'.
hide' ; ma~~i, act. part. of ma~~a;
Tna. riihamii
• are taken from Arabic. Praetorius Akk. ma>u, "etwa 'wegstossen'" (?) suggested by
mamlrall (Gr 73) 'place where one softens hide'; 1890:21 derives the root m~r from G. ~ora (adding n/JhU}, pass. part of ma!lOSa;
von Soden 637 is doubtful.
"so unglaublich dies auf den ersten Blick scheint"), ma&~al, verbal noun of ma&~a; EnnoPIC: Tna. mii&awii 'uproot'.
SEMITIC:Ar. mahana 'soften the hide'.
ErHIOPIC Tna. mii~lOnii 'pound. crush'. Ar. ~lh'r 'go, return> answer', SAL ~wr 'be gracious', SEMlTIC: Ar. malJ~a 'stamp, trample'; related to SAc
and Ethiopic m!lr would then be a denominative from mbrJ 'smite, hew out, defeat', Seq. me~arj 'weave', miihyaba ..,.l,fn (M), miihyaba "'lIfn (TY)
ma~ana II, ma~na oodt~ : I"''}'~ (TY.M) 'pay SAr. m&r 'gnadige Antwort, Gnade'. This deriva- Heb. miilJD.! 'strike, break to pieces' (also 'chum' 'dr~w water with a large container, dip, plunge';
homage, make a gift, bow down to greet' tion is not convincing. according to Oahood 1968: 146), ATam. m~a « ma- denominative from miiJ;yab; see ~yb.
(denominative); m.hra I"''}'£: (T.Sw. in 0 1393) 'sulk, snore'; ~a<, m~tfJ, Md. mho, Ug. mb! 'smite, strike', Akk,
ma~lQna, malzanii.. ma/ulna, mabanii.. mana 'pre-
,
mal]ti!U 'hit, strike, weave'. See on this root M. mll\layit, mo~ayit -"'II.-r I 'I""'II.-r; see wa-
Dillmann 1393 compares it with G. ridtJra 'snore, Held, JAOS 79 (1959).169-176. See also maljaifa, haya.
sent, gift, tribute, offering, sacrifice'; snort '. EnnoPIC: Tna. miihasa
. , 'hit, cut, break', Te. mlif,lQ!o
from Gk. manaa, transcription of Heb. min~a 'gift'. ( 'chum, shake milk', Arg. mdha!a 'hit', Hac maIJala, mab...a 00",,, (T.Y,M), mah ...a OOU" (MA) 'be-
mubar
" mahar
, oo-"'c , I"'dtC; see h"'r. Gar. masa,
. Gur. matd.,
co';'e a young man, become a lover, be flirta-
, ,
mahn
. I"',},'), (KG) maho
, oo,},') 'shuttle, length ma~.r(r)am oodt£:l"', name of a month; hous ; .
of the warp, weaver's reed'; ma~a~a II oodtll (Y), ma~ 1"'.l,1I (TY.M), tamiihaza 'be in love with one another, fall to
from Ar. muharram.
"",~~a 1"'.l,0 (T) 'flee, emigrate, set completely love,' become a lover, commit adultery, strive
muhil 338
mk' 339
~~=====-::~~:-~==:===-=~--~~~---------- ~m.k.na
..
after \('moone\ fncndship, become intimate
wllh, be flirtatious, (K) Joke with one another'
miil;d, (K') =/;t;I 'labor pains' ;
JDk', t.lmka,t O}-Y"h"O}-, metathesis of I,m'akl,
__________________
SEMITIC: Ar mabit;la ' have labor pains' . see ma,aka. I,mk,hl 'gI .
(the Amhanc translation liidarra in H 224 does with the meanmg 'shake, smite'; Ar. m~h:nected
. . ory, vamglo')', glonficatJon, boa,ung,
not mean 'agree' in this context, but 'be flirta- Insolence. Impudence',
mQJ;~; see mah~a I, above. - . , Heb. JDk<b, ,amak<aba hOl>hon, (T) 'amak'aba
tIOUS); I,mhhliil (pI. of I,m""hl) 'honor,;
EnooPlc: Te. miilJasa 'have labor pains', Amh. ( ,,""lIhn 'redouble, double. make twofold, dupli-
"'-,lamiiJura (lI), 'aSlaJ/lal;a~a (T) 'nurture ten- la, Gur. (a)mala·N; Te. miihas 'labor pai . a)"",. EnnoPlc ', Te. (tiJ JmiikJvhd 'braD rei)' 'n' T
cL . A h G ...... ns , Hat cate, repeat, do a second time, multiply, increase (Ia) iikbh ~" oa
derly. amu~, entertain'; m~,~, • . m . r'Id~, ur mar, passed mto Cushiltc. . ,m . e, Amh. (fa mraJcko. Gur l td ImOkka 'rely
m,!u 'birth pam . . Or (e.g, 'amak<aba salosla 'ada 'he trebled', lit. 'he on
maha:. maM:. mii!.Jo. miil;z 'adultery, (1I) prosti- increased threefold');
lule. adulterer, adulteress, lover';
tamakfaba, passive; makaJa ouhl\ (T), makkola (for makk"ala) -t>t\
mahaoii, (Lt) ma!"i:ii (pI. mal;aziil) 'youth, young mii~fad I "'..,"-.(- 'tower, fort, fortress, citadel
temple, (Lt) obelisk, statue; sign of Sco . ' denominative from rnakfiJbu 'double'; see ka'aba. (MA) 'cut with a sickle. mow, cut',
man, adolescent. lover';
(maha:iila sor 'porters', lit. 'young men for the
(zodiac)'; rplon E~?PI~: Tna. miilsiilii 'mow, cut'. Te. mdklav (PI
load'); tamiihJada 'be built (tower)'; denominative. JDk·bt, 'amak·abata hODhon·,. 'duplicate, make ~al) halm of durra, halm of com' (lUlInann-
, twofold' ; Hofner IJ 1). See also makli<lOM"o.
m"fluo (T) 'playful'; SEMITIC: SAr. m/Yd 'tower' (wilh ~, and Ihe Geez
mah:."" mah:alJ, (T) miih:an 'adultery, fornica- noun is perhaps mii~fad rather Ihan mii~fad). denominative from n1.}k f tlbi,; see ka'aba. mk'h.
makaJe oohl\, (lI) 'kind of disease'
tion, concubmage, dbcit affair'; ErnIOPIC: Tna. malJliid 'fort, fortress', Amh. mahf<iIJ
'strong wall and tower' (from Geez). makii<law., mak"ii<lawa ODI],)I\IJI • oo'>.,)I\w makIit I (pI. makiil,y, makiibyiit, mak,ili, ",akii.
ETHIOPI(" Tna. miiha:a 'one of the same age', Te. (T.Sw. in 0 1394) 'mow, cut With a sickle'; hi) ouht\.-l- 'talent (of silver)',
ma:ay 'beM fnend', Arg. munhm:ed, Har. ~l}iJz
mii~fad II "'..,"-.(- 'the veils and napkins with see also makala, k",i<laM'a.
miilaq 'best man In a wedding', Amh. mi::e. m1ge; also SE'Ml1lC: related to Ar kala (kyt I 'measur<' (v). Sh
which an oblation is covered' (see Euringer, ZS
In Cushuic: Bil. mada (Wlth altemance d:z), Kham.
makeba< 0I>h.1I') (T') 'mule', mlcol 'measure' (n), from kyl > tyl (by palatahza-
ma:a. Qem. miixo, Or. minge, mm:i. The derivation of
10[1935].135-6; Hammerschmidt 1967; 128); "on).
see also me>ekebe<.
Amh. M'a~a Joke, mockery' from maJ;a::a suggested by from Ar. ma~fa.a 'Ihal In which a thing is kepI'; also EmoPlc Amh. miiklir 'talent (of silver)', from Gcez;
Praetonus 1879.58 IS unlikely. In Tna. ma~fiid 'cloth placed over the paten before Te. kdyyiila 'measure' IS an ArabiC loanword. For the
communion', Amh. mahfad (from Geez). mak"id OI>IJ...(- (l) 'club, short and thick stick'; we.ght of the maltlit, see PankhuN 1970, 1.55.
. mohiz
muhiz, , ".,."'." : .,.,,,,.,,; see wahza.
. ErnIOPIC: Tna. malfdi 'hilt of a sword', Amh. miikd,
ma~ala 01>"1" (MA) 'carve an idol'; miikde; also in Cushttic: KhamLa makdi. makIit II ooht\. -l- (1I) 'httle bag';
mi!1(a)bab, mi!1(a)babt, mi~(a)babt "'..,011 :
",..,n-flr J "'..,-fI-flr, (TM) mih(a)babt
n-fl'}-; see hababa II.
"'U seems to be a misprint for massala tID"'t makfe OI>h,,-; see kajaya II.
from Ar. miIJla( 'fodder bag'; also in Te. mtlklUl
'fodder bag', Tna. m~M lat, Bil.Sa. muk/iit (from
Tigre).
- mi~laka ",..,,,h (MA) 'hobble a cow by tying
mukiif ""'1]'1:; see w/if.
m~br, 'am~bara h"'..,n~ 'assemble together, the hind legs together'; makiloy ou!]",!'.; see maklil,
associate. Join, unite'; denominative from 0 mal;lak, from ~/k, ~(k, for wh.ch makko~a OI>h", (K 0); see lamakk.!w;
tamabbara, passive; also 'be an associate'; cpo Tna. haliilsQ 'hobble a cow by tying Ihe hind legs lamakka~a 'praise oneself, glorify oneself, boast, makmis I \I"h.,11 (T) 'box, chest, coffer, (T')
logether', Te. ~alliika, Amh. alliika. brag, puff up, be honored'; mat made of reed';
denommative from miih(.})bar,
. for which see habara·
- ,
also Te. 'amahhiJra 'go to a meeting'. <amakkal;a, causative; also 'embellish, render DJllmann 1401 states that It IS a tran~npllon of Heb.
mi~bat
-
miihlal "''''''''; see halala
. II. magnificent' ; m*mas, place-name.
",..,no}- (T repnnt, M), mihabat ",uno}-
(T): <;eo I;bl, mi~me "'' ' ' 1,(T) mihame "'U"'1; see I;amaya.
'oslamakkal;a, causative; also 'embellish';
makkiil;i, (KO) makkiil; 'boastful, (Gr 101) glori. makmis
., II (T) 9"h.,11 'low region, wilderness,
1396, under I;adama), ma!HIimit 9"~-'I"'r (T) makin 001]'); see kwn.
magnificent';
'spoon for administenng the Eucharist';
.
mahoSaS 01>-<;'P'P', mah"aSas .. -'l-'"I", ma· miik,h (It) 'haughty, arrogant': makana (yamhn) ouM, (Gr 10J) makkana
perhap, from ""r. hadama 'serve', Chr.·Ar. hadama 1_
-
quddiita 'celebrate Mass'. - . -
hosas 00-<;'1111; see h'aSaSa. m;,kl; 'boasting, glory, praise, glorifying, object ODh~ 'be barren, be unfrUItful. be sterile, be
of boasting, pride';
mi~tot (pI. maryiilaw, mal;iilawiil) .,..,.,.-l-, en ('albasa =kl; [ll] 'gala dress');
childless, be bereaved':
m~.d. -"IS (Gr.80) 'suffer labor pains'; mihatot "'U+r; see halawa,
- 'OSlamakkal;o 'pride';
makkana 'cause to be barren, bereave';
'amkana, (Gr. 103) 'amakkana, causative; also
'OtnIJada, (l) 'amhada 'suffer labor pains, (K)
cause to suffer labor pains'; - .
mahiitaw -;)o}-ID-, mahitawit -;)o}-'I'-l-; see mmnkal;, (KO) mamakkal; 'cause of boasting'; 'deprive of children';
=/;adl (fem. of • =&ud) 'who suffers labor
miihalOl.
- ,lamakkiil;i
. (Gr. 101), part, of tamakkal;a; also lamakna 'become sterile, become barren',
painS',
vam person, braggart'; makkiin 'barren, unfruitful, sterile, childless (man
m~yar ",..,re (KG) 'foam of the sea', tamakkal;o( I) 'insolence, vainglory, boasting'; or woman)';
maknun 340
I 341
lI1 ekir
"'<lUanah'it (Gr.1D3) 'sterile (woman)': makaiiiia, Our, ( am) makmifiii' Tna k - I ~ usative; also 'test, try, tempt, exam- makrit OUht!!- 'spade' ;
.Ikara, ca
m..1kkiinc (Gr.IOJ), see tnaknal; text,' A m h. maknayat, makannat' Gur . rnak- f!alJat
_ .r ' pre. .",I""rove, expI ore' ., see karaya I:
lIyal. , , rna annal ,t113~.
milk.nat 'barrenness, sterility. bereavement, child- Ine, P pass of makkara;
less ness' , I {"",akka;a'ted. ;ried, experienced'; mukirya .... h.c.r (Tl 'refemng to the flame ,
milmk,m , mamkani (K), part. of >amkana; mkr T, makara (yamkar, yamkar) ouh.: 'ad'
exhort, recommend devise form I VIse,
I kku, tes . .'
," _,' I testing, exanunalton, temptatton,
-I'ara toa, I'
.
epIthet of Christ, (Tl a cry of woe';
ETHIOPIC:Te.Amh.Gur. miikkan 'sterile', Tna. mii~an, I d .' , a pan tak m:-- . distress, ordea ; Comes from Gk. ( mllestheri ) mou kwie '(remember
Arg.Gaf. miihan; passed into Cushitic: Kham. ma1.Jen, counse I etennme, propose, make ad' . . e
plot, conspire'; eclslon,
tnbulatJ~n: (Lt) 'tested tried, stricken with mis- me) oh Lord!' ; see also mu'ag3.1'ii. madasur/i.
Qem. miil]tin. nrokkaronJ/ •
,.
'amkara 'advise, counsel give a pi fortunk': . (Ll) part. of >mnakkara;
I .' an, ask fo makeaz ouh':1t (T.M) = Amh. sagr 'mIllipede'
maknun I ooh)'1 (M), >.Imaknun hAooh)'1 (T) counse , ask for adVlce, devise a plan rs ,r !{11nak aTl· . ,
tamakara 'take counsel'-, ' pe uade; aro (Ll) 'temptatIOn; (from 'i-agar 'thousand feet') ;
'hidden '; {ani akk . ' t"
tamakara 'advise one another, take COUnsel to. I,m/orr (U) 'temptatIOn, tna , the meaning 'mIllipede' is confimlcd by KG makra::
from Ar. makniin,
gether, consult, dehberate, devise a Ian . Tna miikkiirii 'attempt, try, test', Amh. = Amh, ya->Jbbiit t3['wonn that is found in dung'
EWOPlc. . . C h" 0
maknun II, in »boaknun hAooh)'1 (M) 'melting spire, plot'; p , con· k"" ii Arg. mokkiira; passed lOto us ItlC: r.
POL, oven'; ",ok a' , Note that Dillmann 198-9 and Noeldeke mak"asa oull-I'l (Y) has a variety of meaninRs
'astamiikara (K 0), caus, of tamiikara'
makiiri, act. pan. of makara; also 'prude t
I rnokorra. 1
'76 0.4 combine mkr I and mkr 1. In view 0
' f which seem to belong to different roots: I)
probably corruption of Ar. kiiniin. · I n,coun_ 1910.h Arg., mokkiirii, mokkiira. .It .IS POSSI'ble th at the 'accuse, boast, bet'; 2) 'discharge pus' ; 3) 'guard,
I
se or, a Visor, potter';
d Am . , . "'k
root for 'try, test IS m r. protect one another' ; 4) 'take by force', Note
maknas oohHI (KO) 'broom'; nIiIkur (K 0), pass. part. of makara' that makk'aya has the same meanings,
from Ar. miknasa. makr 'plan, design, counsel, advi~e ConSI'd mekir "'Lh.C, (T) mildr "'Ih.C, name of Ih:
. d I'be . , era·
tlon, e I ration, conswtation devt'ce 0 . . sixth Coptic month (it corresponds to G. yakka- mak"si, mak"so, mak"..y ODIN\, , ODtttl. , ODIt
'. ' . PinIOn
mekanot, mekonot, mekenot OZh'i-r l OZ\l'i-r ; purpose, pomt of vIew decision understand' ' rtf,; see k"asaya II, and mk'sy.
'd . '. ' mg, I Iii) ;
OZh.'i-r (01401), mekanot OZIJ'i-r (T), mikonot JU gment, conspiracy, mtrigue, plot'.
rrom Coptic mekhir; see also masir, below, and
"'l.\l'i·t (Lt), makinot ooh. 'i-r (r) 'pedestal, (ba-nIiIkr 'insidiously'); , mak"ast I ooltrt!!- (T.M) 'joint labor' ;
'amser, above.
base, stand, (Gr.103) base for a jar, drinking >amaktiri, part. of>amkara; also 'applicant, postu- perhaps in connection with mak.~ sj 'of the same
lant' ; ,
gourd, dipper, storage bin'; name .
...k"rib (pI. mak"iirabt) 9"ttb--fl 'temple, sanc-
from Ok, mekhonol, transcription of Heb. ma(fonol 'amakarayan, pI. of 'amakari (Gr.449) 'postulant '.
monks'; tusry, synagogue, mak"os! II ooltrt!!- (T.Ml 'broom';
'bases',
(za-m,k"riib 'second Sunday of Lent');
mamkar (pI. mamkariin, mamiikart) 'counselor I perhaps a misprint for mak~Jsliir ootN'I."'·C 'broom',
SEMITIC: SAr. mkrb 'shrine, temple, synagogue' ('1),
mkny, >amaknaya hooh~f (0 857, under kny) one who gives advice, advisor'; , for which see k. .·oslara.
from krb I (according to SabDic 78), and pe~haps also
'make excuses, pretend, give a reason, use as a mamkari, same; krb-( 'blessing' even though SabDlc 79 conSiders It as mk"sy, >amak"saya hoolt(tf 'have the same
pretext, look for excuses'; SEMTTIC: Ar, makara "deceive', makr 'craftiness, cun- coming from krb II: cpo also Akk. kariibu 'pray'. On a name':
tamaknaya 'use as a pretext, look for a pretext, ning', Heb. malsera 'counsel' (Ludolf 87, 639; so also bibliography of G. m.k"·riib and SAr. mkrb, see Land-
seek an occasion, look for means or for a way, Ullendorff 193, Baumgartner 551), miikar 'practice , berg 1909:642ff. Buhl 117 (followed by Baumgartner
tamak"asaya (Gr), same;
scheme'; deceit' (D.W. Thomas, JTS 37[1936).388-9), Akk. lamak"'saya (K*), causative;
152) connects G. nIiIk"riib with brk (Pi<e1) 'bless'.
tamakonaYG 'devise vicious actions against makru 'counsel'. The connection between Ar.G. mkr Fraenkel 274 derives Ar. mthrab 'niGhe in a mosque, denominative from mak"'si, makM£iJy 'nam~ke' ~~.
someone' ; 'beguile, plot' and Heb.Aram.Syr. mkr 'sell' suggested synagogue' from G, mak. .·rab (from which he also k~asaya 'be nicknamed'); cpo also Amh. (ta )mokassa
nlilkna)'iit 'pretext, (false) excuse, cause, reason, by Brockelmann 1928:385 (following Jensen) .nd derives, with reservations, Heb. karutJ 'cherub'), as 'be nicknamed'.
Rabin in Ben-l:Iayyim 485 is doubtful. Concerning against Pr.etorius, ZDMG 61 (1907).621-2, Landberg
occasion, opportunity, means, wiles, subterfuge'; these roots Noeldeke 1910:76, n.4 states, "Dies mk,
(za-nIiIknayiit 'occasiona!'); 1909:64lff., Noeldeke 1910:52, n.3, and Rhodoka- makoti "'tt:r (T) 'gift, present, supplication';
[Heb. Syr.) mag in letzter Instanz mit ..f-. 'list', ouht. nakis, Worrer und Sachen 3 (1911).125, n.6. " see ma'iJk"'al, above,
'amakna)'o(t) 'reason, argument';
rung';
'versuchen, raten' identisch sein, aber die Bedeu-
'amakniiyi (Gr) 'one who makes excuses , cun- tungsiibergange waren schwer festzustellen".
EnnoPlc: Tna. ma/s."·rab 'synagogue', Amh, mak rab
(from Geez). mkt, tamaka!a
.
.,."'hlll
. "
(MA) 'accuse';
Tasa .,...,\>,~ 'accuse
ETHIOPlc: Te, mtikra 'advise', Tna. miilsiirii, Amh. is perhaps a nllspnnt lor lama ...
tamaknayo(t) 'excuse, pretext, cause'; "'I.he'll (T) 'cruel'; which see male asa, above.
miikkiirii, Arg. miikkara, Gur. makarii, The root mikrobi one ano ther' , t'or
l'
SEMITIC: Dillmann 857 reduces mkny to a root kny passed into Cushitic: Be. mekir 'advise', Kham. is probably an interpretation of the French 'microbe'.
and compares it, among others, with Ar. kana (kny) maxer, Sa. makar. makk"aya (IOll-f has the same meamngs as
'allude to, speak allusively or. makark oohch (T) 'piece'; mak'"asa, above;
EnnoPIC: Te. (>a)makna 'use as a pretext', Tna. mkr II, makkara ooh.: 'tempt, try, test, put to for the meanings 'watch, guard' Di1l~ann 202 com-
from krk < krkr; see karkara. above. For krk <
I 'OmJmiilsaniiya, Amh. (am)miikmirid, Arg. (am)- pares Ar. maqii (mqy) 'watch, guard.
the test, examine, choose by testing'; krkr. cpo also GUf. kariikii 'grind coarsely'.
342
malgan. malagos 343
mel I "1.A (It) 'honey",
('amall,'a [anoIa 'he hastened along the rOad') - .... 1....
from GL. meli 'honey'; also in SYf. mflfn (Payne 'aml,'a 'take upon oneselr, engage onese/r. ' I OS 00/1-)11 'soft_ weak, effeminate',
masg
Smith 20Q I) See also mel /I 100IIiil,'a, (T) lamall,'a 'press on (to) be on ' lamali!<>_ paS",e of m"Ii!<>; also 'fall out, rail off,
from G k . malakos ·soft. unmanly', be thrown_ uproot oneselr;
. •
mel II "1.A (T.M.Sw In D 1400) 'Gospel'; way, carry away WIth oneself, bring with one's
One
tear away, take away, draw along'; , lamiil_ba (KO) 'draw (swords) on one another';
rnilihi "'1.'1'£ (r) 'white millet'; 'aslOll/ali!<> 'cause to draw (a sword)';
Dlilmann 1400 considers it a loanword without &lYing 'ostamtiliJfQ. caus. of tamiiliJro; also 'cause to
the language, It IS undoubtedly connected with mel I, . uld be a suffix conSidering the number of nouns 'aslamal_ba (K"), caus. of 1.vniiL>",,;
the Gospel bemg conSidered 'honey', For the Gospel
hand over, cause to entrust';
n",lIii' (Lt) 'incursion';
-hl~o In a non-etymologlcal -hi (see Tayya 92); but maliifJi. act. part. of ma/lta;
being Identified With milk. see Eurin~r. BiblicQ .18 In ng or melani• below, the form milahi could be a
en View n"'luI], (T) rnalh, pas> part. of 111"1,,,,;
(iQ37).270, 1.12, where 'oril (law) IS Idenllfied With SEMITIC: Ar. mala-a 'run swiftly (she~mel)'. IDlsprint. n",lhal, verbal noun of m"lha: -
milk EnuoPlc: Tna. ('a)mal·. 'flee, escape', ( 1m.I< -
'carry away', Amh. { lii)malla 'go off With',
la f SEMITIC: Ar maJa~Q 'pull out', HaTS. mdtj~ 'pull
Doha OOAm 'season with salt, make tasty' down', Heb. mlh (nif'31) 'be tom up. be dlSpeNXI
~:nominative of maiM;
In
mah ( ..,mlii') ooAh 'fill, fill up, complete,
mUltiply (tr., intr), be full, be filled, overflow, be rna,," (y,mlii.) ooAO fragments', Akk. ttJiJliibU 'remove, tear apart' (consld~
smear'; (Y) 'anOint, grease, (note that G. ""Ath mal!1O or malbha IS also ered by Yon Soden 593 related to Aram rruh'K
fulfilled, be completed, be abundant, abound, 'pluck'). _
(Y) come to an end'; lamal'a (KG), passive; dered by T 37 and TS 9 'do, work' (also KG
ren 'work'), poSSIbly
""Ih . 'd0 go od wor,k' saIt be'Ing ETHJOPI('; Te, miilha 'draw a \word' (that 1" , 'pull
'om/J'a. causative; SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. (Da.) mala' 'smooth away" from the sheath'), also "IJ/ha, (for "",Iiwyl R>N' 'be
lamal'a 'fill itself, become full, be filled, be the ~ymbol of good deeds. It could also be that
stnpped!' (curse), Tna miilht' 'pull out', mJIi.imnWIJ,
""Ath malha is for ooA"l mall]a below, and the
completed'; mal'a ooA,} (T) 'one who is inclined to fornica_ Amh. miiJiimmii/ii 'cut' (from m/~ > mi. rcduphUltoo
tion' ; neral meaning 'do, work' refers to all the
lamii/~)a. reciprocal of maba;
malo'i. act part. of maba;
~tivities expressed by mall]a); into mlm/). GUT. mala; pa'i..'\OO into (U\hlltC Sa mwUh
'pulled out' See also nwlhola. belo""
SEMITIc: related to Ar. malaga 'dally, be wanton' lamalha, lamalbha, passive; also 'be salty';
malll' 'fUll, filled, abundant, copious, replenished,
complete'; mulad 00-/1.1:", milad "'/./1.1:"; see walada. malh iTS 9), ",,1!lii (D), n",lh (Gr K") 'salt, taste,
1ITdl, 'fullness, that which fills'; also refers to a
sav~r, judgment, common sense, tntellect, tn-
malf. ooAte (T) 'awl'; sight, discernment, knowledge'; mal!lota ooA .....,. (instead of lIIalhola ooA"'.~
mode of singing (see g' adalo); of T Y M) 'weed',
mispnnt ror masfe ""IIIl.., ror which see safayo. (biihra mal!, [Lt) 'Dead Sea');
(ba-n",/'-, with suffix pronouns, 'fully, complete-
mallahi (Gr.74), act. part. of mall'ha; denominauve rrom ntillhal;
. sec malho.
-
ly'; e.g. bOlI",/,u 'he fully, he completely', bllmill'o-
malaga I 00111 (K ".T.M) 'be spoiled (person), "",lIuh (Gr.74), pass. part. of nlOlI,!IO; ..
mil 'all of them, they together'); malaka OD/lh IS the same root as mlk, below,
behave without regard to the proprieties, be malh• (K") 'seasoned with salt, salty, (T) whIch IS
(11Td1'a ""[n, ""/'a "d 'handful'); but for the sake of conventence the two entnes
slimy, be sticky'; tasty';
(ba-""/'a I,M,ka 'with all your heart'); are separatred;
malgu (K") 'sticky, viscous, nasty, indecent'; malliihe (Gr.74) 'seasoning with salt, common
""/'al 'fullness, filling up' (n); malaka 'own (property), possess, have domin-
sense';
maml" 'that fills up, (Gr.76) complement'; EoooPlc: Amh. mallaga 'be sticky, be unpleasant, be ion, dominate, become master, take posses-
nasty', mal'gl'g 'slimy, sticky', Tna. malaglag biila 'be mal!101 (Gr.74), same;
SE....ITIc: Ar mali.. 'be rull', SAr. ml' 'fill', S~. mili 'be sticky, be SOiled (person)'.
sion of, occupy, rule, reIgn. have authonty',
SEMITIC: Ar. milh 'salt" Soq. milho, Heb. mrlah, Aram. malka (M) 'be established as owner, be sub-
rull', Heb. male'_ Aram.-Syr. "",la, Md. mia, Ug. ml',
Akk. malu. mlihii, Syr. me/~a, Md. miltla, Ph. mlh 'salt wor~er', jected (to)';
malaga II 00/11 (D 1393,TY.K") 'be able, endure, Akk. mil'u 'potassIUm' (von Soden 653), mallahlU em
EoooPlc: Te mal'a 'be rull', Tna. mal", Amh.Arg. 'amlaka, caus. of malaka;
Gur. millla, Har. miila'Q. can'; Gr,77 wrongly renders Amh. calii (J's saiZJges Grass' (von Soden 596). Gordon 443 compar-
es Ug. mlh 'good' (also Ar maM 'pleasanl'). Ullen- lama/ka, pass. of malaka; also 'be subjected to,
translation of G. malaga) by 'be strong';
dorff, iSS'7 (1962).345 suggests Ug. mlhl In hrb mlhl be made (constItuted) master';
ml>k, tamal>aka .,.ooAhh 'become a prince, be malgu (K ".T.M) 'who is able, who endures'; lIIaliiki. act. part. of malaka; also 'master,
'salted knire' (see also Caquot 154: Fronzarolt 1972,
appOinted prince, be appointed Chief; note that KBT 140, under mallaga, records G vlI:621 translates it 'a good knire'). ruler, heir'; "
11Td1',kallnii 'princely dignity'; massaga 001\1 = Amh. cala. Could it be a mispnnl EoooPlc: Te. miilha 'to salt" Amh. malh 'salt' (rrom lIIaluk 'dominated, subjected, subJect, possessed ;
ror malaga 00/111
denorrunative from mabak; see la'aka. Geez). Cushilic (S~m. milih 'salt', Sa. mUho, Ar. mlllu- malakol 'lordship, kingdom, domination',
. , , .
hiI) is borrowed rrom ArabiC. ma/kal 'domination, dominIOn, cmplr~ ;,
malgam ooA 1"" (T.Sw. in D 1393) 'means or m,lkol 'property, possession, .ownersh,p, .
carrying, pole used in carrying burdens, litter'; m.~. (yamliib) -A.." (T) mol\la ootlm. 'tear m,lk,nnii 'ownership, posseSSIon,. rule, dom~n
man... a -tlO 'set out, continue a journey, pro- from a non-attested root Igm. Note that in view of the out, pluck out, pullout, eradicate, ehmlnate, ion, power, domination, lordshIp, rulershlp,
ceed farther, hurry, pass on hastily'; Amh. malogiya 'pole ror carrying a heavy obJOCt' take off, weed, draw (a sword), drag forth, (T.Y) authority, sovereignty';
'amalb'a, (T) 'amall,'a 'set out, go forward, (translation or G. malgam given by Tayya), the Amh throwaway'; note that (T.Y) 'scintillate' seems to 'am/akot'domination';. .
walk, proceed, (Lt) vanish from sight'; mdskam (translation of malgam) given In D n9! IS be a transferred meaning; l'ml3kl 'principality, posseSSIOn, authonty, do-
undoubtedly ror mii.lJakamiya 'means or tarrYing .. ,
'aml'l]a (K"), causative; minIOn;
mlk 344
lDelini miJandiJd3S
Sfll1lT1C Ar. ma/aka 'possess, take possession, own,
dominate', SAr. mlk 'become king', S~. simlale 'take
malakht (K) 'indication, symbol, mark, m . - 345
mlth•
cal notatIOn' (Velat 99ft); us!. miland.d.s "7.l\"I 1:1:iI (Lt) 'coat';
possessIon', Heb. mcila/s 'reign. rule'" Ara,~ .Syr. mil· ma"~s. ODl\(\ (MA) 'return. repay'.
luk. Md.Ug.Ph. mlk; Akk. maliiku rule IS a West ETHIOPIC: Tna. (liijma/kalii 'observe r pro ba bly from Gk. .. melandelOs
) 'bound or mounted
tamalasa (KO) 'come and go. go to and fro'.
Se~lItic loanword. For 'king', cpo Ar. malik, SAr. m . ur. ( ta'.J rna··l··kk····
A hG , :emark'
a ata. Praetorius 1879 139 \ . h black' (W. Muller.
Wit
larnaiaiasa 'go to and fro' (Amhanc form) .
mIll.. Heb. mrlrls. Aram.·Syr. maIka, Md. maIka, .
nves ·t f rom °rna··lk.pal, f rom G. liilpa 'desi de.
1
lans ODl\"IiI, (OT) malanso OOl\"I(\ 'small mais (K') 'answer" , ,
Akk. ma/ku. mark'. See also malakal, below. &tI,
ETHIOPIC: Te. maIko 'dominate. be master', Tna. ~:ck poppy', (T.K.Sw. in D 148) 'cumin, flax'; from Amh. miil/lisii 'return, bring back', The root
mtild/s.ii, Amh. miil/iikii 'possess, dominate, rule' , malakat OOl\h-l- (KO) 'trumpet' (see p from Gk . melanthion, 'black cumin'; also in Amh. also occurs in Tna. rnlillisa 'give back. answer'
36-9); owne
·'1·' s 'oilseed plant (from Geez).
maan
mlk, 'amlik 1I9""h 'Lord, God'; rnelos "'LI\-II 'precious stone, fiery sword, (Lt)
'arniilakt (pI. of 'amliik) 'idols, false gods';
ETHIOPIC: Te.Amh.Gur. mil/iikiir 'trumpet' T
miilillsiit; passed into Cushitic: Sa.Af. ma/ak~t ~a. melant.ra "'l"
"I-l-b-, melant.tara "'l"
"I :1-:1' to, Sword and arrow of divinity, (T) Holy Spirit'
(magIc word);
'amlaka 'worship God, worship a deity, Wor-
ship idols' (denominative);
rna/akara, Coulbeaux-Schreiber 127 translate T r. melintron "'l""I-}-C'''I, same meanings as me-
miiliiJs.iit 'instrument de signal, trompette', and s na, /iilra, below; for t.he origin of metos (also me/yos, and others) as
ta>amlaka 'become God, be worshiped'; to defl~e
" It f rom ml k 'fi' eelD
t x one s attention, point at' with inserted n in relation to mellifra., below. commg from the name of Solomon bemg inverted,
'arnliik.nllii 'divinity, (T) worship of God'; for which see rnalkara, above. ' see WorrelllU :98, n. 5. Euringer, ZS 9 (1933-4). 84.
'amfiikaw; 'divine'; malpappon, mal!"'l'pon oo&\AI."I , OO&\~I.."I. and Hammerschmidt 1961 : 162, as against Strelcyn
malakawi ODl\IJ'I! 'Melehite'; 1955:4 19.
tamalka 'be made divine; malaki, same; (T) in.l~appo oo&\A~ ':watermelon, pumpkIn,
m.luk 'pious, religious, who worships'; (Gr.77) ca66age, melon; malasay OD/lIlY. (U) 'Muslim';
m.lukiill'i (Lt) 'given to piety'; from Chr.·Ar. ma/akl, so called because they malpapa (MA) 'pick, collect watermelons' (de-
rnalakot 'Godhead, divinity, deity, divine na- adopted t~e d.ogmatic defi?ition of the COurt (from nomin'ative) ; corrupt from liJs/fmuiwi 'Muslim ' (Praetonus, ZD-
Syr. rnalka 'kmg, emperor ). MG 64[191 0].621-2): also considered a folk etymolo-
ture, divine rule' (for its Aramaic origin, see gy from miil/lisa 'turn apostate'.
from Gk . milopepon 'melon'; also in PbH. ma/lif!iJ-
Noeldeke 1910:33); malkayas oo&\hfil (T) 'messenger'; pon 'watermelon', Syr. rnalponli, mallil!tJl!0na.,
(=a-malakot 'divine'); - rnala~a OD/llI (KO) 'be tasty. be delicious, be
malakorol1'i 'divine'; an interpretation of the proper name Malachias
, malaqa OOl\4> (K 0) 'cut, sever, pluck, break savory, please, content (tr)';
Heb. moM'si (for which see Mal. I: I).
malakotiill'it 'Godhead'; off, snap oR"; malii,i, mala,e (D), m.la.,i (K 0) 'beehive, honey-
'arnlako(t) 'cult, godliness. Godhead, divine mal ala I ODl\l\ (T.yxo.M) 'plane (a board), comb'.
worship, adoration'; SEMITIC: Ar. (mlq) , imla/aqa 'extract, draw out',
smooth with a plane';
('aml.ko !iiw. 'aml.ko 'arniibkl 'idolatry'); (note that M 48 renders it 'suckle, anoint,
Heb. maiaq 'nip off', Aram.Syr. maiaq 'peel, pluck
olf' .
malase •
""Ill\" malas;• """lI.. malad; 00,,7. ; see
•
lii.1aya.
'amliikalll1ii 'authority of God, (Lt) worship of plane', a possible translation of Amh. laga that ETHIOPIC: Te. mil/qiiqa 'tear asunder', Tna. miilqiiqii
God'; renders G. rnalala; but on the basis of the • ""1I.l\. (T.M) 'monkey':
'snatch, tear away', miiliiq"'ii 'get loose, get disen- malisu
mamlaki 'one who worships, worshiper, one Amharic translations la!a, arraqa, and others, gaged', Amh. ma/ilqqdqii 'husk corn', moliiqqiiqii
'tear out of the hand', note that Tayya 184 has mali~u qa~u, both words
who fears God, pious, religious'; given by KWK for G. rnalala, the most ap- meaning 'monkey'. He quotes them together be-
(mamlake lii'ot 'idolater'); propriate rendering is 'plane (a board), smooth cause of their ending ·~w,
mamlakawi, same as mamlaki; with a plane'); milaq, rnilaqa o'VI~ : "7.":1' (T.M), melaq
SEMITIC:see rna/aka, above. 0't"l~ (K), pI. milaqat "7.":I'-l- (D) 'small melit, melat "'L,,-l- l "'L/I-}- 'purple, scarlet.
SEMITIC: perhaps Heb. mil 'circumcise', secondary
ETHIOPIC: Tna. >arn/iilsii 'worship, adore God', Te. Conn of rnwl. basket, fruit basket, basket serving as a meas- fine linen, pure linen, (T.M) white silk';
ure' ;
'am/iika, Amh. amiilfiikii; denominative from >am/ak from Aram .-Syr. meia!ii (-ami/iJ!a) 'fine wool, cloak
·God'. for which cpo Te.Tna. 'amiak, Amh. amlak; ETHIOPIC: Amh. malliilii 'plane, scrape', rnalammii/ii of fine wool ', Syr. miliJ!ii 'kind of carpet'. For its
from Gk. rnalakia, nom.acc. pI. of ma/akioll 'small
Amb.Gur am/akanniil'deity', 'hew, trim or prune (a tree)" Tna. malall hiilii connection with G . ~/ameIQI, see Noeldeke 1910:39.
basket made of palm leaves'.
'extract', rnalmil/ii 'prune a tree'. The root is possibly connected with Ar. milliya{ r),
rnaloke, meloke OOIl-h. I "'lil-h. 'mallow'; malasa OOl\{t 'gleam, shine, glitter, flash, mu/ii'a(r) , ma/la(t) 'kind ofmantJe', for which see
malala II OOl\l\ (DTW 779) 'lengthen'; Dozy 1845:401-11 .
from Gk. maiakhe. moiokhe 'mallow' through Ar. sparkle, be polished, (Y) polish, smooth, wipe
ETHIOPIC: Te. rnalmala 'be long and straight', Tna. clean' ;
rnaifibi)'a; also in Amh. mlliuki),(),Je, Syr. mfilii'syii. moliii baid 'be tall', Amh. miil/iiiii 'be straight and rnlth 'amalt.ha lIoo&\-l-,h (T.TS), 'amaltaha
tall'. m.ls 'glitter, gleam, brightness, splendor'; IItWA-l-f} (MA) 'confuse, move the hand,
malkata OOAh.,. (KO) 'signify, signal, show, maillS (KO) 'that glitters, that shines'; (T.K 0) cause to slap' (denominative from mal-
Indicate' ; malelit OOfI,lI. -l-; see lelaya.
SEMITIC: Ar,malisa. rna/usa 'be smooth, be sleek'. tii/II); ,
larnalkala (K), passive; also 'look on, view, melani "'l"!: (T), milani "7."!: (Gt) 'millet'; ETHIOPIC: Amh. mill/lisa 'purify a metal by repeated 'a~lQliilaha (Y) 'confuse, confound. wave;
observe' ; mehings', Har. (a)mliliisa 'have a delicate and lamaliil.ha 'hold the cheeks between the
from Gk, melini 'millet'; see also rnillihi, above. smooth appearance'. hands, I~y the hands upon the cheeks, lay the
mditri 346
malaYi/.y mely.. 347
hands upon the face, (T.M) clap hands together mali~ ""fl.m- (T) 'priest'; - - manni
rhythmically, come to blows, be confused'; III'Iyo S
"'LAf"1'l (Lt); see melos.
ma/liiI.".
. , pI. ma/ala!1 (D 45, under /IM 'cheek, could there be a connection with ma/eto l' •
. of priests?
. ,relernng ~am'aIi. mam",ij -V"OIL , 00"'''1L
Jaw; to t he tur ban, t he head covenng lay. mamB'olay ooV"lJ<\" , OO"'llJ"y:(mD.m.~
II1sliizi 00l\1f. (T.M) 'martyr'.
see lat!ta, above. There is the possibility of consider- see m'ly. 955),
mal!ana ODAm~ (Ll) 'sing a refrain' (den .
ing the existence of m/t& 1 'confuse', and m/I~1 II native from mil/tan); 0011_ . ma
tIQ go
~II1. , an interrogative particle, 'or?" , mam~o OD'r ~; see mahawa
'slap, lay the hands upon the cheeks'. >amalrana. same; vamimma •or ?', ,. • •
m.litri ",,<\:'-t- (K*), melitron ""<\:'-C'1 (D), ma/rall , (Gr.77) zama/lan 'part of a hymn that 'I with an additional interrogative -nu in
asO mams ODV"1'1 (T) 'skillful, handy, expert';
IS repeated by the chOIr, antiphony" (V I ther element of the sentence; e.g. )iJmsa- mamos, momas (Lt) 'mime, mimic';
melitor, meliitor ""<\:'-C j ""<\'I'C (Lt) 'rafters, 680 2) '" .. , eat ano b 'C h
roof ornamented with conical metal, decora- ,,' n. re~etItl,on, souvent abregee, du may~nu womimma )3mSa ) Irom eaven or of from Greek miinos 'mime'.
tion on the top of the roof; it also renders
meme texte execute dans une melodie et men.?' ,. .
ca d ence d luerentes
-· d e celles de la prem"- fflr'mma ... wamimma 'either. .. or, whether., .or',· mms!. 'amamsafa hODV"l'lm (T.M) 'dye' (v);
various architectural terms; ,., Jere
executIOn.
posed of the interrogative -nti and the enclitic ~ives the impression of being a denominatIve from
from Gk. me/athra, nom.acc. pI. of melathron 'roof- mamsa!, from ms! or ms,.
ETHIOPIC; Amh. mIJ/!an 'litany' (from Geez), Tn COIDna , above. Dillmann 1907: 118 considers -mma in
·m,
tree, ceiling'; also in Amh. me/antron. See also
me/a"t~ra. )ama/!ana 'chant a litany'; to be connected Wit~ ,m
'mma an interrogative element.
.,
li!on, above.
h?'
ETHIOPIC: Te. maml or w at. . mamss! (pI. mamasa!) ODV"fl1' (T) 'ring, key';
malat• ""fI'I' (T+) 'perfume'; ~TH10PIC: Amh. miissii,ii 'fasten" miimsiil 'Curtain
nngs'. See also masma. .
see also >a/at. maUfOD ODfl.tfl1 (KG I) = Amh. mala? 'shaver'; mSlD'a1a ooV"hfl (MA) = Amh. wagga/Ii which
wrongly copied from the line below, as is evident MA 51 translates 'preparer une peau pour mammata ODOD-t (Sw. in D 1393.T Y) 'be seized
malafa ""flm 'peel, scrape off, strip off, depi- from KG 2, 3 where G. mala~i is rendered by Amh. tanner', while the existing dictionaries have the with panic, Hee, (Y) be afflicted, (K*) diminish,
late' ; ~/at 'shaver'. meaning 'drag, pull'. Amharic }Vaggli/ii seems be deficient';
'am/ala (K*), causative; to stand for wallligga/ii 'charge with a crime, n"mmale 'defect, (Lt) bruises, (T.M) pan-
molu!ir rll-"IC (Lt) 'sheepskin';
lama/ra, passive; also 'become bald'; levolt', and lIlam'a/a would then have the ic, flight, affliction, (Sw. in D 161) sorrow, (K *)
see rna/e!o.
m,lur, pass. participle; also 'bald'; same meaning as mam(ela, mamrala, below. deficiency' ;
lIla/ral (Gr.77), verbal noun of rna/ala; also miilawa "'Iflm (T.Y) 'hide'; see also mamr113<a.
'scratch (n), baldness'; ma/aw (T.Sw. in D 1393) 'hidden'; mammo'a ooV"O 'be timid, be confounded, be
SEMITIC: Ar. mala,a 'shave' (for the various Arabic terrified, be frightened, be panicked, become mamtaq, mamtaqi, mam!aqit, m"m!iq ODr
Guidi 1906;919 considers "'lAm- malaw a misprint mol> ! ""V"mt , ooV"mt:'- I V"V""Iol> (D
dialects, see Landberg 1942;2717), Heb. (hil)mallet for ~ACD- galaw. In this case ayflm mtilawa will alarmed, be dismayed, draw back (out of fear),
'seem bald'. The connection with Syr. mJ/al 'smear, be mad'; 220, under mlq) 'leather sack or bag, (T.M) belt,
also have to be considered a misprint of '",\ro (T.M) sling or part of a sling';
rub over' suggested by Brockelmann 1928;391 is galawa. Jamamma(a, causative; also 'confound, terrify,
unlikely. The root is related to mrr; see Buhl 428. frighten'; ETHIOP1C: if 'sling' is the original meaning, cpo
malaya I ODflf (T. Y.K *.M) 'separate, divide, dis- mamma'; (Gr.81) 'fearful'; Amh. (a)md!!iiqii 'propel'.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. rna/a,ii 'strip off, render bare', Te.
tinguish, guess, pull away, tear out, liquefy, mamml<' 'fearful, frightened, terrified, pan-
ma/!a 'render bare', Amh. miil/ii!ii 'depilate, become melt' ; memaya I ""oor (K*) 'become watery, melt';
bald', mii/iittiitii 'shave, peel off', Te. rnii/liita 'lear icky' ;
•• • • •
ma/ayi, act. participle; mamm3 r 'insanity'; from mymy, and goes back to mily 'water'. Note
up', Tna. miil?ii(ii 'pull out the hair'. On Har.
that Amh. m"'amm"'a 'dissolve' goes back to mJhwa,
maluhul 'bald', and Tna. miiliiharii 'be bald', see ETHIOPIC: Amh. miillayya. miil/ayyo 'distinguishing m(Jmmii(e, (Gr.) mammae 'fear, terror, disarray, above, rather than to memaya.
Leslau 1937;472. The root passed into Cushitic; Bit feature. attribute', from layya 'separate, distinguish', anxiety. panic';
rna/a! 'puJJ out', Be. melil. for which see le/aya; perhaps also Tna. rnii/ayyo ('anbala m,mma'e 'intrepidly'); memaya II "'Loor (Sw. in D 1393,T.M) 'sepa-
'ruban d'etoffe dont on se eeint Ie front, pour tn(Jmma<Q 'anxiety, terror, consternation, fear, rate, distinguish';
mal·fO ODlI.tfl (D), maUfo ODfl.tfl (K), molufi, arrt!ler I'effusion du beurre fondu qui decoule des COwardice, slothfulness'; ErnIOPIC: Tna. mtimiiyii 'winnow', that is, 'separate
malufii, melof V"1I-"1 ! ODII-"1 j ""fIo'l', mele~ tresses de la coiffure' (for which see Coulbeaux- grain from the chaff'.
Schreiber 128). This would also imply the meaning from m<m\ and could be connected with m<r, to-
""1I.m- (Lt) 'headdoth, (T) turban, silk head fnJ<a(Q 'be angry, be irritated'. See also mo(oma,
covering of priests, (Ll) sheepskin'; of 'separate', mani 00<; 'present, gift';
mammata.
from Gk. me/ote 'sheepskin'; also Ar. mal/UfO (for malaya " ODflf (Y.KG) 'mix, mingle'; from Gk. manoa, transcription of Heb. minl;ii. See
which see Dozy 1845;412-3), Syr. malalun, mf/61un also mal;ana n, above,
• • is strange in relation to rna/aya L mam'ela ""V"'tfl (T.M), mam<ala ODV"Ofl (TS)
'sheepskin (payne Smith, supplement 195), Amh.
'be treacherous, be unfaithful, perjure oneself'; manna ODCj 'manna';
ma/ura. m3/ufo 'cape of good quality'. See also
ma/ufar, and mali!u.
malayiiloy ODflIA/'., malayiiloyiit ooflfll
denominative from morn (ali, for which see m(/y. See from Heb. miin through Ok, monna; also Te.Tna.
1:'-; see (le/aya), ma/elil. also morn>a/a, above. Amh. miinna.
mannu 348
~~~'~~'I:tO:-__________~________________~34:9~_______________________, .__m'na.~
mannu (a('('. I1ltmnll, rarely manna-fla) 00).
mandii'. ,mandii'lii oo,}'1" , 001""", (K 627 - ~
Gea f 108, Dozy 1845:414-8, and Ihe detailed sludy
'who?' (al,o for the fem. sg., and pI. mase.
der nd') disease of the cbest and shoulder ~ Un·
fem)~ the plural IS also 'al/a mallnu; causes swelling'; tuch b F. Rosent ha,I m Fou,""a,.s
" . 011 arl and Illerature 'aflla mangala
toward, 'by (place), bv~ Ih¢ Side of
through',
note mcJIIIlU ./i,l/1uka 'what IS your name?'; ,; Islam 11971]63-99), also Te.Tna.Amh. mandil,
·whoseT IS e\pressed either by :a-mannu (re- ETHIOPIC'; Tna. miinda<ar, miilldarli 'dlsea h
. k s t he spme._
. ' 'Te. mandarat
.. ,sCiatica'
. Se t at6at.
~I-
Syr manulla. with suffix pronoum the base IS mang"I.,
we
miiqlaml (also wiiqliiml); in the other Ethiopian Ian. tnaqaqa III 00"','" (K·) 'melt (intr), dlSsohe q"'~a~" mamaq'"'f1S (K·). a..:t. part (,If rna..
maqid• ... oo:l'6lD-, (T) m.qi~w oo:l'ltlD-; see guages: Te. miiq~/miit 'knife', Gur. miiq'"'lant; passed
maqdut mto Cushillc: Had. maq'"'lan!a. Note mt (G,Amh) (intr), be spoiled; ETHIOPlr Tna m ._
becoming nt, n, (GUT. Had). SEMlTIC: Heb. mqq (nif(al) 'dissolve', Aram. ('il)·
l' T . .. ." IJnq IJ.~'" (augmented hy nl 'lear
~: :'.f ~nmQ1taqasa (note that Te ~nd Tna. mIlQJ •
maqfart ""+.c.C-r, in tobl.yi zamaqfart ren-
maqli!os OP'IofI./fl{) (ll) 'magnet'; maqmaq 'melt away' ,q go baclto "qs). Amh It,al/q".I(J '~ut WIth
ders Heb. 'epog'a priest's garment (Ex. 28:4), see magm)os.
ETHIOPIC: dan~
Te, miiqmiiqo 'a bitter herb used to ~~~:~'.l~m (~Ir)', is il den(lmlOatl\·C' frl'm nt..iq4s
(T) kind of shawl-like garment made of a fy buner'. Tn~. m~g'"'miiqo, ~m~. ~laqmiiq~(l; Te. ". ~. s, rom r ntlqa..{,\ 'saS\llr<,' {(or ",aqii.1 'Sl..1".
,ingle layer of cloth' (Amh. natiila). mJqqa (mqq) melt, Amh. ",aqquqa. maqqaqa 'be. 1~~1n the ~ther Fthiorlan languagC'", "t."( l.('slau
maqlaza 00+11" (T) 'hew, carve'; come rotten, bet:ome spoiled' The root IS related 10 .416). \\-hile Ar m/qa.u ':itCI\.'llrS· glJ('~ h,h:l to
moq.~a .,.,+'" 'put In chains, bind with fetters, denommative from maqlaz, for which see q'"'alazo.
mkk Tna, mii5Ok . _Ii 'meIt •• the ,root q~t, 'cur. thl" 1\ not the ~ast \\llh "....,
., maq asa, as suggested by Dllimann 18:!, and Ann-
"""'1. (Y) 'be properly hot and spicy
.
take prisoner. cast lOla prison; tnaqara bruster J 57.
maqim.r oo:l''I''C, (ll) >.lmaqim.r 'l.t\ou:J>
'amoqiJ!lU. ca usa li\'e ~ (sauce)' ;
'l"C 'game played with stones' (Amh. ,Iq.- • t •
tamoqiJ!Ja. pas~ive of moqiJlJa;
mof); it consists of throwing up into the air ETHIOPIC: Te. miiqqiira 'be SPICY" for whICh \cc mq s, amaq asa, tamaqos• .,."".... I .~"" .....
tam'iiq.ha (K '), recIprocal meaning of mo- maq'"'aru, below (T KBT 425, under (/omos) 'become an ahbot'
qaha; five small stones which must be caught be- ,
fore they fall to the ground; denommatlve from mq"',l, mel3thc'ils of qn/j, '\C'(
'a.filam M iiqJ~1Q (K ,), caus. of lam"'aqiJ~a ~ see qumDr. m.q".ra oo'll. (T Y.M) 'be tasly, taste good·; qomos. ~Io"
moqiilJi. act. part. of moqiJ!Ia; maqq"a,a (K') 'render tasty with salt or Vine-
muqulJ ·captive. prisoner, fettered, chained. maqana oo.,.~ (T M) 'be in difficulty, be anx- gar, soflen by soaking'; (M 68 renders It ,lis" maqsi 00+" (T) 'pial" where caltle lpend the
bound' , ious" , night'
'choose, prefer' having mIsunderstood the Amh.
moq,h (pI. malriiq.ht) 'chain, band, bond, maqanit, pI. (D 449, under qny) 'instruments of miiriiffii 'taste good' [Ihe Iranslallon given by muqis ~.4>J» , see waqa,{u.
fetter' , torture'; TY] as if it were miirriila 'choose');
(beta moq.h 'prison'); tamaqq"a,a (K '), passive; maqe~ (pI. maqtl.l'.1~<;) outX', see q".}l';\'
muql;he 'taklng captJve (n), imprisonment, pun- denominauve from maqtan (see qa·ona). Note the
loss of r of moq'an. m.q'". m.qll' 'preserved, marina led, soaked';
IShment by chaining'; maqtii, maqiiti oo+;J' I 00."';1- (ll) ·cucuml'Cr
lamuqilllO 'irnpnsonment '; Sonnr. Ar maqara ' macerate (salt fish)' Ambros bed' ;
maqn.< (pI. maqan.') 00+16, maqn.> oo+1'l. suggesls Ar. maqira 'be bitter, be aCid'
SHoUTlC' Hommel 108 identifies Itwith Ar. H"aqa~ (K') 'lintel, doorframe'; ETHIOPI{,' Te . miiqqiira 'be IOPICY, be lasty', Tna , from Ar nltlqta'a, from '1lttihJ \:UI.:umher' Sl'e ahll
·hardhoofed· from waqaha 'be hard (hoof) > hard- '1m,;
miiqqiirii, Amh. miiqqclrii 'be sweet. be delicIous';
hearted. merciless', moq~h coming from mH"q~, Prae. metathesis In relation to maqron (see qarono). pas~ed mto Cushltic Sa, moqur, mOKiir 'preserved, muqat "....,. •.,.; lee n"'·q.
Ion us. ZDJ/G 57 (19(3). 274 denves moqJ~ rrom maqiinit oo:l'~
·malq3h (however, there arC' no e:l(amples in Geez
-r;
see lIIaqana. pICkled' See also muqara
tor ·af becoming a), (rom IqlJ 'take, seize> take a meqri "'l+t (T.KG) 'skullcap'; maq,a 00+," (ll; see fIIu'aqlCl, aoo\"c
maq.nt, maq·.nt OO+1-r : 00""'1'''' (T), ma-
prisoner by puttmg him In chams' Neither of these \·anant of n/t'!rii. below,
sugge~l1ons IS convincmg qant 00.,.1·'" (Sw. in D 1394) 'foot of. bed'. maqii!an tID.4>1"), see qalllna 11 .
ETHIUPIC: Te. moq~a 'fetter', Tna. moq~e) miiq~'"'e,
Amh, J£rii muq ' Ieg·lrons'; also In Cus"hihc: 011.Sa. miiq.n!os "'+1/fl{) 'magnet';
moqar, moqart (pI. mawaqJr) .,.,.,.C
see woqara.
I 'I""'C-"', miiqoyo "'' '1'", mawqi~ii OOlD-4!,f (LJ) 'kind of
see magni!os. illness' ;
miiqoh 'chain'
maqirbi 00.4>01 (ll) 'barb.nans'; from Amh. nlaqoyt> 'kind o( IlInc'i' a~cn~d Ihl' III
maqala Iou.,." (T YM) 'tan (hide)'; maqaq 00"'+ (T.M) 'pestle'. from Ar. magar/bel 'Moors, North Africans',
innucnce of hue/a and :ar·spints' For the vilrillU\
maqqiil (T) 'tanner'. Amharic rorms, see Strelc)ll 1955: .l2S. Fllr G
maqaqa I 00.,..,. (K ') 'wear a coarse woolen maqrami oo+l."'l. (T') 'reddish cloud' mall'ql)'ti, see Lifchlll, GIFeS.l (19.17-40184 Th<
maqala" 00"'" (YH) 'dIVide'; cloth, abrade the skin with a coarse cloth
(mourner)'; maq'asa on .... , (TY.Sw. on D D94) moqasa
noun IS derived from Amh wllqqd 'thresh'
moqay, moqayt (pI, lIJall'ci,pI') .,.,.,.,.
'1"."... , maqasa, maqqasa 00.,. . . ,
(MA) moq'asa .,.,.,. ,.-r, see lI'aqaya I.
I
356 35 7
-
358
- 359
-
lrnl{lPh. lna(fur ml1rogJ 'plaster'. Te. marra£o. (tii j miirk:iifii, Har (o/)regiiza'support' Te
k'U':. ItIJrk-us"I·
from Ar markab; also Te.Tna.Amh.Har.Gur
mh omli"fll'd, Hat martlgo; pJvi;cd Into Cush!!lc' 5 Ie k' . T na. milfk us, miJrk"~s
' .Am."
from Gk myron 'Sweet 'J'
' mh. ",iirkiib.
RII marg, Or ",a,o,&:o. I1Urg •31;
passed In
. t 0 C us h··
ltlC: Sa. markos 'staff also Tna.Amh. meron :; (~Is_o used for hOly all).
lean upon', Qem. mirkuz. to murun, Syr. muun mdron : sm"un, Chr.·Ar. ma},rUn.
mrg', 'amlrg,}'. hortt.""O. \'ariant of mrg~ I. mari!<.bl ""6-tl'fl-l- (D 305) 'hedgehogs',
bic. " om mayrUn. from Ara.
morih OD6-11 (Ll), name of a planet, moril 'l"tlt (T') 'liar',
mari~1>o ""'e,,/fl (T') 'head fanner, (DnV sec nrarih.
,05) domlnanl hyena (of a pack r, - mormudi ""C .....,c;, the eighth month of the
m.rioi 'I"t'1; see mry,
f-iHlOPh Amh m(irilg"(1 'a;trdwolr. Sc(' also i'i~ mar~a (yamr:ah ) ODC'" 'lead, guide, show (Ihe Coptic calendar (corresponds to G, miyiizayii); mirinil "~'1:" 'Our Masler' ,
way), prove;
fjJf::M .
)amrJ~IQ, causative; variant of barmuda; rrom Coptic parmoute through ~~:or; ~i~l"2an_n ,163,
under mar, denves It from
m'l!d, 'o .. orgodo h""C1J'. (M") 'perform a Chr.•Ar. barmiida. . marana ta OUr Lord, come!' through Gk
lamar~a 'be guided, be led'; also reflexive' maranatna. .
md,af!j/-dann~' . ,
mariih; (pI. marai"yiin) 'Who leads, guide, lead-
mmu.~d (I t Ml) 'ccr~monjal dance pcrfonned er, calechlst, leader of a choir';
marmale ""C""/\' (K .), variant of marmaTe, maraq ODlo}> 'brOlh" ,
/"I) the priests'. mJfllh (Gr.83) 'guided, led'; SEMITiC: Ar. maraq 'broth' Heb __
marmar ""C""C 'marble'; ' . maraq
Ihe \crt-. III a denommatln' rrom mllragd gomg bad lIIa"ah (K') 'guide, leader'; ETHIOPIC' Te Amh A G r ·
from Gk. marmaros 'marble'; also Ar. marmar, Syr. T .. ·h· . rg. a .Gur. mariiq 'broth'
11'1 'Qf!a~1. hdm~ . marh (pI. :am,.hl; also 'am~arl) 'leader, guide, marmoron. na .. maraC], Har. marax « mariik < miiriiq). It I~
FnlloP" Amh. mariiggaJd '"lap hard. accompany
Instructor, possible that Ethiopian miiraq is borrowed from AT
('am"hl, pi of marh 'guidance'); mannare, marmara OPCODt. , -COD6- 'bag, maraq. The rOOl passed into Cushnic: Sa,AfSom
I hymn with sIStrum and drum', amardJ!,f!Jda 'dance maraq, Or. maraqi. '
(the ddf.tJrD) .... Jllie chJnlmg d h~mn to tht' accompa. mJr!wl 'guidance'; wallel, purse, (T) belt, undershirt';
n1mcnf of drum and sIstrum', Tna. mariigJ, ·,hant. mJmrail (Gr.83) 'place where one leads'; marqe ODC'II; see raqaya II
S£~nTIc: if the original ronn is marmale (see above),
In,!! of I h) rnn .'lCl.-('1mpaOloo b} danCing' /Qmara~1 'who is guided, who follows a leader, the root could be rml, and cpo Aram_ tarmi/o 'bag',
one who repealS the songs after Ihe mariihl" merqu "'I.Co!! (GI) 'narrow path';
moragd ""t."I,f: 'cmerald', Syr. tarmaM. see also masr;qu.
(Vela I 687), '
f M ~ qUI..'f1ng T8) ya translates It 'ornamento ETHIOPIC: Amb. miirmiire 'undergannent, under-
dl manOl' fallo a ombrello', bUI IhlS meanlOg lamarho 'a',,'ii{ 'augury', lit. 'the being guided shirt' mariq '1"6-0}>; see lVaraqa,
d~ nOI \,X'(ur In TaHa);
by birds',
mannerqolewos -C"iC4I/\'9'lI (Ll) 'kind of meroqi< "'I.e'~6 (KG) 'purity, chasllly',
('ahnil maragd 'emerald'); E~.HIOPI\: Te. mii~.ba 'guide, lead', Tna. mdrbe, Arg. ant' ;
marraha. Amh. marra, Our. miira; passed into Cush- gives the impression of being a transcnption from
from Gl maragdoJ (rare) -lmara1:J(IS 'emerald': another language.
liso In TeAmh m(Jr(igd. Se-e abo ;amaragJ lIic 81'- marh, Sa.Af. marah. The connection with corruption of Gk. myrmekoleon 'ant-lion' (Hommel
Be. me/an 'gUide' suggesled by Billner, WZKM 23 1877:67),
mr~h I, >aml'l!.t1o h""C"I"', (LGr.87) '8mar- (1909).146 is doublful mariqa<t OD6-0}>6-l- (T) 'weaver's shullle, boh
for a door';
~.hl ht"'C"I" 'roll (siones), throw (stone),; marmala ODC_-/, (T,M) 'separale, take aparl';
mari~ul, mari~il -6-th.-l- , OD~'1-l- (LI) marmal (T.M) 'means of separating, partition,
marg.h Ipl maTtig,.h) 'rock, slone, (T) boulder'; 'road'. EnuOPlc: for the meaning 'bolt for a door', cpo
m.>rgJih. rwrguh (Gr 87) 'rolJed'; fence' ; Tna. rii(re 'rasten, attach with nails, bolt'
'<1nIlUgaJu, oamargQhi (Gr 87 ) 'who roll, (slones)'; (rom hora 'go' (see bwr), with metathesis. possibly a denominative (rom *mrmt. rrom rmt, and
muriqihi -6-~Y (P) = Amh. yamure .n-
cp. Tna. rlimtlitli 'break to pieces'. Te. ramtiita.
fnilOr'( 1na. marQf'" boulder'. Amh. margo pas- mari~'''1 OD6-.nm..}o (pi mara~.wliil) 'fan', gara 'bread made from Ihe seeds of murii-
sed In10 ('''ushuu,: Qem mdrg. See also mfg' grass';
metatheSIS or maraWabt (from flt'b f). maran, mirini "'16-1 , "'16-'1 (K) 'our
m'l!h II, ·.m<r~a{t. h-u;..,,,, (T \1) 'u,e a fan, Masler' ; in the imtial mura one recognizes Amh. mure 'grass
marl!! OPt"l (K·), mari~ OPt.n (KG), mirrih
"lOn~ .. (by blo,nng or fannlOg)'; • used ror making whisks for cleaning a grindmg
"'l.t"l (Ll), name of a planet; from Syr maran, Aram. marana. See also maranat
the "orm with the \0\10('1 ~ d.fter the rn IS strange slab',
(rom Ar. mirrib 'Mars (planet}'; also Amh. miirih. marana ODl~ (MA) 'shine, sparkle';
mrz'z, Ilmorg·... '''''''1:10/1 ·'ean upon a See also mari, mariih. marqa~a ODCo}>", (H), morqa~a 'l"Co}>", (Sw. in
tat!' lean on (8 person), reh '; mariin (pI. maraniil, maranaliil) 'candleslick, D 1393,T,MA) 'skin, peel, strip';
lamp' ;
flUTg",; (pI maTag'a:) 'slaff, rod, "'lnc', m.r~o (pI. marabuI, mariib.w) ""Cot;'; see rbK', maraq.~ (T) 'bulcher' (il has Ihe form of a
nurgll. {I' ')who leans upon a slaff; marana seems to be reconstructed from maranat, plural);
mari~UI OP6-'l--l-; see (rhl\') , marho.
Soan( Mh maTk<;: ·rod, staft' (Billner 1909 31) - - metathesis of maniirol, above.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. miirqJ~O 'split, cut, break into splin-
[THIOP.c Amh. 10 miiragK-a:a. (10 marakk-il:o m.ri~... ""6-"I/D>; see (rljw), marbo, meron "'I.e'1 'chrism (made from oil of spe-
ters', Amh. mdroqan 'butcher' (from Geez). The
"an on a tid' Gur (Ia mrJk.ii:.a, Tna. noun maraqi1~ could possibly be derived from raq~a
morkab ODChofl (D 305) 'boat'; Cial plan Is), sweet oil, hOly oil' (see Walker I, below, and marqi1~o would then be a denomina-
g,9);
tive.
mrq"t 360
lQarsasa rnarsJ sa 361
•
mrq"t. 'omarq"ata h""C4r.+ (T.MA.Sw. in 0 tamarsa (D.TY) 'be putrefied, be putrid b marsass Il OI'CI'tI't (MA) 'be quiet, be tran- tnaraWit
1.10)) 'let the hair grow long'; spoiled, become soft or tender, be Softened be mara!a II ODl.m (K ') 'ch
marq'>lo (T) 'letting (n) the hair grow, full steeping, be worm-eaten, smell'; Y quil'; as (L1) 'reac
h Ian d' ; (to an office),'
. , oose, honor. appomt
){lJnars a
head of long hair. (Sw. in D 1393) tuft of from Amh. miirriitti 'chOose' .
SEMITIC: Ar. marata, marasa 'steep food in Wat ' ., inative from marso, mars, above, with redupli~
feathers' ; Mh. miros 'dissolve', PbH. mrs (pi(el) 'stir Wit~r , deno of the last ra d'IC8I . See a Iso marsawa. languages : Tna . .marasa
.... _ T'eIn the other EthiopIan
cation 'rg ,. ~ . , . marsa..
ETHIOPIC': Amh_ miiriiqq~ii(ii 'become bushy (hair liquid', Aram.Syr. mJras 'steep, make soft by t a n. . rnarrQ!a 'choose'. . 'be sh'mmg,.
that has not been cut)'. See also m3rq"'Qt. ing,' Md . mrs 'b' rUlse, squas h " Ug. m" seep.'
'moist m""awo ouCI'tID (Gr.~4) 'be calm (sea), be
(Aistleitner), Akk. maYlisu 'stir with a liquid'. en nquil (sea), be qUJet ; martuI ODCm-A 'testimo be
ETHIOPIC: :'e:. ~nii.rsa ' boil' (Lit.tmann~Hofner 113), tm ). cathed~al, sanctuary'; ny. ta macle, church,
m.rq"at siir 9"C'II.T I I'tC (T) 'aloe';
Amh. marrasa become soft (SOil, by having man Jam ars awa (Gr.84 , causat,ve;
. .
sar from Amh. sar 'grass'. Could m~rq""at be dumped on It marsa w (Gr.84) ' tranqUIl, qUiet, calm'; mar!ulawi, marro/awi 'pertaining to a t be
')' . Ure nac/e'·, • a r~
connected with mrq"'r? the verb is a denominative from marso, above. See
represents manur bela 'h
marso ""Cf', (T) mars ""CIl; see rsy. also marsasa II. W. Mu"II er compares
., W, Wit alternancc orhquids
mrr. marara, marra (),amrar, yamrar) noll.. ; IN.
marss uPl.70 (KBT 97) 'scissors'; 'Martyrion (as a bUil~~~)' or.th Arabic ~lar!;;f
001. 'be bitter, be embittered, be grieved, be
moras (pi. mawiiras, mawarast) 'fPl..il; See wara~ •
ArabiC inscription of l:Iar~n i~~~. OCCurs 10 an
pro,oked' ; is a misprint fOT oo.)ol..'" maqra-r.
so.
'amrara 'embitter, grieve, provoke, affect mortur ODCm-C 't t'
marata I oul.+ (T. Y) 'foretell the future, di- . es ,mony, tabernacle chapel
deeply, exasperate. become embittered, (T) - . . "
m3rsane, marsam, mlrsans, mtraslOS, mersens, . , church, sanctuary'; "
deprive, hold in low esteem'; vine;
morsonen, marsinen 9"Cllt 1 ouCI't~ ; "'i.c romarato 'consult a fortune-teller, act as a (tabot z'!martur 'ark of the testimony');
tamarra (Gr.83) 'be bitter';
1't,)11 , "'i.l.ft. ') 11 ! "ICIl. ')11 , 9"CIl1') , soothsayer, practice divination'; (dab tara zamar!ur 'tabernacle of the test ' _
'astamrara (Gr.83) 'be incensed, be irritated, ny'); 'rna
become enraged, become exasperated'; ouCft.t'), (OT) marsonom ODCf',)9" 'myrtle:
denominative from a noun ·mrt from mry I; also
(T+) jasmine'; from Gk; martyrion '(rehgious) testimony, shrine of
nJiJrur 'bitter, irritated, exasperated'; Amh. (a) mM-arriilii 'prophesy, foretell, cast a spell to
. , a martyr. See also mar.tul, above.
marir (fern. marrar) 'bitter, something bitter, from Gk. myrsine, gen. myrsines, acc. myrsinen 'myr~ injure someone.
embittered, ferocious, provoking, sorrowful, tie'; also Ar. marsin, Amh. marsiine, See also harSe-
grievous' ; nOI. marat. II oul.+ (K 0) 'become soil, become marowa. I OOl.m (KBT 87, under ma,o) 'perfo-
rusty, rust'; rate, dnll a hole" ,
(marira 'bitterly');
Jamrata (Kt), causative; denominative from Amh. moro 'chisel'.
(bera maririin 'a rebellious house', transcrip- marsasa I ""CI'tI't 'grope for, feel the way,
tion of Heb, be! mar/); search (for something)'; ) denominative from marel, below; also Tna.Amh ,
maro"i (U) 'violent, vehement'; marriilo 'become soil'. marawa II OPl.m (TY,MA.M) 'place cross-
'amarsasa, causative; (H 226 wrongly renders pieces in building a house wail';
fIlJrar 'bitterness, atffiction, rancor, acerbity, Amh. dabbiisii [translation of 'amarsasa] with Iii
(L,) strong potion'; mare! OPt.t 'earth, dust of the ground, dirt, marawi (DTW 749, under magari), act. parti-
'be tarnished ');
soil, clay, plaster, dung'; ciple;
ftl4rral 'bitterness, anger, rancor, rebeIlion'; tamarsasa (Gr.84), passive;
'amrari 'that makes bitter'; also part. of )amra~ marsas 'groping, feeling the way' (B 44 wrong- (maret Ja<adii 'plaster, clay'); man", ib. 'wail of poles fastened to the
ra: mawowi 'creature of the earth or of dust, ground' ;
ly renders Amh. miidasiis [translation of G.
earthly, being (n) of dust';
SEMTTlC Ar. marra 'be bitler', Mh. rnarr, Heb. mar marsas] with 'flattery, cajoling'); ETHIOPIC: Tna. miiriiwii 'furnish with a trellis', Te.
{m,,', Aram. mJrar 'be bitter, grieve', Syr. mar, marsiisi (Gr.84), act. part. of marsasa; SEMITIC: SAr. mrt-m 'limestone' (?). mawara (with metathesis) 'tie together', maro 'ring
Md. mrr, Akk. mariiru. For 'gall bladder, bile' from ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna.Amh. miirel 'earth, ground'. Sec of willow branches used in the roof of a round hut'
the root mrr, cpo Ar mirra, Heb. m;}rerti, Aram. and root augmented by r in relation to mss of Semitic also marata II.
Ethiopic. mariwod (pI. of 0 marwad) OPt-IIJo$!: (Gr.8S) 'a
rmrera!il. Syr. merta, Md. mirta, mrirta, martu,
Akk. mOrtu. SEMITIC: Ar. massa (mss) 'touch', SAr. ms IS" Mh. mirit "7':T; see mry. wooden tool serving for putting collyrium into
ETHIOPIC Ina miiriirii 'be bitter', Te. marra, Amh. mosi 'rub', S~. miss 'touch', Heb. mH (pi<el) 'feel the eyes';
mmat I"'I.T; see mfr.
miirriirii, Arg. miirriira. Har. mariira, Gur. miiriirii. through, search, grope', Ararn. maias, Syr. mal
For 'bile', cpo Har. m<)rar, Arg. mararo. The root (mss) 'touch, feel', Md. mss, Akk. masiilu 'wipe, from Ar. mirwad, pl. mariiwid 'ivory needle for
m"it I"'t-T (T.M,Sw. in D 1392) 'market'. applying col1yrium'. See also warwad.
passed into Cushitic: Sa. marir 'bitter', Bil. miirar, polish'. The root is related to mws in Heb.Aram.
Or. marar 'be sad', Ka. miriiro 'bile'. Syr. mii'§ 'feel, touch', Md. mus. m,r.!, I OPl.m (K 0) 'uproot, pull out';
ETHIOPIC; Tna. masiisii, masiiwii 'rub', Te. mossa
marawh, . oul.lIJoih
, marwih! ! OUC'I'ihT; see
marasa oual 'moisten, steep. (T.KG) putrefy (mss) , masiisa 'wipe', Amh. mWassiisii 'rub', Har. SE~ITJC:
(hatr)' A
Ar. mara!a 'pull out' Heb. maral 'pull out
' .
rwi. I, II.
sPOIl', ' masa 'rub, wipe', Gur. mWaiii, maiassii. See also , ram.~Syr, marat, Akk. maralu 'scrape
SCrat h If' . . , marawi! oul.'I'T 'bell';
ramsasa. E c o , The root is related to mala la, above.
THIOPIC: Har. miirii!a 'strip off', Gur. "miirii!ii. from Amh. miiriiwwat. See also (rw~ II), marwa~l.
ron• 362
"asob 363
-
mry, tamarr.y • .,.O'D<.f, t.miiraya "'."'U,f .'act 'alternate'. M's marya 'wedding', Copied from hifc: Or. masobi. Bil. miisob, AI. miisob. The
as a soothsayer, divine, practice dlvlOatlOn, Tayyii, is likewise to be corrected). mCUs. I from a root· swb (Ar. uiba, Heb. sab ETliiOPIC: Amh. n..sjar 'hump'
., d rivallon 1'-
Geez. See also ""'nfiir ' probably frol11
perform magic; . . SEMITIC: related to Heb.Aram. mwr (hif'il), hemir e ') maliih 'place where peop e gather suggest_
'amra),o. 'omiiraYQ 'have a predictIOn made, 'returnp' etorius 1879: 159, n. I is not convincing,
consu-lt a soothsayer';
'exchange'. Ambros suggests, with reservations a
connection with Ar. marra 'pass by'. ' ~ by r~b means 'place at which something ap. (mKas) ~arkiasd ""II'{'<'II (0 4()5,T). masfa... ""1I'{'Cii
'ostanuirara. causative; ETIflOPIC; Tna. marya 'Jeap year'. smcc ma eturns' rather than 'gathers'. Likewise the n of disease" ,
pears orr " ' i f ' 'ifi T if
nu,ri, rnar~ya, (Gr.86) rnar>y (pI. mtiraytin,ma- con Inee t 'on with Te. siiJa
J
fi .
sa
, 'I, sa.
,
na. sa ) 'plate
d' K 614 identifies It wah G 'Gsfiirs 'jaundlcc', above
raJ'l marii~'al) 'heathen seer, diviner, spmtual muryiinsu .....C!')()- (T+) 'water for the 1 wattle for re nmg corn suggeste , With
lead~r of the
.. ,
pagans, priest of idolaters, sor- gabiila-bowl serving for washing the feet'. of parvaffit·ons by Rundgren 1955:44 is unlikely. Akk.
reseabb I 'basket'
, by lacci' d enta1/y SimIlar.
. . masfet ODII.c,.o}- (T.Sw m 0 1394) 'shackle"
,
mas U is proba
~rom ~afaya
'
eerer. magIcIan; ... , marziin ooClI') (T) 'compilation, abridgment 'sew', probably developed Into th'" ......... n-
nuiril (pI. maritiil, marettil) 'wItch, ~lvmer ; tog 'he'. .. ""'4
,, SEMITIC : the denvation from Semitic Wsn (Heb. mosel l"'/I.-l- ; see maHa ,
[IS\ , . '1' yiilcin 'old') with secondary m suggested by Dill. I n 0011"'/1"') (Lt.OT), masqelOD ODllot
m~m.vl. mam.fal 'that which is similar, Simi 1- ",,,,,,a 0 II.,. ') )'
mann 177 and Noeldeke 1910:20 could be POSSIble (K) mesqalon "'t /I" (T weaver's m.sut 'I"~-l-; see (ma.",·a ), m'....
r~"er on )a .loom '. for rolling up the
,
tude IJkene~s, t;-pe ; only if one considered masana a denommahve from 1\'"
, . .... ,. beam,
mo,mah 'that which makes slmJiar, ImItator , mJs~nnii going back to ws,,; however, this develop. :,asta<id OD"+,.I:' (0 1400, OT), mastl'ad
fims. hed clolh ' (T cunass,
lamas.I'oli 'who emulates, similar, comparable, ment is not very hkely. "+11.1:' (T.K) 'wardrobe, (T) large rectangu .
made simi lar, represented'; ETHIOPIC : Tna. masdnii 'rot, become thin, be emaci. from Ok' mesaklon 'weaver's beam' (1 Kings 17:7 lar house, (OT) servant',
= I Samuel 17:7).
lamoJ/a (r) 'model, simIlarity, resemblance'; ated', Te. masiina 'look sickly'. Amh. massiinii 'be. the meaning 'large reclangul.r house' IS
come exhausted'; passed into C ushiti c: Qem. mason strange. TaYYii considered perhaps Ihe word
SEMITIC' Ar matala 'be like', SAr. mtl 'the like of, 'become skinny, perish'. ",esqa100 "'t""'/I"')
. (T.M) 'affair
I ' of the angels,
slnlllar to', Heb. mH (niffal) 'be likened', Aram. Syr. Ihal which perlalOs to ange s ; for 'wardrobe' 10 mean 'Ihe place Where the
m;lfal'compare, liken', Md. mil, Akk. maialu. For wardrobe and olher ilems are siored', Ihal ",
m.l~' 'parable', cp, Ar. maral, Heb. mii.!al, Aram. masno (pI. rnasanaw) OO"'f 'irrigalion chan- could it be an interpretation of masqalon. mesqalnn,
nel'; above?
'the house', As for (OT) 'servani', II refers
mula S\'[. mOflii, Md. milIa. undoubtedly 10 the one who is In charge of the
ETHI~PI~" T;a. masillii 'be hke' , Te. milsla, )omaSIJowa 'cultivate by irrigation channels'
",,,,,,ar, masqar -II.,.C I OO"~C, see saq"a-
wardrobe;
Amh.Gaf. miinti/a. Arg. massola, Har. masala, Gur (denominalive) ;
miiJiila; passed Into Cushiuc: Sa, masal'be like'. ,a I. from Gk. mestltaad, transcnption of Heb. "'rltahat
from Ar. masnuww 'irrigated', Ar. (f:fac;tr) mQSna
In 4 Kmgs 10:22 = 2 Kings 1022 (Dllimann 14(0)~
maslom oo"A'I", (Gr.S8) muslom """"A'I"
'irrigation channel'; also Te.Tna.Amh.Gur. masno, masiqoy 00""'1- ; see (saqaya ) , masqe.
'Mushm, (LJ) Islam';
ma.<;bmtiwi 'pertaining to a Muslim';
Har. miisnu 'field or garden that is accessible for
irrigation'; In C ushiti c: Som. mQsno 'irrigation chan-
nel', Or. mtisnu. NOle thai W. Muller, ZDMG 131
mislra
grasp';
.,"l (K ' .MA) 'cause someone 10
.
•..4S\akii OD"+IJ (T) 'Slomach',
either conupt from Gk. Jtomalcltos 'stomach', or from
(1981).40 1 thinks that G. masno derives from -mas- Gk . mastaks 'mouth, jaw' wrongly Intcl1lretoo as
from Ar mu.fllm; also Ifl Te. 'amaslama 'become a (Ihe original of MA IS OOl'll masara; see 'stomach'
Mushm', mas/~m 'Muslim', Tna. mdslamii 'become now and is of Geez origin. p. 107, bottom);
a Muslim', 'as/amay 'Muslim', Amh. muslim. See mastemii, masteme oa"1:"7 I -n,t"'t, name of
also 'iHlrim, masanqo 00"')"' ; see sanqawa, SEMITIC : K 614 connects it with Heb. miisar 'de- Satan;
liver'; if this is the case, it is a transcription of Heb.
miisana "7M 'decay, be spoiled, be corrupt, msnw, >amasnawa hoo/l-,m; masinaw tID,.. masar rather than a cognate. from Hcb. maslenui 'animosity'; also In Amh. miisle-
detenorale, become rotten, be made desolate, '}lD-; see masno. rna; see Worrell m 139, Eunnger, ZS 7 (1929) 74,
milSr I 9""e (T) 'beer, ale'; Dobberahn 107, 177, n.S3.
be laid was Ie, be ruined, be abolished, be see m~zr.
deslroyed, pensh'; mosopetam 'l"M.. +'I" (D 1400) 'sheepfolds';
,
mastari OD"+t (T); see maSlari.
(:amnass,n 'corrupllble, deSiructible, per- see maslelam . milSr II, in masr qini 9""C I :PC;, see n.,r,
ishable') ; mastasri oo"+"t; see saraya.
(za 'I) J '<lnUin31J 'incorruptible, tndestructi ble, masaqa 001'1"', (T.Y) maSaqa 00 ....,. 'carve, """",r 'I""e 'lentil';
Impemhable'); hew';
ETHIOPIC: Amh.Arg.Gaf.Gur. mass~r 'lentil', Hllr
mastawani OD"+'Pt see wanava.
'amiisana 'spoil, ruin, corrupt, pervert, subvert, masuq 'carved, hewn '; mi.ni,; Te. mansir IS probably from Sa. monsir, masot• ""(iT; see swl• II.
deleriorale, demohsh, deslroy, lay waSle, devas- Dillmann 177 states that he found masuq in two while Som.Qua. misir, Or. misira, Kham. bisstr are
late, m.ke desolale, wipe oui'; manuscripts, but that in a third manuscript the taken from Semitic EthioplC. M. Cohen suggests a masto
,
00"," (0 lSI), in ("I)masjo>agoyi
. , ~Aoo"
lama.lana 'be corrupled, be laId waste'; fonn is nasuq (see nasaqa). K 657 considers nasuq Sanskrit (masiira) origin. ,"1I"1! 'Teaching of the Mystenes ,
ma~,ani. act. part. of nUlsana; also 'perishable, Ihe correct form. from Gk. nlystagogia 'initiation mto the mysteries';
corruPlJble' ; masri, miser, rnisura, mi>suri, malasuri
9"nto I "7/1.e : "'I ft- 6- I "'I), ft- 6- I 00 11 ~ 6- also in Chr.-Ar. mosttigugi),a. mas,uguglya (see
musun (fern. musant) 'corrupl, decayed, spoiil, masqe oo"ot, masqet OOllot-l-; see saqaya. (DTX), name of the twelfth Coptic month
Lifchlll 7111).
deslroyed, desolale, perishable, damaged, (corresponds to G, na!lase);
putnd, rollen, wilhenng'; msql, >amasqala 11 00 11.,./1 (Gr.167) 'mark wilh mslr >ampstara IIOO"ml 'wrile in mYSIeries,
mUS,1nt (U) 'rulO'; a cross, make the sign of the cross'; from Coptic mesore. mesure; also Chr.-Ar. misra. s"eak mYSIeriously, hide as a secret' (denomma-
mus.nna. musunna 'SpOIhng (n), rotting (n), lamasqa/a (Gr) 'be blessed wilh the sign of Ihe tive); ,
cross' ; masriqu OD"t-t (T), meserqu "'t/l.C-t (GI) lamaslara, passive; also 'be kepi secrel ;
corruption, perdition. ruin. desolation, devasta-
masqu/ (T) 'placed crosswise, interlwined'; 'narrow palh (usually in the moun lain)' ; lamaslitara (K ') 'share a secrel, exchange
see also merqu.
secrets';
368
369
n~srir 'mystery, secret, sacrament, Eucharist'; sawar, pl. of miswar 'leather pillow' on acco
• -
fTfllOPIC: Te. ~kiic. ·ru~nate·. Tna .. miisk"o' '(aru-
(I/"s!ir q_JJu., 'the Holy Sacrament'); shape. ' Unt of the fa; also 'rapacious
mal) that rullllnates (Wlt~ .~_e.~a~.hesls: '~~~~~~~, (Lt) usurper'; ,ravenous. \iolent, rohber,
m;ulirJlI'i (Gr.g2) 'secret, hidden. mystical. sacra-
mental',
-
masawas oPftm-iI (T.M.Sw. in 0 1393) , 'I!k'amsJ'e)~~. (a)m=_~:a: ..ra)~~giiha,
At (a)manaz"iiha, Our. mJ"","aha, mIL.iika, me. ""Sui, pass. pan. of maSata'
nerve,
m~s'iire (Gr.82) 'principle of mysteries'; nerves" , ~ g~o.
sax The connection with Ar. gasa<Q 'ruminate' sug.
. . .
m~i! 'robbery, piracy'; . '
see also masiiw;J<. gest'" by Praetonus 1890:22 presents difficulties. On f11iJs!at, verbal noun of ma.Sala'
from Gk myslirion 'mystery, sacrament, secret
nte'; also Te.Tna.Amh.Gur. masri, 'mystery',
masya (yamsay, yamsi) -lir 'become e .
th baSis of the vanous Gurage fonns, the foot seems mamS~t, (Lt) mamS.!, pl.' ';""l1ti.i.t(Or"')
10e~ 'rnzk< > msk< (by assimilation of::k > sk), > ""msat ' f' . . .'.
( b venmg" . means 0 setzmg or carrying: handle,
masawa (l'amsu) ""/lID, (T) maswa ""lIlD 'melt masya far . masya b;;l:zer 'become evenin '0 ' m:k (a triradicaJ in Ourage) > ",,:zk (augmented by
also ~b!1 I); g , see loops, staves, (curtam) nng, ringlet, hook, key'.
(tr). hquefy, dilute, dissolve, make faint, make n). It is also posslbl~ t? c.on~lder ~k< as the basic root
. , )amsaya 'spend the evening'; EnnoPlc: Arnh ".. ."" •
pme away: > mzk', mzk by dlss1mllatJon (sk > zkJ, For more . rasSi.l{Q snatch away enrapture
h
enc ant' Te masta'd I' h ' ,
tmnasall'a 'be melted, be liquefied, be dissolved, nJasel, nwsyat 'evening, twilight'; details on the Ourage root, see Loslau 1979:413. The miisiilii" . . e Ig t, enrapture, enchanl'. Tna.
waste away, dwindle, fail. pine away, be en- SEMITIC: Ar. masii (msw) 'become evenin', . root also occurs in Cushilic: Qua. mdsk 'chew', Qua. • . carry .off by force, enrapture, 3JTtaze' , For
maJek. See also mskw. capture, capnvate, fascinale' ,cp. Am. h marrtik(i
_ .
feebled, be consumed'; 'csted r ay,'S oq.lmsm ' . Heb. '(?mps'yg, ants,
.".,evenmg,
Note ~hat ~veral meanings of mamfur, such as 'loop'
,
y
vc' 'Akk -"'"gil esterday
masiill'i, act. part. of masawa; 'd~u m t, antfali (von SOden 45 ~curta1n) nng, key' could be compared WIth mamsa;
t t' ,
e n,l?g, h maS.aya uop'~r (T has wrongly masanaya
mJJ.Jlt' (fern. 1nf1.r;ur). pass. part. of masawa; exp ams teen mg through ·Ii of timali where it i
element of the root). san """,~r) 'divide, cut'. . button~ and buttonholes'. 1t is possible that mamsa;
tniJSH'a/ (Gr.91), verbal noun of masawa; IS a vanant spelling of nuvn.sa,r.
f1l<1mSQIf (Gr.91) 'place where one liquefies'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. miisiiyii 'become ever.ing' Te " maSqe IJPP'</:; see siiqaya.
Amh . massa,' .... A " " H ar. masa, GUf.' m-. masa
lamasiil1'; (Gr.91), part. of tamaswa; , '.
fg. massa, F '
asa. Or
Y "
maS! 9"1'''1' (K') 'termite, white ant'·,
~set cpo maset,
l;)mS;)WJnnri 'faintheartedness'; evenmg,
..... A Te. Tna.Guf. sal, 0 a f
ma'" maSarri tJPJP6, maSre ODp'~; see saraya I. from Amh. n/3SI.
In<Jsata, rg. muied, Amh.Har. nJ3set· h'
, ,
SEMITIC Ar. (ta)nuisQwQ 'melt' (Dozy II 593); related common with Cushitic: Be. amos. ' per aps
to Ar. mOfa (11111'1) 'dilute', Af. (J:fa~r) maWH'asa
.....iir 9""IC, massiir 9"ftc, moSar """'C, maswar t maswart ODJPIDC : ODJPIDC+: see ."~j..'r .
'melt'. S~. (ms),), muts; 'melt. dissolve', Heb. msy mosyiih 9"lIYU (T) 'pestle'; moSart ""IPCT (pI. mawiiiart); see waSara.
mig,. "'fltc, name of the sixth Coptic month
(hif,jJ) 'dissolve' (related 10 mss, nif'al 'melt'), Aram.- should be masya&, and see sayf:za I. , (correponds to G. yakkiilit);
Syr. I1lJsii (In.'ilt') 'melt. waste, drip away'. Dietrich
m""at. uop''';", (T), masrata oP/'l,,;.,. (Or.89)
2Q9 compares Akk. me,Q;, masa,u 'wash', Md. mia. 'lay a foundation'; from Coptic mas;r, me/;r, emfir; also Ar. 'am.fir. See
masyii. oPilrt (T.M) 'drink made from fer.
mented honey'; lanJaSrata, causative; also )anlser, >ams;r, mekir.
miisow "'flllD< (KD 1400) 'middle'; see also (mys I), meso tamaSrata, passive of ma.srata;
I1UlSriiti (Or.89), act. part. of maSrata; ma§tari oo'/i"'t (K,Sw. in 0 1400), mastari
from Ok. mest' 'middle' (adj), fern. of mesos: also Syr.
mese 'the middle' miisayiis "'filYiI (OT) 'Messiah'; masrut, pass. part. of ma.srata; -il"'t (T), the planet Jupiter;
l1UlSarat, (L) masarat 'foundation'; from Ar, ()al)muilari, the planet Jupiter; also Amh.
mas.",... O1ltrm-b (T) 'nerve'; from Gk. messias, from Aram. maSfho'
. , also Tn a. miiSliir;, Syr. muStar/'
A m h. masayas. Ihe verb is a denominative from ma.saral, and maJarat
misprint for masawJs, or the other way around. is derived from sarara, below. ma~a 011,,"; see fn.$.r.
moSii' (pI. mawiiia't) """1'1.; see wS'. EnnoPlc: Tna. siirriitii 'lay a foundation' (denomina-
mas... d UO{JIDJ:-; see (slI'd) , soda, tive), sarat, miisiirriit 'foundation', Te.Amh.Gur. moss .,..l\; see mws• I, II,
. .
maS,. oPP''t, (T) mas'. oPiI't ,wInnowmg •
miiriiriil. For the G. denominative majrata. cp, Tna.
mas..al (pI. masiill'.lt) ""lIIDA, (Or.92) mas ....1 fork'; miisriilii <lay a foundation', Te. miisriita, Amh. . .,..1\; see m",s, II,
mosii
UDlIm-A 'unplement for producing fire, inflam- see sQraya. See also mS<y. miisiirriilii, Gur, masiirriitii. mill! - I t (K' 580) 'wooden threshing stick for
m"~le Olatenal. fire pan. fire shovel'; (L) gives it
the same- meanmg as mGswati; maS,.rt oPp'bc:t-; see sa'arr. millet'·,
maSs", (yam';'!) oPlPm, (Or.92,T) masa!a
..(1m 'tear to pieces, tear away, cut up, dismem-
ETIlIOPlc: Amh. mu?-
th.e connection with Heb. sal 'basket' suggested by mS'y, 'amaS<aya hoPp'Or, (H) '.mllS'aya
\\ aJnberg 1937a:29 IS unlikely. hoPilor 'winnow, ventilate'; ber, carry off, carry away, grab, seize and carry mlll!'a (y.~ii') ""lth 'come, happen to, occur
denominative from maS'e, above. off by force, snatch away, kidnap, strip, seize to, come upon, arise'; (with the ace) 'overtake';
masii".lt O1lftlD<AT (T) 'fence(s). enclosing violently, ravish, enrapture, entrance';
",aIHs)'; (zayamt11Ja' 'future');
massada oP,..y' (T.Y.M.Sw. in 0 1393) 'buy grain'; 'amia!a, (T) 'amsa!a 'escape, flee, free oneself; 'Ql/1S>'a 'bring, offer, cause to happen, bring
it is In the form of a plural. see massada, above. lamaS!a, tamaSa!a, pass. of maSara; also 'with- about, raise up, convey (a thing to a place), put
draw oneself,, forth';
m.si..... O1ltrm-c (T) 'hump (of cattle)'; mSk'\
. ,'amaSk"'O)(a hooP'tto 'chew the cud , ru-
nunate ; ramiiva!a, reciprocal of maSata; also 'seize violent- tamruiJ>Q 'bring to one another';
SEMlT1C': Ambros suggests, with reservations, Ar. ly, plunder together'; .
fTUJ-
tama.§kll'ira, passive; also 'chew the cud'; .- . 'astQl~asa'a
, 'adjoin, place one thing on top of
lI/a,\'(f{1 (pI. rna.fa!!. maiii!Jyiin), act. part. of ma.sa- another, (T) pull, draw';
370
......- -
371
m/l ..6,j. part. of ma.f'a;
;1,,1 ETHIOPIC Tna. mi#liiwa (with metathesis, #ilnlo""o) ed to mit's, m)'.f: Heb. m~~ 'the pressing out •
'one who comes';
m.1.fII' (to...) 'fade, wither'. andn:I'lk)'
••. 'A - 'h
PbH. mt, 'sap, ram. maye-$ W 0 sue s'
k
malfiy 9"~J1, (T) 'male gen.tali,,',
tn:I.~Vlt \:ommg, arrival, advent'; (offTll ' also related to m.:=: At. ma.:.:a 'sud', Mh.
~...(h, part. of 'anlSt1'a; .
maslaWl ODlt/\lD-lI (K ') 'knife, axe" , The root IS . II ' . EnnoPlc: Amh. ,"-,IJay 'PCOIS' (from G<ct) s.:. also
~z Akk. mo.:a'U II.: ~~u, p~ o~,t _. ftJtfih.
l1Iamv', malt1st1'i, same~ also 'one who helps to see matlawz. mu~·
Enoo Plc. Amh. mollola
H
suck. mO!amnta!a,
.. :. . , . .
Tna. rna-
~nng', . Te. m~~ JUice. sap
." mao"Imiitii,
.forO, malig., "":l-/C; see lagara 11.
tn.:lmsa"
. . 'place of origin';
mams.1} ma,imo ""II,/" (r+) 'pleurisy, sharp pain caused
"'=,
by a disease'; rnosisil, ro.~1, m.~1, "'"'i ~t 9"lUt r .' math. (y.mt.h) "".)-u. (Y) matha oot", 'he
Sl'MJTIC SAr. 'go, proceed, march', Heb. miira
j tn.1') 'find', ongmaJl)" 'reach something', Aram. nJJ,Ja
to be identified with mar'Qmo; see SQ'llIna. D"~1...)- , 9"l\.Jl. r: r.
9"ltJl. (ll.T.M), ma~"'Iit deceptive in appearance. appear -as a 'recter'.
'reach, Ix able', Syr, mJs(i 'be able, have the power, be It,.)- (K) 'kind of arumal (m Hebrew t~a.f), 'aml.ha (Gr 94) 'look like a specter, conSIder a,
alJowoo. find' (Noeldeke. ZDMG 40[1886].736). Md. masmid
• ''''It''7..t:-; see damada.
• D"K .M) blue or dark (refemng to skin), blue
(T. a specter'~
mta 'am\'e. reach', Ug. m;' 'amve. reach, find', Akk. skin' ; tamatha (K) 'appear as a specter".
mw.ni 'maKe reach'. See also Delitzsch 158. n.2; ma,am., ""1\9"C (It) 'horsecloth, saddlecloth,
saddle girth'; ETlllOPlc: Amh. ma!a!, 'small. bad-tempered aru- matlihi 'Who appears as a specter, who IS en.
J Blau. lOS 2 (1972).67-72. For Indo-European roots dowed with the evil eye';
for 'nnd' reflectmg aspects such as 'come upon ', see mal'
ETHlOPlc: Tna.Amh. miitlllniJr, malabar, same. lrJJluh (K '), same,
Buc' 765
EnooPlc Te_ ma.pa 'come', Tna. mii!>e, Amh.Arg. masnaft ODlt~tj:r (T.M) 'rug'; . wa ""lIlD (T.Y.M) 'tum acid';
masa math, see lniJlhal ;
•
matta,
. maSSa, Gur, mala.
. a secondary fonn of nufr:J, above, mathat, (T) m.lhat 'phantom. fantasy,
· , .
metathesis of ~aft; see ~afa I.
specter, ghost. illUSIOn, imagination. magIc.
mas'amo OD"hif"~ see sa'ama, masomo. black magic',
· ' . m~ara I, ma~ara OPX~, ma~~ara OP8~ 'masti- m.aswata ""ltlD'" 'give alms' (denominative);
tamapt'Gla 'accept alms'; (sab'a m.lhal 'actors') ;
masbaJa
• ""ltO/\ (TSw. In D 1394) 'file. rasp'. cate, chew, (Gr.1I7) scratch'; (note that Amh. (ba'iila mMhat 'sorcerer").
maswali (Gr. I 18), act. pari. of 11Ia~""ata,
al/ammo!o [translation of m~~ara1means 'chew'
· 'l"1Itj:. see moda(
mosaf . .
and nol 'smile' as given in H 230); ",,~'al 'almsgiving, alms, charity'; miJlhatawi 'imaginary, actor'.
'am~~ara (Grl 17) 'cause to scratch';
(m~diiya 11L1~wat 'treasury'); SEMITIC: Ar, mallha 'go astray, err'. Icunllltuha 'be
mos!J. 'l"lt'" (TM) 'immerse in waler' (rather
conrused' (Dlllmann 183) Pr,,'onu, 1890:22 con-
than 'wnng oul" as translated in M 119); tam~~ara (Gr.1 17) 'be scratched'; rrom the Aramaic plural m~wola (so Dillmann 228.
Siders AT. mth a denominative from motfha gomg
denommau\,e from mO,Jah; see H'~~a. rn~~ari (Gr. I 17), act. part. of m~~ara; Noeldeke 1910:36, Polotsky 6; but It could also come
back to laha (("",h ) 'err'
m.o~~ur (Gr. I 17), pass. part. of rn~~ara; rrom Ihe Aramaic singular m~wJlii regardless of the
difference in the vocalization); also in Tna.Amh, ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. m<11heJI 'magic. spell, !ipecter, ap.
ma~~are (Gr. I 17), verbal nOun of rn~~ara; parition', Tna. miJ(~at, Amh, m,lIhul, m,Jlm; proba-
. . 'I"lI.l.. mosiht
mosih , , 'l"1I.l.r (pJ. mawGs.h,
. . ma- nlJswal 'alms'. Note that Gur. maswat 'sacrifice' IS to
MGs.hl);
. . see ..asha.
.. EnnoPlc: Te. ma{ra 'chew\ Amh. mO{{iira, m"'a~(iirii, be 'identified with G. maswo'l from SQH'fQ 'sacrifice' bly also Gur, m~aliilii 'convince by coa:<ing <. do
monii{{iirii 'scratch', It is possible to connect i( with something by magic' Sce also mthl.
rather than with Amh. nli1fwat 'alms' as suggested in
m~.)het (pJ. masahdY) ''''It.n.r. see p~ya. ~aro 11 in the sense that chewing is an action of Lesl,u 1979:432. The root passed mto Cush",c: Qem.
spreading out, stretching. See also m,r. nui!WDI 'charity', mtht, tamathata "'''''-l-U''' 'appear as a
~t (pJ. mawiiphl) 'I"lI.l.r 'beam. wood'; specter, appear in disguise";
note that Cant. I 17 has a variant mawas.!I. mas• ..a 11 ODlI~ (MA) 'stretch out, spread out'; mat (pI. 'O»lIal) 9"r 'husband'; denommatlve from mJlhu(; ~ee malha, above.
ml.)it-aJ ""1I.l.f.; see m~(.) hel. SEMInc: Ar. (Ia)mas~ara 'disperse (people)". (n!Jta ,.!]al 'brother-an-law');
EnnoPlc : Amh. miinii?{iirii 'strew, scatter about, dIS-
perse', See also m~arQ I. Soonc: Heb. ml, in m11-im 'men', and In proper math• ""r.l. (T M) 'sword',
.
masaUat ""1I/\r; see '
s/lll.
.
salala. names. such as ,,",!iiSf/~, Ug. ml 'husband'. Akk. m the context given by K () 15 It could also be for
111.'•. See also Noeldeke 1910: 146. mOlh 'phantom, illusion' (for which scc mUlha).
m"-!la .. a ''''It/\m 'fade. famt. be emaciated, masor
. OD~C'
'see
.Swr, ETHlop.r: Te. mil 'husband' (quo.ed from Noeldeke
waste away. wilt, "'ther. decay, be languid';
YJJn~/aK'a, causative; also (K) 'blame, express m~y ODltCJ1, 'saffron';
1910: 146, n.2). Hintze 86, no. 476 connects it with
Sid. mula 'male genitaha'.
matha ""r'"
(loT.MA), math a ""rO
(K.M) ~
see ~Qrya. Amh. sassa I) 'be thin', 2) 'be greedy, be
disapproval. dislike'; .. ,
insatiable, be aVariCIOUS,
('tUnQSlaH'a g~~o 'he had a sad countenance'); mota '1""', mot '/"r, mut-in ..... ;t''); see nnvt.
~ m8~a ODX 'suck, suckle'; mal!1 (T) = Amh. s~s, rdqiq '.thl,n';
lamaslaM'a 'become faded, become emaciated, be
rn.lbat (Gr.94) 'avance, voracIty;
of a sad countenance, wrinkle the face'; SEMITIC: Ar. massa 'suck', Mh. mes,• Sh. miss, Heb. mal>'Zil 9"rMA (T); see 'zl.
••
masl.w 'faded, emaCIated, wrinkled, withered,
• •
mas"!. Aram. ""'~~, Syr. me~ ("'1~), Md. m~ ("'1~),
•
inasmuch as Amh. sassa IS amblguo~s, it is proba.
f.. hng, near e'Unction'; Ug. 111$,J, m~w; related to ~w, nt!y: Ar. frJa!,Ja 'empty bly safe (0 rely on the translation greedy, v,~r.il
metedis "'11:"It'l (T), metedas "'11:~t'l (M) 'mes- CIOUS' given by Ludolf 78 and Gr. 94; however, ruqlq,
m.oslaMe
. (Gr I 17), verbal noun of maslawa'
. , to the last drop' (Dozy), Heb. ~a 'drain out", Aram. lenger, apostle';
rna!, 'wring', Syr. m3fO 'suck, draw out', Md. l11!a; Tayya's translation of malh, would indicate, that s.}s
rrom Gk. rnalheles 'disciple'. (likewise given by Tayys) also means 'thm
313
m.I!'I.'
, ~__________________________~J~72~________~~________________m_'2~~' .
~
mlrkaf, markarr (pI. maltik4, maliihft) ""'}'h matar'as (/P"~Chil; see Ir>.f.
- ~ f
__ ----------~:=~~~~~~~~~::::-;~::::~~~::::
asm~ h'as, as great as, so great. to
~!.ri
-tn+--
--'-
' - ml'aql I ( Inml>q"( \Y) "'"ttlql 'hft
~ I ODo}-h~O}- (D .<68) 'shoulder, shoulder s~e 0, " up, r."e, e \!Vale T Y \1) be hIgh, be long'
~Iade', metriyq"ay "'H'':'''''''''' (T),
melriiyquy "'t-j- "'h' degree, ) 'such a, sO many, so much (Amh. a_alia, translation of ttulllaqa, means
I\LIofITlC mClalh~l~ In rclatlOn to kt/; Ar. kall/, kit! ,:."."" (K), name of a body of troops, "'IJI1d" ("nla so great. In proportIon') , here 'r .."" make aSCend' not 'dnve out' a n
~h('luldcr'. SI,l . kctf 'had of shoulder', Heb. kiilep ~e DIIlmann 1139. under ga/liil. l"'hlS as much aSh' pace of In propOrtion H S7');
n
"shoulder'. Aram .Syr k(!p(l, Md. kadpa, Ug. kif, me •• , DIm; see myl.
.
I ' -a 'for t e s .
;asJ..J.mJfO 'amlaqcJ 'raise. elevate' ,'
AU /o.a(Ql'paru 'part of ribs',
mataba
, oomO (MA) 'boil' (tr),
II . ana noun 'according to, In lam"'qu, pas>, of malaqa;
F7Hlof'lr ' Te mdkliJ(. ,!JJkJl1la . ,).
"I: mal + maluql (Gr 115), act. part of "Maqa;
matlo OD~l-h-; see to/aim. marr.li
, OD1't;:tt (T) 'who destroys', Ilion to , , m'!"q 'hIgh. raIsed':
a 'as great as),
proP"
I:.,.alan , ot as much as'): mJlq, (GrtI5) n10lq 'heIght'
misprint for OOTtt:h. ma!fJ,j; see !a/'a, ana
main (pI. 'am"n, 'am13nt) OD.}''), (Gr,95) ma- mal ana n'how i1ke . ') , mJlqol (Gr
I"· , . (K450)
) 'heIgh!', t'
tin '1":1'1 'sinew, nerve, muscle'; ma,hiri, in '.Ima,hiiri "Ao,,,!'y,:, (ll) 'cup'; Ila,malana , 'h such a, so great a), mumlaql' , act. part. 0 'ul1l1aqa
'tmi1~nt (pI) 'strings of a musical instrument'; sec lahara, Ilamal :'. suc , . 'how much', how
an nil-marana . Imuch FrHJ(IPI( Amh mall<lqa 'ns< up, fly'
'? how large~, how ong "
'J
SIMlTlr: AT, main 'half or side of the back', Soq. 1"I·mal ,
mOlen 'hip', Heh. mo!n~QYlm. Aram. miilna),).'ii, Syr. m0!r'~. "'1'''' (0 1907: 137) 'veIl, (T TS) wrap more?, hO~ g~~~'~ften?, how much!. how
I hoW
up, put on clothes'; many" ma,aqa II UPm+ (K' M Gr.IIS), ma!!aqa n)
mapui!ti IJom', Md. maUIQ. Ug. nlill 'nerve' (Caquot 'snatch a\\oay',
)amo!!iI~a 'veil, clothe';
431), AU nUllnu'sinew' great.I')', ,.-matana 'however muc h') ., lomalqa (K' Gr II 5), passi, e;
ETHIOPIC rna. mii,,,i 'nerve. sinew', Amh. miil.Jn
'sinew' {from Geez).
lamatlJha 'veil oneself, COver oneself, clothe
oneseif , I ('~mma
'n m of mOlan
(pi . ) 'extent, dimenSion. meas- malaqi (K 'Gr t 15) 'who snatchl'S away'.
"MIa·
W" , ,
. e duratIOn , I 1II,>luq (Gr It 5) 'snatched .way',
mu!!ahe 'act of veiling, act of covering'; urt, SIZ 'as long as. as argo as,
mataqa 00.,,+ (K ') 'be, sweet'; . , ba· 'amlana •
d
accor ~
mJlqal
, (Grlt~) 'snatchlng _'way' In) ;
denominative from mo.tiilJ1, for which see wa!!iI~a. .un!ona, as as many . as , as much as, In
m>luq (K) 's",eel, tasty:
m>lqul (K) 'sweetness'; mallaWl 001'111&1/ (T,K'), maslawl
' , ODltll/l}o11
I f
Jl a ten,
'l'lh accord'lng, to in proportIon
an'" w,t of In regard 10, JIke , since.
"
.
to, tll EnuoPI( Te nIlN~"l/a 'cat up, end', Amh
'"qtJ \natch aWil)'.
"hUIaI .
l
- - i1POJ4. (T.M) 'pay ,
, .. .'"
f
Ollwa a
rclatcd to Soq. m!y 'attain', Aram.·Syr. malo. ~ ~ m· .. u.rt "" ....... CT. pI. of moiar abo ve,
mitri, m.~i "t'l'':' I "t'l'':' 'headband, , ative from mo./i, from Mfy
. reac h' ,pa>e
taln, ( nng,'Md . m!Q 'reach, attam'
I) 'b' . at denomlR
miter •t for which see mas'a. J. B~au, lOS 2 (1972). 68, n. j -, i1P'I''j:C, pI. of molar. mOrarl, above, m.. ~ I. m~. 'YJmUJ! '1"" (K') '''rub pl.
from G/... mltro ' headband ', See also meqri. disagrees with Noeldeke s Interpretation, and ib. rnlwal3r (the teeth), polish by rubbmg, wa,h', '
pp.68, 72 he connects G. maUawQ with Ar. Inll\! i1P/D'11:, ma .. iig .... d 00'1'''11:: see mn- lamo:a . tamal'.''.{(J (K·), lamiiww!a (1), f\as..'IVC,
m...g· d
mltrab.llis ""'I'lofll\.ll (T): see mo!robJlir 'stretch, draw, walk' (see n. 3), and SAr. m!w 'waik, mawa~tJ (K·), act. part of mosa;
march'. gad. n~H-'W..l:~ (K .), pass. part. of mOSa
matrob.lli!, mo~ab.lli!as, mo~oppolis OD'I'lofll\. , ,
• (yamuq) '/"4' 'grow hot. be warm,
'I' ; ""'I'lofll\. 'I'll I OD'I'C't.I\.II: (T) mo~ab.llis
mw', mo's (yama,. yJmw) 'l"h, (T) mo'a '1"0 moq, moq )" SE\t.lTIC Ar, miisa (mM'!1 'wash, scrub'
""'I'lofll\.ll 'arch bishop': 'conquer, vanquish, overcome, prevail, defeat,
beCome intense (he~t , ErnloPIC' Tna. mclM·",a..~a 'pick th~ teeth, r.ru~h the
subdue, surpass in power'; 'omoqa 'heat, warm; . teetb', Te. (t~ Jmiiyii,m. Amh. m"'a{lii. See al~o Mora-
from Gk. melropoliles 'metropolitan bishop', - qa 'warm oneself, warm one another; da. .
Ihrough (,hr,-Ar. mo!njbillq; also Syr. me!Topolqo, 'amo'o, 'ama'a, causative; also 'give victorY,let tamawa .
gain victory'; -"'aqo 'warm, keep warm, heat, give
la
Sec also mUlriin, 'astan "' h ' mw~ n, mo~ (.'Jrnus) '1"" (K' Y.M), moda '1"8
lomaw'a, tamo'Q, pass. of mo'a; hea t, cause to become
, hot, re eat,
moq 'warmth, heat: . (T) 'compensate, repair. make amends, pay dam-
mutrin
• """'1'':'1 (K') 'archbishop';
maWQ'j (pI. mawo'.1yon) , act. part. of mo'a; ages' ,
from (,hr.-Ar. mu!rOn < Syr. mi!ron; also Amh. also 'victor, victorious, conqueror'; mJK'Wu'q • mJ»'wuq 'warm, hot, burnmg, ardent,
'amo!a (K .), causati\e;
mOfran, Orar 106 derives II rrom Gk. milropoliti.r m.1WWu'. mawwa' (fern. mu'a!, Gr. lOS), pass. fervent'; ,
famo"a, lamaw~u (K .), passive;
'metropolitan bishop' part. of mo'a; muqat 'heat, wan:'th, fervor, '
'lJ»IKIlqi (Gr.I04) who heats, . tanuih'~a (K·T.M) 'compen"ate one another,
mowi' (1I) 'power, dominion'; be reconciled with one another'
ma~oppolis OD'I'C'MU,: see rnatrabJlir IT1Jmwiiq 'place where one heats (somethmg) or
• • mU'al 'victory, conquering (n)'; , 'a.~/c1mQK·asa
'reconcile',
mitat "tmT. see mrt. meta. mJwwa' (K') 'means of winning'; keeps warm ,
• • • • rna"ti~i (K'), act. part. of mo~a;
m.1wu"o'e 'victory, song of triumph'; EfHIOPIC: Amh.Gaf moqii 'be hot', Tna moqa, mJWWJS (K') 'compensated',
m.tat.• • ODmm (DTW 764) 'wipe clean (of lamawo'; 'conquered, vanquished'; Te,Arg. moqa, Har. moqa, Gur m"'uqii.
mnsa (K .), modii (T) 'compensatlOn ';
,auce, butter)', !amwa'/, l..lmW3' 1 'overcoming Cn), conquering';
tamowJ'o(t ) 'defeat'; mi"q"i .,/D'* 'a disease': denominative from mosci. modii, for which '>C(
ETHIOPIC Amh. m"'oflata 'wipe clean (sauce), con- M·od'a.
sume, finish'; also miinii.tii 'suck clean (e.g. tinger the identification with Akk. muibu 'be will.
SEMITIC:
EnnOPlc: Amh, mawqe 'disease thal causes disten-
dipped In sauce)', Tna mii!iira. mii!mo!ii 'suck'. See
ing' (variant of ma'u according to CAD 10, I, sion or the abdomen'. On the varianL~ of thiS noun, ma ..is.C. OD'I'lt'j:T 'wooden walls. beams',
also m"'alata. •
p.435) suggested by von Soden 665 is doubtful. see Streleyn 1955: 328. See also rnaq'ii.
Likewise the connection with Ar. ma'o (my<) 'run . . for whICh
variant of mUYo'iisahl, \CC mosciht,
. ,
above
m"a!a!a "lmm (DTW 752, under m'addiidii)
(horse)' suggested by Hommel 75 is unlikely since ma"iq3~' ""'I'ol-mT, pI. of moqJ!I, above.
'cut off at the root', . , mawis.hI
mawiisah, , , OD'I'lt.l. I ""'I'lt.l.T, pi
the Geez root is mw' 'Ph (with .) even though it is ma"iq3r ""'I'ol-c, pI. of moqar, above. of mosah.
ETHIOPIL Amh. m~aflii!ii 'scrape. scrape clean, occaSionally spelled '1"0 (With '). Note that the
scratch' See also malala. meaning or Akk. mci'u 'be mighty, surpass' given 10 ma"iq3Y ""'I'ol-~, pI. of moqoy, above. , . OD'I'lt .l.'}>. pi of mosiiht, above.
mawiisahl
leslau. JAOS64 (1944).56 is not recorded in recent note that Cant. 1 17 also has the van ant mawiilbft
ma!,!a",. DDmm 'hand over, deliver, give over. Akkadian dictionaries. ml"qiyi ""OJotJ'; see maqoyo.
grant. surrender, consign. present, transmit'; ETHIOPIC: Common with Cushitic. represented in
mw', mo.a ( •..,/lut) '1"1' 'dle';
fama!loK'Q. passive; also 'receive, accept. par- Or. mO'Q 'rule, conquer, Win', Sid. mo, Ka. maM'. mawirn't ""'I'C6T, pI. of mora', see mor'o.
(=aYJmowwJt 'mortal'):
take of, take. take hold of';
morh, hOO'I'Cth (T. M) 'help to (.:a'iYY.1mawH.'JI 'immortal'l, .
mauowi, act. part. of mo!!a .....a; • '.m.wi .... h.
•
nu!l~K·. pass. part. of mattawa; winnow, air out. ventilate'; ·omOlO. 'amata 'let die. put to death. kill, have
• •
arrogantly, (K) cause to be envious or jealous'; milzuG 'mild, delicate, mollified, pampered, ac~ tamazzana, passl ve; dura>u arm, foreleg' is considered Q Western &mi tic
customed to pleasure'; , un (K*), pass. part. of mazzana ; loanword (C~? 3, 19?). For G. ma=,a" 'strength ',
SEMITIC: Ar. mazaga ((ala) 'incite against'. cpo Heb. zaro<Ol (PI,) arms, rorces'.
SEMITIC : Ar. maza~a (with M 'joke, jest'. . -n 'scales , balance, LI'b fa (conste II allon
ma_z
mlza ' )' ;
ElliIOPIC: Te. (ti1) miizZiJ~a ' become weak, break
mazzano! 'weight' ; ETH10PIC: Te. ziira t , mazara<t 'ann forearm ' T
mlg"l, tamazg'ala .,. OD lI7'>II
(T) 'be multicol- -
maZra'l. " na.
down '. See also manzaha.
ored, be striped, be changed, be turned over, - th verb is a denominative from mbln borrowed
r em AT. mizan 'scales, balance', from wazana.
(D) throw into confusion by disagreement, (K)
lack unity, quarrel' ; maz~ii, in 'az~ii maz~ii hll;} : OOll;} (T) 'day co
ETHIOPIC: Te. miizziina, mezana- " wetg h ',
. measure miizurot "'1//'C'+, (T) mazuriit ""//'':'+, (KG)
and night' ;
rna. mazand, Amh.Gur. miizziina, Arg. me:zana , miizarot "'"C'+, a sign of the zodiac;
ETHIOPJc: possibly a denominative from *mzg~'1, Har. milano; for 'scales, balance', cpoTe.Tna.Amb.
from :g~ I and to be compared with Amh. ziiniig- ETHIOPIC ; Amh. azha mazha, same (probably from transcription of Heb. mazziiral 'constellation of the
Geez). mizan.
g"lilii (that is, =g"1 with enlarged n) 'muddle, zodiac' through Ok. ma;:uroth-; also in Amh. mazo-
confound. perplex', azoniigg~'iilii 'turn upside down, rOl,
maz~ ..t ooll..,C-r (l 478, Gr.1I0) 'ebony'. mazara OD"l (K',Y.M), mazzara oolll (KG .I)
inlerlace, copy a manuscript inserting red letters or 'prepare beer from grain';
words In the othef1.Yise black text'. Rabin, EJ 9 (1965). 155 identifies it with
SEMlTIC :
mazori (pI. maZQrt. mazaraytin, fern , maza- mazwad 0II1I1D~ (Lt) 'bag';
Heb. fahor
•
'dark ', ,
raya/), act. participle ; also 'cupbearer' (in Eccl . from Ar. mizwad; aJso Te. miiswlid. See also mazad,
rnzgo, )amazgana hOD111~ 'repay a favor, rec- 2:8 the plural renders 'singers');
mazlal, m.zliil oollilA ! 9"lI11A (0 1034)
ompense, remunerate, (T.M) thank'; mazr 'beer, ale' ;
'pliant twig (note that the quoted passage
tama=gana, passive ; also 'receive a reward'; muzyiihu 00-1IJ'1J. (T) 'bell';
of Num . 13 : 23 does not warrant the meaning SEMITIC: in view of SAr. mzr-m (d-lmr-m) 'date
mil:gun 'remunerated, rewarded, recompensed, misprint for .lJ..1flv- duzytihu, for which see above.
thanked ' ; 'pliant twig'), pole which two men carryon wine' it is doubtful whether Ar. mizr 'beverage
their shoulders in order to transport a heavy made from millet, barley, or other grain' is to be
fWzgona 'reward, recompense, favor, prize, pre-
sent, thanks, thanksgiving '; object, long staff, stave, (K') sack of woven considered a Geez loanword, as suggested by Noel-
deke 1910 :57 (followed by Ullendorff 1955 : 184).
malaza 011"" (K') 'pull out, snatch away' ;
>ama~gtini, part. of >amazgana; palm leaves in which carpenters and black- SEMITIC : Ar. mtizza (mzz) 'set apart'.
smiths carry their tools; beehive made of a Conli Rossini 1912 : 180 identifies G . m~zr with
ETHIOPIC : Tna. miiziizii 'pull out', Amh. miizzaza,
ETHIOPIC: Tna. ( aJmiisgiinli 'thank ', Amh. ( aJ- basket' ; Amh. barz 'honeyed water'. See also milsr, above. miiziimmii;:ii, Har. matiiza, miisiisa.
miisiiggiinii (Coben 1939;xxv records Amb. lomiis-
giln as being pronounced with a voiced s. a pronun- ETHJOPIC; Amh. mazlal 'bat, carrying pole'.
ciation Ihat would explain G. >amazgana), Arg.
(a)miisiiggiina; perhaps to be connected witb Te. mazm .. OI>lI9"C (0 1041) 'line';
miizgiina 'be heavy', ~ZgIUl 'heavy, dignified'; to be identified with masmar 'line' (see smr); for the
a causative ·atnazgana would then mean 'dignify altemance z:s, See Dillmann 1907:62.
someone > praise, reward, remunerate, thank' (see
also mJzga"ti below). For the root 'be heavy' devel- mazmaza 0011 00 11 'stroke, rub, smear, wipe
•
oped Into 'honor, dignify', cpoHeb. kii!!eg 'be heavy', off, wipe away, (l) dry';
kihbed 'honor. glorify'. The root passed into Cushit-
ic : Bit. miisgan 'be honored', Qua. mesgan, Qem. (rnazmaza qW"biina 'rub the bread of the Eu-
nusganii 'glory, praise'. See also tn4zgtina, below. charist to test the soundness of the loaf and to
remove loose particles' (Brightman 587);
381
~~~"~----------~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~----------
a
____________ ~A~~
I or rhetorical), it IS attached either to ni'k 'i">'h. (T) n.-k 'i"6h 'Iead, lin .110
tve
th;k:e~:/~o
tion (re verb or to the negative elements
followed by thhe verb in the affinnd a-
p,lumb It."e, .IT) mixture. blend, statn, ;MI',Y,
(,bna na'k plummet of lin') •v
~ . ,iyiinbabhmunu' ave you not rea ?'. no'aka ("') 'mi. vanous meials';
II raqanayku 'have I not served", 'alba-
uve,k e.g. 011
N ~
'ak o- " al h th'?' I ~ann
~ov.ever,
665 115,,_ niH /I 'lead' and n';'k III 'lta'n,
~Uc~n -a·f>Ssafi • 'answerest t au no Ing,;
also be used With bo-nu 'alho, ~s ~? bo-nu
SPOI na'klll rendered q.I,'qq.•I'm".d'
In a Sawa ..w quoted byisD,lImann ,b and .. T In
o ba'>sila 'IS there never a woman. , View ?f the fact lhat "o.k /I aho mean, 'm,,,u«.
-no -~. suffix pronoun of the 1st person. plural;
I(Jlb. t rrogative elements
the 10 l'
'where
m,,,, 'what?', 'aWe
e. , and 'a)' 'w h'.Ie h?'. can a lsobe relO-
'
blend." would seem that lhe mean .. g of '.'k /II
Y I mann be long~ to nook. IJ
given bOil
Identified with the Gurage directional element ."yii
'toward'.
~;;~ore detail~, 'an'~a
SEMITIC': for more details, see Brode/mann 1908:
]09, Barth 191) :59·62. d by -nu as In m,nliJ-nu, 'ayte-nu SEMITIC. Akk. alloka 'lead, I .. ' '> Heb. "'nok'IIn
see also Dillmann 1907; 378. lead, plummer > Syr (al,o Md an"a) >'
FTHIOPIC, for more details, see Leslau 1951 :58. -ni. -nni -t object suffix pronoun of the 1st
person, singular; 513·4. Ar 'o"uk, O. no'k(see FraenkelI5], Salonen 1951
n.~"
C·
Amh .n> (e.g. miilla-na 'has he come?'), 6). The nOUn comidered to be non,Semltlc
*na- ~ - With ~uffix pronouns serves to empha- IS 01
SEMITIC: for more details, see Brockelmann 1908 : ETHIOPI
ancien .. mis/on
. t Har ' ...
'how much? .
(agamst modern
. ong.. Armenian anaK, Sansknl
Size the pronominal element. rendered by 'be. )07; Barth 1913 :35-43. Har. ml·sr) . Rundgren 1955 :43 reconstructs -nu In
hold l. as for' The element fla is not used with the various Ethiopian languages. ",'k. ,)>'h. (T M) rwka 1611 'groan. Sigh,
the end person The other fonns are: flaya 'as -ni -~ 'too, also, even, even so, the very, ilke.
pant, Worry, be displeased, be under stress';
for me, there I am!, here I am I, behold !., nayo wise, again, as for, for one's part' (e.g. n'gu.l,_ De'a 11\: see ny'.
ni 'the king for his part'); na'k, (T) nii'k 'a groan, groaning. a sigh, pant.
'as for him'; flarii 'as for her, behold shel'; ing, lamentation ',
narana 'as for us'; nayomu 'as for them ,mma-ni 'though, even though'; ..,do (y,n'ad) 1>'1., (T) na'ada, n.-da ~O1. I
1M. 'praise, extol, honor, glonfy, (Or.22I) nJ'uk (Or.211) 'groaning, who groans';
(mase.), behold they, na)'on 'as for them' (It'a)la'amma-ni 'but if';
(fem.). It is also used with -It'a, -hu in the 'ammO-ill ... wa'amma-n; 'if... Or if, be it thal. .. or ,«ognize as being good. give a favorable Opin- ETHIOPIC" Amh,
nJhqa.
a-na~ij 'pan t' Sec also n;Jhka.
fonns flail a, nahu 'behold!'; and with the prep- that'; ion, (T.MA) be pleasant' (rather, 'recognize as
osition 'aska 'until' in the form 'Jska-na, as in -n; wa---n; 'as, .. so, as well. .. as, as on the One boIOg pleasant');
n.'Sa (YJn'as) 1>.1'1 'be small, be liltle. be
'Jmsab· 'aJka-no 'ansasii 'both man and beast', hand ... so on the other, both ... and'; in a nega. 'on'ada, causative; also 'honor'; young, (Or.220) be dlmtnlshed, sutTer penury',
ilt 'from man to beast'; ",ka-na haba 'until'; tive sentence it means 'neither, .. nor'; (onalda, pass. of nJ'da;
•
(.:ayanJIJs 'small, minor, lesser, jUnior, [he
-hi wa---n; 'as, .. so, both ... and'; na'iidi (K'), act. part. of n,'da; younger, who is small');
Sl-."-1ITlC perhaps in 'm. hn 'behold': Ar. 'inna. SOQ.
'me, Heb. hmne, Aram. hnh, Ug. hn, Akk. anna, it is also combined with the interrogative parti- n,'ud 'praised, glorified, (Or.22I) one of good 'on'usa 'diminish, lessen, make less, make
annu \e!<o.
•
certalOh'
• cles mant, Jay, maIze, Jayte for the expression reputation, famous'; srnall, reduce, consider inferior';
ETHIOP/f': Amh. -n 'as for', Te. -n 'also', Tna. ';mni- of an indefinite meaning; e.g. wa- 'i-mantJ-ni n,'dal 'praise' (n); lano'asa 'be considered inferior';
ho 'behold!' The element n is also used In the ' nothing whatsoever', WiJ-'i-'ayte-ni 'not ""dan (T.M), n,'adiJnnii (T) 'praise' (n); lana'asa (K') 'belittle One another, consider
copula of several EthIOpIan languages; e.g. Amh. anywhere'. Note that in the quoted examples man'ad (K ') 'who praises'; small' ,
nail 'he Is'. Sec <llso nall'o. For G. -na, see Dillmann moslan>'diin, pI. (LI) 'who consider one another
1907 ..176 See also ',no II the Interrogative element is used in the nega- 'aslan'osa, 'ostollii'asa 'deem little. belittle,
tive; marvelous'; consider small. render humble';
•
-ne -1. particle for the expression of direction ETHIOPIC: Tna. -n 'and', n .. ,-n 'either..,or', Te. -ni SEMITIC: SAr. perhaps n1d 'luxuriant' (which comes n"us 'small, little, lesser. younger, minor, low
(voice)' ;
"away 10', or of time. as in 'a~alla-ne 'in one, 'then', Amh. -anna 'and', Gur. -ni in zan" 'the one , close to the meanmg of G. 'extol, recognize as being
good'), Akk. nadu, naJodu 'praise'. (na'usa, or na)us krasliyiin; see krJSI(l'iin).
Inone place, at the same time. together', ",sla OVer there'. For more details on Geez, see Dillmann
1907'411·2,525,554. ETHIOPIC: Tna. no'ada 'praise', Amh. nada. Gur lii- (rad,> n,'US 'disciple', ht. 'young helper'); ..
Jahalta-ne '(0 one place', 'aska-Ile 'until'. See
also Dillmann 1907 376. nadii 'be arrogant < be praised > become arro- na'iis (fem,) 'small. minor, young, young girl;
-nu -)t, interrogative particle; e.g. 'anta-nu zaya- gant'; passed into Cushitic; Sid, nirda 'praise, glon- nii's 'smallness, littleness, youth, misery';
ETHIOPJ(" Praetonus 1879: 197 suggests the deriva- ry'.
ma~r~a' 'art thou he Who ought to come?'; n,'S 'childhood, infancy, youth, smallness, sta-
tIOn of the Amhanc element -n of the direct comple- tus of a minor';
it is combined with -bo, as in bo-nu ',bn yahuho
ment from the partIcle one. The element one is n"oh ~h1', see nahii'.
- -
perhaps to be analyzed as -n-e and the ending -e is 'will he give him a stoneT; or in bo-nu za, as to
•
',,'>sanna 'childhood, infancy';
bO-liu za·baka 'hast thou something?'; na'asilt 'youth. status of youth';
to be compared wJlh -e of -he In G. Amh, kMJIIJ_he ···.ka ~hll (MA), n.,k. 16h (T) 'be bad, be
'e~erywhere', perhaps also with Gurage -e In el-e, is also used to reinforce 'amma, lalJmma hostile' ; Jan'asi, participle of 'OIPasa, . "
and G Gur al'/-, 'where'" Geez -ne could also be 'whether. ir; e,g. 'iJmma yJma-F~a'-nu 'elytis man'iJS 'young, youngest, minor, m~enor :
'whether Elyas will come'; in a negative ques. perhaps a denominative of no'k 'lead. stam, spot'; n>slil 'youth, little, small, a little, a Itttle p,cce,
see below.
a small amount, a few';
•
382
nababa
"".<lIIa (ad,.) 'a little, for a little wbile'; . nacata ~O+; see na'/. - 383
naMan"fif, haMan,sfif n,sfif 'httle by httle, b ba causative; also 'utter a sound, read,
'an. a proclaim,
, chant, stu d y, med'ttate;, n.b· .... - ~1J.h
gradual/y, slowly'; na'awa [ (yan'aw) ~OID, no'wa 16m (L) recIte, be d be . .......w :l>m-, see b~qw, 'anMhqawa
SrMfTIC: il IS difficult to determine the root, that is 'hunt, Jay snares, ensnare, catch birds, set t /anabba 'be spoken, rea, reCIted, re- nabal ~Ol\ 'flame" ,
' ·In walt;
ambus h, IIe ., an
10 ~), whether It IS n's as in Nortb Ethiopic, or 'lIS
•
sound';
as 10 South Ethlopic. If the foot is n>s, the South fana'wa, passive; lonababa 'speak, speak with, speak with one can be identified either with Ugar "hI.t 'flame'
Ellnoplc )11$ would then be a metathesis of n's. If the naeaH'i (pl. nacGwayiin, narawl, [Lt] na~alVay-t) another, tell'; Alk. nohlll (so also FroozarOIi 1971, VII, P.626'
onginal rool is the South )ns, i( is to be c~m~ared 'hunter, bird catcher'; a 'osfanababa (K 0 .Gr.219): causative of laniibaha; 636), Or as a shortened fonn of naba/bal gOing bacl
\\1th Semitic: Soq. 'enes 'be small', Heb. 'ns (mf(aJ) na'iiwif (Lt) 'hunting dog'; I 0 'defend, patromze ; to 'an-ba/haJ~ (see naba/ba/, and IvJ[bala II). Hommel
'be sickly. decrease', Akk. eneJu 'be weak', Ug. an! lOS, n.4 denves nabalbal as well as nahal from a
mirwe, nGrawe, (L) nacawe 'hunting'; ::babi (pl.masc. naMbayan) 'one who talks, rOOl nbl.
(Caquol 267). Rabin 1978:401 connects it with Ar. na',1V (KO) 'hunted';
'Mis 'kind', Koehler 70 derives Heb. 'iiiti 'woman' spe, aker talkative, eloquent,
. loquacious,
. who
nafwal 'hunting'; ssesses the facultIes of speakIng and rea- nabala "Oil (KO) 'seethe, boil (hot spring),
frem 'flJ/S (for the other Semitic languages, see ih.). po . bl"
The root is not to be compared with Sh ne$on man(alV 'place of hunting'; soning, ratlO~al., reaso?a .e, shout, make nOise (falling water)';
'smalf' analyzed by Bittner 1916 :3 1 as ne~-an. ETHIOPIC: Te. niica 'hunt', Amh. man~ow ·place of ('allsasii nababl [Lt) ratIonal animal', i.e. ETHIOPlc: Arnh. niibbiiJii 'seethe" Toa. nabalii 'repri_
ETHIOPIC: Tna. na>Qsii 'be smaIl, be little'. Te. "o'a- hunting' (from Geez); Tna. nacawii 'move here and 'man'); mand angrily'.
so, Amh. annasa, Har. aniisa, Arg. hanniisa, Gur. there' co~es close in ~eanjng to Semitic nw': Heb. nabub 'read, recited' ;
aniisii. Note that Rundgren 1955: 164, n.5 analyzes nat 'move (see aJso Dillmann 676); probably paSsed nabib 'word, speech': nabl "1I1l1. (KO) 'musical instrument" ,
Amh. annasa as coming from a-n'QSa, that is, the into Cushjtic: Bil. na<wa 'prey'. ('aqqiihe nabib 'orator, advocate'); transcribes Heb. nepf/ 'stringed Instrument' For
causative from an original '7>S.
nabob, nabab 'speech, discourse, utterance, man- Gk. nablas coming from Heb. nePel, see Masson
na'aWa 1J ~OID (K 0) 'call, challenge someone
ner of speaking, (Gr.219) diction, pronuncia- 68 If. See also niihlis.
nN ""r, (T) na'l "6r
'unleavened bread'; by saying naca nara 'come!, come!';
tion, last stage of learning the syllabary, fac-
lIa'ala (M), na'afa (T.Y) 'bake unleavened formed from narii 'corne!'. Dtbil, nebel ~1J1ll., ~o,llI. 'large jar':
bread' (denominative); ulties of speaking and reasoning, eloquence';
see ny>. na,aw.lt ~'J1J)o1ll. r; see na'ult. (ward n,biib 'the third stage of learning the transcribes Gk. nebel, from Heb. nePr/ 'large jar';
syllabary)'; Amharism; also Arum. nbl.
n.be ,}o, 'we said'; ,
Dala, oaci, n;Jfj, ~O I ~q. I 1q. 'come!, come (qadami n,bab 'preface');
now!, up)'; from bahla. nabbat 'reading (n), lection, discourse'; n.b.lbiil, nobalbul ~OIll.IJIll. i ')lIt'1D-Ill.: see
sg. fern. lliJ<; (nafJ); pI. rnase. niJ'U, fern. n(}(a; 'anbabi 'reader, lector, deacon who reads the (balbala II), 'anbalbala, and nabal.
nob 'i1l (T) 'pure gold, plated with pure gold'; Scripture during service';
ShMlTrc: Heb. nii!') 'now, pray thee" (Barth
1893: 18), Aram. n', Syr. ni. from Coptic noub 'gold'; also Amh. nob 'pure gold'. 'a.babo, inf. of >anbaba; also 'speech'; niibUs, nables, n.bles <;1I1l11 I <;111\,11 I 111
ETHJOPIC: Tna. m<a 'come!', Te. niifa, Amh.Gur. 'anbabol 'diction'; 1\,11 'musical instrument, small bell, harp' ;
na. This element is in all the Ethiopian languages a nab'a ~1I0 (KO); see 'anba'a; mJllbab 'place of reading, reading book, read- 'anablasa (T.M) 'ring a bell' (denominative);
suppletive imperative of tbe verb 'to come'. See also Janbara, (T) >anba>a 'weep, shed tears, cause to ing, scriptural readings, lesson, passage from from Gk. nabla, nablas, from Heb. ne~fl; also Amh.
nafO'l'a II. weep'; the Scriptures, lectionary'; nab/is 'small bel/', Tna. nab/if 'one with a loud
'anb" (pI. 'anaba') 'tear' (n); voice'. See also nabl, above, and nab/es, below.
na'da 16J'.; See M'da. SEMITIC : Ar. nabba (nbb ) 'bleat in sexual excitement
SEMITIC: Ar. naba'a 'gush forth, flow', Heb. naba' (billy goat)'; related to Heb. niip (nwb) 'speak', and nables 1111\,11 (T.Mk) 'cricket';
n.'ka 16h ; see M,ka. 'flow', Ararn.-Syr. n3pa c, Md. nba, Akk. namb~'u to the root nb (see nabiyy).
l
'spring' (from nb" nbc). PaJache 46 interprets Heb. ETlIIOPIC: Te. niibba 'read', Tna. niihiibii 'resound', perhaps so called because of the sound's being
lJ;)<ult (pI. na'iiwa/l, [T) na'awalt) 1CJ.llI.r, (KG) nb' (hif'il) 'speak' as a metaphor of nb' 'flow' (for '(1JIbiibii 'read', Amh. Gur . a-niibbiibii 'read'; passed similar to that of nables 'musical instrument'; see
nu'.11 )'61l1.r 'widow whom the late husband's inlo Cushitic: BiL nabab, Kham. nibeb. nabUs, above.
several examples of 'flow' > 'speak', see ib.) contra.
brother marries by levirate'; ry to Barth 1893: 16 Who suggests a root nb' 'speak'
different from nbc 'flow'. n.b.q. ~O'" (MA) 'hit, strike';
ETHloPlc: Te. na<ol'husband's sister in relation to n.b~a (y.nbii&) ~1I'" 'bark (dog)';
ETHIOP1C: Te. niibra 'shed tears, weep', Tna. niib<e; >a.ba&a (KO), causative; perhaps related to Amh. liibbiiqii 'hit' with alter-
the Wife', Tna. niJ'alt;, Dillmann 676 considers, with
reservations, a connection with Heb.Ar. nafal 'shoe', Te. '3mb;}r, >anba r 'tear', Tna. nab'at, Amh. Gur. nab~, (K 0) naba& 'barking'; nance of liquids.
Arg. amba, Gaf. amb ....ii, Har. abj>.
since in the biblical passages quoted by DiUrnann
the ceremony of levira(e seems to be connected with SBMIllC:Ar. naba&a 'bark', S~. nb~, Heb. napa&, nab.ra (yanbar) ~nl 'sit, sit down, be situ-
JOoserung the shoes. The root is perhaps of Cushitic
nababa (yanbab) ~nn 'talk, speak, proclaim, Aram,-Syr. napa&, Md. nba, Akk. lIabObu. ated, remain, stay, continue, last, endure, abtde,
origIn if one identifies it with Be. me)tili, m'ali pronounce, tell, declare, murmur, utter a ETlIIOPIC: Te. niib~lQ. Tna. niibl;e, Amh. anb . . o
persist, live, reside, inhabit, dwell. be';
'lowing of bovines'.
'brother-in-ja w, sister-in-law'. sound, resound, be talkative, be endowed with 'anbara, causative; also 'place, put, set, set up,
speech, be eloquent'; seat, establish, lay, lay down, compose, depos-
nababbah
'.
~n.hIJ.h·'See.bhbh. l. it, settle';
384
nab.",. ",n'~bl~'~~__________________________~3~8~5_______________________
,
l<1nobara (" ') 't-e placed (one thing upon
another)'.
'raise, elevate', Ar. mi"bar meaning 'Erhebung :>
SilZ, Stuhr, and he Slates that G. nabara 'sit' is a
- ' Hl.e 'prophet, one who predIcts';
~ nablY! [hassa ... e l nabiyv 'false prophet');
'I'
(hassa.... J ,
nJdu' I"') 'dri'en' ,
---
"mrannbara 'const itute, establish. set. place. denominative. Noeldeke 1910:49 (following SchWall
nablyat, nab,yat, nob,yat (pI. of nabi)'),) 'proph- n~d'al (K·). verbal noun of nad,o
pUI tn place, 'et tn good order, put one thtng ZDMG 52[1898].146) considers Ar. minbar a Ge:~
0n h)p of another' ~ ," loanword. For the role of the minbar In the Muslirn
, "',nda' (K') 'means of dmmg l~hlp, prod),
e1S;'hala nabiyat 'prophetic books, chronicles, fee paId a herd'man',
lJofNiri. act. part. of fJohara; also mhabltant. religiOUS service. see C. H. Becker, "Ole Kanzellrn (m ..
aOldtng, enduring, steadfast, stable, durable, Kultus des allen Islam", in Noeldeke 1906:331_51. annals'); , m.:lndti'iiwi (K -) 'one who rCXtlHs J fee (herds-
' }'al, nabit 'prophetess, man, servant)'.
long-lasting. servant. home-born slave. garn- Ern/oPlC Tna. Gur. ndbara 'sit, stay, dwell, be', Te. b
na Iy " h ' d'
,
",buy (K') ' whIch IS, prop eSle ; masluniidJ , "Who I.:arries otr.,
son; nabra, Amh. ndbhiira 'he was', Har "abiira. On the
(l1ahiiririil 'tillngs that endure. durable root nbr as an auxiliary In various Ethiopian lan- b;yyawi 'prophetIC ; S£~ITl(: related to Ar nl1dl1ha 'make \\all.. (1."a0l.
thlng"); guages, see Cohen 1924; 128, and passim. On Ihe no
tanabbaya 'act as a prop het, prop hesy, pred"Ict; tIs); so also Dillman" 6S I Buhl 4~(01 c('Impare"
root nbr, see also Rabin, FRCS 1 (1970),288,91. For (a denominative);. , Heb. nd' 'remove from'
lIi1hur 'who sits down, sitting. seated, who
stal', who dwells, placed, set, laid down, lying, G. manbar, m;mbar, cpo Tna. miinbiir, Te. mambar 'ana bba}'a, causatIve of tanabbal'a; also estab-
#
ErnToPIC: Te. niid'Q '.;,end. npcl'. Tna. ""d't' 'pu,\h',
sit~ated, solId, established, abiding, enduring, « miinbiir), Amh.Gaf.Gur. wiimbiir (from miimbar lish as a prophet'; Amh . niidda 'dnve', Har rltlda'l1 'gUIde' (leslau
< miinbiir; see Cohen 1931 ;389,391), Arg, .mb'iir. 1937 ;549), I'iJ)nada'<J 're~gn on""II', III 'be pushed,
reSiding, resident, Inhabited'; . lanabbiiyi 'who predicts, who propheSIes, who
be gUided' For G. m,ll1dii' 'fee', cp Amh . nwrda,
, n.?hura 'i'd 'chief ecclesiastic head of particular nabarsawa ~nCl\1II (T,M), nabardawa ~nCom acts as a prophet': , . ,
' , b(mda; for G m,mdii'dK'l. cpo Amh nl.Jlldiuln" Sec
bIg churches such as Aksum, and at present (Y) 'be hot'; lanhuy (L. K*) 'predIcted, propheSIed: also lIadha.
also of AddIS Ababa', lit. '[consecrated] by the nabar~a", 'heat, fever, kind of disease, (KG) tanabb,yo 'prophecy';
hands t-eing placed on the head'; sleep' (see also naba,.rraw); "nbit 'prophecy, oracle, predIctIon, book of njjdjjb '11111 (Gr.219) 'Holy SPlnt';
Ilonbar (T) 'Ia'ting, endunng, (D) home-born prophecy'; , could It be an interpretation of the blhllcal prllpt'r
sla\'e'; (in grammar) 'a noun not related to a the verb is perhaps a denominative from nabarsQIV name niiJiib'"
. , lanabbayot 'prophecy, office of prophet, - -
,eroal stem'; which comes from a non-attested >anbar!aH'Q and IS
related to bara!a (see above). from Ar nabi)· 'prophet' (so Jeffer)" Langlidge 35
nanir (LI) 'obstInate'; [1959].98) rather than from Heb,-Aram. na~i('), as ndd, nadda, nadad. (l',md,1<1) ~~, ~~1. 'hurn
lIu/liirc 'position, dispOSition, conduct, placing. nabasbis ~n/')tl"'; see basbasa II. suggested by Noeldeke 1910;J4 The root IS also (fire, anger), blaze, flame, b«;ome aflame, t-e
arrangement, institutIOn, constitution, (It) represented in other SemJllC languages: SAr I-nh. tnflamed, be on fire, burn up',
d"elllng' ; n.b~riiw ~nlt&.lII- ; metathesis of nabar~alV, 'promise', Syr. niJ~iyii 'prophet', Akk. nahu 'pro- ("a)">II,,dd," 'burnlOg 'l,
nJbral 'sltttng down (n), posture, position, site, above, claim'. For Ar. nabiy < Ararn. napiyyo < Heb. 'andada 'burn (tr.), light a fire, kindle a fire, set
dwelllnS, domIcile, habItation, abode, state, nabil') , see A, Fischer 1953: 131 afire, ignite, lOflame' ;
nabit HlT; see nabiyy, EnuoPlc: Te. ('a)niibba 'prophesy', Tna. "libiy
situation, affairs, establishment. session, stabili- tUIlac/ada 'be inflamed',
ty, existence, life, livelihood, manner of life' ; nabb.t ')nT ; see nababa, 'prophet', liiniibyii 'prophesy', Amh. (tiiJmibha nadiid; 'burnmg, blaling (fire, anger)',
'auhari, part. of >anbara; 'prophesy', niibi 'prophet'
IIJdud 'burning, RamlOg, burned, ,et on fire' :
'unh"o (LI) 'order'; nabtirjj ,)111:&. 'basin, oilean'; fI.Jdtld 'fever' ,
'astanabari (Gr.218), part. of 'astanabara;
noboyjjt 'l'1IfT ; see (nabiyy), nabi)'at lIadd 'flame, fever';
from Gk. !IIplh, ace. nip/era 'basin '.
manhar (pI mantibart) 'seat, chall, base, socle, naddiill i (M) 'burning, blallng',
nabaz. (y,,,bn) ~nll (K*.DTW) 'rob, steal,
reSIdence, dwelhng, high place, pulpit, throne, nab.t., I ~nm (K ') 'boil, boil over, grow strip off'; nJddal, verbal noun of fladda: also 'Harne.
see (of bIShop), altar on which the ark (tabot) (intr), ; fever':
rests, seSSIOn, office. function, state, position'; probably from Amh. niihbiizii 'rob' 'andad; 'who lights a fire',
'anbata (K*), causative;
(manbara tabot [Lt] 'wooden box in whIch the malldad, in beta mandad (1I) '"tchen',
SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. naba!a 'well, come forth (wa- nadd. ~~, nadd ~~; See "dd
labot IS kept', ht. 'the throne of the tabot'); mand,d (pI. maniid"d) 'matenal that burns';
Imanbara lath 'tribunal'); ter)" the bOiling bemg identified with welling. As
for the meaning 'grow', one gains the impression nad>a (yanda» ~~>. ' drive, drive away, lead, m,1l1dac/ 'fireplace, furnace, oven, (1I) 'itchen',
manMr 'seat, throne, abode, dwelling, posi- that G. nabata is reconstructed from Janbu! 'bud, ma.'tantidJd (Lt) 'who stirs, who helps to light a
lead off, urge on, spur, impel, cause 10 be fast',
tIon, base, place where something is put, place bloom', unles~ it is to be compared with Heb. naba! tanadJa, passive; fire';
of residence' ; 'begin to grow'.
lanadJ>a (K ') 'urge one another'; SEMITIC: perhaps related to Ar. nacla'a 'put l)\lCr a
manbart 'state, conditIon, mode of life, way of fire (meat)', fwdiy.1' 'boded dish', Heb. nt'!/, lIu~/of
, II ~nm (MA) 'be silly',
n.b.ta 'aslanad>a 'drive away (to take for oneself),
II\.mg, subSistence, sustenance'; Is, )7: II is translated 'burn up' and conm.'t.:ted with
rob, commit robbery' ;
manabart (Jer.52 : 19) 'cups'; G. ndd by Driver, JTS 34 (1911). )80, and ElIan,
n.b.... ~nlll (MA) 'split'; )astaniida JQ (K .), caus. of laniida.tl;
S..UTl{ Praelonus, ZDMG 61 (1907). 618 denves HUCA 12,13 (1938),65.
related to Amh (a)niibbiibii 'splil', and Gur. naMa nada'; (pI. nadiN, [T] nada't), act. part. of ErnloPlc Te. naddo 'burn', Tna. "tit/iJdtl, Amh.
AI mlnbQr 'pulpu' and G. manbar from Ar. nabara (from nb'l) , nadJa; also 'driver, enforcer. overseer'; niiddddii, Arg. nudddda, H"lr. rtiidl'idu; passed ,lI1to
(nada>1 gahbar 'taskmaster'); Cushitlc: Kam. nadagKo. For n/,mJ(id 'firepla..:e , 'p.
386
nadYi dadf. 387
•
Tna.Amh. mc"l<P,(:la < ·m~ncbgga < *mJndildiJ:a. nafuh•
d"~, [nif<al} 'be thrust down'), and dilY (Heb. doh-
lna. als{) mnndJ.~ga, Te. miindiidi, Arg. amelagga,
Gur m"dagta, Har. a/drga.
'push', Ar. dabii 'drive', Aram. Syr. fialJQ);
Koehler 597 under ndlJ.
se: .a~awa)OID (K') 'be dry, be stiff',
'an(iawa (l), 'an~awa (M) 'dry, make dry,
ETHJOPIC: Te. nadlJa 'tread', Tna. niidhe 't read
.ad.f. ( 1',,,d4) )".t. 'throw, hurl (spear, push'; related to nad>Q (see above). . , harden , make stIff, decline, dwindle, abate, (M)
arrow) shoot (with bow and arrow), stIng be dry, (l) plDe away, wither, cause to pine
(Insect): strike, transfix. pierce, pierce throu~h, nadala (y,ndal) )"" (K') 'pierce, bore, perfo_ away, cause to wither'. Note that Dillmann
rate'; 993 records it under randawa as a 4-radical
(1\' T) draw a circle with a compass for laYIng rndw' .
lalladla (K'), passive; . ,
a foundation (Amhansm), card colton';
'anda/a, causative; niJd/at 'crevice, eJeft, cave';
lIadul (K') 'pierced';
S~MITIC: Ar. natja (ntfw) 'dwindle, abate, decline,
lanadfa. passive of "adafa; also 'be wounded, disappear (water absorbed by the soil)'; perhaps
be stricken'; mandai (K') ' means of pierCing'; SAr. nifw 'destroy' \'N, Muller).
laniit/ofa 'shoot arrows at one another, attack Ar. nadala 'pull out, take away'.
by hurling arrows, try to hit';
SEMITIC:
naffa ).t. ; see "ff I, II.
ETHIOPTC: Te. nadia 'pierce', Tna. niidiilii, Amh.
)~faniidafa, causative of taniidaJa; also 'mark niiddiilii, Arg. niiddala, Har. niidala, Gur. niidal nof .... <;: (It) ' ulcer' ;
out with' a compass for drawing circ1es for a a,
Gar. niiddiilii 'go out'; passed into Cushitic: Sa.
nadal 'make a hole' . corruption of Ar. na/ala rendered by Dillmann 780
foundation, lay a foundation, be a craftsman,
(under 'impanpe) 'pustulas contraxit' (Lifchitz 161,
(T) make equal or level'; n. 3). ..
ndl, see manda/to.
"adati, act. part. of "ada/a; also 'archer';
nJdllf. pass. part. of nadafa; nadaqa (yandaq) )Y.." ' build, build up, erect, naf'a ~<;:h (Y.M) 'be strong, be courageous';
n"d'ji ("') 'disease that strikes a mule' (lit. construct, make a wall, wall up'; probably for napa and borrowed from Ar. na/ala
'struck'); probably Amharism; tanadqa, passive ; 'be useful > become of value, become strong'; also
n,driJl, verhal noun of nadafa; lIadaqi 'builder, who builds a wall, stonellla_ in Tna. nolle 'be courageous', Te. nafi1< 'able',
mandaf (T) 'means of drawing a circle with a son' ;
compass, bOil for cardIng cotton'; naduq 'built'; niifidem "LJ!.'I", (T) niifedem "/"'J!.'I", (KG)
",,,,,daf'shot, distance of bowshot, (K') instru- nafed.m "/"'~'I" 'giants';
mdq 'structure, building, edifice, wall,
Illent for cardlOg', brickwork' ; wrong transcription of Gk. napheleim (from Heb.
SEMITIC Ar. flodafa 'card collon by striking the nadqal, verbal noun of nadaqa; napi/fm 'giants', wilh confusion between the Greek
sfring of the bo," with a mallet. send down (rain: letier I and d (Dillmann 706).
mandaq, ma1/daq 'wall, building material,
cloud). SInk<, pluck (a lute)', Ar. O:/adr) 'hit', Heb. brickwork' ;
nJdap 'drive away', Ug. ndp 'expel' (for which see nff!, naffa, nafafa (yanfaf) )4, , ).t..t. (K') 'be
Caquot 52~). For (he Hebrew root, see D. Leibel, SEMITIC: the comparison with Aram. nitjbti/s 'Course a fool';
L'Jiron,," 29 (1964).3_5, H. Rabin, lb. p.20B. or stones', Ar. midmak (from Aramaic, according to
ETHIOPIC Tna. niiflifo 'be a fool' , Amh. nii/Jiifii.
ETHIOPIl': Tna. nada/a 'stmg" Te. lJ-niiddti/a 'be Fraenkel 12) suggested by Praetorius 1890:42 is
rnferlro b) the mandil/~disease'. lit . 'be stung'. Amh. doubtful. For Aram. ni!!bii~, cpo Akk. nalbiiku (von
Soden 766). off II, naffa, nafara (yaafa/) )4, , ).t..t. (K')
niiddJ(il 'stlng, card COlion, sketch an outline', "iJ- 'weed, prune, trim'.
dJ/1 '3 dl~ase' (ht 'stung'), Arg. naddii/a 'sLmg', ETHIOPIC: Te. nadqa 'build', Tna. nadoqa, Amh .
Hac nJdiifa, Gur. nadii{a. Note also Tna. miindiifo niiddiiqa; passed into Cushitic: Sa. nadeq~ SEMITIC: related to Ar. nataha 'push, thrust (with
'f:"e stru<.'k down by the miindii/.-djsease' (denomj_ the horns)'; Heb. ~ii"a~ in ·10s.15: IB ,
lud , 4:2 1 nfg, see lan/aga, and Tal//ag.
native from mandii.f). The root passed into Cushitic: nadar. )Y.&-, n.dr • •) ~&- (It) 'kind of dis- is rendered 'pierced through' by Gottstein, VT 6
Sa nodal 'throw' ease' ; (1956).99, and compared with G. "'!~. oafaga ).t.1,(K·) nafga )<;:1 'not to find, be
ErHIOPIC : Tna. na~lJe 'push, turn over'. avaricious, be stingy';
from Ar. na?ara ' look . look at', possibly referring to , "
na/gal avance; ' .
n.~. ~~'" 'dme, push, shove, strike, kick, a disease caused by the evil eye.
.a~.ra (yand,,) )0<:, (Y) na~ara ~l\<: 'rip up, nafug (M) 'person who does not gIve, avan-
throw down', . ,
lanad~cJ. passj\'e~ noddat ')" T; see ndd l. tear off, rend, separate, split'; CIOUS ;
nodet ') J!..}- ; see (nadya), nadyal. S~MITIC: Soq. n+fr 'be tom'. f
rom
A h 'iffiiigii 'be stingy'; also occurs in Te,
m, na h'. S.I
SEMlnc related to Ar IIQda/yJ (4th fonn) 'push (a
ErHloPIC: Te, nii¢ra 'tear asunder'; passed mto na·ifiga, Tna. Gunilifldgii'
r . , passed into Cus .. ltlc ,: 1.
boat on the ban~ of a river),. Heb. ntitjalJ 'wield (an
""er, (hlf'rI) 'dnve out', Aram. 1lJ!f<r!J 'push'; related nadya, nadaya (yanday, yandi) )J:'f I ~"f 'be Cushitic: Bil. nacar. na/ag 'be avaricious', Qab. nurga 'avanclOUS.
to Ar nala~a 'push, thrust', and also to dM (Heb. poor, be destitute, be reduced to poverty, be
.adorar ) P&-C ,
deficient (in)'; ' (T) nadarir )o&-C; see drr, nafub H,iI. (T) 'potato';
seem~ to be a misprint for taffu!l "'~;h (see below).
•
anrjorara.
naOra 388
nfq nfq
389
no tho,
_ nath.
• (J"nrah
_. w I ~~., , ~~"', (MA) nfq I, nafaqa (yanjaq) ~ t.. of>
-
'tea r off, tear naJfiiqii 'be a heretic'. that is. 'separate oneself from
Dalb. ~~U 'blow, blow upon, breathe on, away, rend , divide, divide in
mftate, sound (an instrument), blow (a horn , cleave asunder, split';
two, separate, the 6rt~odox beJief',Amh. naffiiqii. For nil/qa diya- (za-nafs 'spiritual');
trumpet)'; qon 'asSIstant deacon, cpo aJso Tna. nil/qii diqqunna. (najsa haywal no' hJ - ,
niifaqa 'divide, divide in two, have dOUbts (k""aII_u .:a'lIafs'usa . yaw hvmg creature') -
. .
'anfi1ha,
swell, bloat (the stomach), ;
-
causative of ntiflJa; also 'cause to doubt, be doubtful, be skeptical, be hest ' ofq II, niifaqa la- 'care for, be soliCitous, (Lt)
'all mortals);
nafsat (L). naJm (T) 'body genitals Il)
,
be unbelieving, be a heretic'; I ant, long for' ; son, penis'; ',per-
lanafl.I<1, passive of noflJa; also 'swell, (Lt) be· 'anfaqa (K'), causative of nafaqa;
come angry, sulk'; SEMmc: perhaps SAr. nfq 'bindi ng, effective', Sh. na/iis ·wind. air, spirit';
'aniifaqa 'ca use to be doubtful, lead to heres enfeq 'manage to do well'. . na/iisiil 'climate';
narabi, acl. part. of naflJa; lead to hypocrisy'; Y, ETH10Plc: Tna. nafiiljii 'yearn, long for', Amh. Gur. nafsaw; 'spiritual';
n4,,1} 'blown up, swollen, puffed up '; lanafqa, passive of nafaqa; I nafJiiqa·, Arg. naffiiqa•. Noeldeke 1910 :49 connects
n'flJal 'inflation, blowing, breathing' ; laniifaqa ' be divided , be divided into factions , it with nfq (see nfq I) and states "das Verbum
na]asiiwi 'windy, pertaining to air'
>an/aso 'refreshment" '
ranaflJo (Lt) 'self·importance'; be diVIded agamst Itself, be half-hearted, be ~ bezeichnet das geteilte Herz, wie es anderseits im
manfob (K') 'bellows'; Amhariscben vom dringenden Sehnen und Be- manjas (PI. manjasGI: maniifast) 'spirit breath
herettc, be hYPOCritIcal, be of two minds b .
. , e In dauern s t e ht " , Spmt of God v d . . ' ,
SEMITIC: Ar. nafa(1Q 'blow (wind)', no/aba ' blow, dIsagreement, rebut' ; . . • \ In , a spmt (demon, angel)
essence, Spmtual body, person'; ,
inflate', Mh. nafob: perhaps SAr. m-nflJ-t 'water dis- nafiiqi, act. part. of nafaqa; I nafq, ""fq ~~o}> I ')~o}> ' box, chest, ark, com. (oa-manjas 'spiritual') '
tnbutor', Heb. ntipa& 'blow upon ', Aram .Syr. fl3pai;, nii/iiqi, act. part. of niifaqa; partment, coffin';
Md. npa, nph, ui *npb in mpbm 'bellows ', Akk.
napti&u 'blow upon '. For Ar. nfwith 3rd radical t, g,
nafuq 'divided in two, divided, separated
split'; ,
I SEMITIC: SAr. nfq ·sarcophagus'.
(manIas qJddus 'the Holy Spirit').
marifasiiwi 'spiritual, of the spirit' h . '.
' ermu,
lj. k, s expresssing the meaning 'blow', see Canti- maSlanaV<as (It) 'breath';
neau, BSL 44 (1947-8), fase.2, p.175. nufuq 'one who is doubtful , hesitant unb. nafara ~t..,: ' bubble, be boiled, boil, (Y) fl y'; WIJnjiis ' breath, breathing, (Lt) inspiration';
ETHIOPIC: Te. niifoa ' blow', Tna . niifoe, Arg. niiffa-
lieving, hypocrite, schismatic'; ,e ,anfara ' boil (tr.), (T.Y) scorch, scald'; SEM,ITIC: Ar. nafasa 'b reathe', liars 'soul. spint, per-
nafq 'half, middle, semi·, (Ll) measure of ce- tanafra 'be boiled' ;
/la, Har. nii/a(la, Amh. niiffa, Gur. nii/o; also in Son, ~Ar. n~sl 'so ul' , Heb. nps (niffal) 'ta ke a
Cushltie: Som.Sa. naJ (see Dolgopolsky 177). reals' ,.
(nafqa 'elil 'midnight'; nafqa diyiiqon 'assistant
I taniifara (K') 'be at odds with one another, be
rivals';
?reath, n(!l!~s 'soul, breath, throar, Aram. III'S
so u,l. person', Syr. nal!eS 'breath of life, soul', Ug.
niifil C;t.A , (T.KG) nafel C;4.,A 'giants, (KG)
weak ", deacon, subdeacon'; nafqa qasis, nafqa kiiha nafur (K') ' boiled'; lip! soui. person' Ph lip! 'self person' Akk
'b ,. . ' . napa- .
'assistant priest'); n nafr (K') 'mash (of boiled cereal),; fu realhe" napistu 'life, breath. throat, person' A
transcribes Gk. napheleim, from Heb. napfl,m nafqii 'half, middle'; metathesis of the root occurs 10 Heb,Aram . nsp
·giants'. As for KG 's 'weak ', could it be due to the SBMITIC: the basic meaning of the root flfr seems to ' bl~w ': Akk. nafopu 'blow away', Soq. 1I/1O['so ul'
nufoqe :division, separation, dissension, doubt, be that of 'jump, fly > boil, bubble'; cp" Ar. nafara (With " ~ s, .fl. See OW. Thomas, "A Sludy in
interpretation of Heb. napf/im 'miscarriage'? See
also no/idem. - hypocnsy, heresy, skeptiscism, dissimulation
ambiguity, offense'; , I 'run away', Ar. (Oat) nafar 'j ump', Syr. IIpr (af<el) Hebrew synonyms : verbs signifying 'to breathe"',
'put to flight', Ug. npr 'flee ' (Caquot 128, n.i), npr ZS 10 (1935).311-4; and Fronzaroli 1964 11 pp.
naf.afa I ~~~t.. 'd rizzle, fall in small drops' ; niifaqo ( t} 'heresy'; 'fowl'. Noeldeke 1910: 186 compares Syr. lIapar 21·3. ' ,
n~(nJf nafnif nafnif'drizzle, shower, moisture, nafqat 'half, cut piece, section, schism'; 'snort' with G . na/ara 'boil'. - ETHIOPIC: Te. niifsa 'blow (wind)" tJniiffiisa
drop, drip'; nufiiqeyiil (Lt) ' heresy'; ETHIOPl c: Te. niifra 'jump', Tna. nii/iirii 'flyaway', ·~r~~t~~.'" niifs 'soul', Tna . lliifiisii 'blow (wind)',
(nafnifa q'arr [L1] 'hoarfrost'); laniifaqo ' religious dispute, doubt, dissension'; niifriirii 'run away', Amh . nii./fiirii 'boil. be boiled', tandfosa breathe', niifsi 'so ul', !Iii/as 'wind', Amh .
manjaq Ar.g. n~ffiira, Gur. nii!.iirii 'be very hot (from being niiffiisii 'blow (wind)', tiina.tfiisii 'breathe', nals 'soul'
SEMITIC: Ar. nafnaJa 'drizzle' (Dozy), Ar. (Oat) . , ' half, faction, part, sect, halfway
POlOt ; bOiled) . For G . landfara, cp. Amh . liiniifaffiirii, (also niibs), niifas 'wind', Gur. nii/dsii 'blow', fluff
nqfijf 'drizzle ' (n); related to Heb. nap (nll'p) same . For the connection of the root n!r with the
manfaq ... manfaq 'one part , .. (and) another 'soul', fliJfas 'wind', Arg, "iils 'soul', Har. nd{s;. See
'spnnkJe' (see on this root Driver, ZA W- 9[19321. root prr (frr ), see Conti 1980:53. also n/s/s, and (afl/asQ. .
J42). The connection with Soq. ne/'make a sign, a part' ;
movement', Akk. napu suggested by Fronzaroli (manjaqa 'elit 'midnight'); naf.r<~, (T) nafar'ii~ ~t..C'ilt ! ~t..C'itl; see nfsfs, >anf.sfasa h,)t..I'lt..() 'blow" ,
,1972, ,'111, p.633, and with Ar. nafnaJ 'air' (nafnafa (manfaqa diyiiqon 'subdeacon'); ('an)far'a~a. see fJajasa .
from Gk . amiKmullStai (pI) 'who speak in riddles' nagsa (yangas) ~"IIP 'become king, become nag~yit. nagayit ~"I'T , ~1'T; see nage. nahaga ~V1 (K'.T) 'lead to pasture';
ruler, rule, reign'; 'anhaga (K.T Y) 'push forward (herd), dnve
)angasa. causative; also 'enthrone. consecrate nihu C;u- 'behold!, now that, here, nowl'; (herd), ;
nagora 'YNI!?ar) ~1': 'say. tell, speak, talk,
(an ark)'; from no and lIu; Amh. iJnniiho. See also ·na·, above.
relate. reClle. proclaim, declare, report, an- SEMITIC: Ar nahaga 'take (a route). enter (a road).
nounce, indicate. inform'; taniigasa (K') 'rule together, rule jointly'; Heb. niihag 'drive', Aram. niJhag. The comparison
'ungaro, camatlve. 'astaniigaSa (K'), causative of tanagasa; noh 'iu (T) 'tranquility, quietness, cheering between Heb. nllg 'dnve' and Amh manga 'hc:rd'
up' ;
lanagra, passi\'e of naKara; n.gus, (Gr) nag's (pI. nagaSt; originally from suggested by Practorius 1879 169 is douhtful.
(=a'~l"tnal?lIar 'inexpresSIble'); nagiisl) 'king, ruler, leader'; ... noh,
•
below.
tal/agara 'speak to one another. converse. talk nagast (pI. nagastiit) 'queen'; ...hig· 1~""; see n.hig' .
nagiisi (pI. /lagast) 'king, ruler'; nababa (yanhab) WO, (T) na~ab. ~"'O 'forge,
together. exchange words, communicate, talk
work metal (iron, silver), beat iron or any ...hka I, nohoka (y.nhak) 1uh I ~Vh, (T)
With, speak to, speak "lIh. speak (a Ian. (m~~afa nagait qadiimiiwi 'First Kings', corre- other metal';
guage)'; sponding to First Samuel; maJ~afa naga.it dii- ...hka 1.l.h 'groan, sigh, be sad, be dIS-
)anhaba, causative; satisfied, be in straits, worry, (Y) feel for, be
'QSlunagara, caus . of lanagara; gamiill'i'Second Kings', corresponding to Sec-
tanahba, passive of nahaba; compassionate, (Gr.212) be tormented, be agi-
nagar", act. parl. of nagara; also ;narrator'; ond Sam uel; maJ~afa nagast Siilasiiwi 'Third
nagiirit (LI) 'trumpet, drum', Kings', corresponding to First Kings; mashafa nahabi (pI. nahabt, nahiibayiit) 'worker in met. tated';
al , smith" , 'anlwka (K), causative; . .
llallur (K' Gr.223) 'said, told'; nagast riiba'iiwi 'Fourth Kings'. corresponding
to Second Kings'); (nahabe barur 'silversmith', /laMbe hart nahak, niihk 'a groaning, sulking, a Sigh, (K)
nagar (pI. nagariit, 'angiir) 'speech, talk, word,
nagosil 'queen'; 'worker in brass'; nahiibe warq 'goldsmith', grief, sadness';
langUage, saying. pronouncement. discourse,
naMb. hassin 'ironsmith blacksmith');
nags 'reign, rule, sovereignty, royal dignity, ¥ •• ,
related to n.1hqa, below. and n3'ka, above. See also
"'hub (K ') 'beaten (metal), worked (metal)'; ",hka H.
..,,~.
~~____________________________~39~4~__________~__~___________n:~:.:.m~•
.
- ~~~'~'____--------------________~3~9~5________________________.. __ ~w
n.hk. II 'Wh (T) 'be allen lIve, serulini?e, flJhuy 'recovered, quiet, restored, relieVed ,
reflect". . refreshed', , ..hnl 'M. ~ 'we;
('(lmes to the- meanmg 'feel for, be compruislon-
c/(lSC (nahuya [Lj 'quietly'); · . Ar nahnu, Mh. nha _(also Ar.-Had. neha), niJ.!s II (pl. ''''''''SI) ".loll 'roof, rooftop
alC" of n,lhko I SEMiTIC.
h nhan He.
b nohnu.
. 'imaJ.rnu, Ararn,
. ·ana!lna. Syr. masonry wall, (T) walchlo"'.r balcony, te,:
)anhJYo 'consolation, comfort'; 5 · , Akk n;nu. For more details, "'cc BrOCkel_ race; fnnge of robe';
nihom 'i'lr9" (T M) 'com forI, consolalion, cour- maflhay (fern. manhil), manahay, (K ') maflhay /I1""n'1908:299_3oo, Barlh 1913:5-8. na~asa (T Y), nahsa (T) 'COnslruct a masonry
age. 'one who gives comfort, who gives conSOla~ mann . Te ' .hano, Tna. wall' .
.• na!lno, Arnh anna, Arg. •
tion, con soler' ; EWIOPIC. G
lran~nphon of Heb. no~om 'compasSion', ~r~ an ~nno, Ga.f Imni, Har. anna, ur ma,
manhay (Gr.211) 'place of rest'; ETIlIOPIC Tna. nahn 'roof. Te, nil}U.v 'houS(' made
101erprciation of the Hebrew proper name na~um. of stone and clay with a roof of pounded cia,,'
lana~ayo (T) 'comforting'; h I nihDo~a 'Ii},)". (K'),. na~""~a ~m'}'"
n.hqa 'HI." (LI) 'bray'; n~n.) , ~ha ~IJ'}'" (T) 'be 10 abundance, be Amh. nas '~all made of stone and mortar', pa~d
SEMITIC: the connection with Ar. wahana 'lose (MY,na. b I ' 1010 Cushulc: 811 nahes 'wall, house: \-\-Ith a flat
S)'MITfC Ar. nuhaqa. nahiqo 'bray', Mh. ~heq, Soq. f · ver be plenly, 01 over; roof', Sa.Af. nahsa.
strength' suggested by Praetorius 1890:43 is dOUbt_ lelO, . d '.
nohqoq 'snore', Heb. nahoq 'cry OUI' (related to ful. For the meanings 'recover, receive comfort by -hn.ha (K) 'be 10 abun ance,
na;aq 'groan'), Aram. nahaq, Md. nihiqa 'groamng', confessing. confess sins', the foot nhy is perhaps
lana. Ibd
'ona-h'n3./Ia (K') 'augmenl, cause 0 a Oun , nii(>s III (pI. 'an~JSI) 'i'mll (T.MA) 'precIpIce',
Ug. nhq·r 'braymg of ass', Akk. miqu 'cry ou~, cau';' 10 boil over';
groan', related 10 Heb, nllg (pirel) 'moan', Ar. naIl,.
related to SAc. nbY 'confess' (Praetorius, ZDMG
66(1912J.787, Conti RosSIni 1931: 185).
ETHIOPIC Te. "0 In/lil.f (d'Abbadle) 'cavern. cave'
..hnuh (K'), nahn~!l (T) 'numerous, abundant,
to ·panl'. Syr ",hag 'groan' (Koehler 598, nhg II), ErnIOPIC: Tna. niihayii, niihawii 'feel relieved, feel which is in excess ; n.~isii '}th.1\ (T) 'fenced enciosure for c'atlle,
and 10 noqqa 'sound of animals' (Landberg relaxed', Gur. Nayii 'lie down to sleep', Har. iii'a (Amsalu) brick',
IQ42.2810)
Amh. anna 'put to sleep' (d'Abbadie 541), ancient, ".
hniihe (K ') 'abundance';
. for 'bnck', cp, nQ)u II 'wall'
ErnloPIC, Te. niiJ;aqo 'bray' See also Ilahka, IIa'ka, Amh . • ii(ii}allahu 'I sleep' (Gelalchew 1970:71). In ETH10PIC" Amh. nanna 'be numerous, bod over'
above, naqoH'o, below.
Amh. tiinna 'sleep', Arg. renno, the ra- of the Iii.
nhnh II, nii~n.~a '1m'}'" (LGr 212) 'shake,
""~s, n.~isi '}th.1l • ')th.1\ (K ') 'sorcery';
nabara ~II~ (K') 'How, go down, leap', stem became agglutinated to -annii (see Praetorius
aglt~le, break', . . undoubtedly transcription of Hcb. noha.f 'sorcery'
nahiir (K') 'nver, Ihat which Hows'; 1879:241). The rool seems 10 be common wilh
Cushitic. Be. nay 'sleep, rest'. taniihna~a 'be agItated (sea), shake (mtr.), toss, A more Correct G. rOOl could perhaps be lUhrs,
"",nhiir, manhar (K), fIIanbar, manbar (D) 'irrl- n~"isii, with f.
rage, roar';
gallon channel, machine for drawing waler, niih• '1m; see nhw.
..hnuh 'shaken, shaken together, agllaled, n(>sw, 'ani~saw. It'i'ihfllD (T) 'despIse',
•
• •
pump, conduit, (T) walerfall, spring, (K) after- pressed down'; see nii~aya, below.
bIrth'; nii~(a)b, niih(a)b ~'mll J ""1J1l (D.K.T) 'cavity,
riverbed, bank of a river, channel'; SEMITIC: Ar. naanaaa 'walk rapIdly' (Dillmann 634).
SEMITIC Ar. nohr 'nver', nohara 'flow', SAr. nhr niihsaya 'i'mflf
For the meaning 'rage, roar', cpo perhaps Ar. na~"a. • (K'T) 'forgel, neglect,
'Jrngahon channel', Heb. nahar 'river', nahar ETHIOPIC: Amh. nah.b 'islhmus' (probably from overlook' ;
Geez). ho 'clear the throat', Neo·Syr, na~nah 'pant, puff'.
'stream' (\',), Syr, lIohra 'nver', Ug. nhr, Akk. naru.
ETHlOPI('. Tna. nahorii 'leap', Amh. nora 'rise up'.
ETHIOPIC: probably also Tna. (Iii}nahanh. '10 'ana~saya 'forgive, pardon, overlook, Ignore,
quarrel', ni1~na~ 'violent argument, violent quarrel'.
The meamng of G, fl'Ynhiir 'afterbirth' is developed nahda
• '} mY. (LI) 'Iopple over, collapse'; be indulgent to, forgel, neglect, despise, reJecl,
humiliate';
from the meaning 'flow, go down'. See also nabra, lana~da (T) 'be demolished, collapse';
Ix-Iow, and manJ;ar, above. G. nahar might be a n,hase ~".{J., name of the twelfth month lanah.fa.l'a (T.M) 'be modesl, be humble, hu-
tran!OCnptjon of Heb. niihar 'river' ETHTOPIC: Amh. nada 'demolish', Gur. nada (from (oorresponding to August 7th-September 5th); mih.te oneself, be humlhaled';
Amhanc).
ETHIOP1C: Tna. niihase, Tigre not attested, but prob. mana"sayi (Gr.212) 'one who forgIves",
niha .. 'i'iJlD-. see n~ .... •
niihfata 'Im"-m 'scratch the face (in moum- ably also ndlJase, Amh. nahase, nase, Gur ncut' , SEMITIC: augmented by" In relatIOn to nsy. n,fy of
• •
n.>hYI ( ....nhay '}lJf, (MA) no~ya ,}1f 'recov- ing), carve'; passed into Cushitic: Qab. niise'e, Tern. nahasa. Semulc (Dillmann 633; Slade 431. Ar na."ra
er, repose, feel reheved, find consolalion, find metatheSIS of !lan/a!a. 'forgel', SAr. lU,y-m (n) 'belOg forgouen' (Muller
peace, be quiel, be qUIeted'; ni(ls I 'i'mll, na~as ~"'iI, (K') na~is '}-'til 1963 :3 12), Soq. neie, Heb. nru. (n.ivl, Aram .. Syr.
JDnnaJ'o. causative; also 'comfort, relieve, ren- ""~ig" '}th..,.. (DTW 837), nohig" (LI) n.,.. 'copper, brass'; .,.fa, Md. nsa, Ug. n.fy (eaquol 243); for Akk
maSa, see Haupl, AJSL 22 (1906). 199, and Brockel-
der service, gh'e consolation'; 'leguminous plant that has oily black seeds'; nahasa (T.K' V) 'work with copper' (denomina-
live); mann 1928 :450. On Ar. nasil'a, see Rundgren 1968
'anahaya, lanahaya, (T) lanhaya, (T.M) lana- (qab'a na~ig' 'oil made from the na~lg'-planl';
165. " I
ham 'confess one's sins, reveal (the sins), be is used for cooking, especially during the fasl- SEMITIC: Ar. nu~iis 'copper', Heb. na~lO!fl, Aram .• ETIHOPIC: Tna. 'onaJ;siiya 'forgive', IJiJ!;sJJ'Q lee 109
~ubmjssl\"e. receive comfort by confessing, ing period); Syr. naha.sa,
• Md. "hasa, Ph . nhI-t.
• For the AramaiC of compassion, pity, or indulgence'. See also nlJ.sw,
serve, help, reheve';
278. of Ihe Ar. nuhas,
ongin see Fracnkel 152, Jeffery
ErnJOPlc: Te. mhig, same, Tna. nahig", nihug, Amh. and naso)'Q I.
nahiiYI (K'), act. part. of nahya, .
flUg; from Cushitic: Sa. nahug, Sorn. nugi. See also
niih(~/Y 'recreation, resl, tranquility, rehef, nug, above. EntIOPIC: Tna. nahasi,
•
Te.Har. nahas,
•
Amh. nas, . ,-I-'}",fD (T.MK) 'draw blood with
. , tanhawa
nhw
refreshment, consolation, comfort'; nahas, Gur. nos; passed into Cushitic: Som. na!las, a suction cup; "
nahama
• ~"'OD (MA) 'tear, rip' . Sa.Af. nairas. The Ethiopian nouns arc perhaps lanJ~Wa (T) 'be drawn (blood) wllh a sucllon
taken from Arabic. ,
cup;
396
naknaka 397
nah,1I (T.M) 'cup for drawing blood'; ..
from the same root, but in fact 'pump' comes f
"ail (n 'cup for drawing blood'; oknaka, paSSive;
the root nahara (see above) whereas 'pair of belJ~~; 1(1/1 'k'l (K'), act. part. of naknaka; mankaratiilvi (GI459) 'who f
~ee also lon/.ta. below. derives from the root nahara.
-
SEMITIC Ar. nabara 'snort, snore', Mh n h _
okna .
n uk 'shaken, agitate..;
d'
, tandkJrOl <rejection'~ per onns mlfacles'"
..
nh~ I. see ,,~hl/a.
. ' nose,. H e.
b nw' (. . a~, r"'
plteI)"snort, niJ~irayim 'nost
,akn 'ke 'shaking, stnking together;
",k,nna the basic meaning of tb .
different, other. stra IS rOOt IS 'be separaled,
nh II, ",,~ya ').).f (T) 'visit. inspect'. Aram.- Syr. nd.har ' snore,, Md. nhr 'sniff inh rlsI" . Ar. naknaka 'importune a debtor', IIakka
Akk ,na)aru
I - , ,
snort. , a e, 5 [TIC
EM ~nnoy'; related to Soq. negneg ·shake'. astonishing, admirab~~e~aU~~~~~!,."> beWildering,
- "'' I. nub )0."1 ; see "wb. 'pes(er~IC: 1na. n~lliitii 'shake', Te. niikniika, Amh.
ETHIOPIC: Te. niihara 'grow angry', Tna. niihorii' SEMITIC' A k" '
-
noha "''1. noh . ,. r. no ITa not know, fMeet' Sh
~J ,
E:U~O
I.
angry,, flU.h-' "
ar snortmg, pro ba bIy from Ar. nuh-get. "ko; related to nq, nqnq: Tna. lliiqiiyii.
deny SAr k' t
'
. n... er
. n r s ranger', Heb. nkr (nif~al) ,'behave
passed into Cushitic: Bit nahar. The root is relat~d as a stran : '" ne~iir 'foreign land', nokrr'stran er'
)~" (Lt) 'phlegm'; nokanna ., T .. .. A h ':"'"
-
nah.,
also a variant no)ah; to gr. IIrr: Ar. barbara 'snore ' (Buhl 498).
. ." 'shake, agttate, e. naqnaqa, m, IIaqa1l-
nuqnaqa ... G .... -. A h . I ~d,
g r
n~krQ/a different, subh~e' Ug gnk'
- ."- Har. niqmq
n~q:~nag
asa, Uf. naqanaqa, rn anc a so
'shaken, upset', Tna. niigniigii 'be shaken '.
stranger' Akk
strange.
k- . ' . r
ETHIOPIC: Te. (t;;)na~n~ba 'clear the throat', nu~ot ).'H-, no~at "'-H'; see nwh. g .
elgner'. ' . na aru be a stranger , be a elOr.
- ,a e root probably
Th passed into Cushitic: SiI,
-
. ')"1/1 (MA) 'take a rest';
noMa
lIaM (T.KG) 'rest'. nak'o HIO (K ') 'injure, harm, damage" noknak, Kham. nmeq,
. ETHIOPlc'
,
Te "k" , .
. no ara reJect', lniJliJnkJr 'miracle'
Tna. 'ankara 'admire' Amh "kk" ~ , '
nakr 'bJight, mildew'; , .. -kk" .. , ' . na ara scparat~'
tana· ara be admired' aniikkiirii 'be . d'
nikii'u (KG I), nika'u (KG 2) 'lame'; F th ' SUrpnse "
nobla, nabala (ya"ual) ,}"III , )-M. (L.T) n.~lo akar. I )hl (T.K"Y) 'separate, make different, or, e. roots that express negation, question, and
').).11. (Y) n.hla ')IJII 'be destroyed, collapse, SEMITIC: related to nk,. nky (see nakaya I). ~ strange, (K ') be admirable'; ad.mlratl~n, see P. Jensen, "Ausfuf, Frage und Ver.
fall into ruin. give way, tumble down, fall ETHIOPIC; Te. niik'a 'damage, hurt ', Tna. niik'e 'ankara (K ') 'cause to separate, cause. to be nemu~g In den semitischen Sprachen", ZeilSchri(t
down. become desolate. be lost'; 'touch', Amh. Arg. niikka 'touch, hurt', Har. niik~'a for Volkerpsychologie 18 (1888).419.430.
different, regard as strange, marvel, admlr~, be
'anbo/a 'destroy. demolish, ruin, overthrow, 'to uch', Gur. niika. See also nakaya L bewildered, be amazed, wonder, be surp~sed, nakora II (yankar) )h~ (K') 'dip, immerse';
throw down. knock down, pull down, lay be astonished, astonIsh, amaze, (Lt) deny;
waste' ,. oake 'ihb; see 'anakll'ar. tanakra (K ') 'be soaked, be drenched, im-
lallakra, (L) tanakara 'estrange oneself, be a merse' ,
tanabla, passive of 'on!lala; nakabo )hn (K') ' bend, fold'; slranger, be different, be rejected, be estranged,
tal/abala (K '), reciprocal of 'anbala; probably from Amh. niikkiirii 'dip. immerse'; also in
be surprised, be admired. be admirable';
nabul 'destroyed, collapsed';
mankob, mankobaya (K '), mankob, mankobi Tna. nii~iirii, Arg. niikkiira. Har. niixiira, Our.
(M), mankwab (KG), pI. mankobiyat. manko. IMiikara 'be separated from one another, be. lliikkiirii; passed into Cushitic: AI. niikkiirii.
-
naM 'ruin, destruction';
bayal 'bending (of the arm or the leg), articula. come strangers to one another, be estranged,
nabl. (Gr.212) llii~I, I/abl 'ruin, destruction, col- tion (of the leg), arm, armpit, groin, thumb, be repudiated, be alienated from, renounce, nak"ork"iir Hl-C\>'C , nak"ark".. )\l-CIN: ;
lapse' ; (Lt) handle'; see *kll'rkwr, lankll'ark"'ara.
reject' ;
na&lat 'ruin. destruction';
SEMITIC: Ar. nakaba 'incline', mankib 'the place of lastanokara, causative of taniikara; also 'ad-
'aI/bali, manbali, manbal (K') 'one who de- the junction of the humerus and the scapula > mire, consider strange';
nokos. )hI\ (K') 'bite' (Amharism);
stroys' ; tanakasa (Gr) 'bite one another';
shoulder' (Lane), side, Rank' (Dillmann 668). nakur'uncommon, marvelous, admirable, won-
mallbal (K ') 'means of destruction, means of ETHIOPIC: Te. tankaba 'lean upon', ntallkiJb 'elbow', 'astanakasa (Gr), caus, of tanakasa;
derful, astonishing, glorified';
pulling down'; Tna. miinkub 'sho ulder, thumb, big toe'. mankas 'jaw, jawbone';
nakir (fem. nakkar) 'strange, foreign, stranger, see nasaka, below.
SEMiTIC AT. naIJula(with M 'be emaciated, waste n.kuh ,}Il-IJ (T) 'donkey'; alien, one who is not a relative, other, different,
away' (Amsalu 1962:34), Heb. naIJa/a'destruction' unusual, wonderful, marvelous' ; nekatii ~h;t-; see lIaqola.
in Is.17.11 (Eilan, HUCA 12.13[1937.8J.65), Syr. perhaps metathesis of mhuk from niJhka 'groan > ('amalakla nakir 'strange gods');
f1J/.tal 'be made thin, be made meager', bray'.
(b,&era nakir 'strange land') ; n.ket ,)h.-r; see nakaya I.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. niiha/ii, niiIJalii 'crumble, fall down', I
Te. perhaps a transferred meaning in )Qnha/a 'con- naka~ka~ )iJ.).iJ'}'; see kal;kal;a. I nakiriilVi 'stranger, foreign, adversary';
fuse, perplex' /lakarii 'wonder, miracle, astonishing thing, ad- nokoto • )hm (T.M.MA) 'separate, distinguish,
nokul '}Il-A 'giddy, tottering, staggering (drunk. miration' ; decorticate' ;
n~, m.,n~ar 9"1~C ; see nahara. ard)' ;
'ankiiri (K') 'who admires, marvelous'; ETHloprc: Amh, niikkiilii. If Geez IIkr is the original
see 'kolala, 'ankolala.
""~ra (pnbar) ""I~, (L.T) n.~ro '}.).~ 'snore, lankaro 'admiration'; root, Amh. nkt can be explained through assimila-
snort, become enraged'; mankari (K') 'Who admires, marvelous' ; tion of k! becoming kl.
nGbr (K ') 'snoring'; oakolal H'/lA, o.kulul "}Il-II-A; see 'kolala,
'ankolala . manka, 'wonder, miracle, marvelous thing,
manbar, manbar 'pair of bellows'; n.k.won ,}hlll-A; see "kolala.
Siranger, marvelous, wondrous, wonderful, ad-
mirable' ;
Dlllmann 663 and Praetonus, ZDMG 61 (1907). oaknoka ~h~h 'shake, agitate, (Gr.222) hit nakaya I (yankO )hf 'injure, hurt, damage,
615 derive the meanings 'pump' and 'pair of bellows' hard, (T.Y.M) stimulate, excite, trouble'; (mankara [LJ 'Wonderfully, marvelously'); harm', (T.Y) = Amh. gWaddlil1i 'be diminished'
Janaknaka 'move'; mankJrtiwi 'marvelous, miraculous, admi-
rable' ,. (should be >ag"iiddlilli 'diminish', tr.);
)ankaya, caus, of nakaya; also 'harm, dam-
398
Rilpizyon
,
Jge, Injure. remove, take away. diminish' (note
noliiwi (pI. nolof, nO/iiw,yan, nawa/,w) 'sh
- 399
that the meaning of 'ankaya of [s.58: 10 quoted
b) Oilhnann 669 can better be explained
herd, herder, custodian, pastor'; ep. <. (y.nqa<) ~.pO 'be split, burst, rupture, naqb.
lano/iiwi 'shepherd, custodian, pastor'. be I f[ , be slashed, burst forth, have cracks ,
n.qce (T) garment that has four hundred th d
through nakaya II); Width'·, rea s In
n%l (Or.22) 'sheepfold'; , beCome torn, flow, pour out, gush out, spring
tonaK.yo. passive of nakaya;
lonoj.;o.1'Q (ll) 'hann one another';
(K') 'tended, guarded';
/IU/. . . ,. from Ar. nuqba 'gannent, trou~rs'
nawalw,nnii (Lt) 'function of shepherd'; up, 'a caus. of naqfa; also 'split, indent,
'astaniiko),a (Or), caus. of faniikaya; ,anq" Ih"
noJ.:tiJ'i, act. part. of nakaya; ETHIOPIC:
-.
Prae[orius, ZDMG 43 (1889) 324 de .
-, . rives
shatter, cleave, tear up, s as , rIp up ;
~afa ()'Jnq'J) ~+L 'peel, bark, defile, con tam,
n.kur 'damaged, injured, harmed'; O. n~/awl. from Or.. Ion herd, flock' (with me. n.qu "split " cracked, ruptured, cleft, full of nate, blemIsh, blame, rebut (testimonYI, staIn,
nakal" (K) nakiiy 'harm, injury, damage'; tathesls). With the endmg ,owi. For the Or. root cp cracks, tom; • . . Spot, (T) separare, (Lt) reJect':
also Sa. lawinii, laynii 'shepherd' , See also n:'aw' 'naq' (pI. 'anq'<l) fountaIn, spnng, (K) split, 'anqaJa (K'), causative;
n,:,kyaf, naket 'injuring, harming. damaging,
above, and nolaya, below. ' crack'; . tanqafo, passive of naqafa;
harm, injury, damage, (LI) prejudice';
mankel (LI) 'damage'; naq<at 'crack, fissure, creVice, chasm, abyss, lI.qul. pass, part. of naqaJa'
no/aya <;'lIf (0r.460) 'tend';
hole' ; naqf 'blemish ", '
related to nolawa, above.
SE~'f1nc. nky, nk'; Ar. naka (l1ky), nako>Q 'wound, lanqa'i, participle of 'anqa,f~; naqfat 'Contamination, bl . h .
inJure', SAr. Ilk)' 'mischief. Soq. nk. 'hit with a noma lj UP; see nwm. manq"i, (Ll) manq'<, partIcIple of 'anq.<a; proach'; eroIs, statn, re-
kmfe', Sh. enke 'hurt', Heb. nk}' (hif<il) 'hit, smite',
manq.'t (pI. manaq'<, maniiq,<t) 'crack~ split,
Aram-Syr "~&ii 'hann, injure', Md. niaka 'harm, namr ~9"C (pI. >aniimart) ' leopard'; SeMITIC: Ar. naqala 'break spill' Soq ,r
(T) spring, (D) art[CUlatlOn, heel, ankle, lIne (of " " ,neqoJ
pam'
neck), thigh, thighbone, (MA) armpit, (0)
,scr.a~" Heb. nqp (nif<al) 'be skmned', Syr. niiqiipa
SInking (n).
ErnloPlc see nak'o, For 'diminish. remove', ep. SEMITIC: Ar. namir. nimr, SAr. nmr, Heb. mimer
also Tna. ftiikkiiyd 'diminish', Te. naka (nky) 're- Syr. nemrii, Md. nomar, Akk. nimru. On the ety~ counterpart, (K.KO) opponent, (T) members ETIiloPlc: the Original meanmg of the Ethiopian
move, clear away', mology of nomr, see Hommel 295ff. of the body'; root is 'break, break off, tear off', hence 'blemish
ETHloPlc: Tna. namri, nabri, Te. niibri, Amh. niibJr.
Ar. naqa'a 'tear', Heb. niiqa< 'split', Syr. rebuke': Te. niiqfa 'detach, strip off (leaves)', Tna~
nakaya II ~hf (T) 'pay, pay back, give, make For the dissimilation in nmr:nhr, see RUiicka 91.2.
SeMITIC:
niiqQfij 'bark, reject, blemISh', Amh. niiqqdfij 'blemISh,
a gIft', neqfo 'cave, hole',
EnfloPlc: Te. niiq<a 'ooze out, burst asunder, flow', censure, despise, reproach', Gur. niiqiifo 'tear off a
'ankaya (Y.M) 'pay, give, share'; n.ndorat 11/'.6-T 'shackles'. branch at the joint'; passed into Cushltic: Bil. naqaf
Tna. niiq'e, Amh. niiqqa 'crack, split, fracture, burst See also nagaJa.
SEMITIC: related to AT. nako'a 'pay someone his due, forth', For manqart 'articulation, members of the
give', body', cp, Amh. miilliiyaya 'members of the body,
nap 'IT (MA) 'kind of fruit, bunch of fruit' .
/lappa (MA) 'produce fruit'; , articulation', from liiyyo 'separate'. The nouns : Tna. naqha (y.nqiih) ~~O, (Y.T) naqha ~~m 'wake
niili 'I" 'brain, skull';
see also napnap. m,n?; 'spring (of water)" Amh.Our.Arg, m.n(, Oaf. up (intr.), keep awake, be w~tchflJl, watch
ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna.Amh. nala. mJn¢a are identified with G. monqiJrt. See also na~ over, be alert, be attentive, be vigilant, apply
qaq, oneself, convalesce, recuperate';
nil tA 'indIgo'; nop <;'T (T), nap "T (Mk) 'deacon, (MA) Our
Lady, (T) strong', >anqaha, causative of naqha; also 'awake, wake
from Ar. nil of Sanskrit (nila) origin; also in Te. naqaba (y,nq,b) ~"'f1 ' disjoin, separate, keep up (tr.), rouse, stir up, revive, refresh (memo,
Tna.Amh. nil; In Cushitic: Som. nil, apart, withdraw, (Or.216.K') perforate, (Y) ry)' ;
napnip '1T'IT (T) 'fruit';
snatch away, (T.Y.M) scare, terrify, be enrap- naqiih 'awaking';
neloqe M-<j: 'kind of [ree'; nopnop (T) 'bunch of fruit'; tured' ;
see also nap. n'quh 'awake, diligent, watchful, vigilant,
Dillmann 633 Identities it with maloke. above. 'anqaba (K'), causative; alert, sober';
tanaqba, passive of naqaba;
nolot <;'ft-t, see no/awa. nipilobonos, nipilobanos tA.ft-t1'l'fl I tA.ft-tJ naqh
. (l), 'interval between waking up and get,
n.qub (K ') 'pierced, perforated';
<;'/'t, (T) nipolibonos ~*II.t1'l'fl 'minor rank in
tIng up ;
nol... 1AtD- (M) 'following, retinue, escort'; the church' hierarchy' (possibly 'office of an SEMITIC: Ar. naqaha 'bore, pierce' (for its relation n.qiih 'awaking';
either a misprint for (al3w from [a/al1'o 'follow' (see acolyte'); wilh wqb, see Noeldeke 1910: 187), SAr. nqb 'cut, ndqhal 'vigil, vigilance, awakening, watchful-
below). or from nolawa (see below), Commonly, as excavate', Heb, naqa~ 'bore', Syr. naqap 'perforate', ness, alertness, alacrity, application';
G. Salinger suggests, with reservations, a graphic Akk. naqabu 'deflower, rape, perforate'.
In thIs case, the passive participle form can have an naquhiiwi 'pertaining to being diligent, awake';
actJve meaning. corruption of Gk. akoloulhos, G. ·".,""-ffl >aqolutos Ern/oPlc: Te. niiqba 'seize and tear off, Amh . 'anq.hi (D), 'anqiihi (K ') 'awakener, who resus,
corrupted into tA""nfl nipo/uhos. niiqqiibii 'make a hole'. It is possible that the mean~ citates' ;
nola ... <;'lIm (K'.T.Y.M) 'be a shepherd, tend ings 'scare, terrify, be enraptured' belong to a naqa~
flocks, guard', ""!,8zyon 11\1IM (T.M. 0573, under IJpiizyon) ba n. manq.h (0r.215) 'who awakens';
'pearl, necklace' (perhaps rather 'topaz;); manqiJhi 'who awakens, who resuscitates';
lano/a"'a, passive; also 'act as a shepherd, manqiih (K ') 'means of being awake';
Watch' , wrongly for lapiizyon .")-A1tf",}, from Gk. topazion n"'lbat, noq"bat, >3nq".bat 1.pflT ! 1.,...f1T !
'topaz'. Note a',so G. paZilyon. ~1""l1t (O.K'.T.M) 'short skirt, apron, SEMITIC; Ar. naqiha 'convalesce' (Dil/mann 643).
ETHfOPIC; Te. niiqba 'wake up', Tna, nii9~e, Har.
working garment, trousers, loincloth, girdle,
niiqaba, Arg, niiqqaha, Amh. nQqqa, Our. niiqa,
nq"tJ 400
naqata niqat 401
nq'h, '.nq'.~. h1r'l (Lt) 'split , hatch ',
naqris ~>}>tll (01396, K'.T) 'venereal d,'se -' -
I THIOI'II Tna ni1q~"(' 'hatch' ase . . m the (arm 'anqata 'make 'iJnq(u·soup' laken "
-
niron "1:1 (1I) 'sea gull';
St'C also la,,(1n.
lanasaka 'bite one another'; lUiJ~n~rg. ndsiinniisa 'spread, spnnkJe'& Amh. meanmg 'dec
from'
d . ke "~1IS I The
orate. a om' tan probably be dcnved
'astanasako. causative of taniisako', (lal _' as.. 'Hy whisk' See also n5ns II. and ns.f. mem :ove ~bake > glitter !through the move-.
nisi ttl. ~ee nisan. nasakl (K') 'one who bites';
"wfltlSl1
h
adorned' . s a 109, HJckenng) > be decorated.
II manasan.sl -)1')')11"1- (TM) 'legs of
na.aba )"" (MA) 'measure, count, gIve a
. nasuk (K'.Gr.214) 'bitten';
naskal 'bite (n.), biting' (n);
"'bed'os ; '
share';
mansak (K') 'means of biting; jaw, teeth', rhaps from runs I 'spread > spread out', the legs nasosii. nasosaw ~"I') t )"1')6)0 ~< (, J
wa. •.
~ .he bed bemg separated.
, WJ SOJt/4
from Ar m.rb 'portion'; also In Te_ nasiiba 'divide'
(rob/)ers' !Olang), niisuh 'portion', nasib 'luck' (from SEMITIC: ~~ars. netok. 'bite', Heb. naf~, Ug. nrk
Ar nu:~w 'share, luck'), Amh. niisib 'approximate
measure of gram'
Akk. nasaku, but with metathesis in Ar. nak '
,'b rea,'
k' A ram.-S ata
'la_a! 'b·I~e.', ~bH. na~a.f(hlf<il)
yr. k
•as.qa (y,nsaq) )".,. (K' T Y .M) 'spread stones
for paving, pave WIth ston~s, hew stones, ar-
nasta I '111;1', (K') nislii C'~.,.
bl·
d .. ,
'r . JU IClal as,
break that comes to mean bite when in co • sem y whIch annuls or revokes a ,entence On
. . n~t
range in order, Jom. closely, account of an appeal';
n<~ l. naS5;>~a HId! 'repent, do penance, re- with so~ethmg or someone, ~d. nk§ (considered a
lanasqa (K'), pasSIve;
gret, (Lt) sigh, be sorry'; Bab!lon~~n loanword acc~rdl~g to Dietrich 300), (·agh(J·a "aslii 'account for, give account');
't1nass~ha, causative, nkt bIte, Hebrew also nrsr~ Increase in paym nasuq, pass. part. of nasaqa (see also mJsuq); IS there any connection with ncista 11'1
· 'B ent
lanas.f~~a 'repent'; ?fdb a. e t, mterest (so uhl 527 rather than Consider_ ".sqal (K') 'joining closely' (n),
laniisJha 'repent In a group'; mg It a loanword fom Akk. nikasu, as suggested b SEMITIC: Ar. nasaqa 'put proper order, line up',
In nast~ n, naslii "11;1' , )11;1' (TM), niSti 'I~u:t
Koehler 639); also Ug. ntk 'interest'. y
'aslanos."iJ~O 'make do penance'; Akk. nasoqu (ii-stem) 'put in order, prepare'. On its (K) tnbute, ta.. (Lt) gift, prNnt':
ErnloPlc Tna_ nii~iisii 'bite', Te. niiksa, Amh. connection with Heb. nrsrq 'equipment, armory', see also niisui L
no.ua!}; 'one who is repentant, penitent';
ndkkiisii, Arg. niikkiisa, Har. niixiisa, Gur. niikiisii see Rabin 1970:482.
n~.f.f"~ 'repentant, penitent'; See also nakasa, above. .
n~ssJ~a 'penitence, repentance, penance, re- EnuoPlc; Te. nasqa 'put things In order' (Reimsch ~laU, nesalaU, n<JStil. ~II;1',,- I ~";I',,- I
gret, guilt offering', 1887:285, who compares II with Bli. naseh). )11;1'1\, (0 1-104, KGr.431) 'serpent· idol of
(/la'ala nJSSiJI}a 'confessor');
nisiki HLIJ (KG) = Amh·fasika 'Easter, Pass, bronze, contagIOus disease, plague, (T) field
over' ; "asr )IIC (K ') 'nosebleed'; snake' ,
n;1na!}e 'penitence, regret';
fonossul}; 'one who repents'; mISprint for "I\.~ flislkii. from Amh. nasr. transcription of Ok. nreslhan. from Heb. IUhuJtlin
tanassiJl}o( I) 'repentance'; 'serpent-idol of bronze' .
nasna )/1) (M) 'stink';
I13Sr'IIIC (pI. 'ansart) 'eagle, vulture, hawk';
SE\f1TIC'perhaps Ar nasaba 'delete, abolish, abro- misprint for )1l'1 naslJa.
la'ansara 'become like an eagle' (denominative noslil ')lIt·}; see nJ'sa.
gate' (Amsalu 33), that is, 'annul a misdeed >
repent'. of 'an",/);
nisin, nesin tl')'), );1')'), nisi tl'), first Hebrew
ETHIOPIC Tna_ Id-nassiJl}e 'do penance', Te. lanassa- month. nasawa )"/11 (K') 'try, tempt',
Ar. nasr, Soq. noyhir, Heb. nrsrr, Aram.
SEMITIC:
~a, Amh. niJssilha 'penitence' (from Oeez), GUf. "iar, Syr. nesra, Md, niIra, Ug. nIr (eaquot 137), nasa ...i (K'), active participle,
n~5sa 'regre!'; passed IOto Cushitlc· Bil. naseh.
transcription of Heb. nisan, mansut. see manSQwa;
Akk. naIru.
ETHIOPlc: Te. ni/SiJr, Tna. nilsri, Amh. ni1sr; passed Heb. ni.mi (plcel of nsy) 'tempt. try',
nsos I, nasnasa ~II)", (Y) naSnaSa ~I")IP
mI) II, nas!la HId! 'revile, reproach, (It) tres- SEMITIC:
pass, transgress, Into Cushitic. Bil. niser. Aram.-Syr. nosJi (nsy), Syr. fUJtiya 'temptation',
'scatter, sprinkle, spread, strew about'; Md. nsa 'temp', try'
n'5s.M (It) 'transgreSSIOn', lanasnasa (K '.Gr.215), passive; ~ I13Sr qana ,)IIC : :1''1 (l) 'kind of flute'; ETHloPlc: G. n.nr is undoubtedly re~onstructcd by
n"Jahe (Lt) 'trespass (n); nasnasi (K '), act. part. of nasnasa;
ETlIIOPlc: Amh. nilsr qana 'kind of flute, bird with a K, and the actual form IS mns~·, ~ mansawc1,
DlI~mann 640 eJtpre~ses doubts concerning nsl} 're- nasnus. pass. part. of nasnasa;
melodious voice'. Geez has also a form mi1sr qiinii,
above.
\"lIe but the related meaning 'transgress, trespass'
I manasnas (K ') 'Who has a fly whisk, who and it is possible that milsr qiinii is the original fonn
S«ms to confinn the meamng of 'reproach, revile'. carries a fly whisk'; nasaya I )"f 'be forgotten, (K ') forget';
meaning 'flute of Egypt' and that it became nilsr
~i~ ,)1I.l.1').l.; see sahs.hii. manaslinilst, manasanstit 4fan, fly whisk, sprink- qan,; by folk etymology. I. GUIdi, ZA II (1896). lanasa),a 'forget, neglect',
• • Jer" , 410, n.5 states "masr (mJ.'ir) qiinii e una specie di probably borrowed from Ar. na.riya, as also In Te.
nas!la I pnsiil]) )11'1 (OK '.T) 'stink, have an SEMITIC: Ar. nasnasa 'urge on (a camel)" and per- tromba fatta a foggia di como. Si chiama cosi nUsu. The root also occurs In the other Semitic
unpleasant odor', perche somiglia ad uno segno musicale del Oeggua languages: SAr. ns,J' 'forget', Mh. nehii (h for.l),
haps also nafnaia 'agitate, swing back and forth',
n.s&at, (T) nas~al 'stench, bad smell'; Soq. ne.ine.i 'agitate', Heb. nasas 'falter, stagger < the OCCorre nel canto per la festa delle Nozzi dl Sh. nse, Heb. naIa (nIy), Syr. n,.Ia, Md. ns, Akk
Sr.Mmc No<ldeke 1910: 187 compares G. nasha sway, shake', (hitpa<el) 'be waved' (so Driver, iTS Can.". Praetorius, ZDMG 64 (1910), 622 states
thaI G. nilsr qanQ is an Amharic loanword.
,,;.su,
for which see Haupt, AiSL 22, p. 199.
""'Ith Ar . ...·astl)a 'be diny' Wlth alternance n:w. V~n 34[1933).375), Akk. nasasu, nussusu 'shake out
Soden 758 compares Alk. nafiibu 'have dIarrhea'. (hair), wag (the tali)" Ug. nss 'zigzag, wriggle' (1) Dasaya II )"f (TY.M)'pound, crush, hammer';
(Moore 133). ~, nassa, nasasa (YiJnsas) )" , )"" (K ') lanasaya (T.Sw.M) 'be crushed, be pounded, be
SWay, move, shake, decorate, adorn '; castrated'.
404 405
n~abriq
8''11,
na"a (I'>n.io,) )/"~. (MA) nas'a )(l~ 'take, - , fa (}',nsal) ~~.t, (l) na~ara ~O.t •
n.saga )1P1, (L) nasga Hl1, (T) nasaga )(11 I nasa . punfied, be purged, be cleansed, be guliU .
rartak.c. rf\.'l'i\"c, accept. capture, occu~Yt 'bolt the door, fasten with bolts, close the door t!, ;Pread out, layout: stre\\', scatler.
grR.sp. scile, calch, pIck up, lake up, raIse. hft, with bars, lock'; ';p",d,. h carpets, make flat ; 'ans.J~i1 'purify, make clean, make .:lea:
• \er Wit . cleanse, make pure, keep pure, conSIder (hold;
scI up, carr) off, lake away, fetch, lake as ~'V if. causatI\o'e~
•
lanasga, passive;
\\JJe-'~
n,sug 'bolted, closed with bars'; llftSo a, passive of lI~ara; pure, purge, pronounce clean, hold Innocent,
hold guiltless':
(with gt1~"J. in no,f'o ga~'$a .'have. re~ard for, naSig (M) 'bolting' (n); IQIIJSa_qa'act. part. of nasafa,
ha\"e re~pecl for, show consIderatIOn ): . ,JS.I', 'stre wn , sprea d out , (1I) furnIShed', tanasha 'be purified, punfy oneself, be
",ansag, mans,g (pI. manos.g. manos.gl) 'bolt
(11".I'a ',da 'pay homage, greet by shakmg bar, lock, (LI) snare, shackle, fetter, (Sw.m 0 r
"JU4J4 d if 'bed':
cleansed';
hands'); 640) inaccessible place'; ) ''''. U sprea d , (K) lining (of a gar-
IGr 'cover, laniis·ha ("'J 'punfy one anolher, (Gr) be
l1a~J'a 'take away, carry off':
nosi punfied (cleansed) lutle by httlc',
-oll,iil'a 'take up, arouse, raise uP. cause to rise, SEMITIC the basic meaning is perhaps 'entangle' (> ment)'; d .'. 'a.<runti.•• h.. 'purify, cleanse. clean, absolve (Ilf
'bar, snare'), for which cpo Ar. nasaga 'weave, plait' , Ii (K ,) 'who spr,.a s , .
elevate. crect. set up, slafl, set out, stir up, set a transgresSIon), declare pure, expurgale,
(Dillmann 639), SAr. h-nsJ!? 'fit togelher', Syr. af!! ifi (I wniisaf) bed. couch, blanket, rug,
I mansaf p . '~ead . sack, sackcloth. mantle, (T)
in mOlion, awaken, wake up (tr), resuscitate'; purge, separate;
nilsigti 'covered by clouds'. The connection with covenng, s p , ".
lantLf'O, passive of naj)a~ lIasah, (K'), act. part. of lIa .•h.. ;
Heb. nsg (hif>il) 'overlake' suggested by Buhl 525 I (LI) htler for carrying, ,
(an,~J'a. see below;
and Koehler 637 is unlikely. HaupI, AJSL 26 (1909_ n·su~ 'pure, clean, dear, spotleSl. absolved (of
be I, K') 'who spreads, who strews;
lalliiiJ'Q 'rise up, rise one against another'; 10).2 10 compares Ar. wasaxa 'intertwine, connect' an oath), serene, clean,ed, cha,te, with-
'Qstall.fJ'Q (Lt) 'raise, bring up';
""Iai/Ii ,(Place where one spreads out some-
m,mJa out blemISh, mnocen!, blameless, gUlltle", un-
for roots with initialw:n, see Noeldeke 1910: I 79ff'
'Q.'NonGsJ'O, caus. of taniiS(J'O; also 'reestablish, ETHIOPIC: Amh. siinniigii 'bind tightjy' (With me- Ihing, (LI) bed'; corrupted, sincere',
"I (K') 'ornament for the head, mIter'
stir up, make rise. provoke, emulate, impel. tathesis). The root passed into Cushitic: Sa. masana. mansa)' . . ') (ha-fu,fub, nJ~ul)a, adverbial use "I' n.~JuM;
arouse, c1el'ate, lift up'; go 'bolt'. See also manosagl. see below, under 'Ethloplc ; n,ls}' 'purity, pureness, purification, temper.
('Qslamifil'Q nl4kra 'decide'); (SO!TTIC. Ar. nas.sala
'1 'cover
, a young
•. glfl with a veil' ance, sincerity, chasttty, Innocence, Integrity';
nruiN, act. part. of nosla;
n~,fU' (K·), pass. parr. of nasoa;
n.sata (yansal), nasata ~IP'" : )1\.,. 'destroy,
demoliSh, abolish, ruin, overturn, extirpate,
I Ith h,-ndauf'spread , Soq. ·end'J.
,.
ETHIOPIC
. Te . nassaJa
..
'spread .(carpet,
.... H
etc), makef a
IIfllthol 'punfication';
I"shal 'punty';
"".i'al (n). 'taking, receiving, accepting, accep- remove, pull down, tear down, tear asunder, bed' Tna. 'ansafii, Amh. aniJ!{a/a, ar ana~a a. n.sh.nno 'purity, chastity, innocence, mtegnty,
,
tance, seizure; overthrow, violate, frustrate, abrogate, annul, I G.
For man~aj(, cpo also Chr.·Ar. monyafa 'Hume· (G'r'224) punficalion, sanctIficatIon'.
·al1.fQ·i, participle of 'ansiJ>a; dismiss'; ml', das den Kopf verhull!' conSIdered by Grar 112 'Il1uiihi (K), act. part. of 'all,I,.ha;
lans"OI 'rising up' (n); 'ansa/a (K·), causative; . rom
!Scorning r .
masnafa If the metatheSIS suggested
b . - '1 b ' 'un~"ilOl (1I) 'punficatlon, clean'mg';
by Graf is correct, cpo also He . ,~anll! ur an
mansiJ'i, part. of 'ansiJ>a; lanasta, passive of nasala; ma~s~hl 'purifier, one who punfie,; ,
G mallsart
. 11 could also be a metalheSls of
"''''''0' 'gift (something that is accepted)';
mas/anoSiI' 'one who restores';
nastili, act. part. of noiala;
nasul, pass. part. of nasala; also 'dilapidated'; I However,.
masn.ft as suggested by K 650 and It wo~1 I en
a I~ariscnption of Heb, ml.rnfprl 'turban
d h be mal/SJh, ""n,.iih (K ') 'mean, of punfymg, ,
l1lrJSlulI,i.<J~ (K ') 'who pun fie" who cleanses,
tansiI'ot 'raising up' (n); niJstal 'destruction, subversion, ruin, over.
SEMITIC Ar. na.,mha 'be pure, Sincere', SAr n.\h·,
lansa'l (Gr.213) 'resuscitated'; throw, abrogation';
mansati (l) 'one who destroys';
I .
nsf• /I , mansar OD')~fj: (K) 'hole, well, low 'friendship' (.... '"mcenty, punty'), Soq nun.wh
iiJniti'e 'ascent, rising, uprising, resurrection, place' ; 'threshing floor' (that is, 'place where the wheat 1;\
Easter, Easter Sunday'; lanailOI 'ruin(s)'; made pure, clean'), Heb. nr!uh 'glory, emmcn...--e,
In Ihe passage quoted by K 649, ","nsaf can be
(ba'iila liJniQ'e 'Easter', lit. 'feast of resurrec. SEMITIC; Ar. nalasa 'pull out, snatch away' (with rendered by 'bed, couch'. and IS then connected Syr. IIJ:fU~ 'be brilliant, shine: . . '. '_
lion'), E IOPK. Te. liisha 'be pure (by dlSSlmlialion at
Wllh nif I.
Co~ing Br~kelmann ~,uht',
metatheSIS; see Brockelmann 1908:273), Heb. na!as
'root ou!' (0111 mann 634), Aram.Syr. n,!ai. ludolf to 1908:117), Tnll.
SFMITIC" Ar naja'a 'rise, appear', SAT. ns ' 'raise', 649 compares Heb. nasal 'destroy'. .
nsf, III ' mansar OD')~fj: (T) 'mark, sIgn, token, Amh. naNa, Gur nata; T~a n.JJuh 'white: Te:
l
Soq. miji'o~ 'pail' (lit. 'somethmg with which to ETHIOPIC: Te. nasla 'destroy', Tna. niisarii 'be (M) musical note'. f nJ!.....a, Har miNh,
IJSU I I, G ·a. ... . .. n<l!uh d pure
Amh. I
carry'), Heb. nasa· 'lift', Aram. ns' 'take, carry ruined', Amh. niisSiilii; also miiniissiitii as if It . . Geez,) na~.
(from . ' Gur. nuca;
"t 'white' . passe Ifl 0
M quotes T; however, T gives only 'mark., ~oken" Cushltic: Sa. ni#ah, 811. lafiJh.
awa}"', Ug. nJ' 'lift, raise', Akk. naSli 'lift, carry'. were a denominative of .mnsl.
and not 'musical note' The translation mark,.
ErnloPlc' Te. niir'a 'take, lift', Tna. niis'e, Amh.
Arg. nii.(sa, Har. niisa>a 'take, take away', Gur.
token' given by T seems to be a free rendering 01 nasha II ~lt.h; see nacfba.
..
niissa 'raise, lift'. For G. mJnsii' 'gift', cpo Amh. man/oj in manJaJa d.'gal,nnaha (Deu!. 22: (7), and ,
can be translated 'the mantle of her virginitY. the nasala )1\/\ (K'.T Y.M) 'detach, separate,
manniHo. Note that G. manSii· is not to be com. • •
pared with Heb. mas 'forced service' as suggested by IJ3Se ')~; see nasaya. clothes of her virginity'. In this case man$af of nif taf/asla, passive; ,
• •
III is identical with man$af of nif I. ,. (K') 'detached, separated; .
Baumgartner 571 (where the Geez fonn is wrongly nasu . detac hed , that whIch
given as meni/i/o Without the final.) The root n.~so' (K ') 'that which IS
na~abriq, n.~bruq ~Mlt..:j. j ')l\'-o~.:t-; see n~.f~if )~fi:"fi:; see ifif II.
passed into CUShltlC Be. neSQ' 'get up, rise'. is ~~parated'; . ,
~brq.
ni!l). I (yanso~) ~l\'''' 'be pure, be clean, be SEMITIC' Ar. n~a Ia 'fall off, be dCUlchcd and lall ,
nacsara
•• 406
~~~1____----~------~__~~~~40~7~__________________._.______-_'~~
nil
Sh nsF! ''''''''me dlSJomled', Heb.Aram. nsl (hif<tl)
mJn-rJr3nnti 'the opposite, OPposition'; -
'fear a\\a~, dehver', (plfel) 'stnp off', Ph. n~1 (niftal) r ,+ (T) 'leather, mat of lanned hide'. nata
'~rc', Syr n,Hol'let drop'_ SEMITIC: Ar. no?oro 'regard, look, see', SAr ~
.o bserve,' .;).
'h ,n?or, H e.
b ~a.rar
- n.r
,watch, guard',. Ph
nat r ,
A h nat; see also nat'.
go, .alga ( ....nl>lI, >'/-1 I >+1
stop, desist from, become I~ fa I d "'.
'=
ETHIOPIC Te. na.tla 'drop off, faU out. slip off', Tna,
from m· abat . , I, C<:1"t"",
ntbJla'scparale mlo two, detach', Amh.Gur, niiUiiM I1fr, Aram.·Syr. lL1!ar, anCIent Aram. nSr Ug •
I '+h+ (T.Mk) 'hide, skin'. k e. omit, repeal. abrogate, relllOVe, take off'
'deral'h. "C'pararc, make single'. The noun 'single- Md. n~r, Akk. nll.!tiru 'watch, observe'. On
., the. "6 r' PIlla I I ta e aWay, 'iUbtract'
~r. n~r 10 Semitic, see Wagner 83. root t ~ta~-~~- _t •
layered lo!!a. sheet' is denved from the root 11f1: Te.
for nO • aga, causati\'e; aho 'repeal. remove, omit
naJola 'sheet', Tna na.,fiila 'single-layered toga',
AmhGur. nOliila_ The root passed into Cushitic: ETHIOPIC: Te. nii-1ra 'look into the distance' T >+b (pI. 'anla't) 'ten I covenng. (I( '.M) 1ecreaseyrl, abrogate, ,ubtract. lessen'; •
Sil, nalal. n~fiiro, Amh. nii~!iirii '?b,se~ve', nii-1#irii '(fr~~ nal'ned hide dyed r ed' , manallla ~,e, di-
h , be abated, dc<:reasc (IOtrl, '-'a".
Geez), Amh. an!ar opposite (hkewise from Gee) Ian (K') 'spread a hide, dye hide red'; de- 10",
nassara >11': 'Iook, look at, look up to, look Note also Tna. 'amiin-1iira 'look across', denorni z ~
.. nat'a
nominative; rulug 'wanting, wanmg, imperfC<:t. defectIVe.
removed':
live of miin-1lir. na
on, look toward, view, watch, regard, glance
SEMITIC .' related to. Ar. na~< ,'Ieather
D I mat used as a nalg, see n"gii;
at, be on the watch, observe, consider, per- bl cloth or gammg board ( II mann 660)
ceive, behold, examine, survey, turn the eyes na~riir. na~oriir >lIt-C j ~I't-C; see rjrr, 'Qndo- ~rn~oPIC: Tna. nal~i 'tan~ed hide', Te nlitiJ t , Amh. n"gii. n"g, (It) natg 'lack, defect, want, 1o",
, raro. .
to ; niit 'mal of tanned hIde See also nal'ar, nul I I. .. terrup~on, blemish';
.
'onsara, (K) 'anasara
, 'look (toward), look
na~rara >11'':': (T.Y.M) 'be heavy'; above. natgat 'lack, defect';
faCing one. turn toward, point (at), give a sign, nutage 'defect, deerea .., deficiency';
make a sign, show'; denominative of na-1ortir, nat/orar, for which see drr not'a (y'ntii') ~+O, (MA) nara >+h 'flee,
(Ion$ora pnota 'turn toward'); 'anrjorora. . , escape. withdraw, retreat, emIgrate, (MA)
ElliIOPIC: Te. niil~a 'cease, ~omC' less, dC\;:f'C'a~'
Amh niiltiiKii (K under nata.ll'a), •
('ansara g~"o 'make for, direct oneself ush. (Y) be splil open, be divided .. two',
relaled 10 nataka (see helo~)
toward'); n,,?riir 111't-C (Gr.460) 'purification, clarifica_ g>(In,,'a 'make flee, put to ft·Ig ht, rout:
'
tion' ;
tanaJ(J)ara (K') 'be seen, be visible, be looked IQnuiti. act. part. of ·anliJfa~ nataka ~"'h (MAl 'become I.ss, decrease',
at' ; to be identified with ~ry (see foraya, below) with the nat' (K') 'flight'; related to na1aga, abo,,'c,
taniisara 'look at one another, find oneselfface prefix n and reduplication of r.
SEMITIC: Heb. niila' 'flee' (Job 4: 10) according to nln I. nalana ~.,.~ (1('.Gr4JI) 'give'.
to face, look facing someone, be opposite one Eitan 10, Praetorius 1890:25, note. compares G
~w, )8n~awa ""AOJ; see naflawa. lanalna (K') 'be gIVen',
another, look at someone with animosity, be nat'Q with Ar. nt', a secondary form of in/D'G (from 'astantana 'give gIfts';
ID opposition (that is, look in an unfriendly "'). Srockelmann 1908:533 expresses doubts
way), be likened'; n~aya (y;m!i) ~lIf 'pull out, tear off, extir- ~ nutn,; (T.M) 'offering to the church';
pate, strip, pluck out'; aboul this comparison. Sec also Greenspahn U8.
}astana~oro (K·), causative of ton~aro; )on~aya (K *), causative; ETHIOPIC Tna. nlil'e 'gush out', Har. nalO'o 'cmanci" probably tranSCription of Hcb. n';llln 'gIve'
no-r~Qri, act. part. of nG..J~oro; also 'spectator, pate' (in Leslau 1937:549). See also n!, I.
jnspector' ; lana~ya, passive of na~aya; also (ll) 'fall'; nln II, see lantana II.
rramlalrd MM~enS(hlummC'r'(\(m Soden fl72), hUI I man,n : 153 considers Ar. nadaha to be th
tlC proven satl~factonly, cpo also Mh. hine 'utensil' onglnal form beco . : , e
·".3~mg h(lurs' (CAO, \'oJ II. rar!~. p.:oo), to be connected with AT. nasaba 'mention 1893'52 ' mmg nZb by assimilatIOn. Barth
Ifeb. '{mi 'ship', Ug. any, Akk. unillu 'vessel'. See, perhaPI'tonshiP' nisba, name of the relationship to ,their
. . blood
compares Heb. ~h In nish'lim (1,.63.36)
ea
also Fronuroh 1972. VII, p.642. For Indo~Euro~ mer I . b bec . Spurts'. .. . ,
rK''''on lsP") ·tr~l"h fruit .. , hr ... t fruits, the month pean 'ship' from 'vessel', see Buck 727, Note that .ralh,er, mother, and
.. so on, ns ommg nzb by
ETHIOPIC: Te. ndzha 'strew' Tna .. h Amh
"f .1(1)/;:1)/1 (Arnl)"
the c<?nnccllon between G. IlJwtiy and Ar, (Oat) am m·Iation (W. Muller). .. ' . ,naZt,
nazza; passed into Cushitlc: Kharn. nazeq,
.
fmm (,l,. "(,M, nruler ('Ir n~' 'nt'\o\, ) oun8' /mnwii" 'dans des vases' (going back to 'amva'a, r. ! ~/I"- 'exhaust, empty, tear off, cut off, nz~, nz~, '.n..~., 'anz.~. h ')11; I h ')lIm
nMr I, nor. ( ... nun ,I. '0., tarnIShed, 0., mfa-
n,,,al), suggested by Praetonus, ZDMG 72 (1918).
l4,l, presents difficulties. :~~e off, make fall (a leal)'; (Dlllmann 1856:227, Lt) 'visit, look after,
mous' ETI-fIOPIC: Tna n.1way (also nawn) 'Possessions' >
lana:/a. pass} ve; comfort'.
'tInli"arastaln, tarnish, hlrmls.h, repnmand, nay. particle of possession; Te. nay 'belonging to', SnlfTle: Ar. nazato 'drain, exhaust', Soq. nezo/
nazala ~"t\ (K'), nazzala ~/lt\ (Y) 'go down,
,
blamt, gwe (llftn e, <1lSpara~c, dISgrace, Amh. "".·ay (from Geez). Rundgren 1955:213 de, 'draw waler .
lana",o, tT) lanaKorO '0., tarnished, 0., de- nves Tna. nav from the element n to which he ETHIOPIC: Te. niilfa 'fling away. push away', flow, spillover, (Y) seep (water), become damp
attnhute.s a dcmonstrative, dative and geOltlve va'~ (from seepage)';
pra\N, 0., d"honortd, 0., dISparaged, be m- 'Illr. II ~/I"- (T.Y.M) 'spread out (e.g. a
de'Crn1-; uc. The root also occurs 10 Cushitic: Bil. null.'
'utensil', Sa . nUK/O mat), spread grass or leaves on the floor'; from AT. nazato 'descend'; also in Te. niizia 'go
no. r 'bleml h, spot, stam, bl"t, disgrace, '"'qUI' IOno:/o (K'), passive; down'. The fOOt also OCCurs in Heb. nzl 'Indle,
II, Ie" 222) physlcul dtfect, m~rmll)'; nay., nayi, nayo, nayon ~f , ~f ' H" ! ~I"'); How' > 'descend', Syr. n,/ (pa'eI) 'make go down'
see ·na. related to no~afa, above. See also maniizili.
(=u'O/htJ nOM ro ',mma<-ulale),
(ro In!>o/o no .., , lamie, '),
ny', ne'a 1.h (K*) 'be ready to be Cooked'; 'lZili Hl4- (K') 'shawl-like garment of a sin- naznazo ~1I~" (D.T Y) 'vex, torment, cause
...,. Kif n'K"'ur 'faull" defr..11\·c, polluted, gle layer of cloth'; pain, shake, agitate';
fI,')'a', IIi' (K*) 'raw, uncooked';
blamr"orth, mfamous',
-
monK·' " (Gr) , taln, $pol' nii'l (D), nO'1 (T) 'unleavened bread'; no:ofo (K') 'drape the nazijti'; lanaznaza 'be vexed';
IOnoz/a (K ') 'be draped';
'\U,ffTJC Ar IId_.,Ta abuJe. l ult SHllnt" Ar. nD'a (n},,) 'be raw', S~. nu' 'uncooked', ETHIOPIC: Tna. niizniizti 'shake', Te. niizniiza 'jog',
Heb no' 'half-cooked, raw (Hesh)" Neo,Syr noyli from Amh. nazi/a 'white shawl-like garment', from Amh. niiziinniizii 'importune. pester', Gur.Amh.
[rulON' Tna """. ,If'be dIShonOred, be d"par, 'ray,.' (perhap!iI from Arabic). Ar no?ifa 'clean', nznz 'drizzle for a long time', from the onglOal
.~'. Amh , """. rli be shamed, bt a d!<grace', meaning 'importune'.
ETHIOPIC Tr.Tna, na'if 'unleavened bread', Amh,
1IdM, dlSfnla dIShonor' Gur 1fd14" "d, grace
no', (from GCC'z), See also (no't) , na'ala
1IIZlt. ~lIV 'turn away from';
p.;n;sed Into (UshihC Sa IIQlt '. K ham nUT
SHUTIC' Ar nazaha 'keep away from, steer clear nazara ! (YJnzar), nazzara ~/ll 'bile, (Lt) lear
niy.b 'i,f.-{J (Lt) 'VIcar, Iieulenant'; or to pIeces, (T,Y) pierce, crunch, (MA) hit',
ft"r II, 1I... ( .. )Jtra ~dlt. (I;' Y) bt ht, be nazzara, same meanmg; •
hghtcd, Iliummatt', from Chr ·Ar ntNb. nQyib: also Te. naY.Jb, title of
the governor of Massawa. wihlil, "azihliJ, .... hili! ~'IIJI\A l ~I/IJII..A f tanazzara, (K·) lanaua, passive;
denomuulJvr of "ItT ftdr (src abo\"C: 11fU~A; see zohlala. nazori (K*), act. part. of nozara;
oiY.n 'if.') (T) 'sullable, pleasant, savory, who nJzzur (M) 'torn to pieces, pierced, (LI) pock,
..... h .,,,,. \es , ulensll, Instrument, Imple-
IlteM,obj«"l (urmture,eslate,rropc:rty, posses,
I forgtves' ,
perhaps from Ar. fa'YIn 'tender, sofl' (W Muller)
.azf). ~1I"',
pluck off';
naz~a ~1I'" 'tear out, pull out, marked' ,
nozr, nJzro (K') 'piercing' (n);
5Jon good, "raIth, fortunt monel male /Qno:ho (Lt), passive;
nn,al (M) 'biting (n), tearing to pieces (n)';
genitals', na}rul ~f.~11 'New Year's Day', ~ariant of naz'a, above.
(N1<'hD haql "<apons') SEM'TlC: Soq. n-t-zr 'sphl' (intr.). Vo~ Soden 77.1
from PersIan nl1hr';: through Chr.~Ar Myrii:.
(lU .. a)D c~br 1001 'j, DazI). ~lI;, naz~a ~1I"', (K) nalho ~lIU compares G. nozara with Ar. nazara Importune,
,
Akk. nazaru 'blaspheme. curse. _ _,
(1U .. 5)D ma::mur mUSlcal InUrument 1, noz'. ~1I0, (Y) naz" ~lIh 'tear out, pull oul, Itrew, sprinkle, spray, drenCh, dip';
eradIcate"; 'an:~ba, causative; ETHIOPIC: Tna. niiziira. natii/ii 'tear to pieces, ~ue,
rQ/lQ:&a, passive of nazha; Te. naira 'bite off'. Amh, naz_zjj~a '~t~~e, hit '. ~~
- .. .-" 'harass , pester',Gaf
nazzara . la-na:zara feel pam _
na,.n 412
ozz I
nuoro II. nllzaro HIt: (T.Y) 'be dispersed, be
separated' ;
nzz I , niizaza '1""
'consoie, comfort bring
comfort, receive confession'; ,
FnuoPlc Amh. a~nii:::iirii 'squander'. lanazaza 'comfort oneself, find com~ort
, con~
sole oneself, find consolation, console one
another, be comforted, be grateful';
nzr, nilara "lit: (K *) 'be consecrated (child) to
niizQzi 'consoler, comforter';
God's service';
Iluzaze 'consolation, comfort, confession"
llii::Jri, n,7:ur (K·) 'who is consecrated to
God's service'; (maf!w!a nuzaze 'Book of Confession')' '
I
PT
('aba nuzii::e 'father confessor'); ,
na:.riiwi, nii:rawi (D.K) 'hermit, Christian';
manazaz 'consoling, comforting';
SEMITIC: Ar. nadara 'make a vow', SAr. ndr 'do manaziJzi, maniizGzi 'comforter, con soler' ; peki I '/,'1] 'white marble, alabaster, antimony';
penance', Soq. "ider 'be consecrated', Heb. nzr (nir~ rrom Ok P"'ph ' 1
k phouka transcription of Heb. prik- 'black ii~ka 6) ·s lyra purp e dye'; also Ar. /Irftr (Ru.
'al) 'dedicate oneself, niigar 'make a vow', Aram.- ETHIOPIC: Tna. naziizii 'confess', Amh. (tii)nazziiza f rG
om·' . ec a so papperii, below.
. ..
Syr, I/Jdar 'make a vow', nJzar 'abstain from, be 'console, comfort, hear confession (priest)', Gur. tii~ paint'.
continent', Ug, Md. ndr. nazziizii. pipira ;r1;':' (K.D. 684,1392 'papyrus')' (T) tar
peki II '/,'1] (T) 'leg of a chair'; pitch'; , •
ETHIOPIC: Amh. rziizziirii 'become a hermit' (from
Geez). G. nii::riil1'i 'hermit' is to be connected with nzz II, nazza, nazaza ~II 1 ~IIII (K*) 'come out the translation is doubtful. Tayya may have been from Gk. papyros 'papyrus'.
the root n::r, while mi:riiwi 'Christian' meant origi~ of one's nose (food while one is asleep),; misled by the occurrence of the word manbar
nally 'one from the city of Nazarelh'. It may also be nazaz (Lt) 'choking' (n); 'chair', in Henoch 18 :8. papa,e, POpore 1'1' t!. , TT t!. 'red pepper':
that nii::rtilt'i 'hemlit' goes back to the meaning of manuz (K *) 'food that comes out of one's
mi::riiwi 'Christian' and has become retricted to that nose' ; pi/as, pi/as 1;M 1 1;11/'1, (L) pilisii 1(111), (T.M) from Gk. peper; 'pepper' See also barnarre, abovc.
of 'herm,,'. pil"" 1:~{I 'temple, pa~lion, gate, (T.M) tent, pe,ki TCI] (T.M) 'chickpea';
ETHIOPIC: Amh. niizziizii, same as G. naZZa.
[T) place for sacrificing: see also perka .
•
from Ok. pyles, gen.sg of pyle 'gate'.
porelbiror T t!.1111. 'l'C 'priest';
pel,,!os '/,'A/'IjIl/'l (D 1408,T) 'shield and spear,
iM) soldier who carries a spear': from Ok. presbYleros 'priest'. See also para:poros.
• •
from Gk. peltastes 'carrier of a light shield '. piisii :rl) 'Passover';
pioi (pI. piiniir) :r .. 'lamp, torch': from Gk, paskha 'Passove(, transcription of Aram.
pas~a. See also pasika, fosika, f's~ I
from Gk. phani 'torch' ; also in Tna.Amh. fana,
P'piri, paperi, piiperii, peperii, pipirii 1'T.':' i po53lte T/'IA1: (K), po.. I!_ TIlAm. (U)
TTt. I :rTt, I 1:1:':' ! '('(t., (K) papir 'psalm'; rather 'psalmist' (in view of the
T7:c 'purple'; Greek);
papirii liiy, papera lay 'scarlet';
from Gk. psa/les 'harper, psalmist, one who sings
papara (T.M) 'dye purple' (denominative); psalms in the church'. See also 'ubsJla!es.
rf~nJ~'no:"~-.--::===-=~===~~~--:-4 : 1
~ 5~
~"pangal, act participle of ·apangalu; also 'read- j)<rh
___________
f
._pi n. "qli
'
/,.... .a~ rom Gk pt'nokhi
er'; (Sa linger). I.'lr,"um~nbcd place'
from Gk. apangel/ein 'announce, Inform, expound.
tnlerpret' Note the creatio n of the Geez forms pat/Ra- !'Orki A.c1J (T) 'chickpea':
It, mapang~1. See also !ngl. see also perko
P, A ",nino A-t<j' (K') 'prectous stone'; parAb),i arili - -
;ranscription of Heb. paninii 'pearl' AMI.! : ~t- ya, !,arAb}1J, pariloya,. At-A! t
Af. • At-Nfl ''''"coas(''
podere, poder, piider, peder AJI.,t. : A'oC : AJI. panlaqOS!e, !'an!aq"llS!e, !,an!a qOS!e, pan!eq"as!e from Ok. para/iii (sc ..lte 'land') 'land hy t~(' sea'
paliina!os
, k"~(I1f1 (T) 'plane tree';
t , A.J?;,C 'full:lenglh' robe'; see also palii,riillos. A1m"flm. • A1m'll.1lm. , A1m I "'flm. , A1 parenu At.). (K') , A
/lLt.flm. 'Pentecost'; ' .
precious stone", ' !,""nu (,). (T) 'While ' (one ,
from Ok. r odtiri, ace. 5g. of podfris 'robe thaI falls
to Ihe feet'. used In the Septuagint for ' the high !'alinyos, !,aliinos M1f-fl , M<j'fI (T) 'perfUme'; from Gk. pemikosli (sc. hemera) 'Ihe fift,eth (day), from Ok. parlnOS 'from Paros', the Orec~
priest's robe ' PentecoSt' ; also Chr.·Ar. bantiqis(1. 1 ~ l and
perhaps confused with pil!iinos. famous for Its marble. See also p,lr,Jfl.\f),
•
pig"men A1"'I'> 'lnlercalary monlh (5-10 Sep- pappa AA (MA) 'char ; !"'''nso 100(1 (K ) 'PreciOUS slone" ,
!'alqiin AA:I"> (LI), !,alqiin AA:I'1 (K') 'pelican'; , ..
iember)'; seems 10 be onomatopoetic. vanant or misreadmg of part'fl U
from Gk pelekan 'pelican' (Hommel 1887:""", 49). ,
from Gt CPI.lKoltlt'nai 'intercalated days'; also Chr-
pappalini AA.<S (T) 'sorghum'. !''''Palo ACAfr (Lt) 'kind of ;(on,';
Ar 'i.lNrtUmliniis, Coptl(; epogomene. !",Iis AliA (T) !,alis AlLfI 'capital Cily, (T) bish- , ..
op'; from Ok pyroholnu. gen. sg, of p)'rll~/Q5 'flmt "Il'nc'
pi!'<n, pihin A~1 , A,J,.1 ; see p.YOII. papperii AA.&-, (T) pappini AA.&- 'purple, purple
. . . from Gk. polis '(own, City'. The meaning ' bishop ' IS Powder, red dye used' for dyeing cloth or fly !",ru!,a!a k~A"I (K ' ) 'sht'ep';
either due to a scribal error or it is an abbreviation whisks';
pak "m.. AII-9"fI, (T K) pik "m.. Alt 9"fI, name of melropolitis 'the bishop of the capital'. from Gk. probata, pl. of pro/)(l(on 'sheep, goats' St"C
see also pap/rii. also pirupiilqt"
- below.
of Ihe nlluh COP!!C monlh (corresponds 10 O. .
g,mhot); paltanyi kA-r1! (T); see palantayii.
' . pappis (pI. piippiisiil, piippiisiil\'JSI) AM 'metro, pirupa!qe, paropa!qe, porupi!qe, perbatqe
a corruption of C OPIiC pakhijn. paSons.
palt.nyu kA-).1f. (T) 'shackles'. Poiiian, palnai-i:h (ofihi,church), bishop', A. ~'~'I''k , A'C'A"''k , k~A'I'~ , A.ClI'J''k "or
,
liqa piippas, liqa piippiisiil 'arChbishop' , the sheep';
pak "simi, pik "simii Alt-It "'1 , Alt-It "'1 'small !",Ii!inos, polii!onos k""l<j'fI : k"(I1<j'fI, (K ') 'apappasa, 'apiippas;'- 'appoinl an archbishop' ;
roaf of bread, small moulhful' ; . .. .. , from Gk probalikc, fern . of probafikos 'of the
!'alii!inos Mill. <j'fI, (T) !",I!inos kA"I<j'fI 'plane pappus 'an appomled metropolitan'; sheep' See also perbii.leqe. pamptiliJ.
tree' ; . .'
from Gk pah amiis ' biscuIt'; also in Tna. b~q"asma.r. PJPpiise 'episcopale, patriarchale';
Te. tvqJilll"u. Har. hukswlIiil, Ar buqsUlniit. See also !,araqli!os, !,iiriqli!os A(~'»IL(I1f1 , At-'»ILj11f1
from Gk. piatMOS 'plane tree'. See also paliina.lOs. pappas.llnii 'episcopacy, office of Ihe patriarch';
pask "nli_ Jiqa' pappasannii 'archbishopric'; 'the Holy SPlril as mlercessor, Penlecosl,
pll(iiIlos. bal!oIlOs. . , .
Transfiguralion (celebraled Ihe I3lh of Nahii-
peLson, peksin A.h(l1 : A.htt1, (TK) pikson from Gk . papiis 'farher, title of pnc~ts'; also Chr.-Ar se) ;
!,i1!Jinos A.A"I<j'll (T) 'perfume'; bJbJ
A.h(l1 'box lree'; . 'alata pariiqli!os 'Penleco,t';
could it be confused with palarat/os?
from Gk. prks6n, gen . pI. of pykJOJ "box tree' , see also !"rbi!eqe A.ClIIII.'I:; see pirllpiilqe, from Gk. parak/ilOs 'mlerttssor, the Holy Splnl as
!ekson . For the ahemance p . ,I . see pngJ: lng/ pel!is
, A.A"IfI 'shield'; intercessor'; also Chr.-Ar hiiraqlir
",rdokoyse kC'(-hf,1l. 'partridge';
palinos M<j'fI (T); see paliillYos. from Gk. pellas, acc. pI. of pelri 'sh,e1d'. from Gk. perdu<s 'partndge'. parq"ama
, Ac<&ou (TM) 'wrile',
, .
perhaps from Gk. I'rOKramma 'written order, edict'
palyon loAM (GdSI) 'iron'; ",nana kc4.'J (T) 'kind of bird' ;
~ta)i, pabnn)i, pabnt.lyu, palinnyii AA 1,). , (G. Salinger). In this case Geez may have created a
perhaps instead of peryon I, below. corrupt from par/ilryonii. denominative.
)' , kA'}-f:! , kA').}'f. : k'I11;!, palannyi, •
palinta)i, palt.nyiil\l\1t! ' M1-r!; kA-r1 porsofori, parisforii, parosfora kCflt;;,;. , 10t-fl
)' 'bnck kiln, bnck oven, (T) bnck'; pngl,
, >apangala
, hA11/\ (T.M) 'commenl, ex, ",rf'ryoni, porr.riyana kC'i:CK I AC'f;('f'J,
pound, translate, recite, interpret, repeat from (T) !'Orf.ryori, parr.riyonii AC'f;Cf"'> i AC'i:('K i.:&- I AC'/lt;;t- 'offenng, consecraled oblallon,
eUher from Gk plinthelOn, pI. plintheia 'brickworks'. memory'; 'waler hen, sea bird" , Eucharist' ;
or from Gk rlmthion 'bnck mold ' TaY)'a's transla.
twn 'bnd' not precise. pangiile
, . 'commentary, reporl, translalion,
(K') from Gk. prosphora 'offering, Eucharist'; also in (,hr.-
IS from Gk, porphyrion 'water hen See also parlaJla,
t.
Ar >abrusjar.
Interpretation ';
~rihi At-~ (T), parihi
, A&-~ (M) 'sanctuary'; parsoq"'lla ACfI'»'»" (T) 'perfume'
,
- - -
416 -
pazayon
,
,
p.aris.:t\
,
At....{'li'l (Tl 'rn."Ch:"U~ stonc'; "",,,,,,is kfl'l'4:fl (KOTW 1007) 'pure perfume"
frnm Gk.. !,fellill,1 (~ lUI/Of) "hglll-gJ'l.."'t'n slone, cn1cr. P<H/,lqes lIiirdos (Gr.351) 'genuine spikenard'- _;
dtd' refers to the Holy SPIrit: ' I
frolll Gk. piflikl;S, gen. sg. fern. of Pisfikos 'genuine f
f",,)on 1. p.ll)oni, pal)oni, ""'Jonos kef"} ,
purr quality'; also III Amh . !ilS!iJq 'kind of perru~:
kcr-~ I A/:I'~ , kCf''ffl 'saw, serra rnanna
(.111.1 0f ,lIl1mal), (T K) 'had,ks',
piton, pe!en A.fll'} • A.m.'} 'pine tree';
i"rC'nl tik. pri(l1lO.I, rnmn,1:!cn. and dal Sf!,. of prit)"
'sa",' (~al~\, Ih'Il101d H.;1]:\.'\J\, H4), ,~s for
;"do piil'(;s (D), fJl'!yas (K), pitas (T) 'pine tree': Q<I>
"Sh~KJ..JC': 111\ .111 1Il1{'rprclalJon (,f the nnglllJI mean- Ihml Ok.. pio's 'ptne tree'. acc. pJ. pil),as.
109 'sa\\
patromii
, , A'I'r.''''I 'church'. q'" 41", qi'at 4:"-l-; see qy',
SEMITIC: Syr. qa<ad 'bend' suggested by Dillmann
p.1f}on II , par)'un, P"';)'''" kL"f"'} , At:f.1 ,
ktt"l, (T) [;'I)on
,
Ai:1~'}
,
'kmd or oak. (T.$w. In
pii!os, paros Afllfl : Afllfl 'bramble bush':
q"S( I (pI. qWii<Gt,
,.
qWQ<iit, qOfiil) *6 'raven, 456 (also Stade 44) is not to be identified with the
Geez rOot since only a concept 'bend (the head)
[) J1S~) r(lmt'~rana[C' ; crow,
;,da pii!os 'bush, 'bramble bush': backward' could ex.plain the meaning of lifting up
fn1rn (;k I'rin{)I, ,Il·(. ,.,i'lo" .holm oak. Tht.:' mcamng SEMITIC, onomatopoetic: Ar. qa<qar, qawqara 'make the eyes, of looking upward.
from Gk, btl/os 'bramble bush'. See also bOlOS. noise', qo'qa' 'crow', Heb. qtirQ (q<y) 'cry out', PbH.
'J'I."llcgr,m;uc' ~m.~ 10 ~. a nu:"underslandmg.
qi'qa', Syr. qarQ 'cry out, shout', qQ<Q 'crow', Neo. q"a'ala (yaq"'al) 'tOt\ (K') 'be rat'.
p.l,)onlO
, kt:r-n (l) '<'\lie, <nugration, scat- ~!>S A. 'l'fl: see pilon. Svr.
,
qwtiqii 'raven';
- related to Heb. garQ (gey) maqWf~/, tn::Jq""a/ (pI. maqw(jcal, maqWa'iJll) 'fat,
tt'nng 'shout', Syr. giro. fat ammal, fat ox, an animal fanened for
ETHIOPIC: Te. qawa r 'crow', qar bela 'croak aloud, sacrifice' ,.
!",!J8s, pityis A.'I'!fl , A.'I'!fl; see pilon.
J).lr) Oll(t'\ A-C,. . "..n. '..ct:' r,:'n WI I, make a noise', qoq bela 'croak', Tna. qa r balii, qK'ar
(maq::'ala lahm [Ltj 'suckling calves');
• w • _ _
'obbii/a 'make a noise', Amh. q"'a alii 'make a noise',
parirpon" parilpori; At,lfAefl j AIrlIAlrfl ~a"'qlOa. pawqena, pawqena, pawqeoe, pewqeni, (maq 'ala !ali [Ltj 'fanened kids):
qtiwwa 'to crow', an·qaqqa 'croak', Gur. q"'a epa
it t) 'r"'''t " , pewqinos A(D></!'i' , A(D>'II'i' l A(D></:'i' : A(D>'II~ : 'produce a sound', qawqaw balii 'make a noise and it i~ possible that K reconstructed the verb q~aca!a,
C0 r rupl frtml \.I~ Pft,\.Jqrt"r(JS 'ddl'T, pncst'. &~ alSl'
A,(D>'II'i' , A.(D>4:'ffl, (T) ~awqino A(D>4:'i '(01) wake up others'; also in Cushitic: Som. qaw, or It could be a denominative from maq~'<a' which is
~r("hlf~T {Il'hc·u
pme wood, (01) fir'; qawqaw, interjection expressing noise, Bil. qiiq to be compared with Be. mikiJla/ 'marrow'_ Reinisch
'shout', 8e. kM'lkWiiy 'raven', Af. kiiko, Mo. qiikko. 1895: 167 compares the Be. noun with Ar. mukiil
f'll,.da Mt.l'. (T) 'bre" ""'r' from Gk. pcukinos 'made from pine wood', peukina
'(thmgs) made from pine wood'. The root is related to Amh. e'a alii 'make a noise',
Tna. k'a& balii (see Leslau 1979:33 1, and kaka,
'fat'.
ETHIOPIC: Te. maq<al 'marrow' (not maq"'c ai as in
pi,iki, p8<i~i, p:i5ki, ""'ki An..!l , At\.1J , ib.340). See also gugii J, and kWiik"a ',aven'. Reiniseh 1895: 167).
Afltl I Afl'l ' Pa',,"cr, f..l,ter ""yon
, kM, name of the tenth Coptic month
(correponds to G. sane); q".' 1I '.II" (T) 'unripe'; qa'ana (yaq'an) ."O~ (K ') 'press together,
rrl)m \./l paskha. Ir.an~npUt)n of :\ram. Pf1S~J. See
aJ ..\) p.ima from COptic paOne. paane. See also piihen, ba>untih. Note that Amh. ~l..4> 'moon' (translation of q"'iir) squeeze together, (Gr.42I) load (an animal)';
ofT 156 is a misprint for caCJI> ' unripe' , See also taqa'ana (TX), laqa'iina (Y) 'be pressed to-
",,'!nfor,'.' i Afl,nt::C,f \ K I 'chamber, 5tore- ~az(oris Al1C?fl (Lt) 'Egyptian priest'; qo'. gether (crowd), be afflicted, be grieved';
h"u'>(" maqa'an, (Lt) maqa'Jn 'pressed together,
from Gk pasfopllOrOS, lit 'carrier of a shrine' (L. qo' ~", (Lt) qu' 4!" 'blossom of grapevine, squeezed, tightened, compressed, narrow,
from L,l; p..IJJophor Q. "Cnt 1Cl.,- rl. ('If pa5lOphollon Gucmer·S, Grebaut. Le testament en Galilee de nOlre- hard, austrre';
'JY.'1~f 5 quart:crs.. sa ... "":.Sf)' Se(~eur JesIJ...f·Christ, p. 134). petal, bud, unripe fruit, sour grape, acidity,
immature age'; maq'an, (K) maq'iin 'narrow path, narrow place,
Pl'r~ml Aflm"" IT \1) 'fUt 10 stops, tear', qo'a (Y.M), qo'a (T) 'be unripe, be Sour (grape), instrument serving for inflicting torture';
ph,,)on,
, pazewon
. AlIf-,} : An?''} 'topaz'; pick unripe fruit' (denominative);
(inrnmc I'~IJ 2"llldt'ntlfics It "Ith Heb ETHIOPIC: Amh. miiqan 'doorframe, doorpost'
off' ~ram ;)\T p3mr spread out from GI.. I(Jpa~io" 'chrysohte, topaz', with the loss of (that is, '3 narrow passage'). See also maqana,
ETHioPlc: Amh. qo ' unripe fruit'; also in Cushitic:
to \\.rongly mistaken for the Greek article. maqna r •
Som. qo)' 'unripe fruit'. See also q'''a., n, and qawar.
qabii :1'1] (K*) 'illness of sheep, (T) illness':
qi'dawa :l'M!,(JJ (K.Lt) 'look up with devotion,
be devout'·, from Amh. qaba; also in Te. qiiba 'a disease', Tna.
'anqii'dall'a 'look out, lift up (the eyes), look qaba: passed into Cushitic: Bil. qiiba 'illness'. See
up with devotion , be devout'., also qabawa.
'-nqa'<iJw 'one Who looks upward (with devo- qabu :1'0-, (Lt) qiib :1'11 'corn measure, (T)
lion), devout" ,
rations' ;
-
418
qbl 419
•
from Heb. qap 'measure' through Gk. kahos (ge~. 'helmet ', Syr. quhbafQ, qub<ii 'hoOd', Aram. (Elephan_
abball (U) 'vestibule'; qab"a
kah,'ll); also Ar. qabb (Dozy). Aram.-Syr. qabba, f
tine) kb 'cap, helmet'. For the Hittite origin of this
Md. qa"a. For {he Egyptian origin of Heb. qap, see root, see T.H. Gaster, JRAS 1933, p. 909; E. Speiser qroqabb-U
a, act. part. of taqahbala; qobara "'n.:
(T 11.1) 'become black
dark, be foggy'; ,
bee
orne
•
Ellenbogen 147.
ETHJOPIC: Te. qob 'a measure', Tna. qob 'small
JAOS 57 (1937). 72ff; C. Rabin , Orienlalia
(1963).125.
32 SEMITIC.
. Ar qabi/a 'receive', SAr. qbl, I:fars. qaybel,
. bb I ( d
b ibbel. Aram.-Syr. qa e an. perhaps al,o qoMr (pI. qabiiriil) 'darkness. blackness, fog,
He 'f ~ ccllse' if the original meanmg IS 'go before a
basket (serving as a measure)' is probably taken ErnloPlc: Tna. qoba< 'helmet, hat, monk's hood' mist, darkness due to clOUds glOom "I
from Geez.
Te. qob<~t 'monk's hood ', Amh. q~b 'monk 's cap': ::te [~Oaccuse])', Md;)qbl. Akk. qaMu 'fight' (that
Iness. dust';
qaMrit 'darkness" ,
" e- nom-
Gur. qObl. On the Heb.-Aram. (Synac) origin of G.
qab'. 'NI};, (T.K) qab'a "'110
(yaqbti') . 'facing one anoth:.r '.... , " .._
qoba', see S. Fraenkel, BA 3 (1898). 77, and Noel_ IS, Pfc:Tna. (tii)qabbala receive ,Amh. (ta)qab_ C
E;~~af. (Iii)qibbiiiii, Arg. aqqebbiila, Har, (Iii Iqe.
'smear, smear over. grease, anomt, plaster, SEMn: : perhaps related to Ar. kifr 'darkness of the
deke 1910:37. The root passed into Cushitic: Or.
plate, gild, paint'; mght (\\1th all.manee of q. k, and h. /).
qohi, Kham. qK'ab. On the role of the qob< in monas.
ETHlOPIC: Te. qobar 'darkening of th~ lU'.
'oqbJra (K·), causative; . ::,:: Gur. (tii)qibbiilii. For qabbalii .rom, cpo
tic life, see CouJbeaux-Schreiber 341. Amh.Tna. qabbiila.
laqab)Q, passive of qab>a; also <anomt oneself;
"'(VIii 'precious stone';
qabjj'i. act. part. of qab'a; qabidas
qabilii, qiibelii "'1l11 i .4'1L1I (T.M) 'sorghum'. q.~a (yaqb01, yaqba~) "'lIl1 'collapse, tumble.
qabu" pass. part. of qab'a; also 'consecrated probably corrupt from Gk. kabidarios 'gem engrav~ famt, decline, be disheartened, be in dislre",
through anointment'; er'. q.bli -l>1I11.. (It) 'sou th' ; be. restless, be discouraged, despair, gIVe up,
qab) 'ointment. oil, butter, unction'; from Ar. qabli. reject, repel, abandon, desert, forgel, forsake';
qbll, qabla (yaqbal) "'111\ (T.Y) 'be empty, be
(qab'a za)'1 'olive oil');
missing, be exhausted, be diminished, be in-
(qab~a IQSja, qab01a laslii 'lose hope, despair");
('a,ada qab, 'olive grove'); qobni 4111~ (T.M) 'bedbug'. )aqba~a, causative;
(hamla qab, 'beet'); complete, dwindle, be void';
)aqbala. causative; raqab,a 'despair, (T) be reJected';
qabqaba, 'aqabqaba };"'1I"'0 (K) 'drive a stake
(walda qab' 'Unctionist'); see qab'al;
qabul 'empty, missing, exhausted, incomplete,
qabu~ 'despairing, diScouraged, desperate, one
qJb'ol 'anointing, anointment, unction, chrism, into the ground, plow for the first time after who IS without help';
void' ; the harvest';
Unctionists (an Ethiopian sect that claims that (qabu~a tasja 'despainng').
qabl (It) 'emptiness, void'; qabqab (K*) 'ploughed';
Christ became the natural Son of God by qab4a IQSja 'despair';
qabbiile, same;
unction of the Holy Spirit'; in Amharic qaba- ETHlOPlC: Te. qiibqiiba 'pick, peck (with beak)" qab,'at 'lack, abandonment, despair, despond-
tact:; see Crummey 201l); qablat (K*), same; ency' :
Amh. qiibiiqqiibii 'drive a stake into the ground,
mJqhQ) 'place of anointing'; ErnloPlc: Har. qiibiila 'decrease', GUT. qiibiilii, plough for the first time after tbe harvest'. (qab~ara tasja 'despair');
faqabii'i 'who is anointed'; Amh. kiibbala (with k).
laqab>ol 'unction'; q.bara (yaqbar) "'0<: 'bury'; SEMITIC: AI. qabarja 'contract, shrink', S~ qUJ (from
qbl IT, qabbala "'01\ 'fetch'; 'aqbara, causative; qbf) 'no I to have milk (cow)'.
SEMITIC: Heb. qa~af 'deceive', a transferred meaning taqabbala 'go out to meet, accept, receive, taqabra, passive of qabara; ETHIOPIC: Te. qiib~a 'be defective, despair', Tna.
from the original meaning 'anoint. smear' (see be. welcome, repeat a chant after the mariih; and qabiiri 'one who buries'; qiibii.rii 'lack. abandon, despair', Gar. qiibbiisii 'lad',
low). Har. qaMra, Amh. qJbbd?r ala 'be wanting, nOI be
the tamariihi'
•
(Velat 687); q,bur 'buried';
ETHJOPIC: Tna. qiib>e 'anoint, smear, calumniate', enough', qiib4ii tiis/o'despair' (rrom Gccz). SI.."'C also
'aqabbala (K *), causative; qabar 'burial, funeral, grave, (T) corpse'; qafaba II.
Har. qiiba>a, Amh. qiibba ·smear. calumniate,
blacken someone's reputation', Arg. qebba 'smear, taqiibala (K) 'receive (meet) one another'; (¢a'ata qabar 'funeral');
anoint', Gur. qiiba, Gar. qabKi 'butter'; passed into laqiibabala (should be laqabiibala) 'receive one qabral 'burying' (n); qabtata "'11.,.." (K *.T.M) 'blow a musical 10-
CushillC: Mo. qiipo, Sin. qebo. another' (a reduplicative stem of the Amharic maqbar, maqbar/ (pI. maqiihar) 'grave, tomb, strument, inflate';
pattern);
q.b< .)01111 (Ll) 'kind of plant'. burial ground, sepulcher'; note that maqiibJr is
qabbalii 'meeting, encounter, reception, offer. also used as a singular in meaning; ETHtOPlc: Amh. qiibiilliitii 'inflate a go.lIskin or
sheepskin in order to make a container of it'. S~e
qob< (pI. qob'iitiit, qawiib») "'1111 'monk's ing, Saturday before Lent (two and tree maqbarr (Lt) 'burial'; also qabtl!o, below,
hood, headband, brimless cloth cap, skullcap days), period before any fast of a longer dura-
under a turban, tiara, miter'; tion' ; SEMITiC AI. qabara 'bury', SAr. q~l-br 'be buried ',
Soq. qebor 'bury', Heb. qiigar, Aram.Syr. qagar, qaba!a "'Om (T.M) 'be swollen';
'aqobba'a (Ll) 'cover the head with a skullcap' (qabbalii ~om 'the Saturday and Sunday before Ug.Ph. qbr, Akk. qabiiru, qebiifll.
(denornina tive); Lent, the day before a fasting period (lit.
qabu! 'swollen';
ErHIOPlc: Tna. qiibiirii 'bury', Te. qabra, Amh.
laqobba<a (Gr.176,M.Y) 'cover the head with a 'encounter of Lent'), first week of Lent' qiibbiirii, Arg. qiihbiira, Hal'. qiibiira, Gar. qiibhiirii is either to be identified with qabtata (see abo,ve), or
skullcap, be given a skullcap (as a sign of (Gr.176); 'hide', Our. qiibbiirii 'bury, plant'; passed into Cush. with Amh. abbiirii 'be swollen' (from ~lhr>. for, the
becoming a monk)'; (za-qabbalii 'beginning of Lent'); itic: Sa. qabre 'grave', Af. qarbe (with metathesis). vocalic initial becoming q. see qamab 'hare III
qabbalii (Gr.175) 'accidental meeting, revels, relation to (')arnab (see below), This would repre-
SEMITIC; Ar. qubba<a 'cap, hat', Ar. (Oat) qurbw
orgy' ; qabaro "'OC' (K *) 'jackal'; sent an inverse process since normnlly q Can become
'cap' lwith augmented r), Heb. qjj~a<, koba f , or zero in several Ethiopian languages. Or could
qabbul (K *) 'one who is received'; from Amh. qiibiiro 'jackal'; also in Arg.Gaf. qiibiiro,
G. qaba!a be a misprint for .-hOm ~Ulb!l!d
Gur. q~iibiirii; from Cushitic: Or. qabaro.
'be swollen'?
.- 420
421
q.hlu 1','qb,,,.,,Um ',,", alllKted wllh dr~p,y, qdm
Sf MI lie ' Ar. Kadara. qada/a, qat/a/a, gada/a, and Amh, qadda ·cause. di~rrhea', possibly
(T ) be dl t,'nded (ston\.1ch), ""' IOfta.ted ; !adafll Thcy .Ire dlalcclal varialJons, as arc the EfHIOPIC , m ' al meaning of plercmg the stomach
lQ.Qahwo (I\:.) 'Ix" ,",'own up (SI{lmach) ; r qadim (Lt). 'being before (n), being formerly
dlllCrcnl flhlopliln rools (qa:ara. &addaja). For Ihe from anong h bt
0 II), There is also t e POSSI I Ity 0 (n), beginning';
q:!h3M "afflKttd \\ Ith drop'i)', dropSical. blnwn rt'laIIOn\hlp bCIv./ccn Ihe Arabic and lhe Gcez rOOls Is<'n(Clmg
qadh It. WIth qdh 'burn' (see qadh, below); cp.
uP. , ' qadima 'in the first place, at the first lime In
former days, earlier, before, formerly, soo~er
SL'C Nncldckc: 1910 :6 1-2. ' con
Heb. qa_doha'
.. 'fever.
S[MITlf I rdcnkd 18Q8.75 l,xmn("('l, II with Syr EnllOrl(' Te, qiidfa 'row', Tna qiizdfii, Amh. qth- once'·, ,
;:iifii See also qa:(~fa,
q~M qlt ..,J \'1111~ run I<,~clhcr (lrquld'\. <;c\.·re.
lIOn, )'
h laqiid.~a
qd., k
.,.",.".'!'
be muddled.
(T) 'be confused, be qadimu 'first, at the beginning, earlier, preVIOUS'
Iy, formerly';
f: 1 HhlPJ( r~ rerhars the rCl\lI (l[ qiiM '1IInl'~" \\ a,n- q.d~. I (I'Jqdiihj ."".'" 'draw Water, POur mlsta en,
hcrg 19.1"l( :07 c..,"n('(·I~ II wtlh Tna. qubqll/l/l h,ilii out, empty by wuhdrawing the Contents, POur (za·qadimu 'former, ancient, preVIOUS, preced.
ing');
5"('/1' Lp als\) <\Illh. q·~Jq·,lM alii Into, copy (a sectIOn of a book),; h 4'f:ih (K ') 'pistol';
qah.)1 "'lIf (t.. ') ·prepare. make ready'.
'aq,bha (K), causative; q.d.n c dh 'burn': Ar. qaddaha 'flint', Ar. (Syria~ qadm 'beginning, front,
dence' ;
fa~ade, start, prece.
laqabrabe prepared, he ready, (T.M) he
laqadlta, passIve of qadila; s,w ?k' die flare up' (augmented by r), qardahl
?guns~ith" Heb. qaga~ 'be In deh' 'flg ow, urnb'
ardaha In , k' dl d I b ' qadma (prep. adv.) 'before, in front, in the
'trong, I',e\ all', laqlj,biw (M) 'draw water severally, (Gr. t 79) be
drawn, be dralOed'; Ph 'pl' star ' Aram, qa •.
PbH. 'fqua. a are up, e presence of, formerly, aforetime, at first, first
l(t h<! c/')nhC'Clcd ""th ()f qoppJ..-o 'be read)' of all, previously, beforehand, in advance, east.
.. qad,i111 'drawer of water, cupbearer'; mflamed',
ward'; the suffix pronouns are attached to the
qlbayiMhata "'11.1'''''"," (T Y ~f), q.bayi ... ba- qedult 'drawn, poured, mfused';
II ."n,rm/lm tK'j 'rut at the "pense or llth- qadlt, (Lt) qJdlt 'drawing (n), a sip, a gulp, cup,
goblet' , qdm ,q
J adams (yaqdamj ' h "'' 00'go"before,
b
base qadme.;
('amqatima 'from before, from the presence of,
rrs, ~o unm\lt d from h\lU,e to house, beg'; come be I'ore
' I
precede 'begm,
. ,
ave pnonty, be
qabal4wh/i1l (n, cf p.rtl~lpJe; q"ddiih 'that "'hich IS drawn, excerpt, extract'; first be ahead of, surpass; wllh another ver formerly, before (prep., conj], pnor to, sooner
qudlto 'well bucket', than');
, s 'do first' what is expressed by the
It mean •
llflOPl( i\mh. qdNilTlMMtd, same meanmg While ('Jmqadma-za, 'iJmqiJdma-zani 'previously, for-
() fW I ~() conSIders It a poetical q~nt' form, K i79 q"dltal 'act of draWing, act of pounng'; , b g qadama 'awrado 'he lowered
ver,e.. , first; merly') ;
wtn thll 11 I • JOL"UI...~ c:'prtSSlon, Th/,' form is maqd"It, pi maqiidJh (T.M) 'means of drawing qaddama (M) 'make to be first;
(ba·qadma, see qadma);
Ilrl"lt It IS worth noting thai the meanrng of the
water, vase, water jar'; 'aqdama 'give precedence, cause to precede,
m.'qdeilt 'place from which water IS drawn, qaddamt 'forefathers, anCients, ancestors, men
lretz ypb IS r;\rrcssed In Amhanc b: qaloll'k,i!ii. place first, place ahead, set before, happen of old, nobles';
well, marketplace (that IS, place where profits t" ith another verb or a. nommal
fi rs,w form
qldd. "'1., src qdd, are drawn)'; , h .It ('abaw qaddaml 'patriarchs');
ans 'do first do preVIOusly w at tS
maqdiilll (Gr.179) 'urn'; me, . 'h qadiimiyiil, qadiimayiil 'first fruits',
qidi .... "'. (1\'), qid,' ,"'/. (Il) 'Judge'; expressed by the verb (e.g. 'aqdama nag"a e
maqeldhl (pI. maqdahiil) 'jar, jug, bucket'; qadmal 'precedence, priority, primacy, begin.
foretold, he said previously');
rrom ru qddi. II 0 10 H • qM,. Amh. qadi. &" ning, primordial state, presence';
also q _ St:MITI(': Ar qadaha 'ladle out', qadah 'dnnking laqadma, laqaddama 'occur first, precede,
bowl'. SAr m-qd~l 'cup, vessel', hasten' ; qadiimiiwi 'ancient, first, former, pnmary, east.
qldo 4' .... IT D (l9~) 'molh' ern' ;
E11iIOPIC' Te, qadJ;a 'draw water', Tna. qiidhe, Har. laqiJdama 'precede one another, go out to
o,Umann
lhl noun I qiidahu. Mg. qiidrkiha, Amh. qiidda. Gar qadda,
m"'''''',Ulons ronCC'1 mng Gur qada; passed Into Cushrtlc: Be qedah, Bil.
qa",,~ 'lara
qada·. Stirn. qadda.
~t';
'IlSlaqiJdama (Gr.179) 'choose ahead of tIme;
. ,
qadiimtiy 'ancient, first, former'; ' .
qadmannii 'precedence, prionty, beglnOlng, pn.
mordial existence';
.
"ghl lam); s. Wajnberg 1937b:2 Connects G. qo/am!.! with qala~a II "'"A (T) 'write';
Tna. q~iJiJ;}?~ a/ii 'sci ntiJIate' ; the Geez root would
taqJ/ I alo 'be made h!,ht, be allellaled, be laqalma (K'), passive; then be augmented by m. is a variant of qalama. See also qaJanpe.
<flUTed' , qatami (K'), acl. parI. of qalama;
'aJtaqlilaIa "Jightcn, alJe\'Jat('~ make ea~y~ coo- qJlum (K') '"nlten, stained'; q.l.m~eda, qalam!idi, qalimitedi "'"9"m..Il I q"alapa -alIA (T) 'bind, tie, imprison';
•
"dcr hght, betillle, <<'IHemn. "'om, desplS<, qalam (pI. 'aqliim) 'ink, color, inkstand, pen, tM"m.1! 1 "''''''l.m..Il 'twigs, brushwood, SEMITIC: Grimme 1914:261 connects it with Ar.
rellk, Il'I'at hghtly', reed, stalk, leiter, words, (K') knowledge de- (KG) euphorbia'; qaba/a 'tie the shoe'. The root is related to q-alafa 11
9aW (fem. qal/tilt 'lIght, ea,y, ""ft, rapid, ri'fd from books', 'Iock, close'.
small, !ll1nOr, of small lalu.· (:aqa/am [1I] 'colored'); from Gk. klimat ida, ace. sg. from klema/is 'branch,
(1)0''10/'1 •.... sdy·). ~lne branch'. See also qa/amseda,
'aqliim (pI. of qalam) 'writing materials'; qalpapa I "'AAA, same meanings as qa/apa I,
q,I/Qi,- 'hghtne~\, hght-hear1edness', q,lmat 'statn, blemISh'; with reduplication of Ihe last radical; .
'l'1..bt.,a -l>A11l-l-6- (K') 'pond, water hole
q>/lal ·lightn.,s, I'" G, 169) .,,,flne,,. raptdl- is related to qarpapa
tl Sl\{Jnc Ar qatam 'reed' (from Gk. ka/amos, kala. IWhere sheep are washed before being sacri- . . (below), with alternance I:f.
mi, see Lokotch. no. 1023), SAr. qlm 'calamus aro- /kedl' ;
>'''11>10, In ha-'Oql>lc (lIt 'boeRy, summanlv', mattC, Md qaimia. The Greek fonn is reflected qalpapa II "'AAA (T) 'accumulate'.
""''1/a!, one IIho facilitates, one \lho hghle~s, 10 AfJ,m. qu/mos, and In Syr. qiJliimii.r. According to
lrom Gk. ko/ymbethra 'swimming pool ' through • •
one "flo Alk\lates', Chr.·Ar. qU/inba,tra.
Fraenkef 246, Ar qalam 'reed' is borrowed from qalp.ppo "'AA~ (Sw) 'watermelon'.
Aram qulmos. while Noeldeke 1910 :50 derives Ar
SUllO( Ar q.:lla qll 'Il< Ilgh., b< 'mal/', SAr qll jalendes, qilindes, qiiliindewos ",1\,1 J.'..II 1 :"" wo~ld' it be a misprint for mall!al!po'!
'!<ttk f<~ s<"l q<! I "" ,mall' Heb 'la/light, I
qlliam from G. qaJam. Tt is possjble that the mean-
mgs of Geez 'in k, color' are to be separated from I,n , :l'O\11.9'11 (Gr.170) 'calends, first day qalpawa ",AAID (Lt), same meanings as qal-
of the month',,
pappa
• ••
I.
qlql 430
.
q.Uat
~'~1!~'~~~~~=:~~:::=~______~4~3~1~_______________________
qlql r. qalqala 4>A4>1I (K ') 'mix up, confuse,
"
q'alq'ala r 'tA't1l 'brandIsh, agitate, shake, from Cushltu;: Be. kama 'ncdla('c' OJ!lmann 417
q.liriqos :"llt4l1l (Gr.170), qalirakos 4>lll!> q,liwqi :"~w-.4' 'owl';
lI(Lt) 'clergyman, priest'; ~ugge~ts, with resen-allons. Syr qiimii 'hll, munlc',
\ Ibrate (spear, st,ck; tr. intr), throw (a spear)'; see gJlawqa, from Gk kin/OS. See aho Reima
'aq" alq" ala, same meanings; from Gk. kl€rikos 'clergyman'.
qol.w!i 4I1IW-lI (T.M) 'mother monkey' qim t'l"; see ql'lll
to be Identified with qlql II, ·anqalqala 'move, shake.
sv.mg " qalasa (yaqlas) 4>1I1I (K') 'bend down';
q.l.wt,monos 4>f\w-:""'<:'1I (0 1402), qaliiwta. qoma 41 00 , qom 41'1"; 'ee q,r",
q'alq'ala II 'tA't1l (T K) 'bring down, send
laqalsa (K ') 'be bent';
raqiilasa 'fight, wrestle, contest'; monos </>~w-'''''''<:'1I (K) 'weeping, mourning', q.m~a I (pqmaio I 4>'1"", 'eat gralO or other
down, (n go downhill, hang upside down,
Jastaqiilasa, caus. of taqiilasa; from Gk. klaulhmonos (gen. sg. of Idawhmnn) fodder, graze';
turn upside down, push down'; 'weepmg'
laq"·a lq'ula 'lean, lean downward, go down laqiilso 'contest'; 'oqm,,!w, causatIve, also 'feed, 81\e fodder',
(Into a deep place), decline (sun), be lowered'; ETHIOPIC: Amh. qiilliisii 'bend down'. As for G m,'qmiih 'pasture, stable, stall, manger, Crib,
q.laya I (y'qli) 4>1\f 'be deep, (l) search, (T) graZIng place',
q',lqul, qlllqui 'sloping, rolling down, inclin. taqiilasa, lis origmal meaning is that or being bent, (KYMGr.171) search thoroughly, scrutinIZe,
ing downward'; tWisted, linked together, as in wrestling; cpo also penetrate, understand, reveal'; SI MITI(': Ar. qamh 'wheal', qam~o 'eat parched
q',lq',la (It) 'upside down'; Tna, liiqaliisii 'turn one against the other, wrestle', barley or wheal', Ar, (Dar) qamuh 'eal' Dillmann
'aqla),a (K') 'deepen, make deep';
q'alq'al (It) 'slope'; from qiiliisii 'turn, go around'. 417 (followed by Buhl 716, and J Aro, Z[)MG
q,I"j' 'deep (like an abyss)';
q" ,Iq" ,Ial (K') 'going down (n), lowering, de. 115[1963).476) compares Hcb. qrma& 'Hour'
c1ining' , qelasin </III fl.1 , (T) qelisno 't'lll<:' 'silk or qalay (pi. qaliiyiil) 'depth (of river, sea), ocean, ETHIOPIC': the root is represented as qm~ ilnd qhm,
q'.lq',/ir 'steepness, slope, decl,vity';
velvet cloth'; gulf, abyss, pit, ravine, gully, underworld, thus Tna, q"ii~a",ii 'swallow, devour', Te, qlihama,
lower regions, (It) pOol, pond', Arg. qiihuma, Amh. quma (from q~m), but Har
q',lq'allla 'downward, upside down, head metathesis of qila,ros, above. q,lyar (Lt) 'depth';
downward', qamaha 'take a mouthful' The root IS Cllmmon With
q.llat :"11:"; see qll. EnfloPlc· Te .. , , CUShIlIC: Sa. qa", 'eat, chew', Qab, ~"iU qanln",.
Amh"" ," Tna quia)' 'lake " sea'
. . qalay pond'
'chew the rat-plane. Or. qama 'crunch st)melhmg
,qolo) deep and Wide body of water' (from
dry' See also qahama, above, and Su'\sc 25,
432 •
qOJQos qumas 433
•
q.m~a II (pqmii(1! "'9"'" (T. Y.K *) 'produce qmr II, qammara .,.ODt, (T.Y.M) 'count co
fruit' (denominative); qUJll8's "''''1ft (D 1402) 'woolen clothing';
pute, number, divide, separate, (T) pre~are~-
q..1fn!1 'produce, yield. fruit, leguminous. plant'; laqammara (K*), passive; , . h dl'rectly from Ar. qumas (of Turkish orimn'
el'· b',
'aqmiill (pI. of qamll) 'fruit trees, all kinds of qammiiri (GLI72), act. part. of qammara' Vo!lers 1897:309), or through Amh. qumai; also in
cereals or fruit'; Neo-Syr. qumaJ, Tna.Te. qt1mas.
q,mmur (K*) 'computed, counted'; ,
('G,<adii 'aqmiih 'garden l qamar (pI. )aqmiir) 'count, number, calcula_ mis (pI. qamiiya~) "''''I.~ 'shirt, sleeved tunic
q.m~o ~9",f. (K*.Mk) 'disease of the throat'; tion, computation, division, section, cycle" q'aching to the feet' (it is the prinCipal under_
'aqmiir (pi) 'computation tables, canons'. ' re . )
vestment of pnests; see
H ammerschmidt
ETHIOPIC:Amh qiJmmo 'serious but not contagious ,
disease of the throat in which the throat swelJs ETHIOPIC: Tna. qiimiirii 'compute, reckon by the 1970: 152;
considerably and pus forms in the area of infection'. calendar', Amh. qiimmiirii. The verb is perhaps a from Ar. qam[~ (fro~ Gk. kamision 'shirt'; see
A reduplication of this root occurs in Qem. qamqaw. denominative from qamar 'moon' (see below) which Fraenkel 44-5); also In Syr. qumTs/a, Ug. qm~.
q".mil ""''''IA, (K) q.mil ~"'IA 'louse'; serves in the computation. For qamar, see P. Mauro According to Jeffery 243 the Greek noun passed
da leonessa, 1943: 309tf. into Syriac and Ethiopic, and O. qami~ is in all
qamola 'delouse' (denominative);
probability the source of the Arabic noun. Littmann
SEMITIC Ar. qaml.a 'a louse', SAT. qlm.t 'insect qmr III, taqarnara .,..,.ODt, (It) 'withdraw, re-
tire'. 1924:22 states: "Die alten Araber haben das Wort
pest" Heb. qarnal 'be infested with lice', Aram. von den romischen Soldaten in Syrien libernom_
qo/m~!a, ka/maja 'louse', Syr. qalma. Akk. kolmatli;
men. " qanna .,. ~; see qannonii.
related to Heb. kinniim 'gnat', Soq. konem 'louse', qamar .,.ODC 'moon'.
ETHIOPIC; Tna.Amh. qiimis 'dress', Te. qiimii, Har.
Mh, kOllem qamariiwi 'lunar'; qiimis, Gur. qiimis; passed into Cushitic: BiLSa.Af.
ETHIOPIC Tna. q~ iJmal 'louse', Te. qiiml-iir, Amh. qani :1'<; 'melody, melodious song tune'.
Arg.GuT. qJmal, Har. quma)'; perhaps also Cushitic
from Ar. qamar 'moon '. See also qmr n. qamis, Or. qamfsi. See also qamis.
(nasr qunii; see nasr); "
*kilm 'tick', for which see Sasse 13. qumat "'OD-}-; see qwm.
qurniir 4!"'IC (K *) 'gambling'; ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh. qana; see qnw n.
q·.mq·.m ""'9"""'9" (Ll) 'box'; maqiimar, (ll) 'al-maqiimar 'gambling, (Lt) qamtora "'9".,.6- (L) 'clasp, fastener, box,
game played with pebbles';
qeni 'l:t (T.M) 'olive oil" ,
probably from Ar. qumqum 'long-necked bottle', chest' ;
from Gk. koukkoumioll 'jar' (from Latin cucuma); from Ar. qimar, qumar (Lane quoted in Dozy 11 see qamrarii, below. ~rhap~ ~onnected with Amh. quni 'perfume' if the
also PbH. qlJmqum (see Fraenkel 70, Krauss 511), ohve OIl IS meant to be used as a perfume.
404); also Te. qiimaren 'gamblers', Amh. qurnar
'gambling'. q.mma,a .,.oum (K*) 'hold tightly, bind
qmr I, qamara .,.out, 'build an arch, arch over, sheaves, bend'; qane ~1; see qny I, Il.
vault over, frame a house, round off, (T.Y.M)
stretch, stretch out (a hand or a spear in order
*qrns, taqarnasa .,..,.00/'1 (Lt) 'taste, enjoy'; laqamma!a 'sit down, remain ';
taqmii! (K*) 'diarrhea'; qan>a (yaqnii') """ 'be envious, be Jealous,
not to let someone through)'; from Amh. qammiisii 'taste'; also Tna. qiimiisii. See be zealous, be eager, emulate, imitate';
'aqammara. see qamara; also qsm I. from Amh. tiiqiimmii!ii 'sit', liiqmar 'diarrhea'; also )aqna>a 'make jealous, move to envy, incite to
laqamra, (aqamara, passive; also (Lt) 'rise to a rna. tiiqiimmii!ii, Har. aqama,a 'rest on a base'; also zeal, inspire, incite to emulation';
qamis (pI. qamiiyas) "''''I.ft 'shirt'; in Cushitic: Sa. kames 'sit down', Be. kemis.
peak, reach the zenith'; laqiimJ)Q 'be envious of one another, emulate';
qamiin (Gr), act. part. of qamara; qammasa (Y.M) 'put on a shirt' (denomina- SEMITIC: related to Akk. kamiisu . 'bend the knee , )aslaqiina)a, 'aslaqan1a 'provoke mutual jealou-
tive); kneel down, squat', PbH. qam~ii~ 'bent up' (E.Y.
qamur 'arched, vaulted, round plate around Kutscher, Leshonenu 31 [I 967J. I 15-6), Ug. qm~ (Ca- sy, make one another envious, incite to envy';
variant of qami~ (see below).
the central pillar of a house'; quot 509). qanii)i 'envious, jealous, zealous, zealot';
qamar (pI. 'aqmiir) 'vault, arch, firmament, qan>, qan', (K*) qani' 'envy, jealousy, zeal,
qomos .j\'I"ft, (GLI73) qamos "'9"ft 'prior,
vaulted structure, chamber, juncture, (K*) join- qm!' I, >aqam!.'a t,"'9"1'O, (T) >sqam!a>a emulation, ardor';
church administrator, head priest, father con-
Ing of beams, (Gr.4IB) assemblage of beams'; 11+9"'1'11 'till the ground thoroughly, harrow, q,n'at, qan'at, (T) q>n'al 'jealousy, envy, emula-
fessor of the bishop, archpriest';
the basic meaning is that of 'round > arch, firma- put the ground in good order, level a field, tion, rivalry, ardor, indignation';
qommasa (K*) 'become an archpriest' (denomi- (T. Y) knead';
ment. circle, cycle'. There is the possibility of con- native); laqan'o 'mutual envy';
neclmg qamar 'circle. cycle' with q"U II, qomar taqommasa (K .), same; SEMITIC: Dillmann 419 compares the G. root with SEMITIC: BrockeJmann, ZS B (1932). 115 (following
'calculation, computation'. Note that PbH. qamar Ar. qa!a:a 'cut' with an original n becoming m; for G. Hoffmann) connects it with Ar. qmlQ>a 'be
'bUild an arch, a roof' is considered a Greek (kama-
qums.nnii (K *) 'office of the gomos';
n becommg m, see Dillmann 1907:65. blood-red, be deep-red', Soq. qn' 'be jealous', Heb.
ra 'vaulted chamber') loanword. from Chr.·Ar. qummu~ < Gk. hegoumenos (Gfar E~IOPIC: Te. qam!a( bela 'till the ground thorough- qinlle 1 'be envious'. Aram.Ug. qn! 'be zealous', Syr.
Tna. qamiirii 'build an arch', Praetorius 93); also in Syr.PbH. qumis, Tna.Arnh. qOlnOS, See Iy. See also (a)qamlawa.
ETHIOPIC • qene(·)J.tJ 'grudge', Md. qina 'envy, jealousy'.
1879: 100 compares Amh. qambar 'yoke', particu- also komos, 'aqmons. For more details on the fune·
tion of the qomos, see L. Ricci, RSE 22 (1966).95- qm!, II, >aqarnta'a t,"'9"1'O (Sw. in 0 420), ETHIOPIC: Te. qiin'a 'be envious', Tna. qiin.e. Amh.
JarJ) 10 view of the meaning 'juncture'.
98. See also mq ~·s. 'aqam!.>a ""'9"1'" (T) 'be appointed, be used Arg,GuT. qiinna, Har, qana.a; Amb. qiina'i 'zealot',
as a pretext'. taken from Geez. The root passed into Cushitic:
Bi!. qan· 'envy', Sa. qana>. See also qananiiwi.
434
- --~
qannonll 435
qanIY'I'. q.nn,,'a. "'Jh,}' • :"-th''''. (T) qan...-
·il .,.'11,'" \,,1 '" myrrh, galbanum'; 'pu,t )o I1.~cw clOtlU~S';bPerha.ps Te. ('u)qii"du ( qndl ' lish a satisfying aClion, do penance'
qannot
com P
'('UT', t\r qlnnl1, Noddckc JQlO:4J4 SI~lt("s
9'u.!' I-e contc'btt'h c. satisfied, be satisficd Withl
Oll.~ S .ac li.~I~,S ,or c aVIO~ ~ .become haughty'; Tc
ac .
denominative);. '. q'.n~ ""'')lI', (Lt) q'.~ """)l\ 'flea' ;
( nana 'receIve penance, SEMITiC: probably Ar. amos' . ,
"m~n '" unk nhnc wCfh::rc... :lnncbmen. das Wiler (ta)qnnnuga be coquclIIsh IS considered by L . /Oqan . , ,
It; q>",fUl.H) 111 aC'n Arahem gdommcn lSI, W('nn munn-Hofner 753 an Arabic (qafliga ) loanwo~~~ Gk. kanon 'eccleSiastic law, decree ; also Ar. (from qm,) 'small bu/ (W . 'Ms~~~)onsect , Sh. qies
8ll~h nllr nachwC"I"'C'n hCh" da ..... Afrika G<ll~anum Sec "Iso q-"dw. from -nfin- in Ethiopic : Te. qafJona, Tna.Amh. ETHIOPIC ' Tna II" • ... •
('r1Cu~('n und .}llhfUhrcn konuc" s~r.nnonqo" . The root passed into Cushitic: Som. qii- Amh A · -~g an". q iJn~, 'flea ', Te. qas qat
q-.nra, (pl. q"''''/JZOI, qaniif;,z) .,...·t-.;11 (K') qa from ' rg. qU~.;)9t;Q, HaT. qunii.{, Gur. qanuc; ci~rive·d
• qn'. '.qn.'. 1.:"')0 (I fl. '"qQ". h:"')h (II) q.nr.z :"'}'i:1I, (T) q.nruz :"14-11 'hed~eh niin. be d q.an~.r~ Jump, leap' (see above). It ~ould also
'put In ~'!{l()d ordl'r'; porcuptne' : og, enve ~om the related rool qnr, qnfl ' Inch'
FlHlOf'/( qdn'"
Tllll, "0(" stralghf. Te . 'Oqll.l'u prohably from Ar. qwifud (with d > z) as .
q".an iinacst tt'l)q.:"; see q WIarnana(Gt.
~~;J~~el~o6~t. ;~~h) ;~rious
e Ethiopian iang~~g~s.
see
q.nanomo, qanan.mo .,.C;.,..... I "'C;"'I"; see Q - ' . e root also OCcurs in Cushitic .
·~tr:Hfthlcn'. '\mh c.;Ut qi'UIflf1 'he "{m1ght', liar Tc ,Tna. q,mjM. The rool also occurs in Heb. q1iJ _; . ab: qun,9'.ta 'mosquito', Cerulli 1938a :78 connect~
Q(illlJ'f1'dlTcct (lnt'q'U, N- wcJl.-m!wncrC'd' For more Syr. qUI'Poda, Md. qunpud; from qpd of Heb.~~~: qaniimomu . It With SId. koreo, Gan kaniiko Kham .
dC-lath. '{"(' • ('s/all IQ7Q-48,C; , . , . qemsa.
(goonf back to qpd, qjd) contract, roll up', The
LrhlOpIC nOUIl passed Into Cushitic: Be. kun/ed S q.nanomon ",C;"'I"", qaniin.mos "'C;")'I"i1; see
qMomomu.
q an~al. '*'')l\/\ (Y.M) 'spread, SCatter';
qU/!fid. Sec on this root Wagner 102. ' a. ETHIOPIC: Amb. qll'iiniiUiilii 'scatter. disperse'.
q'anag' .t.~1' (tt) 'thorn'. qananiiwi "'~C;'I! (T) 'zealous, (tt) hermit'; q'.n~1 (pI. q'ana~al) """)lI'A 'fox, jackal';
qandil (pi qalldil.il. q,m,iJd) </'')Jl,1I 'lamp, connected with qan>a, above; or could it be bor-
S3n('tuan htmp. lantern. c\treme un(tion', qan(.)mo 'l'J'I", see q."amomu. ETHIOPIC : Te. qanSaI 'jackal'; Amh. q14'ans()/ 'fox'
rowed from Syr. q3miniiyd 'Zealots'? There is also from . ?eez. Brockelmann 1950 ;25 considers it ~
(mll'thtifa q""dif ' Ritual for the unction of the possibility of rendering it by 'Canaanite'. Cushltlc loa?wor~; Bil. q14'anJalii, Kham. q"'Wjelii.
q.num (pI. ·aqallim) :").9" 'hypostasis sub-
!he ~onne.ct.lon WI!~ G. qana~a 'j ump', Ar. qanWjo
rh(" SId... prlt)tfS lor txlrernc un,tion'); see stance, essence, divine nature" , '
rJammtr~hnlldt. In As,ralg·Krtiger 260; q'.nq'.ne """)""); 'woodworm, moth';
(anqWana 'be worm-eaten, be moth-eaten' (de- hunt (ongIOally Jump upon'), as suggested by
from Syr qimum > Ar. 'iqnum, 'uqnum, qunum, Hommel 379 is doubtful.
ctthcr tflr'lX'th" fri'ml Gk Ictmdll,· "lamp' (from I.at.
cll1tdrlo) or Lhroui-!h -\r qiJJ:Ji1. A\.'Cordmg to Fraen- - -
q.lnamomu, qananamu, qaniinamo, qanan;}mon,
nominative);
q.~riiho :"'lI'6-11' (T.M) 'deacon'.
111 Q'. til; I,;olldtll ). Aram ..s~·r 'Iaudi/a > Ar,
W
ETHIOPIC: Tna. q"'anq 3n 'woodworm', Har. qinqiii
qa",m qinamon, qanmos, qaniin.mos :"C;'I"oo- : 'I'~'
'earwig', GUT. qanqan 'wonn that eats wood'. The
')- : "'n'l" i .,.C;'}'I"·t , :#'J'I"" , 'l'J'I"1l I q.n~iit :"')l\"" (T) 'perfume';
noun is derived from 'gnaw away' expressed in Te.
qondari!is 4' 'I f,(rfnll (" 0), qondori!is .,.'tIl.? 'l'C;,)'I"Il, (K) qanmoD 'I''''I"} 'cinnamon" , qiinqiino. The denominative 'be worm-eaten' Occurs ~robably Amh. qanrOf 'luxury', yiiqJn!Of aqa 'luxury
mil IT), ,I r,'pr<r «'In. from Gk. kinnamomon, nom , acc.sg. 'a Superior in all the above-mentioned languages. The rOOl also Items', e.g, 'perfume'; or could it be a misprint for
s« "fId,iurlls kmd of cassia'. For the Semitic origin of the Greek occurs in Cllshitic: BiL qunquna 'moth', Be. qunqu- qan'al? (W. Muller). See also qantawa, below.
noun, see LIttmann 1926:417, Masson 50. The root ne, Sa. qanqane.
qondori!h "") .... (~/Itll tll 't>read made of lhc occur<; 10 Heb, qmnamon, Aram.Syr. qiiniimii, Amh. qanata (y.qnat) 'l'H' 'put on a bell, gird on';
k'<'ds of the plant called mU~ll tn Amhanc, qiinan:m1OJ. q'••satige "".,i1"1'1. (T.M) 'sponge'. 'aqnala 'gird, put a girdle around';
(i ) d"CUIfa-nuJlet' laqanra, passive; also 'gird on';
qiinamon ,4>')'I"J: see qanomomu. qa.a," (y.qn.~), qanna~a 'I'~l\, (0r.178) qan,8
4'JK 'leap, spring away'; qanGti, act. part. of qanata;
q ''''''', '"q ·.nid .... "'''\'f.IJl, (T) l.qlUlid .... qanmos 'I',)'I"i1; see qaniimomu. )oqna~a, causative;
q;mut 'girded';
++"f.1fI (T) '~trut, wall. In Ii haughty or q.niil (pI. qmiiml) 'girdle, sash, belt (serves as
laqfmlqa (K''o 1430) 'have the habit of leaping,
C'OnceJled "~l, (T) '"'pres nl!for through o.)d" q -~imat, q-animat, q -animat, q -aoamat vestment of the priest),; see Hammerschmidt
spring forth, leap upon';
I} mOllons (e g, b) !;tling sh<'rt, qUid ,lcps)" .....C;oo,.,. : .,...C;..,,.,. i tC;..,..,. i '*'~..,,.,. 'mon, 1970:153;
5C'(' q.,a,ulal'd
e} bag, purse', 'aslaqiinasa (K 0 .0r.I78) 'make leap, make gal-
lop' ; maqnal, maqannal, magnali, maqannali (T.M.Lt)
'belt' ;
q·.nct'}1 "Jf.f
tOl{
(K), ....
.""11,1...." be proud, be haughly,
sec pn-Ull.iJmo
mm·. with
from Chr.-Ar. quniimiyya 'place where cburch ob-
jCCU are kept" derived by Grar 93 from Gk. oikono-
qana,i (Or. 178), act. part. of qana~a;
q'.ns 'ftea' (see below); SEMITIC: possibly AI. (ca)na!!aqa 'gird oneself'.
IllSOlrns'e e,ule "lIn msolen~, strut, glon!')
mui 'management of household'; also in Amh. q"an- with metathesis and emphatization of t to r by
namar. qul/arnat. SrI-tITle; perhaps qama~o 'jump' (Dillmann
Ar. assimilation (Dillmann 443). The connection with
on~lr, boa,!. (n make derogatof\ r<marb. ,450); Hommel 379 compares Ar. qana~a 'hunt', lit.
derrde Ar. qinna(t}, pI. qinnan 'strand of a rope' suggested
qlnnoni .,.P,C;, (Lt) qlinon :#,P'') 'canon, Jump Upon'. The connection with Ug. qn~ 'go into by Rabin 1978:400 is unlikely.
dogma, constitution, rule, rite, penance im- labor, travail' suggested by Fisher 178 is unlikely.
Te. qiinniita 'gird 00', Tna. (tii)qiinniitii,
f"lOOl'l{ A.mh '" ·q·aM<ido·....Uer ...all, ~h.1e 'upplication' ('ee Walker 73),
posed by a priest, devotion (religious), prayer, Em/oPlc: Te. qiin~a 'rise', Amh. qunna![ alii 'not
ETHIOPIC:
Amh. qiinniilii 'put on a belt', miiqiinniit 'women's
Slay quiet', liiq"'na,annii{ii 'be agitated', qiin~a qii"4a
mo\lt1.8 (he entJrc bod),. Iii"' Tna., tQjQ--dltD,e4"'Q' qunnana 'establlsh a canon, impose penance. belt'.
alii 'be frOlic. gambol', Gur. qdnii!a 'jump around,
bounce'.
q".nol '1'<;,.,., q.nnol :,.<;,.,.; see gnw L
I
~DH'--------------------______________________________________________
436 ~q~n~ 437
4""
q_ntl ~H', qonil ~tt; see qny I, II. posted In baule array, (T) archer'. qoy
, - . perhaps Ar'qal':l1
. 'worker . 10 Iron', Md, taqam'O(I,
see qan!as!asa I kef " Heb. . qayln, proper" name,
qanla"a 4>,.,.m (TM) 'scent, perfume' (v); St.\!lTIC
. 'metawor Slon, cult',
qanto,r (T) 'perfumc' (n); lfil/lOIO 'rker in tron ' The connection wIth
qontaste .f>'mflm (T) 'an extremely 10 I 'eda,wo
,!pla," _ hi 'reed'. Akk. qanu,. suggestedby
-,
l'I.1uJd " be for qanfaWD. and related to q~n~at , . . w Pace'
Hob. qanr( . doubtful. Rabm 1974 316 connect;
SE\tfTlCAr. qanii (q"v) 'acquire' , S'r
~ ,"\
'H evL
qana (q"YI '~uy, acquire', Aram qfl\', S)r q~nO:
- • qfll.
qan!as!asa 4>'mflml'I (Y.M) 'be arran e . .",hler 843 IS .
qn!b I, qan!aba 4>'mO 'pierce, nip. cut off the ballle array'; g d In K anaya, and kin. ", Md. qna,:h qn,·, Ug. qny 'posse,,' ICaquot 457).
It wIth q. Amh. qannJK-"ar 'the nails with which
tl'P, (Gr 178) wound', Akk. qanu. For the meanings 'buy' and 'dominate'
from Gk. katoslatos 'one who has been arran ' ErtflOPIC cified' is laken from Geez. cpo Amh. gii::a 'buy, rule, dominate' .
q,lnloh 'piece. segment'; Chn st was cru
q,mlohi (T) 'pIece', baltle order'. See also qan{os!a, abOve. ged In ETHIOP1C: Amh. qdnna 'become a good \Crvant'.
q-lIIebii, (T) 'pIece', qan!a!a ""mm (Y.M) 'strip off, skin'.
,
qnw /I, taqa nawa
.
. "'4>~I»,
d '. (M) taqanwa
hturglcal melo y ,
"'' ' 1» from Geez, even though It has Ihe appcaran(e of
commg from a root wllh a last radl\;al laryngeal.
S"MlTIC Ar. qall'!aba 'cul' (Dozy). Ar. (Dat) qarra- SEMITIC; Ar. qalla (qll) 'cut'· note that G 'Sing '_ (Gr 177) 'cause to sound',
/1o 'CUI' (with augmented r); Heb. also qf!f~ 'stmg' ..
the other Ethiopian '"languages have a r eez and )Q sraqanawa. I d '. qny n, qanaya 4>~f (Y), see qanaya:
001 aug.
- -, me lodious song, me 0 y, tune,
qana
(n). SYf. qlir.lil/!ii 'thistle'; related to Ar. qarjaba 'cut', mented by n m 'relation
. to AT. qU. . I ' qiina.JlQ 'raise a sound of mUSIC, compose qJne.
- 'kind of musICa tune,
Heb. q(irab. Akk. kasobu 'cut off',
ETHIOPIC Tna. qimriibii 'CUI off', Te. qiintiiba 'tear
ETHIOP~~: .:~. qiin{ii{a '~a~~ MO~ Quickly (gannent)'
q,Jnwal
seeqny /I.
poetry, tune a musical instrument' ;
Tna. qan!a!a, Amh. qaua{a Cut (grass, bUshes)' laqonya , taqanara 'compose qenc-poetry,
off, plud.: off, qd¢/la 'plOch', Amh. qiinii!.liibii'lcar separate by leanng' (like qll of Arabic) Th ' chant a qane-poem' ,
off. snap', qimiuYlibiJ 'lake off the tip', qoniibbiilii passed Into , " . erool
Cushilic: Bil. qantat. - t "''i'm-t·• see (qanata i, q.niit.
. . qanawa "f' taqiinaya (1\.1) 'be chanted alternately',
'pmch off a Icaf {wllh metatheSIS}. The root passed
CushlUc: Oil. qantah, Sa. qantab. For the root
qJlle 'genre of EthIOpian poetry wh,ch IS part
1010 qan!awa 4>'mlD (M) 'prick, sting, pinch, (K') -I
q~nn3",a"f' ""'Pol- , qanniwit ol-'i''Pt, sec (qnll' of the rehglOus service'; see Alemayyehu
WJlhoul n, qa./aba, below. The
see roOI IS related 10 suffer dIscomfort from eatmg vanous kinds of
qalafa I (see below). I), qannol. Moges, PlCES 1970, vol. 2, pp.991f; E. Go-
food, become bloated';
del, "La metnque du qane gue,c", Abhar 12
qnlb fl. q_n!.b ~''I'll (T)'that which serves to qan!alVe, qan{awe 'gnawing hUnger, indigestIon qny r qanaya (Y'qni, Yi1qni1yj 4>~f 'acqUIre, (1983-84).117-203: Velat 611f
envelop oneself, wrapper, cover of the ark'; from eating or drinking too much, distenSion buy ;ubjugate, dominate, rule, subdue, tame,
(q.ne miihalet, see fhalayaj, miihJit,t),
of the stomach after eating too much'; , make serve make toil, reduce to SCfVl-
EmIOPJc; Amh qanii{{iiba 'half Cover the head with ~alO" k ') m.qniiv 'modulated poetry, harmony': (Velat
SEMITIC : Dillmann 1907: /35 compares Heb. qr1rb tude, brmg mto bondage, force to wor , (K 54) 'sert :i designer n'importe quel chant
a garment', qJ"uh 'covenng the head and the fore. 'stmg' (n). ._
head partway' create'; . pourvu qu'it soit execute alterneJtht'ment
ETHTOPIC: Tna. qiin!iiwii, qiin!ii{ii 'pinch, sting' (re. 'oqnaya. caus
' Of qanava·
. ' also same meamngs phrase par phrase par les deux partlcs op-
qan!alli 4>'104- (Lt) 'bush with thorns'; lated to q"iir!ii!ii, with alternance of liquids), Te. as qallaya; • posees du choeur: Ie cote drOIt chantant la
[rom Amh, qiJfl{ajfa. same. qiin!ii!a, Amh. q"iinii!!ii!ii 'pinch', qiirii!!ii!ii 'cut taqanya, passive of qanaya; also render ser- premiere phrase; Ie coti: gauche la deux,,:me et
with the leeth', Arg. q"'iinii!!ii.ta, Gur. q".miiltiilii Vice, serve, attend, mmlster to (a person), wor- amsi de suite Jusqu'a la fin';
qan!orihi 4>'tfllt-'i. (T.M) 'rifleman, leader of Har. qonii.ta; passed into Cushitic: Aw. kuntii:x;"a' ship, perform religious services, tIll (Ihe land),
nflemen' , Had . qiin(a>a·kko. For 'indigestion due to overeat., be in bondage, be subject to, be servIle, submIt,
taqanlliiyi (M) 'one who compose, qJne-
ing', cpo also Amh. q"'Jn!an, [rom q"'iiniiyanii. poetry' ;
from Gk. kef/lono" < Lat. rtnturio 'centurion' For pay allegiance';
q"an!ayigu ""J'I"1- (T) 'old dog'. SEMITIC: Ar ('a)qY<Jlla 'SlOg' (Dozy), qarnu 'so~g:
the nouns end 109 10 Hohi. see Tayya 92; also Syr 'aSlaqiinaya (Lt) 'make subJect';, ,
qi'",:mina, Aram. qiintaryan. stress', Heh. qinii 'elegy, dIrge', Aram:.Sy~, qm~
qnw r, qanawa (y.qni1wj, qannawa "'~m qaniiyi, act. part. of qanaya; also master, 'song. chant', qanqtn 'chant' (\1)_, Md. q~nla ,song
'transfix with nails, fasten with nalls, nail, q,nuy (fem. q.nil), pass. part. of qanaya; als,o The root IS related to Ar. ganna (K"Y) sm~
qan!as. 4>'mll 'gather vegetables by nipPing 'slave, enslaved, servant, subject, submIssive:
pierce with a spear, drive a stake into the ETHIOPIC : Tna. qandyd 'sing', qiinqii~ii '~I~~, ~redu:
off, break off vegetables, nip off, pinch, pluck ground' ; q,ne 'servitude, bondage, service, divine serv- plicated root), Te. qana, Amh, (tdiqamla Sing,
off \ egetables',
laqannah'a, passive; Ice, ministry, subjection, task, office, labor, ..
aqanqan . 'singer" , passed into Cushltlc Sa qana
SEMITIC Ar (Syna) qa,taj 'cut, truncate, break', function, occupation'; . 'song'. See also qn .. II.
qannowi (K'), act. part. of qannawa;
E~JOPIC' Tna. q·iin!iisii 'pluck off, cut', Te. qiin- qJnnaw ~transfixed with nails, nailed, pierced q,nyat, q.net 'domination, dominion, subJec- qny Ill, qannaya 4>~f (YM.) 'spend a certain
'~j~. Amh. qilnii"iisa 'cut off, break off', Gur. q"'anii- with a spear'; tion, service, slavery, servitude, bondage'; . ,
UnQ. The EthlOPI(' rOOI IS augmented by n in rela- time:
tion to Ar q{i. qannol, q.nnol (pI. qannotiit, q.nn.wiil, q.nnii. q~nyiit 'servitude, service, slavery'; .
ETHIOPIC T na. qam,aya 'spend
H
, a certain
.. time', from
Gaf Gur
11'01) 'nail, goad, mark of nails, sting, scourge, maqnayi 'one who subjects, one who subJU- .' 'week' Amh. qiin 'day, Arg. qana, . 'be
q •• !os!a 4>'fIlOm (T) 'be POsted battle gates'; qana ' . of Am h. qan ,. 'd ay' from qn'd b
III (Lt) spine, hymn related to the nails of the .. .. The denvatlOn
arrav"
. , cross' ; m'qniiy 'bondage, service, place of servitude'; qan~.. m Hochstehen der Sonne) suggeste Y
mastaqiin.y (Lt) 'laborer, workman'; straIght (vo 2 d btrul The root is perhaps
qaIllOste, qanl,s!e (TKO 1403) 'one Who is q.nnawe 'transfixing (n) with nails, mark of
nails' ,. Praetorius 1879: I~ IS o~'t' . 'oil Qua. k"'ara 'sun,
'"qanii},i, part. of taqanaya; also 'servant, vas- to be compared With Cus I Ie. .
sal, minister (in a church),; day'
438
qoq~' 439
q"lnu "'''11 (GI) 'plailed hairdo':
Sl'C' q".m:a'i. ~ll)" . ."kr:ll (K') 'excrement" ,
qopros "'I h• .,:,om (K·.Mk) 'cackle, netgh':
from Gk. kopros, sa me . q . , kI ' qeqlya, qaqaya -t+f , ++f .bt .
IC ' Ar qiiga. qa'qa'o
S",'T.· _ cae e, qo'qo'o 'clatter,
k nOise', Syr. qOH/ql. SDngy, bt a mIser ~ . ' avancIOU', bt
•
:Q'( ; qo!"'ro!is .",.r:1I\1l (T.M) 'drone. queen bee' btreave': ,spanng with, depnve,
ma epIC: Te. qat bela 'crack aloud', qoq bela
q".nza< I """')111> (GI) 'hock, calf (of leg)': q"aqq".'a 1 ...,....0. (T) q"aqq""a .. .,...." 'bt
• ETHIO ' Tna qo' b"/"
k
'eroa , . a a, Am. h ( an ) qaqqo. qaqa ala
, qlq~V:
a
qiJquy ·av~ricious. !OtIngy, miser'
hard. bt dry, be stiff. be benumbed b G qMo epa 'produce a sound', qa ....qaH-' bo/ii 'make qeq 1, fem. qeqa,.il (It) 'a '. '
F1HIOPIC Tna.Amh. q~olJfa 'calf . ur ~.. and wake up o t her5.'See a Iso q"'-o' 'raven' qiq,yo. qeq'l'O (LI) , t' vanclOU', stingy'
weak, be emaCIated. be haggard' ; . ecorne a nOI"" , , ,
( .. , ", s mgmess. avance' .
qoqoh 'francolin . • 0. .nbala qlq,yo [It) 'un . I '
q "anla- II """')111> (K ') 'pain from a wound': >aq~aqq"'''aca, causative; also 'dry out 'panng y')
sume; , , con· q'qyat, (K') q/qyal 'avance, greed':'
ETHIOPIC" Tna. qan:.a, qan:; 'violent pain ', Amh. q;qel !'</IA, (K) qiiqiJ :l>tA 'small bell,
qdn:a SEMITIC: Stade 19 connce - .
ETHIOPIC: Tc. qiirqii'O 'become wrinkled' A h church bell': 'be cellecled' PbH _:s It with Heb. q"1' (nlf'al)
alii 'be crisp" qaqqa 'dry out (throat, fro'm ~ k' qa SEMITIC: Ar. qaliiqil'small bells' (Dozy). E .' . qowo (q wy ) 'collect"
q"anzi'l (pi q'allliu') """1 11/)t-, q"aniz.' .,...." )' ( tan
.. ) qaqqa 'be d fie ac '32
. d out'. Reinisch 1902 0f :rHIOPIC. Tna. qeqal'ii. ii iho 'be . .'
water, ErnloPIC: q(l. with {commg from qe, ql: Te. qo(iila qlquy 's tingy' (from G' qq . .. stmgy • Amh .
111>, (It) q"anza,. q".nza' l "1"1. , """1"1.t- compares Som. ingeg 'be drying up', Or. gogti .. . . - eez), Amh qllqquta 'be stm.
'nng' (v), Amh. qa{.I 'bell', Tna. qa{.I, q~.1. Fer q gy. a denominative from qiJqqilta 'a\' . .
'lock of hair, rmglet, tuft of hair, braid, plaited
hairdo' , q"aqq".'a II .. .,....0
(K'), qoqq".'a "'''''''0
(l) becoming r in Amhanc. see Cehen 1939:36, '" from qqy ance. greed.
Gurage, Leslau J979 ;xxxlx. The root passed mto
q"aqq",'a .. .,...." (T) ' be perforated all ov I,
SEMITIC; Ar. qU:"Q, qUII:uca, qundwQ 'lock of hair', Cushitic: Kham. qa{il. qar :l>C '''quid pitch, bitumen' :
Ar. (Oat) qur:o'o, On Ar qu:'o, see Landberg bt peel~d. be cleft, be hairless, be covered wi~~
192.1'113 I bltsters ; from Ar, qar, qir 'bitumen', of Aram,Sj'r origm
q.q.no I, qaqanon +4'<;' • 4'+<;'1. (It) qiiqii. (Fraenkel 150); also," Md qir, Akk _ ,
'aq ·aqq".-a (It) 'c1eave, crack, rap knock non !'!'tj1 'swan':
qoppon
<aridal':
"'' 1, (It) qoppos
..
"'' '1 'boot, shoe. wound, injure'; "
rrom Gk. k}'knon, acc.5g. of kyknos 'swan'; also '"
hI ' ,' . . I , qlruas.
P, at. Amh. qor hquld pitch'. Zimmern 60 suggcsb
with reservallons, an Akkadian origin of thh r~t~
Ern/oPlc: Amh . qaqqa 'break Open the egg (hen) I Ar qaqana!s (Dezy), Syr qiiqniis.
while G. qOl'l'un is borrowed from Cushitic (Or. release the chick', qMaqq"o 'crack, take otfthe shelJ~ q"arra 'l.:, q".rr ""'C : see q'rr.
kC'f!£l, even though the tina I -n remains to be ex-
plained (so aho Praetorius. ZDMG 43[1889J.323).
the root IS Common to Semitic and Cushitic; Ar.
qaqaba ++11 (T.Y.M) 'put into a sheath "
qaqab 'sheath': •
q.q.no II +4'<;' (T) 'plotter'.
qori "'t- (KG) 'garden'
q;qer (pI. qiiqiriil, Lt) :l>4:C 'crow, (K) frog':
gahgiih. qlrqub (Dozy) 'wooden clog'. Har. kubkab, for the idea of putting something into some. SEMITIC, from qrqr (for the reduplication, sec Noel. qori ."" (ll), qoru .,,~ (D under q"ros) 'contain-
Te. g>riiqah (from qbgb), GUT. k"iibe; Cushitic: Be. Ihmg, cpo G. ('a) qabqaba 'drive a stake into. Ihe deke 1904: 122), and cpo Ar. qarqara, a verb Ihat er se;vmg as a measure, measure of wheat or
kohO, Som, koh, Had . kobe·e. As for the roots of ground', Amh. qiibiiqqiibii 'drive a nail into wood' flour :
Be. kerkah, Sa. qlrqiih. they are borrowed from expresses (he noises of various animals, Heb. qirqer,
Tigre, Thcre is also the possibility of deriving qaquh from Syr. qorqer. transcribes Heb. kor 'dry measure' ; also Te, qor,
qabqab, a reduplicated rOOI of qbb. berrowed frem EnnoPlc: Amh. q"'ariiqq"iirii ' rap lightly', Amh
Cush,tic: Sa. kabab 'sheath'. Amh, qore 'plate' (undoubtedly serving as a meas.
qoppenil
., ."ASt- (ll) 'breeches" , qaqer 'kmd ,of insect that makes noisc during the ure). See qoros, below,
ramy season.
pcrhap~ 10 be connecled WIth Amh. kuf comma qoqah. qoq.h "':I>1l : "'~Il (0 455). qoqi~,
'Ieggmgs' .
qoq.~ .,,:1>;" : ."~;,, (T.K·) ' francolin': qar'a +CO (K' T Y) 'hit the head WIth a stick,
qqw, 'asqoqawa hll.,,4'w 'howl, lament, wail, (ll) shear, clip':
qappipe
" . +AA. (T) 'chameleon" . SEMITIC, onomatopoetic: Syr. quqanii 'partridge',
Neo-Syr. qaqwiina, PbH. qiiqiyyii. For the sound,
sing a dirge';
lasqoqawo (T). same;
maq,,- (pI. maqii,,-) 'means of hItting the
head, whIp. stick':
probably a mlspnnt for qll$ape, see qoqha, below.
saqoqaw, (K) saq'aqiill' 'lamentation, lament,
• ETHIOPIC: Tna.Te. qoqo~ 'partridge', Amh.Arg.Gur, dirge, elegy. grief'; SEMITIC: Ar. qara'o 'hit', miqro'o 'Whlp', Heb. qaro.
q apara. qopara. qapara -t.A.: : .f>A.: : +A.: qoq, Gaf. quq"agga ; also in Cushilic: Bil. qoq'ii, Be. 'tear', Md. qro.
(D I 395.T K) 'chew on food that IS hard, grind', kok, Kham. qoqayo. See also qoqha and qqw, be. (saqoqiiwa 'ern"yiis 'Book of Lamenlations'), ETHIOPlc: Amh. q-"ijrro 'cut by puncturing a vein In
see qarpapa 'bite, chew', below. low. masqoq.w 'one who chants a dirge. mourner: the forehead'. The root IS related to kMur'o, above.
lamenting, mourning':
q~""rs, q~pros. qepirson, qeparsos. qepT3Sas qeq~a -t~'" (T.K·.M) 'husk, hull (barley or ,EnuoPlc: Tna. >asqoqiiwii 'howl'. Te. >asqoqa q war' """CI> 'helmel, headpiece':
(and others) -tA.C·ll , -tkC'll , -tAci"t1 • wheat), winnow'; fOS
•
q •are, same;
worry, be sad', with the rare prefix >OS, rather than
-tkCMI : -tkCM 'cypress': qeqa~. qeq.& (T.K·.M) 'fine flour, crushed ce- from ·~qqw as recorded In Dillmann 353. For qqw from Amh. q-Jrr in rasa q"i1rr W Muller suggests
qeparJ~nii, qipars;ma. qil!orisna 'of cypress'; real, hull. husk'; expressing noise, cpo also Tna. qiiqiiwii 'cacklc'
Amh (") • the possibility of its being derived from Gk, korys
(r(lm Gk. kypanssoJ 'cypress', k)'porisstnos '(made) from qhqh : cpo Amh. qaqqa 'break the egg (hen) to . tan qoqqa 'make crack' For other verbs 'helmet'.
of cypress wood' release the chick', ( liin ) qaqqa 'break (inlr.. one's e:<pressing noise, see qWti', qoqah, qoq~o. Note that
lImbs), DTW 1203 records G. q"oqawQ in connection with qarab +':11 (KG) = Amh. "mh"ay 'a bush
Amh. siiq"'iiqaw 'dirge'.
having a bitter red or yellow frUIt'
440
qar'd. qaraf. 441
qarb 4'Cl1 (T) 'eyelld';
ETHIOPIC ; Amh. q"arriibii 'receive Holy Co
•
- qurdar
. 'stomach
• . ache';
J qlnn,j
8 \<'l:'ondan form of q~r~h. below. mrn Un· ~Jrual, '.
ion', Tna. q"'iiriibii. The verb in all these langU
. . ,I rom q •Jrb- ages q . d, (T) maqra~ SCISSOrs,
moqra, ETHIOPIC ' Amh. ( an I -arij .. ' _.
IS a denommatlve an. thm stream' (fro~ a ~ ,q? ara POur 'ilo\l,l)' In I
q.rba. qar.ba (pqrab ) "'cn • 4'(,0 'draw rTfe . A r, qarodo
. 'cut, sever, cut olr The root is up JC3led rOOI q-,' )0 q.'1
near, be near, approach. come close, be con- qariibib "'60fliI 'piece of cloth, garment tn t aled
SEM arasa, below. For 'stomach ache' coming
q~~ rn, qii"'~a
e ~Ol ·'cut', cpo Amh. yahod qurfdt.
is not sewn;' a rel t blO ?Cm (K' T) 'b be h
n...·ted. be akrn. be presented, be celebrated rrom qarb (K ') 'heartburn' urn. ot
(Ma"r, qumiisa qariibib (Lt) 'a new roll of WOOlen •
cloth' . , (Y3qr3/) "'t.L 'peel off, skin, bark', ETHIOPIC' Te,' h '
qarraba 'celebrate Mass, offer sacrifices'; qara,l . ra, above qar, a lake fire'; metathesIs or qaJra.
'aqrl1ha 'cause to approach, bring near, bring raqarafa (Ll), pas.SI(ve);.
q".rbiibit rCt(flT 'leather bag'; if 'bark peel n, ariI
closer, present, offer, administer the Holy Sac-
rament, gl\·c communion;•
•
probably reconstructed from Amh. q"JrbabitCa
q"~~r 'bark ,' skin. peel, rind, scale';
q'''J'
q'h <tt<C\ (T) 'one who rides a camel one
w 0 guards camels'. .
'tlqarraha 'bring near, offer sacrifices, admin- same. • SfMITIC: Ar. qara/a 'peel off.
ister the Eucharist'; PIC Tna. qiiriifo 'peel off, Te. qii'/a. Amh . qrm I, qarama (y.q"m) 4'(.lID (K T 'I)
q ".rbin rct('} 'offering, dedication, gift Ermo. -';r. G ., t'b k r .
taqarha. taqarraha 'be offered, be presented'; QrTo/ii, Har. qe~a~a, ,ur. q~'.JiJ ar 0 tree; ma ...
T(.OO (Y) 'glean. harvest';
. ." ,qa"a-
laqiirl1ba 'approach one another, come close sacrifice, Eucharist, oblation, Holy Commun~ q sed into Cu,h,t,c: BII. qa,df, Sa . qa,af, Kham. taqarrama 'glean, harvest',
together. adJOin. be neighboring, have sexual lon, Host' (see Hammerschmidt 1967: 130-2); pas"~
qa rf,. The root IS related
I to qlf; see q'a/a/a I, taqarma (M') 'be gleaned',
•
Intercourse: • qarba q "'~rbona 'receive the Eucharist'; above, and q·arafa, be ow.
qariimi (K 0), act. part. of qarama;
'o.filaqarhl1 'unIte'; 'arraga q"·3rbona 'celebrate Mass';
·-rafa ?i('L 'cut into little pieces. tear, b,te qorum (K 0) 'gleaned, harvested';
·aslaqaraha. caus. of laqoraha;
qariihi (t;. 0). act. part. of qarba;
)akk"'alela q . . 'arbiin 'EuchariSlic prayers,
anaphora' ; ~r:m an oversize piece, (M) pick fruit Or
,.
qarim. qarm 'gleanings, stubble';
qormar (K') 'gleanlng' (n).
plants.
qJruh ·near. adjacent, close. related, immedi- SEMITIC: Ar. qurbiin 'Holy Eucharist', SAr. qrbn q'.rf (K') 'Iegumes and vegetables (such ~s taqriim ·gleanings. crop, harvest';
are, recent; proximity, Vicinity'; 'otfenng, sacrifice', Heb. qorban, Syr. qurbiinii, Md.
potatoes, onions,. radIShes wh,ch are peeled) ; laqarromi 'one who gleans or harvests'.
qurbana.
(q>rub" 'close to, close by, closely, at hand, SE.MITIC: Ar qaranrQ 'gnaw, nibble'
recently. lately, nearly'); ETHIOPlc: qurban. qJrban. According to Noeldeke Sf"ITIe: Ar (Syria) qa,aj'break in two'
Tna. q"·arriifii 'eat, browse, eat the q"arf- ETHIOPIC: Tna. qii"iimii 'glean', Te. qanm 'arable
q~rbar 'proximity, closeness, union, viCinity, 1910;37, Ethiopic and Arabic qurban is taken from ETHIOPIC:
. . , Syriac qurbiinii. See also q"'araba, above. root', Amh. qWiirrii!o 'bite from a~ oversize piece'; land' (probably 'gleaned > arable'). Amh qarra",.
nearness, annexation, connectIOn; 'glean', Arg. qiirriirna, Gur qnriimd; passed IOta
Tna.Amh. q"a'j'kmd of potato-hke root eaten by
q~ruhaH'i 'one who is close'; qardu I .,.C~ (T) ·hiIl'. Cushitic: Kam. qarmf·ta 'gleanings', Sam qarmi.
monks and ascetics'. See also qarafa, above.
maqr~b 'one who offers'; See also qarmay,
maqrab, maqr~b 'near, neighboring, relative'; qardu II "'C~ (T) 'precious stone'. q'arif -ltt;: (K*) 'one who has long ears';
maqrabi 'one who brings near'; qrm n, taqiirama "'?(.lID (K') 'buy an ox
from Amh. q"iiri/o, same.
m.qriib 'nelghborhood, vicinity, objects q.rd :"CJ!:, qard 4'CJ!: (T.K*) 'monkey'; jointly and apportIOn its meat among those
qorih, qurih "'6011 4:6011 (M); see qrlr I. who paid part of the price';
connected with offenng, vessel for incense, from Ar. qird 'monkey'; also Amh. qJrd. See also !
censer, tray. pJace from which to come near qardiniir taqiiriimr (K '), act. part. of raqiirama;
(e.g. waIting room). entrance'; qrh, I, qarr.~. 4'Crh, (Y) q.r~a +Crh, (1I) qmllat (K') 'act of bUYing an ox jOintly and
laqar~bo 'approach, union'; q.ridin (pI. qariidiniit) :"60"l."} (D), q.rdin :"C q'arr.~a "Cm 'shave, make bald', apportioning it';
.II"} (K ') 'field mouse'; qarrii& (K') 'bald';
SEMlnC; Ar, qaruba 'be near', SAr. qrb, Hars. qireb, ETHIOPIC: Amh. (Iiijqiirammatii 'buy an 0.\ JOintly
from Ar. girdiin 'rat' (Hommel 364). qar.h, quriilr (T.M) 'shaving the head (as SIgn and apportion it', Tna qiiriimiit 'the buymg of an
Heb qii,ap, Aram.Md.Ph.Ug. q,b. Syr qJrag, Akk. of mourning)';
qerebu ox jomtly and apportionmg it', The Gecz form
qardiniit (pI. qiJriidiniit) 4'C"I.'IT (T) 'monkey'; q",,&ar 'clipping (n), shaving, tonsure, corona- taqarama gives thc Impression of bemg a recon.
ETHJOPlc ' Te. qorba 'be near', Tna.Gur. qiiriiba, see qJrd.
Amh. qiirrOhii, Arg. qiirriiba, Har qiiriiba. tion' (on the occasion of coronation the hair is structed form of q~rmtJl. It is also possible to mler.
clipped and burned with incense); pret the Geez form as the ongmal (orm; the Tna.
qariidis "'60"l.fl 'one who plasters the lime- Amh. verbs would then be dcnominatlves from
q·...aba .(./1 'recelVe Holy Communion'; stone'. SEMITIC: Ar. qara~l
'land containing neither watcr ·qiJrmiil.
·aq·raba 'administer HOly Communion'; nor trees', Mh. qore~I'shave', Heb. qiir(J~ 'make
q"ariibi 'one Who receives Holy Communion, qara~a, q "ara~a "'1.11 ! "'t.Il 'lacerate, tear bald'. Aram.-Syr. q"a~ 'be bald'. qarmeIos 4'C"'I.11-f1 (T) 'Iush forest';
one Who has vowed not to divorce his wife'; away, cut off, shear, shave'; ErnloPIC: Amh. q"'iJrhat 'tonsure' (from Gecz).
q".,biin. see below. perhaps a transcription of Heb, kormri through i:l
'aqrarja (K*), causative;
qrlt II, qar~a "'Cm (T.Y.M), qa""ha +Crh (KO)
Greek form.
SHfiTIC Chr -Ar, qarraba 'administer Holy Com- laqarrja, taq"'arrja, pass. of qarQ(!a;
mUnion' qariirji, act. part. of qararja; also 'barber'; 'drain off, empty a vessel. drink to the last qarmiiy "'C"j!, (T). qarmay "'CtlDj!, (1I)
qarurj 'Iacerated, shorn, shaved, cut 011'; drop. go uninvited from house to house'; 'briar, weed, oats';
qarriih (K '), act. pan. of qarriJ!Ja;
to be denved from qrm ( 'glean'
qlrm_u_ _ __ ~
._.-- 442
qlrna w
443
qlronl', q,>rm., "'COO1/ I :t-CV"1/ (D 1401, qrrnr 4:C)" see (jernefl, -
T h:. Ml ',carle!. purple, kmd of re'ilnous q'rr
}nqoro,, q--,Jr'o, Har.".~
anql4rorahli;
Th T·also in Cushillc:
J:'lant u!'rd I\l make lon:hc,', q"arinu <&~). (T M) 'precious Slone', Or. qa rarit , Mo. in grancce. e Igre root passed E:~'fI~PI~:. ~~a,
qtirqiirti 'steal', and perhaps Amh
qomla:,1I',' (II) 'kind or garmenl or purple
W, Muller suggests, wHh reservations, a loa
• 1010 Oil, q"'ariJ<.
q araqq ara hurt, injure' See al~o /c-ar/c"'ar I .
I.'oll'( ,
from Taml' kuruntlam 'corundum', Hindi kl4~:~rd qatn aw "'C~""; see qarna/aw.
rrom Ar qmni: -~'3U{'U' lmq"t'{),. qirmr:irr ·I..:nmso~. q,"rq"r IV, q"arq"ara <tCt..: 'make a founda_
scarlel', fwm Pc-n.ian (l{ S;tnsknl (lmmyaJ Or!' qarnab "'CHI (K' Mk) 'hare';
q"eniwi ."t,t;''I! 'uncoulh. rustic. deSlitule'; tlO~; be!1O t? settle a country, build a city';
lun also Amh q~rm..l."'. S> r qrrmt:. taq arq ara be rounded (a cily)';
a rare case of q for· jf It is to be compared 'h ( mAr. qarawiyy 'rustic'; also Syr. quryiiyo. (Dill-
'mh. ThiS would have to be consjdered an l'nvWJI ~~nn 429 has quryiinci). related to Ar. qara (qwr) 'make a round
SOU,TlC:
~Ie, Heb. qar (qwr j 'dig' For the relation
qar.nl .,,(.) (V) 'gr,,,, horns, haw horn" dig
process, Smce normally q becomes " and not crscthe
\.\llh the 11("'rn,' (c.knomin'Hlve)~
IQqranll ("-) ',gW\\ horns'.
olher way around. For q.' In AmhariC, see Cohcn
q
"papa ."cAA (T. Y.M) 'bite. gnaw. chew some-
. hard' ;
70~~een Heb. qwr and G. naq"ara, waqara, see Buhl
1939:40-1; 111 Gurage. see Lcslau 1979:lXXX". F Ihmg
t(11j,jr,ifltl "allltd nnC.~ . mother (wlfh the horns), qaflwh in SemItic, cpo Ar. (Oat) qarnah 'hare' T~r ETHIOPIC: Amh. q"iiriiqq"'iira 'found a town Or a
. . I (see above). See also q"'apara.
variant of qa/papa city'.
°rp{)~(' (lnr anlllhcr. resis!, conflict. he ~ontra. rool '~nh OCCurs In AT >amah, Mh. harneb, SyrC .
r\. ne rrfral'IMY, qU;lrrcl. sho", enmuy . 'urn.lQa, Heb, ·arnr~rl. Akk. arnabu, annahu.
q"qar ."C."C (T) 'level and open field. (KG)
(:a),.l(qilrrnn 'adwr"'M '1.
boulder. heap or stones'; q "rq 'r V. 'anq 'arq "ara "')t.C<&~ (K ') 'pour
'Q..<;foqarann (1\'), l"IU-.atiH of laqiir'lfIQ ~ q"n.b. qarn.b. qarnab (pI. qariinabt) -PC')1) t slowly in a thin stream'
"'C,)<fl : "'CHI 'eyelash. eyelid. lop or an ear ETHIOPIC" Amh. qiirqiir 'c1jff'. •
qom (1" 'lJqrJnl) 'h",n, Irumpel, lip, poinl, ETHIOP.IC: T.na. q"iirq"iirii. 'anq"'iirq"'iirii 'pour
(") ~m"," or
POWeT, mlghl'; of corn' (ror whtch T has also the rorm q'".
n"h) ; q"rq'r I. q"arq'ara <&C<&': (K'T.Y.M) 'rap. slowly 10 a thm stream', Amh. allq-iirtiqq-cir(i, Gur.
(qarna nag~ '1\ r), elephanl IUs. '), aq" ariiq" iira,
knock. shoul. speak noisily, be conrused';
(qorna daM .. 'r:t) "r sun). Tnn qJrnilb 'eyelash, eyelid', Gur qarb,
ETHIOPJ(""
(:Q'Ohadu qarnu 'u",'Mn'), q'"q'ar 'murmuring (n). Shouling (n).
qarr3b, Amh.Arg. q3ndilb, Gaf qand.Jbii. For rll lid q 'rq"r VI, 'anq 'arq "ara "')t.Ct..: (K') 'sing
, quarrel, argument. (T.L) commOlion. agita- the zema-song';
qaram ("') ',callle) that 8r,'" horn,', 'C. Praclonus 1879:78; Cohen 1931380, The root ,
lion;
magr n m.zqr"/J (pi maqtir,Jn/) 'one who has passed Into CUShlllc: Kham. q3rnib. See also qarb.
q'arq'aro (K') 'shouter'; for the expressions for noise, shouting, Slngmg, see
hllrns t one" ho fighl' "uh horns. adversary; q"rq"'r 1.
trumpeter'.
qarnalaw. qarnaw "'CHIID--: "'OID-- (T.M) 'per- laq"'arqWar 'murmur, grumbling';
fume, scent'.
numoqarJn \'pponenl. cnem), adve"ar). (1I) SEMITIC: Ar. qarqara expresses the noise of various q"araq"ar t..:t.C (K') 'whitish Spots ap-
c0nrradlctor) . ETHIOPIC: perhaps Amh. qtJrno 'smeJJ of a bone or animals, PbH. qirqer 'cackle, cluck', Syr. qarqar pearing on Ihe scalp';
hom In fire' 'cackle'. For qr expressing sound, cpo qr (Ug), qr'
faqlJlam 'ud\rrsary ("'PPl'slng t resisting, Con from Amh. q"iiriiq"iir
trar,', Contra\(
4
'call, read' (Ar.Heb), qr' 'knock' (Ar),
q'.rnimit <&Ct;'''7.). (Gr,419) 'purse'; ETHIOPIC; Tna. q"iirq"'iirii 'hammer', Amh.
'uf/arallo 'stnft. enmlt\', qarqis, qarqes "'Ctll I "'C'II1l 'circus, (TK)
Identified with q"Jnamat. above, with Inserted r. q"iiriiqq"iirii 'tap idly and slowly', aqrarra 'sing war
[MTTI( r far" horn', ~1h. qon (pI qarjilf), Heb songs'; related to Te. qiirqil~a 'knock', and G. chess. Ihe giibii!a-game'.
'if'f'I, ram ,S\T qaNlD. ,\ld, qam", Ph,lig qrn, q"arnen, qornen, qW'irnen, q"irnin, q"arnin toe ('onjg"arg"ara 'murmur'. See also qaqer, above, qarqisiiwi. qerqesiiwi ·player. chess player'.
I " 'larna "VtJ, ra\ of sun' cpo Hoh q"'tn, Ar
qdrllll·J~J.mUl
n , "C1') I !tC1,) : -tcn I ""'cn (0 and q"'q"'r VI. qarqesa (T) 'play chess' (denomlnalive).
1402,Gr419.T K') 'carved dagger. sword, dub'; from Gk. kirkos 'circus', extended Into playing
EnuoPIC 11'1a qQrm '110m. Te qiir, qdrn, Har Gur q"rq"r II. q"arq"ara -tC<&': (K') 'g"eve, be
9w Amh A" qtl1u/. (hf qtl1u/J ,om,
bdd to qa,.
(ror qdnd qarn Ott Praelonus 1879 7: Cohen
from Gk, kor.'nin, ace, sg. of KOr)me 'club'
unComroriable. be angry. be upset. be in an
uproar' ;
games; also PbH. qirqas, Syr, qiirqilSci, Aram. qlrqcis,
qernen. qornen. qerne 'IIC1,) : "C1') : '110 (0 q"rr, q"'arra, q"arara (yaq"'rar) t l : «ll. 'be -+
193/ J 01 (null, '9SI conncels S<m,IIC qrn laq'arq"ara (K') 'be grieving. be unCOmrOrl-
1402. K') 'rOUnlaln, pond'; cold, be cool, cool down (anger). subSide
"Hh (UdUIIl 1\1 qlUi) r r the Geez meanmg$ able' ;
(fire)';
'contras.t.. rt'.iI 1. ad\"erSlr'} '. and so on, Iraruferred from GL krrnin, acc, sg. of krene 'fountain' q'.,qllr (K') 'sad. grieving';
meonlllgs r"llm 'li~hl '''Ih honu. ep also Amh ·aq'rara 'cool off, cool (anger). appease,
liJqtIrr/inii E .ptn ~ n8"'I, opflOS<' qarnanii· "'C~t;'6 (K'j; see q'arnana'iil filrq"'ar (K.T) 'sorrow, anger, vexation, rerresh' ;
commotion, uproar'; q'arr 'cold (n). coldness, (OT) hell, depth'; see
q"rn. •.... q·iranl "Il"'~(.) (1.1) 'hind 10 q"arnanacit, q"'arninotcit, qWaninacit ct.C~~q+ ETHIOPfC: Tna. q"iirq"iirii 'be sad', Te. qiirqiira 'be also (na/na/a) , na/nil;
p.urs I <tCl,,),}.). : <&t;'~'l.)., (K') qarnani • ."C)"" gneved', Amh q"iiriiqq"iirii 'cause to be uncomfort- q"arir (rem, q'arr.r) 'cold, coo/';
'rrog. (K') snair, able', taq"'ii,iiqq"iirii 'be restless, be discontented, be q"'"ar (LI) 'cold' (n);
ETHlOPJ( 1m q·"r01l!lJ 'bjnd A.l' things together' thoughtful, regret'
Amb q'aral/Jld' had Ie'. Har qzuaMa lifa, Arg, St,"unc Ar qlrra. qarra 'frog', Aram, 'aqroqto qorar (LI) 'ice';
Mjq'6ratiltd, Gur taq"rwta
I ETHIVPI(' Amh ,,"'arminaJ qriirnanat 'frog'. related
to Amh. #"q·~,a'il 'frog', Te. >ilnqorilf qora'. Tna. q"rq'r nr, q'.rq'ara <&C<&.: (T Y M) 'pillage'.
q'arur (LI) 'cold' (adj);
q' arrat 'cold (n), coldness'. •
q'''q'" (T) 'looting. pillage'; 'aq"riirt (Gr 174) 'that which cools;
qiriri 444
q"ilrrat qiri! 445
maq"rar, I"') maq"rart 'cooling (n), (K) -
means of c()olmg'; Cohen 1939:242 who compares It with the rOOlqMrr . il 4;tf.'I', (T) q"..ii! </>'6-'1' 'small com'; qa
'be cold' Note thai Tna. has iiiq"raro 'be afraid' from Gk_ k.ast6r{){ _ ,-
mov·rar; (t\.-) 'that which cools'; q" . frat 'small corn;' I Am,
a so hqlrar.
' F raen.
mel 1877 -, gcn_sg. of kustQr 'bea'er' tHorn •
fro~ ~r'd~m:es Ar. qTrti.t from Syr qirJ!a, wrule XXIX}.
S(\(ITlC Ar qorro 'be cold', qorTr 'cold', Heb. qar,
.o\rAm qlirira, S)r qOFTr, Md. qarir(o), For_Ak,ka-
qoriron "be") (T') 'river';
~tI ~O 1897:302 denves It from Gk. k.eratlOn qar.ya I +~f (Y M) 'hit, slnke'
is perhaps the name of a river . follers COl-n' . For PbH qfrf!, see Krauss 566.
dian, Fronzaroh 1965;111, p. 147 records qora~u ar- '~rnall
ETHIOPJ(' Te. qara (qt.}' ' Hay'
dert" taken from Bezold 248 qararu 'brennen ; von
qoros, qorus "r:n , "~n 'a measure'; .b ~C'I'il (D 1403,K'), ,.Iq,,!.b "A:toC
Sodcn QO~ registers K.'qararu 'sich krummen, schlan- qara)a" (Y'q"J 4>':f (".M) 'foretell, mlerprel
eeln", but nol the meaning 'brennen' given by Be- q'" KG) 'kind of tnsect that stlOgs or eats
from Gk, koros. a tranSCription of the Heb. kor rll ( k' omens, predict .by mean\ of magic'.
z~ld,
'measure'. For this measure, see Pankhurst 1970 leal'es and bar ; . , )aqraya, causative;
11:47. See also qor!, qoru. ' , Ar qarlObo 'cut, eat entirely, see also qarQ .. i (K ') , h
SO.IIT~·I ' The ro~t is augmented by r '" relation 10
ErHIOPJC' Te. qiirra 'become cool', Tna. q"iirriirii
. h ' one w 0 propheSies, foreteller
(from Geez), Gur. qorra 'morning frost'. qan lO one w 0 Interprets omens', '
q.....yii :to6-n! 'cherry, (T) perfume'; Ib (see qalaba). also occurs· C h S
qararii .+6-6-, (K.lI) qarurii :l'~6- 'bottle, . In us IlIC' om, qariyun 'one wh\} t'nre.
Hask' ; from Ar. qariisiya. qarii#yii 'cherry', from Gk. kera_ q biJus 4>CmlJlI-n
q.rt. , (KG) 'beehIve, sack of dlcts (he weather'
siii 'cherry'; also Syr. qerasiyii (see Low 151). \I.. o~en palm leaves ;
from Ar qariira; for a possible foreIgn ongm ofAr. qaray. ,Ill 4>U (Y M) 'receIve guesls, gl\e hos-
qara~ "'~1\ (LI) 'tax'; relaled to qar.lOlo? pltaltly ;
qJriira, sec Fraenkel 70-1. Spitaler 1955:215 denves
Ar qariira from G. q"arir 'cold' considered as plural, from Amh. qariir. qiirii-J. q'r!.r.lu 4>C~"-1I- (T) 'container for butter, 'aqiiraya 'offer a sacrifice, conset:rate',
hence qiiriir, wHh a fonn of a singulative qiiriira: oil, or perfume; 'aqii"rQ (OT) 'whole-burnl offenng';
"Glas konnte mit glasklarem, durchsichtlgem Eis
\"erglichen werden wofUr Gk. kr),slal/os die beste qar~a (y.qra~), q "ara~a .,,~'" , </I,~", 'inCise, seems I0 be connected wllh qartalo,
, belo\\ ~EMlTJ(,:. AT ?ara (qry' 'gwc hospllally'. SAr qr-..
.sacnfice (Muller, 196~91), Arom. qrl.;, Ug yn
ParalJele bletet", scar, scalp, engrave, carve, CuI, chisel, shear,
shave' ; Irt.lo, qar!,I, qa'1alon, qar!als, qar!il.s "'C offer (a sacnficc) , perhaps abo Akk. qt'rilu 'ban.
Te. qJront. q~rariil 'bottle', Tna. qiJrar, laqar~a, taqM"a,!a, laq"'ara~a, passive; also 'cut q Ii- ' 4>CIILA , "'Cmfl-J • "'CmAn • "'CII)
~~,
ETHloPJ(" · quet, fesllval' For Heb. qOTa 'flr)'J 'im'lIe to a
Amh. qarura; passed mto Cushitic. Bil. qroriif, Or. off (one's) hair'; (l) qar!alos "'Cmfl-n, (K·) qa'1iilon ."C feast' 1m E., 1: 18), see Rabin, SH 8 (Iq61) 19<)
qarara, Be_ karar_
qaru~, q"'iJru~, pass. part. of qara~a; t1J11'1 'conlatner (for butter, OIl, or perfume),
q>ryiq' :toC!.,... (ll), name of a COpllC
'qorara, 'asqorara, 'asq'arara I\n"~~ , I\n qiJr~ar, q"'ar~al 'inciSion, mark, shape, stroke basket' ; monlh,
<t~~ 'feel horror, feel repugnance, abominate, (of a letter)'; , mGk. karlal/os (acc.sg. kartal/on) 'baskel wllh see k" iJryaq"
loalhe', (LI) dISdain, repudiate, feel con tempI, maqra~ (T) 'scissors'; ,/0
pointed bottom'; also P bH . qU!'_Q,IInI ' woman,~
,
be dIsgusted'; maqar~al (ll) 'stomach ache' (for 'stomach working basket', Aram.Syr. qar(ala rrult ba~ket, qaryisem 4>C!I'I.9" (D l-IOl), qari)>sim 4>(~f,
'aslaq"arara (LI) 'hold 10 abommalion'; ache', cpo Amh. (yii}hod qurtiil, from the rool Soq. qar!eleh, passed mto CushltlC: Sa. kartalo On 1\.9" (ll), qaryasim 4>cyI\.9" (K) 'name of an
saqorar, saq"-ariir 'horror, abomination, dis- qr! 'cut'); SemillC qrtl and Gk. karlal/os, see Fraenkel 17-8, Idol, abominable statues' (Grebaut, Le.f Par""-
gust' • Landberg 1901 '688. For the H,II.le onglO of Heb. poment's 240);
SEMITIC: Ar. qoro~o 'pinch, bite', qarara 'cut In 'agomle 'bowl-shaped vessel used In the templc', see
S>q"rur 'abommable, detestable, vile, ab- pieces', qarada 'c ut', S~. qero¢ 'pinch', Heb. qaras, transcription of the Greek kare.fim which O(t:ur~ In
horred, loath,ome': CRabln, On,nlalia 32 (1963).126-7
Aram.Syr. qara~ 'prick', Md. gr~ 'sting, bile' (by Ihe Sepluagmt, 2 Chronlc/es 35 .19. The Greek
masqoriJr. mQ.liq"ariJr 'abominable, destestabJe. diSSimilation of q-~ > g-~), Ug. qr! 'shape (clay 1010 ql'!alon. qa"iilon "'Cmfl-J : "'ClI)fl-J, see noun is a corrupt Iranscnptlon of Hch, qJJdim
one "ho feels horror, one who abommates': an effigy), bue', Akk. qarQ~u 'nip off', qanalo. 'sacred prrsons, temple male prostitutes' (G, Salm-
ETHIOPIC Tna qiirii#i, q"iiri4ii 'cut, make an inCI- ger drew my attentIOn to thiS IOterprel3tion given m
Dillmann 353 records It under sq-,,-; Brockelmann
1928_495 hkewlse suggests a root sq~rr and Com- sion', Te. qiir~a. qiirra 'cut off, chop off, Amh ql'!.ls, qa"il,. "'CmAn , "'CIlIAn, see qar- L. Curtis and A.A Madsee, A c",iml and tWKetirl11
pares It with Syr. s.1qar 'hate', HOYt'ever, a 4.radical q~iirrii!ii 'c ut off' (related to qiirrii!ii 'sharpen, 1010. commtntary of tht books of Chro",dtJ [New York.
sculpt '), Arg. qorrii!ii 'cut', HaL (a)qiirii!a 'be shon 19101, p.516). NOle Ihat Heb. q,defim " corrt<:lly
root ,{q"rr with the morpheme a· of the causative
or, Gur. aqq~arriirii 'interrupt, take a short CUI', q.'!ama 4>Cm oo (LI) 'munch, chew food th," transcribed qadesiJm In Geez, kadhim In Greek III 4
should be 'a-saq"rara (and not 'asqMarara). The IS hard'; Kmgs 21.7.
root is. therefore, q·rr (so also K 812) with the Gar qilrosii 'chipped po .. ; also Te. qiirtiira 'break to
pieces', rna. q"iirriirii 'pinch, break off leaves',
occasional prefix 'as·, for which see Dillman"
1907 '135, 157. Amharic riiiq" arrurii 'be disgusted. Amh. q"iirii!.tii!ii 'be nibbled, be indented', ,?ur. I
I
SEMITIC: Ar, qar!arna, qor¢arna 'cut', Ar, (Oat) qalo-
mo, Soq. qarrem 'chew', PbH. qirrem 'cut the bor-
q".ryat +"Cfi- (D 1395,T) 'Ihe smallesl rib',
be shocked' would suggest a root sq"rr, 1qMrr, but it qariirii!ii 'amputate'. The root passed into Cushltle: ders', Syr. qarrem, qas ."n, qassa 4>t'I; see qss
i
IS also POSSible to analyze the Amharic root as q"rr Bil. qara(. For the Semitic root qr! common With ETHIOPIC: Tna. qarlamii 'crush', Amh, q~iirii.t!amii
with the prefixed morpheme as·, liiS., for which see CuShHic, see Cerulli 1951 :489, under qu{. See also 'munch, crush', q"'ii~iimmiirii 'nibble, tear', Gur, qil- qis :l'n 'breeches, drawers, covering of Ihe
Cohen 1939: 239ff, Klmgenheben, JSS 9 (1964). 42- qarar!a and g"'arasa I, above. raliimo 'crush'; passed into Cushitic; Bil.Sa. q"ar- thigh, (T) shirt',
10m, Som, qurdun,
6. Amhanc a1q"iirriirii IS rendered 'intimidate' by SEMITIC: the connection wilh Ar. kaw! '~hoe, horse-
q ".rrat </>'~ i-; see q "rr.
q''!ir>yos 4>CII)Cf'n (It) 'beaver'; shoe' suggesled by D.llmann 1907:2 18)s unltkel),
ETHIOPJC: Amh. qos 'bloomers'
446
IS there Am l'1mnet.:llon
. , ?
with qam!o,u. ass. 4't'l (T. Y.M),qasasa (Y'q"s) +fII\ q"'yit
q'" ~) 'be ordained a pltest, perform the duties
sa}'ing, portents. rewards of divination, gift,
prescnt', render tight (a bow) by pullmg
q""la r ,'q" ..>I[) -l"" 'lx' wounded, ~ In' (m·l/wI/Jdlll ILJ 'dlvmer'); (T y Id ' throw" , , pull, hit,
of a priest, becom~ an e .er ~ d'
Jurrd, Ix~ lY't\(,rt'd v.lth "t)rc" be In pam: a (K ') 'ordam to pnest 00 ; qasliiw; (K'), act. part. or qastawa;
maq.fClmi, maq-fiJfIl (K·) 'diviner, SOothsayer'. 'aqsas - )' b .
I{Jq"'sala '\\ound , injure, caUSl~ pam, l'au't: a . (pi qaslsan • qasawosl pres yter, pltest ,
s(lrt'. maq.mml, pi, maqiisiJmt (K-) 'divining instr~. qOSlS. denominative of qasl (see above)' also T
ment' : (Lt) elder'; . " (s)iilii 'bend a bow' ' n a qos-
q'" ilsI (1'1, q'" t,wll. q".l,,!ii/) 'wound, sore, uker, ifi a qasis 'asSIStant pnest );
pa Ill' , . ,
l1l.lqJiim (K·) 'place or divination';
("' qs hasay 'father confessor'); q"as~, q"as~e, q1l';)S!, qusl ""T t l\m. I
"""1'
I
IntlJ/at/lIS;JfIl 'diviner, Soothsayer, (T) one who
q"'iJ.wl '\h'untkd. IOJureJ, who IS 10 palO ~ (qasl (0; 511) 'ordained priest';
pracllces d,Vination with shells'; qJsus, '. I </l"T 'costus' (kind of aromatic plant);
q\,,/at (1\ ') 't>cln~ (n) wounded',
'47q"'fOIi (1\'-) 'one who \hwnds·. SIMIlIC Ar 'uq,fama 'conjure', SAr mqs ,In 'oracle'
as 'presbyter, pnest ; ", ejt.he~ directlyrrom Gk koslo.1 'a root used as a
Heb, q(isum 'practice diVination', Aram, q~sam'
q nna 'priesthood, (Lt) semonty ;
qam S~ICC_, or t~rough Ar. quS!, kusl; also SAr qs.t, Syr.
maq"',\,ll. maq""alt 'Ont.' Whll \\-'mlnds. one who
, ASSlmllatloll of q-s > q-f occurs in Ar. qaSsama S Syr. qaifii. qas/isa 'presbyter', Md. qaIa; to ~u§la, qUS!us, Aram. qOS!, koIl For Gk, kOSI05 com.
:~fI 109 rrom Sanskrit k~!ha, see Littmann 1926:415.
l'a tJ "'{'S r~tI n , TIC:
'conjure', Syr. qiJ:S'am; dissimilation of q-f .; k-s nnecled with Aram.Syr. qasH/ii 'old, elder',
Sr:~UTlC Ar qasala 'cut' (nlilmann ·PI), ~Itht:r oc(ur~ III Md. ka.pno 'soothsaying', and ka",s (with Md~afii(a); Ar. qissfs, qass 'priest, presbyter' is a ~o~e t.he various forms with q:k, ! 'I through dis-
fr{'lm an 0n~,"al 1/'\ > q"'l P) 8 .... mlllallon. or frtlm mctathesl~)_
SimilatIon or aSSimilation.
S nac loanword (Fraenkel 275).
In ongm;tl (/,J q-f ~) diSSimilation . Pract(lnlls
1890 2J l'{lmparu (J, q-s/ ",uh ..\r qala.1I.1 ',hl'd
FTHIOPIC :
maf:lc'
Amh_ qiisj·ama 'foretcll by means of E;"UOPIC Tna. qass; ·Pri~.s.t.::
.. :e. qas, qiiJIi, q"aS!e :tllm., (K) q".s!e :t.... m. 'btg stomach
Amh.Har.Gur. qes; Tna. qasasa be ordained a
blood, blccd '''oman r of rummants, (M.T) mUscle of the abdomen
pnest', Amh. qiiiIsiisii. G. qasis is considered a ,
ETHIOM( Ina , q-a.sl)/cJ .~ \~OUndN', Te, qllJla, cut of meat from the ventral region, muscle of
qsm III, q.ssime ol>4'f"l (D.M.OT), q,ssiime Synac loanword (Noeldeke 1910:37, Jeffery 240), the flank';
,\mh (fur q·d.u ItI, Arg quy/ wl'und ' (n)
<)0"1"1 (T) 'substance, formation, nature'; ~bile G. qas, Tna. qiiSJi are fonns developed within
Ethioplc. See also qays. ETHIOPIC: Tna. q"'iiS!ii 'bIg stomach of the rumi-
q<m I, quam, Wqs "''' -I't'l"". (J..:) qa<sama SBIITIC Ar ql:~m 'nature', Ar, (Syria) qasm 'temper. nants', Amh. q"OS/, Te. qos. If the origmal rool is
+,) ..... l') qa""'raa "''''00
'5O"son, make ament and constItution'
qast (pI. 'aqml, 'aqm) +lIT, (T) qast + ......,. q.sf, the final! became 1 in Amharic by diSSimila_
last) '. ETHIOPI(" Amh_ q<1sm 'body compounded or rour
'bow', name of the index finger and of the tion; in Te. qiis, the I is omitted as in qiii 'bow' rrom
/aqa.ulla, laqmsanld. rassl\C'~ dements (Le" fire, water, air, and earth)', Te. qf1Sfnl qiiSt, qiisi. See also qos~yii.
qa.nanll. act part. l)( qa.Hama, 'eompIC1(lOn' mIddle finger in a guessing game (Dillmann
q,ssum, ',,("11 SCJ'\onrd. taM). that has .. avor,
1357, under Iss); q".S!e ""lim. (T) 'hump of animal'.
, (qasla dammana, qasla '.gzi'aba!ler 'rainbow');
qosm C;tsC1nlng, qasmanderi +lI OD1f.? (T.M) 'perfume';
qasliim, qaslam 'bow, shepherd's crook, knotty qasi ..." +4'fm-1I..,.; see (qss) , qasis.
q,os.dmR (1\ I 'hctng ",asoned' (n), perhaps from Gk. kosmeler;on 'dressing room'
club, rod, stick';
mnq alii, maqgm (pI maqanm) 'seasoned
rl'od qastawa, see below; q".say ""4'f.e (T), q"asyi -l", (K), q".,yit,
qasqas +"+1I; see q' asq 'asa, below.
hlqS5m «(Jr 1'4)
q ".,ayat, q "..iyit ""lIY..,. :
""~Y"" I .,..."
as(mm8, condiment',
q"asq"'as~ q"~"~, q"~sq"iSt q"asq"as (pI
SEMITIC: Ar. qaws 'bow', Heb. Qrsrl, Aram. qaita,
Jew.·Aram. qus,ii (with q-I > q-!J, Syr. qe§lii 'bow',
Y"" 'cucumber' (the rorms with -al are plural
forms);
'line pt"haps r qalama 'choo~ the b<st
d. he> eot the bat dlsl>c q'asaq'as) -lll-lll : +'1I+'1I : +'lIl1:lI : ot~ qajfa~a 'archer', Ug. qSI 'bow', Md. qasla, Ph. qSI,
[TltkJPff mh 'PUll ta It' Praelonus 1879 95 +'" 'vessel, furniture, household goods'; Akk. qaitu. For more details on this root, see SEMITIC: Ar, qUItQ', qmQ', PbH. qiiijj., Ararn_
Noeldeke 1910: 132-3. qa~!Qyyii, Syr. qa!luJa, Akk. qiJiu,
(ompam thl root "'Ith Amh qamnuisQ 1aste' al!k> ETHIOPI( Amh_ q·iitaq" liS 'household furnishings.,
Tn. qllmiiJ... Te qwtUD. EnfloPlc: Tna. qiisli 'bow', Amh.Gur, qosl, Te. qiir.s ETHIOPIC: Amh. q"asa 'cucumber', qusayat
Te qll.sq;}.s 'vessel'; passed IOtO Cushitic' Sil. qasqa.f, (with mserted r), Amh. qiislam 'short club, cudgel'; 'pumpkin'. See also qalti, qosayiil.
qlim If q.",m. "'I'I~ (!.:'), passed mto Cushitic: Bil. qist, probably Som. qanso.
q".sq"asa tlltt'l (T) 'stir a fire'; For 'rambow' expressed by 'bow or the clouds', cpo qosoyi, q"isaya "'" : ?IllY (0 1395.T) 'large
(\), !itt 'IlSlaq"mma,
qasqa.l (Lt) 'dry fire wood, brush wood, fire.
.JOtestme
"
;
'#Qslaqa amu. I,(UloqlJJama, 'tJjlaqsaml1 'dl\lOe Tna, qiisla diimmiina, Amh. qoslii dammona, Te. qiiJ
brand', dabana, Gaf qastii diimmiinii; also Ar. qaw.su s-sa~ii
from om~ns. P/"CIJ~ di',natlon, deal In augu- is there any connection with q"as!t?
I) fotttell b) mcans of magIC', ETHIOPI(" Te. qiiJqiisa 'stIr up, shake', Tna, qiisiifii, hi For the expression of 'rainbow' in the Hamito-
'rIq DnIa (I,. 'j, Cau tl\~
qasm 'dl\1natton. magIC.
q"asq·iJ.sa
- -. .
'stir ,a fire'. Amh. q-'ii.sdqq"iisii, Gur_ anqiJ.
JDqqa~a mo\.-e
SemitIC (Afroasiatic) languages, see Orbis 5 (I956). qosoyu "fIf· (T.M) 'spring (of water)';
478·483
see also qotbyii.
I rese
qlm "re\cngl!'. rancor, vindictiveness, grudge,
n Imen 1-;
[11110",,-
mh 'I' , .. me I qJ}'\"ame 'grudge, rancor, III-feeling';
wraqaY)"OnIl (Gr) 'vindictive, vengeful, (S .. , In
'I' ,'It"1
(\ I bo,l'
I~I' ~h, O} '1«"1 -ttl "'omlt, SPIt,
I
D 45 ) magician'
""'-tlaqa)")Jm, same_
taqa})'lirm "'IOdlctive, vengeful. grudge bearer':
459
ETHIOPIC:
laradJ'o(t) 'help (n). mutual help': terest' ; also in Te. ra/qa 'be a companion', Amh. ra/tlqa
'needle', Amh. miirJe, Gur. mar/. Har. marfi, Arg. 'comrade, fflend'.
SlMITIC Ar raJo'll ·support. help', SAT, rd,. h-rd'.
·ardoya (Gr), causative; ~"iirfQ (with the instrumental m becoming w in a
ETHIOPIC Te. riid'o "help ', Tna. rad'c, Amh.Arg. loradya 'practice usury, lend at interest, receive root cOntainmg a labial/; see Cohen 193 I 389). The
interest' ; rag'a (l'argii') ':"10 'curdle (into): coagu late
rOOt passed into Cushitic: Sa.Af. raJ 'sew', Qua. (into). be conge.le.d, be frolen ,ohd. become
merfa 'needle', Som. marfi.
thick, (Y) be qUIet;
ra~.ba
464
ragafa ,;gh. 465
>arg,'a 'curdle (tr), congeal (tr), condense';
nies', Amh. raggadii 'dance, mOUrn by beatin h
-
raga'; (KG), act. part. of ragra; ~EMJTIC.. Ar · ragaJa 'agitate·,
. Aram, r;,gap _ _ 'stir,
breast or by stamping the feet'. The root is ref: e
r~gu< 'congealed. coagulated. solid, firm, to Semitic rqd ·dance'. See also mrgd. a ed , k ' Md. rgp 'flicker . ·c.oag~late'
With the sufth:.
m
. ' .
thld ' , sha e 'Ie Tna. ragiifo 'fall off (frUit. leaves)', ragmo wouJd then be \ . It thl~ " th.t.' ('a.l,(. G.
reg'at In) 'congealing, coagulating'; raga~a (y>rgaci) ':18, (T) raga~a ':1)\ 'kick E~~~u;. riiggiifo. ~m~. also ,r Iii ) rga.l~ggiifo, Har ragana ry,rgan I In (T
an "'\mhanc loanv.ord.
trample, stamp, strike convulsively with th~ A!"" Arg. {aJraggdJa shake; passed Into C:ushu_
tightly, pull (the sails)' ;~~S~I;oa\\.d~~ *1bind
>ar,[!ih (Gr.452), part. of 'arg.ra; raga}a, .f.'" K h '"
feel' ; ic: Sa. raga! Aw. aregeJu·g a, am. arga.~/o,
marg" (U) 'curds (of milk), something solid- tlve from ragn, below, omma.
ified (ice, snow)'; 'argatja (K *), causative;
(marg,'a dam [LI] 'that makes the blood raragcia 'kick'; - hf /r"l't (T.M)
rag _
= Amh. g.,amra 'kmd of
. I '. ~agn, rag'n , (l!) riig_nt, (K*) ragniil \hip. raft
congeal'); laragacia 'kick one another, kick with both gr.s S resemblmg a maize pant, oat, cordage of a Ship, sail' ; .
: SAr. rgnt '(Srhlffe. mIl Ihrcn) r~nt Be
feet, toss about kicking with both feet, Writhe ETHIOPIC Tna. riighe. riJghe, .'argiJlze 'herbe dont la EMmc
SEMITIC': Heb. rligo' 'form a crust, come to rest'. Sbo
toss convulsively' (intr); , Ife vigoureuse pousse des tJges fines, fortes , resls. ote oder Takelage' (W M -II .
r ' d'~
I-
The identification-with Ar. rogota 'zuruckkehren in IOUtes propres a'I a cODlectlOn . . . .
es pamers (\..oul. lflM:nphon). . u er. In an Unpllhll'!\hed
.
die fruhere Stelle oder Zustand' suggested by Barth
1893:8 (so also Palaehe 69) is unlikely. NOle thaI
)aslariigatja, causative of larliga¢a; also 'throw
into convulsions (by kicking with both feet)
::ux~Schreiber 292), Te. 'argehe 'reed ror making -.
roll aboul' (tr); , baskets'. rag ana &-1-) (T.M) 'grow (barley
Heb. rg' 'stir' is to be separated from rgr 'come to sprout)' ,
rest' (so also Nocldeke 1910:96. 8uh1745, as against ragadi (K*), act. part. of ragacia; r.gh.
-probably a denominative ,'
~'
. ;:"1'" (T. Y.M) 'trample on, trample rag '"11 'barley sprout'
Koehler 874 who derives these two meanings from a ragud 'trampled, injured through being down, strike' ~
single root).
ETHIOPIC: Tna. rag'e. riig·e ·coagulate. be peaceful',
kicked' ;
ETHIOPIC: Tna. riig~Je 'kick, trample on' ~ag'nafa ':-/<)6.. (T.MA) 'cover the 1100r wtth
r,gdal (n) 'kicking, trampling'; fresh grass or rushe.. ;
Te. riig'a, Har. raga·a, Amh.Gur. rdgga: passed into
",.,gad (K *) 'place for kicking or trampling" "g.m. (yargamJ .':101', 'curse, msult, execrate, (MA 20~ rag"·naka, same meamng, is a mispnnt
Cushitic: Qem. rag. Note the figurative meaning 'be
calm, qUIet' which Occurs in Ethiopic and Hebrew. ",arga~ (Gr.452) 'act of spurring a horse, (Grj (Y.M) excommu",cate ; for rag nafa);
stirrup; raragma, passive; rJg"lI,j (T) 'fresh grass for spreading';
ragaba I l1" (Y.K*) 'fear'; I,rgad, (T) mga~ 'at the foot of the bed' (cp. taragama 'bind one another by execration'; to be derived from ragara I. augmented by 11.
(M 137 quotes Y and renders G, ragaba by 'be laf>Qs) ; ragami 'curser, execrator';
tender_ be clemen t'; however Y translates G. SEMITIC: related ragum 'cursed, execra ted'; ragrag ':"1':"1 'swamp, marsh',
ragaba with Amh. liirra 6..&- 'fear', and M 'kick'. to Ar. rakatja 'stamp', Mh. rik6d
• ragma! 'execration, malediction, curse'; SEMITIC Ar. rigriga 'myddy remainder of a pool'
misread rarra &-&- 'be clemenI' for liirra 6..&-); ETHIOPIC: Tna. riiga'~ii 'kick, stamp', Te. rdg~a, margam, same; {so also Armbruster .327}.
SEMITIC: Ar. raiaba 'fear'. Amh.Gur. raggii!ii, Har. ragara, Gar. riggii!ti. Note SEMITIC; in view of the various meanings withtn ErHIOPIC: Tna.Amh. ragrag 'swampy place'.
ETHJOPIC': Amh. (fii)rgiibiiggaba 'tremble with fear'. that Praetorius 1879:263 identifies it with the root Semitic, the development seems to be; 'speak, say
rgf 'be su re': Tna. riigii~a, Amh. (tii)riiggii!ii; 'sure': > speak against, bring legal action against >
ragaza (yarg,:J ':1" 'pierce, pierce through,
ragaba II ':1" (K*.MA) 'slacken, grow loose, Amh.Arg. arga! which would then mean 'einge. transfix., stab, impale';
relax' ,. abuse, curse> cast stones'; Ar. ragama 'cast stones,
stampft > fest, sicher'. The root is related to Cushit- tarag:a, pass., retlexive;
ic: Sa.Af. ragad 'kick'. curse, abuse', ragama 'contend with someone (in
ETHIOPJC": Amh. rag!!,abii 'become slack, become words)" Heb. ragam 'stone, imprecate', Aram.-Syr. lariigaza 'pierce One another';
loose (rope), become soft, be yielding (substance)'.
ragafa I (y,rpl) ':16.. (Y.M) 'embroider, painl rilgam, Md. rgm,-Ug. rgm 'speak, say', Akk. ragiimu "gu:, (Gr) r,'g',: 'pierced';
ragb (pI. 'argab) C"I11 'pigeon, dove'; (on a garment), decorate, adorn, make inci- 'bring. legal action, shout'. Noeldeke 1910:47, and rag;: (Lt) 'spear';
"fI" iila r'flb 'young pigeon'; sions, wri te'; Jeffery 140 consider Ar. ragama a Gccz loanword, rag:, pI. riig:iil (K *) 'doorpost' (the doorpOSi
r,gu! (T) rag",/,decorated, variegated, embroi- while Praetorius. ZDMG 61 (1907).620 thinks that being conceived of as piercing either the
SEMITIC': Dillmann 316 connects it with Ar. ragiba G. ragama is an Arabic loanword going back to ground or the part of the house to which it is
·be rrightened·; r,)gb would then designate a fearful dered, checkered structure (Ez. 40: 17, transla- ragim 'cursed'; ragoma wou ld then be a denomina. attached);
bird. tion of Heb. ri~pii 'pavement, floor of a hall'), live. For mOre details on this rOOl, see Ahrens rJg:al (n) 'piercing through, puncture, stab';
ETHIUPIC Tna. riJl!hi 'dove', Te. 'iJrgiJb, Amh. NgiJb, (T.OT) covered with fresh grass or rushes'; 1930:39, leffery 140, n.3, Rabin, Oriemalia 31
riJKh; pas~ed into Cushitic: Qem. ergeb, Qua. regeh. margal (K ') 'embroidered garment'; (1963).135, Dobberahn 89-90. SEMITIC": related to Ar. rokazQ 'stid or fix in the
ground'.
rgd, 'argada hC'IJ~, (Mk) 'perfonn a special ETHIOPIC: Tna. riiggiifii 'embroider, weave', Amh. ETHIOPIC: Tna, riigiimii 'curse', Te. riigma, Amh.
kmd of ritual or funeral dance'; riigga/a 'embroider a .fiimma-garnlcnt' (from Geez). Gur. riiggtimii. Note that Te. riigma 'stone' is ETHJOPIC: Te. riigzo 'pierce', Tna. riigii::ii: figura-
borrowed rrom Ar. ragama. tjvely in Amh, (tiiJraggiiza 'be conceived'. The ro~t
/oragda. passive;
ragafa II (yargaf) ':16.. (K ') 'fall to the also occurs in Cushitic: Bit ragad ·slaughter'. Rei-
maragd 'a special kind of ritual Or funeral ground (fruit, leaves)'; rigmi t."I"'1 (T) 'cheese, cu rds'; nisch 1887:289 compares Sa.Af. rahad as against
dance' ; 'argala (ll) 'unsaddle'; i M
139 quoting Tayya renders it strangely by Reinisch 1890:301 where Sa.Af. rahlld is compared
pay, payment'); with Ethioplc &rd ·slaughter'. The Scmitic-Bthioplc
ETHIOPIC'· Tna. ragiida 'dance at funeral ceremo. ragul (K *) 'that which falls down (fruit,
leaves)'; root is not to be considered a Cushitic loanword as
ETHIQPIC: Amh . ragma 'clotted milk'.
Praelorius suggested by Cohen 1947:no.165. See also rapit,
1879: 183 derives it from Am h. ragga .. (G. rag'a) below.
~1
~----
_____________________ ~46~6~_____________________________~r~~~,
rl hllOIl
, 467
rg1, '.rgal. hC?1I 'anchor (v.), drop anchor,
mariihaht, pl. of marhiJb; also 'assembly Co .... 1/1'1' (alliiqii hll+) 'be finished , be
(T y) bring to resl, make stop'; cil' ; . . Jun·
halla?~ "siirra), However, siiffiinii 'dominale' ra/Jqanna 'distance, length (of time).
ErHI()"I(, Bar. (a)riigiiza 'settle down, be settled
down' SEMITIC: Ar. ra~'iha 'be wide', SAr. h-r&b 'en/ar c' done noI~ fit into the meanings of alliiqii, tii-
does
ness, Interval" , remote.
causative of riJ~qa;
1983:282); possibly related to Ar. raJJa'sprinkle',
Syr. ras 'besprinkle', Aram. ras (rss) (Dillmann
. , be broad, be ample, be spacious, be
be Jarge, with Amh. rafro. 'spray water' suggested by Amsalu
271), Heb. rss,
c\tensl\:e : 15 is unlikely since Amh. ro.9fii goes back to raqaya,
lafarqa 'abstain, withdraw, remove oneself to
a distance, be removed'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. riibasa 'be humid', Har. re~asa,
'ur~t1"l7 ·WJden. enlarge. broaden. make room below. See also r;,hda. above.
tariihaqa 'be distant from one another, depart Arg. riihasa, Amh. Gur. rasa; also Tna. riisriisii
(forI. open \\ide, "'tend, amplify';
tar;>lIl>a 'be enlarged, be wIdened'; ra~ • .,a, r.~~. ':",9 , ':",11 (T. Y) 'surround'. from each other'; also same as tariJ~qa; 'soak in water', Amh. riisiirro.sii 'become wet', from
'astar~aqa, )astara/;aqa, caus. of tariJ!;qa; also rhs > rs > rsrs. Te. riiSrjjJa 'to water' is borrowed
rah.il>/, 3,'1. pan, of r"III>,,; r.~ala .:",,, (T. Y), r.~ala .:..,,, (H) 'saddle, f~om Ar. ra.f!a. See also rasba II.
r;>lJul> ""de, spacIOUS, broad, ample, exten- 'remove, consider faraway, lengthen, prolong,
, harness, put equipment (on a beasl)';
SI\e . draw away, detach, abstract';
SEMITIC: Ar. ra&ala 'saddle' (v) > 'mount (a camel),
mhit
, Cdt. T; see (rhy), ra/Juy,
r,'hli> (fem. rafJal» 'broad, ""de, large, spacious, 'astara.~aqa, caus. of tara!;aqa; also 'consider
e~;tensl\·e· ; journey' (on tbe root see Landberg 1923: I I 821f), faraway, put a space between';
SAr. rhl 'equipment (e.g. saddle)', Mh. rahal'saddle' m~ya (yar~ay) Cmf (Y.K'), rahya CUf (T;Y),
r>lJb 'breadth, ",dth, spaciousness, ampbtude, (v). See also ra&ana, below.
,ahiiqi, act. part. of rarqa; also 'apostate'; mby. C1f (H) 'emit an odor, be fragrant;
plaw (field),; rahuq 'far, far away, distant, remote, one who rahaYi (K '), act. participle;
riinh. ra~ah. r~lJiib. same; r~, t.r.~m. "'CmOD (T) = Amh. wiiiliiqii 'be keeps away';
ra~uy, fern. rahit (Or,141,Lt) 'Ihat which has a
'''''but '1I1dth, being (n) WIde (large, broad),; taken off, be disjoined'; tiisiirra (from sr') 'be ('amra!,luq 'from a distance, from afar'); good odor, fragrant';
>orhiibJ, (ir.) rrturhahi, pan of 'ar~aha; designaled, be ordained, be imposed, be ap- ('aska ra!,luq 'to a distance'); ra~e, pI. rabeyiit, (Lt) ra~~ 'perfume, flavor,
pointed'; (rahuqa ma'at 'long-suffering, slow to anger');
""'''''6 11'1. """,ah,>I>I). ,T) ftl(l}'h"b 'large plot of odor, (T) odoriferous plan I ;
land, plam, WIde place, public place, forum, in view of tar'ama (Sw. in D 1394) = Amh. (rahuqa, adv., 'far, far off, at a distance');
SEMITIC: related to rwb. ryb, as in Ar. rti~,a .rrw~)
MJuare. market place. street, quarter, arena', halliiqii. siiffiinii. tiisiirra, the two roots (name, "Qq, (Lt) rallq 'distance, remoteness, length (of 'smell (a thing)', ri&a 'smell' (For 'smell In the
marhab Ill) 'pla /O'; Iy, rl;m and r/Jm) seem to go back to one root, road)' ;
various Arabic dialects, see Landberg 1923~1525),
and lI'iilliiqii OJII+ is to be corrected inlo "hqat, r>/Jqat 'distance (of time or space), Heb. re'h 'scent' (n), Ararn. rfha, Syr. ril}a, Md.
remoteness, removal, withdrawal'; riha, Ug. r~.
r;.hba
- 468 469
FnrfOt'lC Te. r.,1~1011 'fragrant plant', Amh. rahe. -
,1~
--------------__=-~~~~====~~~~~~------~------------~~~k~ib
~k"
r~ha", riJ.1'an, arc probably borrowed from Ar. ra}'~ ETHIOPIC : Tna. rabrabe 'have pity. have compas_ --- MA) 'be satisfied (with a drink),: rakhal 'diScovery, finding,
/uifz. sion, be indulgent', Arg. rdharraha, Amh.Gur. rarr tllh ( truc ted from Amh. rakka 'be sat- ence': acqUisition, ex.ist.
'be kindhearted', Amh. rahruh 'kindhearted'. a b ons . . I k 'b'f d
, r" ab1y
n"'s),
re<: be sat,ed (from dnnklOg, or a p ant h or -a
ma oun thing, acquIsition, acqu.red
..hb. I .·"hab ) C..,O, (Y) ra~b. C.bO, (T) passed into Cushitic: Aw. rorUlu-ga.
",' . g watere . ,
..hba ciJO -'be hungry, hunger (for), desire to 'd ( "'" d) t 109, produce, inventIOn, means of Iivel.' hood
eat'; also used impersonally (that is, with ob- ra~,. r C"'lI (Lt), ra~~. C.bll (T.M), .. hda r. mbelO A T.M) 'shoulder bla de 0 f an am-. _ pay, Stipend",
means of subsistence, wa.'!.es,
Ject suffix pronouns) : e.g. ),afJipbanni '/ am C.b8 (Y.K) 'be disturbed, be shaken, be turb~_ ,;1',- 6-ttv ( h o v e l ' ; 'astarkub 'established, inVOlved, absorbed (In a
hungry' : lent, be annoyed, become impatient, get an- w'
malbabYh'ch serves
. . t asforardkub
s [ t.ll-il ; see below. matter),
inte t assiduous,
d attentive,
d' who attends to ,
gry'; see also r;}&r!a. I a lll1spnn n , rea y, prepare :
'arhaba 'let be hungry, cause to be hungry';
- , rro arkab) lhO 'find, get, acquire, -astarkaha 'devotion, attention, eagerness, (T)
lar·,hba ' be tonnented by hunger;
r.~,a [[ C"'lI (Lt), ra~.~. l1l1 (L), ra~~. C10 "k,b'. attaIn,
[IY fec eive• gain
• reach, take d posses-
. uniting'
kb :
raltUb
• 'hungry, staeving, famished'; (Y) 'be pampered, be spoiled, be tender';
ratlOb, rnyiib 'hunger. famine'; obtatn,f Possess, overtake, apprehen ,mvent, , .I lara'k b01 ('presence,. (Lt) existence' :
rabJ.f, rllba~. rabs, I'at'~ 'tender, delicate, pam- ,ion 0 , t dlscove,
. r perceive , suppose; II w.t 1 lara a a I ) 'meeting, intercourse';
marV.b (K*), pan. of -ar!Jaba; pered'; find. ou, . t suffixes , 'come upon, fa upon,
t obJec
SEMITIC: Ar, ragiba >ita 'desire', ragiba 'an 'shun, Ar. ral1U~a 'be tender'. ind.lec me to pass, happen, be becom- SEMIT.C: Nyberg 235 (fol/owing Dillmann 30,)
SEMITIC: ~fall, occur, co '. .
abstain from ' (Brodelmann J 908: 227 explains it as . 10 , be proper connects G. rokaba with AT. rakiba (see rakaba II)
a dissimilation process of If > b after r), Heb. rii.el2 rabut C ..... T; see ( r{jw ) , rab.w. 109 . , 'sich auf etwas setzen > auf etwas gesctzt, gelegl,
'hungry', Ug. rgh. For the root meaning 'desire' and k ba causat.ve; . be 'I plazlcrt sein > mit etwas nahe, unmiuclbar verbun-
.,·a, . f rokaba', also 'ex.sl, ava.,
'be hungry', see Noeldeke 1910:69. r~w, 'ar~.wa hC1w 'open, unlock, take by lakb a pasSIve 0 den sein, mit einem kommcn', and he quotes Ar.
" bl , give an au d '",
.ence
ErHloPIC: Tna. riihaha- 'be hungry', Har. rababa-, assauit (a city),; with object suffix pronouns it rakibahu 'he came upon him , he overtook him , he
Amh .Gur. rabo- ; Tna.Tc. rdl;ab 'hunger', Har. ro- a e'llakkab 'accidental'); followed closely or immediately aner him' , Similarly
also serves for the expression of an indirect I'"''
I;ab, Arg. Tdhaw, Amh. rab. Tigre riiqba 'desire, object: e.g. >arbawanni 'he opened for me'; '(:a-I)1" trakkab 'inaccesSl'bl e, incomprehen- UI/endorff 1968: t28 connects 11 w1Ih Heb. Ar. rkb
wish ' connected by Cohen 1947 : no. 79 is borrowed (hif,j!) 'graft upon, join, connect' . Bittner 1909 : 117
tarabwa 'be opened, open (intr), be taken by ,ible'); 'meet one another, hold a meeting,
from Ar. raglba 'desire', Reinisch 1887:279 Com.
pares It with Bil. na'ab 'be hungry'.
assault (a city)';
rabaw (fern. rabul) 'open, obvious';
I larakaba terview go to meet someone, agree
have an m , th
compares Mh. lark6b 'transaction. dear wnh G
lariikabo l l).
ETHIOPIC: Tna. riikiibii 'obtain, find', Te. riikha,
. one ano ther , be together, come
. . d'toge er,
r~m, tara~ma TC"'OO (Sw. in D 1394), tar~.ma (rabwa samay 'day on which heaven is open to Wllh b Har. faxaba, Amh. (as )riikkiihii 'hand over', Arg.
·/-C...,on (8) = Amh. M.,. aiiiiqii, ..,1\.,.
haiiaqii receive prayer' (Getatchew); congrega te , have intercourse' ~ WIth 10 Ireet ,. 0 - (as} rekkaha, Gur. riikiibii 'find, meet', .. For G. taro-
(same as },I\.,.) 'be finished' (but perhaps 'be raUyat (Lt) 'outflows' (see M.A. Knibb, BSO- jecl su iii xes, 'come upon , happen, occur,
If I kabo 'have intercourse', cpo Te. tJrakaba.
lord', denominative of a/aqa), tI"-~ siiffiinii AS 48[[985J.23); k ba (-astarkaba) 'busy onese eager y
'aslal a () Iy one rakoba II lho (KO) 'ride, go by boat';
'dominate', -ttlt. liisiirra 'be ordained, be ap- 'arbawi (M) 'one who opens, doorkeeper'; (wilh), devote oneself to , . app -
~If (to), be at leisure (for), be Involved, pay -arkaha (K '), causative;
poinfed, be .mposed, be designated', See also maroo (pI. marabut, marabulal, mariibaw)
rl1m. 'key' ; allention, be attentive, be asstduous, be ready, probably reconstructed, from markab 'b,oat'.
maraaw (Gr.153) 'place where one opens'; be convenient, be opportune, (T.Y) bnng (an SEMITIC: Ar. rakiba 'nde, go by boat, SAr. rkh
ri~ ..~a t."'C1 (K 0), see larabraba; offering), (T) unite, harmonize': 'ride' Soq. rekob, Heb. rii~ab, Aram. rcl~ab, ra~ep,
SEMITIC; Ar. ral;uwa. rabiya 'become loose, be slack,
tariibriJaa, (T) larii~lr;'J(la 'be compassionate, be relaxed'. Margoliouth, JRAS 1939, p. 60 derives
I 'lJStalakaba 'cause to meet, cause to come to- Syr. ;.~e~, Md.Ug. rkb, Akk. rakiibu.
have compassion, have pity, be moved to pity, Ar. raha (rhw) in Surah 44:23 from G. rl;w 'open', gether, bring together, assemble, jO,in, cause to
rikub I t.1l-1I (T.KBT 534, under harakk"a)
have mercy, be gent/e, show tenderness'; and translates it 'be hollowed out' (note, however, find , be an intermediary, compare:
'shoulder blade';
-arabraba, (L) -arahraha 'appease, soften, AT. h as against G.J;). The connection with the rool rakabi, act. part. of rokaba; . . .
sceasora .>(,. or could it be a metathesis of Amh.
-kM 0
soothe, cause to deal graciously, render mild, rw& 'be spacious, be wide' (Ar,Heb,Aram,Syr.), sug- "kuh 'found, contiguous, neighbonng, Jomed, I
render kind. induce to tenderness'; gested by Dillmann 293 (followed by Buhl 748), is thai exists, comprehensible'; b.rakk" a 'shoulder blade'?
unlikely.
rabrub, (T) ra!lru!1 'tender, gentle, lenient, soft, I "kuM/, pI. fem. (Lt) 'beings'; . riikub II, riikubit, riikobit, ri~~~:t" ~~~~
merciful, kind'; ETHloprc: Tna. 'ar~awa 'open', miir~o 'key', Te.
'arha (rhy) 'open'. Te. raha (rhy) 'become rree, rakubawi 'pertaining to acquired things'; t.ll-il , t.ll-flT ! t.I>tlT , t,
riJl]riibe 'tenderness, compassion, gentleness, soft' is borrowed from Ar. rabiya, as against Litt- rakb 'congregation, meeting, counc.l, as- (D.Lt) 'female camels';
clemency' , mann-Hofner 146. sembly'; ,
-, 1for riding'; also in Te. reAbar
-arabrabi (Gr.451), pan. of 'arabraba; ("/ala rakb 'holiday that is celebrated at mtd- from Ar. rakub came " . Sa Af rokub. See also
'pack animal': in CushltlC. . .
larab"bo( t) 'loving kindness, compassion, rabwa C"'w (T) 'emit an odor, be fragrant'; Pentecost or on a Wednesday that comes 24 'arkubiit, 'arkllbilf.
mercy, pity';
for ra!Jwa, a secondary fonn of ral;ya. above, days after Easter');
rakib 'acquisition'; .'
kib ClJlI (Ll) stmup, .. .
. 'be soft', rohrah
~from Ar. "kob,
SEMITIC; Ar. rahha ~ - 'soft' .
~
ri~yit t.""T; see raw. lukeb (for rukab) 'joining together'; . - . Te Tna. rakab, Amh. arkob;_1R
also. .k -b See also wkab.
lukabe 'joining together, intercourse'; Cushitic : Be.Qem.Sa.Af.Som." a .
",Ii. "im
470
rarnh• ramal 471
..L"am cl>.9", (1I) ruHm ~tt9" 'marble'; •
rams
riim. 60"'1 'elevated place, the third - i (Gr. 145), act. part. of ~am!lO;
roku", (T.M). "km (Sw. in D 300) = Amh. (Gr.t44) heavenly kingdom'; heaven , rama~ K) 'holder of a speas : maSlara~m ~o[)e Who obt '1
.~aSim ·chest. coffer'; probably comes from an
expression such as sii~u"a (sii~iJfla) riJk wlim
riimiiwi (Gr. 144) 'celestial'; ram~ay~ .145) 'wounded with a spear'; 'Imposes silence"
, alOs .
SI ence
• Wh0
'chesl of marble' (cp. na/qa ,.k"iim 'coffin of from Heb. ramil 'height, high place'; also Amh. "mu~
rJm~at
((;r.t45) 'wounding with a spear':
" , SEMITIC Ar. ('a)ramma 'be ..
rama (from Geez). · be tween this rOOt and qUIet
re tallan A.kk There _, lS. no
marble) and does not mean 'chesl, coffer' by c . A romaha 'pIerce With a spear, rum~1
S",m r. < H b h as suggested by Von Soden .949 . rarnamu I f.. roar' .
ilself; ' ·SA r. rmh. :sl).. ruma!J, e. roma .• Aram._
rmd, 'armada hCooy. (T. Y.M) 'stamp Ihe 'sp~hii. - . . n au A.kk
e aFor r · Ug. mrb, see aSl~ "
Y.76 ramamu IS related to r<m (see ra'anta, 8bove\.· .
from Ar. ru&iim 'marble'; also Amh. rak"'am. ground, strike, hit';
Syr. r " Te . riJmh. 'point of a
ETHJOPlc. lance (pOSSibly from Enf.l~PI:: Tna. (>a)rnUltnii 'be Silent, be- taciturn'
ErnIOPIC: Amh. riimmiidii 'trample, tread', riimiid_ Ar. rumM· Te. ramam bela. Amb. (ajriimmiima. '
rak"so ("Jrk"as, J'"k"as) ':h'1'I 'be unclean, diidii 'trample on heavily ', Te. riimdiida 'walk rap_
be Impu;e, be polluted, be contaminated, be mal ,:uo/ll. (It), ramI ':9"/11. (K') 'sand> ... mon C'l"') (Gr.I44) 'high place' (oJ:
idly without stopping', Tna. riimdiidii 'strike, hit'.
defiled, be profaned'; I' Ia (T.Y' M) 'practIce sorcery, predlcl ;
rama the identificat.ion of ramon with 'orviim, above, sug-
(=a'~r)'Jrakk"as 'undefiled'); rmdd, 'armodada hC'l"y.y. (T) 'insult'; rami 'sand' , filmu-r-ramli 'geomancy'; also gesled by Grebaut t44 On the basis uf Ihe quoted
)ark""asa 'defile, contaminate. pollute, defame, 'armodad (T) 'inSUlt' (n); from Ar. . .. , . C h" text, IS dOUbtful.
N -Syr. rimil 'sorcery, d1VlOmg; tn us ttlC:
profane, declare unclean'; m Afeo mal'geomancy,, Som. ranH'1'I; cpo a Iso SA r.
ErnrOPIC: perhaps a transferred meaning of Amh. Sa . . ra • roman e"'l') 'pomegrana Ie':
larak'sa 'be profane, pollute oneself, defile riimiiddiidii 'treat harshly, trample heavily', Tna. rml'sand, omen from geomancy .
oneself, be declared impure'; riimdiidii ' hit '. SEMITIC: Heb. rinJJnon 'pomegranate' Ar. runun(jn
tarok"'asa 'contaminate one another'; nnm I, ramma ':00 (T.M)b''smoolh a hide, Ian a and G. romiin are considered borrOwed from
)Qslartikll'asa, (L) )as/araklt'sQ, caus. of lariik"'a- rama~a (yarma") ':000, (T) rama~a ':OD~ h'de rub, polish by rub 109, massage, pUI a Aram.-Syr. rummiinii (Fraenkel 142, Noeldeke
Itch on'; M 133 wrongly renders Amh. fajii, 19tO:42). Ug. Irmn-I (Yasin 71), Akk. nurmu,
sa; also 'pollule, make unclean, abhor, dese- 'scorch (intr), burn (inlr), be burning'; pa translation of ramma gIven. b
crate, consider impure (unclean, polluted, de- )arma¢a, causative; also 'sco rch, burn, COn. the yT " by
ayya, lurmu. On its Hurrite origin, see Dietrich 30), For
sume, put in hot ashes'; 'wrile', whereas in this context fa/ii means 'PUI the bibliography dealing with this noun, see Jeffery
filed)" ; 144.
rakus (rak' s) 'unclean, polluted, impure, de- ramu" (Gr.146) 'burning'; a patch on'. .
ETHIOPIC: Tna.Te.Amh. roman 'pomegranate'
filed, profane, abominable, corrupt, foul'; rama" 'hot ashes, heat of ashes'; laramma (K .), pasSIve ;
rakusiil (pl.fem) 'impurity'; ram" (K') 'bread baked in the coals'; ETHIOPIC:rna. ramiimii 'smooth a hide in order to ramnon 609"':'), (Sw. in D 77) remnon t.9"':,)
rak's (rakus) 'filth, impurily, defilement, un- SEMITIC: Ar. ramida 'be scorched', ramada 'roast on make parchment', Amh. rammiimii. 'kind of Iree (called dog in Amharic)';
cleanness, poJlution, abomination, anything un- heated stones', A~. (Oat) rama~, ramaq ,'be hot ', S~. (T quoted by M 139 renders il likewise by
dean or vile'; ermi"f/ 'put into ashes to cook', PbH. ra.m~ 'roll or rmm II , ramma ':00 (Y) 'prod uce saliva, Amh. dog 'kind of tree', and nol by 're-
drool'.
rflk"'saf 'impurity, uncleanness, contamIna- • bake in hot ashes', Aram. rim~a 'hot ashes, embers'. markable, noble' as given by M 139 who
tion' : Brockelmann 1928: 73S compares Syr. riJmur(j 'hot nnm III, 'armama he-DO 'keep silence, keep misread Amh. dog 1'."1 for dog fl.., 'good'):
rak"'sanna 'uncleanness'; embers', On the origin of the month Ramar/an, see fiJfja riimnon 'bramble';
Landberg 1923: 1447. silent, be tranquil, be quiet, remain quiet, be at
>ark"iisi (Gr.ISS). part. of >orkll'asa; rest, make silent, reduce to silence, astound'; from Gk. rhamnon. ace. or rhamnos, name or var-
ETHIOPIC: Tna. ramiisa 'heat, cook', Te. riimmiica
SEMITIC: AT. riks 'dirt', related to rigs. rigs (Am-
• •
lQrarnma 'be passed over in silence'; ious prickly sh rubs : also Amh. JcJa ramnOIl 'a plant'
'be kindled ', Amh. riimmiitii ' bake in ashes', Gur. (from Geez).
bros). (a)riimmii{ii 'cover a fire with ashes to keep it alive'. laramama (K') 'face one another silently';
ETHIOPIC: Tna, r~"iisii 'be dirty', Te. riiksa, For G. ramq ' bread baked in the coals', cpo Amh. 'aSlarmama (Gr.451) 'ask to be silent'; ramsa (y.rnws) ':9"1'1 (T.Y.K·.M) 'be moist-
Amh.Gur. riikk"'iisa, Arg. riikkiisa; Te.Tna. riJkus riJmt· Te. riimda 'suffer from ophthalmia', and Bil. 'oslariimarna 'ask to be silent, cause to be ened, be wet, be pliable, dip dry malerial in
'dirty', Amh,Arg. iJrkus. Gur. ruks; passed into Cush- ramiid are borrowed from Ar. ramida and are not to silent, reduce to silence, make tranq uil' ; water to dampen it';
itic: Kam. ruks 'dirt', Bil. ragas 'be dirty'. The be connected with rmtj, as suggested by Reinisch
1887: 290. "mum 'silent, quiet, one who keeps silence'; SBMITIC: Ar. (rms) , 'irlamasa 'be dipped into waw
connection between G. rk"s and zalgasa 'be afflicted ,
'armami, marmami 'silent, quiet, not speaking, ter .
with sores' < *;;argasa < *zarkasa (za-rks) sug-
gested by Nyberg 232 (so also in Rundgren 1955 : ram~, "'m~ (pl. 'armii~, 'armii&{lI) ':9" a, i who is silent, who makes be silent'; also 'scales, ETHIOPIC: Amh. rammiisii 'be wet, soak in water
183) is unlikely. C9"a, 'spear'; judge' (perhaps originally 'thaI makes things and dampen'.
ram~a (T.Y.M.Gr.I44) 'pierce with a spear, be quiel or balanced');
rams (pI. 'armiis) ':9"n, (Lt) ramas ,:oon
rekt.m &.h.r9" (T), rekatm &.h.r9" (D 1394) wound with a spear' (denominative); '>rmame (Gr.45 1) 'silence, diSCipline of keeping
silence' ; 'raft' ;
'kind of beetle'; ~arma&a (Or. 145), causative;
see jikiil.m I. taramha (Gr,145), passive of ram~a; Jarmamo( I) 'silence, quiet'; SEMITIC: Ar. ramal 'raft' (for which see Lan~berg
lariim~~a (Gr.145) 'wound one another with a ('."bala 'armamo 'ceaselessly, without intermis-
sion ');
1923 : (437), Soq. reme.!. Note that Dillmann _761~
probably correct in consldenng G. rams an ArabI
ramma ':00, see rmm r, II. spear, attack one another with a spear';
loanword, contrary to Fraenke~ 213 and N~eldekre
>aslarama~a (Gr), caus. of tariima~a; f1larrnam 'silent'; also participle of 'armama;
marmami (Gr) 'silent'; 1910:61 who state that G. rams IS common WIth A .
ramat.
nnsrms 472
raqha riqiki 473
EnHOPJC Te. r,jmas ~ passed into Cushitic: Sa. ra.
mQJ 'nct', Af. ramas, Som. ramsi'raft'.
ripi 6-7; (MA) 'priest';
,
- _ - ,.01] (T) 'prune' (n);
. aka .,.?
'QrqaYll (K .), causative '
.....
variant of rabbi, above . "q
tbe sequence q·k is unusual. See also sobeqiikii. taraqya, pass. of raqayd: also 'be Ii '
rmsms, 'armasmasa "1.00 11001'1 (LI) 'seek by
feehog for (something), wish to discover by fOp I!'T (T.M) 'nose'; ~.,.oo 'embroider, painl figures On raqaVl , raqqiiy (pI. raqalt), aCI '<d ('pelll ,
feehng, grope, (T) trample, flatten (troop of "qama t (T.Y.M) make incisions. Wnte' ; qaya; aJso 'sorcerer cha~e , part of rl1~
could be a graphic error for Il-T kup, above? riiqay, same , ' r. ex.orCl"it ';
sold,ers : vegetables)'; parchmeno'ngly
wr renders Amh . salii [translation
ropa t!T; see rwp. H'22 • . , . "qll)' (fern -) , .
ETHIOPJC Te. (liJ )ramiismiisa 'rummage', Amh. ar. (.,aqantaJ by 'be sharp ,"stead of palDt,
of . riJql1 ex.orclsed, bewitch
chanted, (K Gr. 1501 sprinkled' ed, en·
m~smass alii 'walk gropingly, feel around like a
blind person'. See also ramsasa.
r~~, ra~~a ,:A (MA) Amh. hariiharii, trans_
= design'); .
a/lla (Gr.149). causative; riJqiiy 'charm, incantation " .
lated 'rummage aboul, look everywhere" ,
, 'arq
/oroqma (Gr . 149), pass. of raqama; raqyat , raqet'sprinkling, incantation e '.
ramsasa ':9"1'11'1 (T.Y) 'grope, feel the way'; note thaL the Amharic verb is unusual. - ll. (Gr. 149), act. part. of raqama; enchantment, charm' ; , :'(orcl ~m ,
)aramsasa, (T. Y) ~armasasa 'grope, feel around roqall Gr 149) 'embrOl'd ered' ; marqiiy 'place of exOrcism ' ;
(
groping, search in many places, (T. Y) bustle .
ropoJi , .
,I!'M.. (KG), roppolim I!'AfI..'J" (K) 'mer- raqum· f b'd ' , marqay (Gr.150) 'sprinkler for holy waler',
r~qma t (Gr . 149) 'act 0
chants; em rOl eflog:
about, Irample, flatten';
C' Ar raqama 'embroider', Heb. riiqam 'weave Nroeldeke 1910:63 wrongly considers the passiollity
metathesis of marsasa, above; perhaps a corruptio n of Heb. r6/salfrn 'mercha nts'
(Dillmann 140 I). s",m .·
. I r' Aram . riqmi/!G-'hk t'S
C ec 5, Spo s , yr. larqiJ. o two roots : rqy I 'sprinkle'. and rqy " '('~(lrcise'
SEMITIC': the root is not to be connected with Syr. ,"coo, . R b · 970
.. 'freckles'. See on thiS rool a In I :490ff. As for Amh. and Tna. miirrdqii given by NOtldd.
ramfsii 'sedate, moderate' as suggested by Brockel.
raq,:.» (Ll) 'spittle'; see waraqa. mala .
EnlloP1C In the meamng wnte ,
" 'G
. raqama IS
. lb., It means 'spit, bless' (sec lcslau 19NA12) an~
mann 1928 : 735. Koehler 895 connects the Geez IS not to be connected with rtlqara
borrowed from Ar. raqama.
root with Heb . riimas 'creep'; Ar. ramafa 'take with
the fingers' is less likely. raqq (pJ. raqqiit) ,:.» 'leaf of paper, parch- SEMI.TI.C': ~r. raqii ( rq.I" 'enchant', SAr. rq.r 'fcmJle
ment'; rqq I, raqqa, raqaqa ( prqaq) t.~ : ,:.,..,. 'be magician
ETHIOPIC: Tna. ( 'a) riimsiisii 'grope', Te. ( .a)riim.
sublle, be soft. be thm, be shghl ; , ETHIOPIC : Tna. raqiiyii 'spnnklc, sprmkle hlliv \\,lter
from the root rqq I 'be thin';
siisa. See also rmsms.
SEMITIC: Ar. raqq 'parchment' is considered a Geez
.rqaqa 'make subtle. soften, make. thID ; . (on a place or on-a person) ', Amh . racta '~pnnkle
roqiq (fem. raqqaq) 'soft, subtle. n1lnule, thill, waler' (with qy > f ; see Cohen 1931 ': 398, Leslau
!oanword b,Y.Fraenkel 246, a nd Jeffery 143. Syr. raq
",met C"'t·)>; see (ramaya), r3myat. parchment IS borrowed from Arabic. slender, slight, immaterial'; 1979;"xlX (5.4l), LX (9.33), Arg. rileta, Gur. rell d;
(ba·raqiq 'softly');, .. , passed IOto Cushltic : Aw. ariit-x~a, Kam. rdfr~·'(l.
ramaya ()'3rmi) ~oor 'throw, pierce, strike by ETHIOPfC; Amh. riiqq 'parchment ' (from Geez). See raqqiiq, fern. of raqiq (L) small handwnlmg ;
throwing, slrike with a spear, (Gr. 146) = Amh. also rqq II. ,aqq, see above; raqaya II ~"'r (K') 'be hot, be burning' ;
attiirii 'scar, form (scar having small, pea-like marqe 'oppressive heal, deserl heal, torrid re.
raqqa ':"'; see rqq l. "qqa' 'softness, subtlety'; gion, lowland ';
protuberances), ;
S'"lTIe: Ar. raqqa 'be thin', Ar. (Dal) raqraqa ('.mb'iiy :amarqe, Iranslales Amh. yiiq'iiila
'armaya (Gr.146) 'make scarred, Scar (tr)'; rq(, see maraq;rt. 'render thin', Hcb. raq 'thin', Syr. raqqeq 'make 3mb"ay 'kind of planl" lit. ',,",Vay of Ihe
taramya, laramaya, pass. of ramaya, (Gr. 146)
thin', Ug. rq·m, pI. of rq 'thin cake' (DietriCh- lowland').
'be scarred';
raqaba ,:.,./1 (MA) 'write'; Lorell, OLZ 62[1 967J.549), Akk. raqiiqll 'be Ihin'.
ramiiyi (K '), act. part. of ramaya; ETHIOPIC: Tna. riiqiiqa 'be thm, be delica tc', T c. riradan t,:f,,> (T.M) 'young (of mule, donkey,
r3muy 'pierced by a spear, (Gr.146) that is is either a misprint for raqama ~"'OP, or is related raqqo (rqq ), Amh.- r6qqiiqii; passed 1010 C'ushltic horse)':
scarred'; to raqama (with a lternance of labials).
Sa.Qem. raqaq. see also ridon II.
riJlnyat. riJmel 'piercing,Wound, injury, in-
fected wound, ulcer, swelling of a wound, skin
raq~a 1 ,:.»'" (T.Y.M) 'puncture, cut a vein in rqq II, raqaqa ,:.,..,. (MA) 'wrile';
ris 6-11, lille below 'king':
the forehead in order to bleed or cup a person';
rash, (Gr 146) scar'; denominative from raqq 'leaf of paper'.
mariiq3& (T) 'butcher' (it has the form of a from Amh . ras.
SEMITIC: Ar. ram{i(rmy) 'throw, shoot', Heb. rlima plural) ; "'I at c.,,·}>; see waraqa.
( rmy) , Aram.·Syr. ramo (rmy), Md. rma, Ug. rmy ros C'1'l, rosa {!"(t see rlt's.
(de Moor 315), Akk. rama. SEMITIC Tna. riiql:ze 'c ut by puncturing a vein in the "'Iqat C",~, : see r'lq l.
forehead'; perhaps also Amh. raqiirriiqii 'beat or ras'a (v.rsii') llW , (T) ras'a ':lIh, (Y) ras' a
ETHIOPIC : the connection with Te. rlima ( rmy) strike repeatedly' (from rq? > rq > rqrq). See also "'let ct·}>, "'qit ct-}- ; see (raqaya I), "qyut. t:I"O :forget, overlook, be negligenl, neglect:
marqa&a. raquy. err, act impiously, become godless, be WIcked
'hasten along, walk rapidly' suggested by Liumann _
Hofner 148 is unlikely. (Ihe meaning 'become old' given by Gr.148
raq~a II ,:.»'"
(MA 33) = Amh. rii~?ii raqaya I (yarqi, y3/'qay) ,:."r 'sprinkle, as- belongs to ras'a); ,
fomiY3sp l!''''II-IIm, (T) ' Latin' ; 'sprinkle, spray' (note the misprint in MA perse, sprinkle with holy water to drive out 'orsafQ, caus. of ras<a; also 'induce to err~r ;
from Ok. rhomaisli 'In Latin'. 'repondre' instead of , rep andre') ; demons, cleanse with holy water, (Ll) purify, taras'a, passive: also 'fall inlO error, fall, Inlo
ETHlOPfC: possi bly related to raqaya I. exorcise,
•
recite incantations, charm, use a impiely, escape one's no lice, be 'gnQranl ;
Conjurer's trick" ,
rasih', act. part. of rasra:
- --- 474
rassaya 475
rG,.~· 'fi.'Irgl'lful, negligent. Impious, ungodly';
rs~s~, 'arsii~..~a >'CI'I.ltO,h_ (T. Y) 'arsah'SOh
- 'a (Gr. 148), causative; ,
r.'.\"II' 't(1I1!{)ItCIl, impious' (the meaning of
hCt'l,hO.t. 'render Impure, make lurbid' . a ,arassa; larassaya 'adorn oneself, clolhe oneself, ras'a (Y>rSQ') t.1">' (K '
mho l'tlfd,r:gli '\\ho hcc:lme old' given by , r .
\'Ict 0 crime, accuse, condemn prove
, con_
'1 larasy ~neself, be armed, prepare oneself, be ras'a l:O>. 'b , G ) ras'a t.1"0 (T)
T;1 ~ ) a llckmt!s to f'tls'a); ecome aged gro Id '
rt1H' ·g(ldlc~\. ungodly. ImpIous. Wicked,
• reproach, suspecl, rebuke bta~e con~UI ty,
. convince';
. '. lound ,
,rt~Y d, (T) wrap oneself in a blanket'; ally. of things)" , ' w 0 (Occasion_
l.'hastlse, Jarsipa, causative'
whln~ful. "mfuJ';
Cqu_Ppe (Gr) 'adorn oneself In a conceited
",asaya If'
-. ,
r(1,(' • f 0r-gt~1 fu 111(,~\, godlc~sne~,. ungodli ness' ; from nil (sec ras~la I) with redupiJcation of lhe I r Prepare onese , la~asa'a (It) 'become aged logether"
two radicals. as! manne, 'I h rasu' (ll), 'asu' (T), rasu, (It) , Id '
!J.Pat 'forgt'l (nine .... , neghgence. imple!y'; 'QStorsayo, 'oslarassaya
, cot e, array, prepare '
- dorn, equip, arm ; ad:~nced In age'; 0 ,old man,
'~.\·<un, r.l ....;mnOI. sanlc;
a _,. (Gr .148), acl. parI. of ,assaya; ras) old age, age';
mal.'>"', man,l'i "hili \.\·h lt.:'h makes forgetfur~ rasna ()'J',WII) l:O} 'glow be red-hot be hId rassay
ea e ,
. .
be mOamed'; ' .
'prepared, ready, ornamented, adorned, ra~'~t 'getting old (n), old age"
S, t.illil -Ar rl/(t/'o 'N- :-.:Iack', Hch. riHil' 'err wlIl- r/SSU Y . d d' ras>an 'old age'; ,
fully" Aram.·~ .. r r.1.fa< .~ \qd;.("d ', Akk . ntH,; >arstJf1a 'make red-hot. heat, burn. ignite try drc "ed, clothed, equtppe ,arme ;
or test (3 mclal, with fire)'; , . t.,
myot 'constitutIOn, arrange.men , arraYlOg ;
ras>annQ 'old age'.
, ,
'treat rufhk~ .. "· (fnr Whl('h ... ee von Sflden 996). For
"""" 'red-hot, glowing, heated, fiery lri d ( JQrossoyi, part. of tarassaya, marSiJ', marSa·; (K·) part of .
a ~'(lOn{'("ll(ln tx-lwC'Cn 'for,IR'l' and '(,IT', cpo Hch. fii<ii , , 'arsa'a'
· huTe,
meta.I Wit " ) npe'
· ; ,ca SEMITIC' Ph f K '
(t<1 1, ..(,(" I , y, l\uu'l..·ha, U'Jhof/enu)1 (1Q67). ,'09- ursit 'apparel, ornament, adorn.ment, attire, .' . 0 a,alepe rs' 'be old' (G G Id
10. "N,lIt" hl'Wl~H'r. Ihal Sch",all~, Zn\fG 52 rasn (rasn) 'heat, burning heat, heating, incan_ berg In Tur Sinai H I II . 0 en-
(I~QSJ 1'.'1 C(")Il<;tdcrs Ci r.\; In the meanmg '8c l de.scence' ., eq uipmenl, glory,
" .pomp, preparatIOn, constitu_ P.410-1i). - ,aas on w.hase/er III [1955),
lion, occupation,
'mpl('lu.""~· n.\; Ix'mg ~rr()\H'd '-r('Im S\nac. (mii<Jlllha rasn ~brand mark'); ETHIOPIC : Amh. rassa 'become
Lnllorrc - T na r&J.\<,;:,'(' -r(",.-:cl' Tc 'I,l )rasslI<o, Ha r S,MITlC: SAL 'S ,y -prepare for' (Biella 490, but not am haricized from G. raS'a). old, age' (KBT,
rilJllal (n) 'heating, burning. inflammation, cau- SabDic); perhaps Syr. tariJ.a 'sustenance. supplies'
rQM"'O.. Alnh rID.ta, (jur r.i~U' temmg, ardor,
Jursiini, mars.m, part. of >arsana',
(from a root rsy), as suggested by Brockelrnann
1928:836.
ras~a t./".t., (OT) rasha t.O.t. 'become
r.,h. I .. ""jli' l:1l.t., () raSh. l:/",h 't>e cal/used (foot), swel/ (foot)';
SnflUC: AT , (Dat) rasin 'burn' (for which see Land- ETHIOPlC: Gur. (a)raIa (from ,sy) 'build (a house),
unde;!n, t>e dirt). t>e filthy, be' polluted, be
berg 19231281. and Praetorius, ZDMG 57[i903j. probably to be identified wilh ras~a I.
Impure, t>e delilrd, Ix' (Ont<lmIDated, (It) be 273), As for Ar, ra1ln, Praetonus, lb. is inclined to we.ve (clothes), plait (the hair),; perhaps also Gar.
rilia'share', ro~a C'K; see rw~.
dull. I", lustorle", rust. t>e hable (to I. be subject conSider It a Persian (roian) loanword, as against
(to), "" d,'ol1lcd, t>~ "'ou"'d, t>e gUilt) '. landberg, Ib
'l(Jn~lta. ("dusall\'C', al\() "I.!ctile. stain. pofJute. ETHIOPJc: Tna. rmiifla <be very hot ', Te. riisna ~y, 'arsaya >'Ct'lf (D.T.Y) 'drop anchor, bring ra~ba l:lI'n (MA) 'clear one's throat and spit';
10 rest'; SEMITIC: Ar. ru¢ab 'sucked saliva',
Cllntanunatr. Ct'odcmn, .K\.:Use·; 'glow', Amh . riissiinii; passed into Cushitic: Sil.
ratallf (J\.G). ad piin. of rtlsha; rastin, """,y (LI) 'refuge';
marso, (T) mars 'port, harbor, anchor, haven, ru~ira ~l\-f. (T) = Amh. man tamar 'how
r.>.lu!, 'defiled. dirt), tilth" impure, accused, beautiful she is!';
dlargod ("lfhl, gUIlty, I(.r) dull, lu,terless', rosis C"O (Ll) 'bullet, lead of a bullet'., IT) quiel, tranquility, (Sw. in D 280) quiet
rtlthJ It) 'llrruiCd or
crime'; from Ar. ra~ii! 'bullets, lead'; also Amh.Gur. arsas, place' ; probably an interpretation of a personal name (Ge-
r,lth (t •• 14'I, 'I,.n r~l1rii (K") 'impunt), dirt'; Amh, ri1,~as, .Te. rJSas.' .Tiliaf, Tna. rJsas, rJ,fai, Jriai, tatchew). In fact, on the line below (in T 387) there
Ar. rasii (rsy ) 'lie at anchor', >arsii'drop
Syr riJ!~; 10 CUShlllc' Sa. riias, Af. rusOs, Sil.
SEMITIC: is rufo, proper name of a woman, which may be a
'~Shal·de~lement"mrunt}. pollution. dlfl, un- rJsQs, anchor', marsii 'port, anchorage' (Noeldeke 1910: 61 misprint for rU4iija.
deannc~,. filth. (rime gUIlt. accusation'. does not consider Ar. rnarsii a Geez loanword as
'Or,/ih, (tt). p.rt . .>f 'ar,,~a, r~t Cft:"; see warasa. ''' 00 in Jeffery 262), Soq. 'iIi 'be fixed, be at- rusat ~l\t; see rws.
• •
'QrsiihulJa. see rJ/uh. /' lached ', i:fars. resii 'stand finn', arsii 'anchor' (v).
rota C'1'; see rwl.
\'''''TJ( F ~rI",19/7 104 conn«ts " ~"h PbH rsh... '.rsaw.
d >'Ct'lm 'draw (a boat) 10 the This root is not to be connected with Syr. larsi
.'.L d «.a) • ram ~~rah ("Hh mt'tathesls) T hsore
e ' rop anchor', (denominative from tarsi!a, from rsy) 'support. sup- rat'a (yar/a') l:to 'be (become) slraight, be
;o.u!<VIj'
suggested b) NYberg 198. IS unhkel) . rOll'ld (l). rall'idol (It) 'persecution', marallwa, mariiwwat. W. Muller, ZDMG 131 ru~ol 'running, run, track, pathway. course,
rudal , verbal noun of roda; also 'persecution, (1981).401 suggests a connection between marw<lhl contesl' ;
ETHIOPI( Tna ra.!'e 'WIO', Te riil'u 'be right, be incursIOn; •
'fan' and marwaht 'bell' from a root rlVh on the 'QrWiJSO )a/ras 'horse races';
straight, wm a Jawc;uit', Har. ruta'a 'WIn a laWSUit '. lorall'iidi 'persecuted, ca ptured by assault'; baiis of Chr.-Ar.·mirwah 'eine racherarlig~ Metall- • •
marwas; , 'who causes horses to run ,
Amh.Arg. rdlfo. Gur ruta; passed into CushltlC: scheibe mit Cherubdarst~lIungen zum Gebrauch bei
Dar. ralfU'f' mJrwii~ 'course, track, race, contest, arena,
SEMITIC: Ar rada (fit/d) 'prowl, search for food', d~r Messe'. as given by Graf 54. See also marawa~lI.
Heb. rag ( rwd) 'roam ', related 10 Soq. rodi (rdy) distance run, orbit';
ralba I,.,rluh I ~'I'n 'he humId, be damp, be 'sicaI'. The connection with Akk. riidu 'tremble'
wet, be mOISt, be sappy. be JUICY. be fresh. be suggested by Koehler 876 (under flt-'d), von Soden
I ~~ IIJ, raw~a ~/I)oth (T.Y.M), ro~a r:th (MA) SEMITIC Heb. ra., (rw!) 'run', Aram.·Syr. r~~I!"
green (tree r 941, and Conti 1978 :32, n.2 IS unlikely since ItS
",rforate, pierce'; Md. rhl. Akk. rOfu, For ArabIC, Barlh_ 1.90.4,\
quotes ;;yada 'movement', as againsl suku". qUiet
rOOl IS r'd, for which see ra'da, above. It is
strange that it has the same meaning as rawa/a
~m" which OCcurs in Y 33 I on the line above.
For Ug. r;,
see Caquot 257. See OQ lhls root
Schuhhess 68-9.
478
razabl ~,~~.~m~. ______________________________ 479 ____________________
~~
perhaps rather raya; from Ar riiya through Amh, rOla 1:11; see rwz.
rO.l 'Q 'Hag' Note that Sw. In D 1401 has raya =
Amh , oliilt, a word that is not recorded in any ruz, ruzi ~'11 , ~I/ (GrA08) 'rice';
Amhanc dictionary; Jl is probably a misprint for
alama as given m Tayya, from Ar. ruzz < 'aruzz (of Tamil (arid) origin;
Iranian viring, biring); also in the other Ethiopian
rana!'a lffl, (T) rayya~a '::fll 'tame, Irain, languages. As for Geez ruzii, it is either from Syr.
break (a horse)'; ruza or from Gk. oryza. For ruzz, see also Landberg
(T lfJl ,aY},llfa = Amh. O&- barra 'be bright' ) 923: 1242-3, Rabin, iSS II (1966). 5, Rabin I
is a misprint for 1&- giirra 'tame'); 1968:436. For 'Tlce', see r. Low, ZA 21 (1908).
206 If.
>aray}!atj.o. (K·). causative;
perhar!> from Ar (Oman) siba 'fortification' (W, a city or of a country; followed by a noun II "l 'septuple, 'as ~ a-b and translates It - 'rom .
'M:uardh('lu~~'
MlIller).
means 'those of. .', as in sab'a rayn 'Watchmen
h
US " . '.
IJSbJ 'I-Q 'seven tJ mes ,
,EnuO~I(,: perhap~ Te. i iihiJba 'plait', Tna, Idhbabd
spies', sab'a 'a/riis 'horsemen, knights', sab' , bndle , "bub 'cord', Amh. l libruM 'bndle' .he
~iya! 'tradesmen', sab'a s;}ray a
'sorcerers,
Ar sob' 'seven', SAr Sib' , Soq . hobeh, Sh . ongmal meanmg belOg 'go around' See alSt., h "'.
sob. (ttl 'when, at that time, then'; .. , SE"mCHe. b i,ba' Aram.-Syr. sJpa', Md. saba, Ug soba.
magicians; Jrb'tl,
kama soba ~ust as, when'; t". '
"b' Akk sebe, sabe.
•
>• .,ka .<o6a 'till then, until'; sab'a (Y) 'become a man' (denominative); Ph. s , . Te sabu' 'seven', Tna. Iobrottt, Amh. sbb lV, sabba, sababa r'In , ()nn (Is.') 'look for
rasab'a 'become incarnated, become a man, be ETHlop.e ' . H - . F
.<oba + perfect, (occasionally) imperfect -b Gar. sabattii, Arg. sO'mt, ar. saltl. or a reason, look for a pret«!' (denom.natlVel
'would that!'; made a man'; Gur. so ,ai,pTe. Tna. siibra, Am. h sa··ba. G ur s"ba,
'seventy, c . sabab 'reason. cause, prete,t'; ,
s:oha, soha-hu introduces both real and unreal sabu' 'who was made a man';
from Ar sabab 'cau!te, rcason'~ also Te.Amh. soNi".
Gaf. siibii. See also sb' 1I .
conditions; in an unreal condition the apod- subij'e (Gr.168) 'human nature, incarnation';
sab)awi 'human'; sb> n, saboo'a 1'1110 (KP) 'bewitch'"
osis is Introduced by "m (see Dillmann sbb V, sababa Mn (M) 'abhor, destest',
1907; 55111); sab'al, sab)ar 'relationship, affinity, humanity'; b ' (Ll) 'bewitch, make bew.tch ;
T 'be.
>asb'' ".b' sab'al (KP.Lt), SiJ b 'al () . h lng,
w.tc · s.badd~'iit, s.biidd~'iit
1
soba 'tim + perfect 'even if; sab anna 'humanity, human nature, person, per- sa.s, h (pi .wbM,,'al) ()flJ:''1
sonal self'; witchcraft, sorcery, spell, enc antment, Incan-
.<ol>e (occaSionally s.be) 'then, at that time, . , + I ()'lJ:''1+ 'v. per, mythical bea,t with the
when' : lasba'e, liJsbiJ'f 'human nature, incarnation'; tallon ; I -6 _ ) body of a lion, tail of a snake, and the to",0,
)'J'i/tQ .'IObe ·at that very time'; lasba'/, tasab'OI 'assumption of human nature, mo bS (K), masob"i, p. ma.<a .
,•. O ~"ran
' (D,. arms and head of a man',
sohe-ssa 'when, however'; masiibJ' (T) 'one who casts spells, WIZard, magi-
human nature, manhood, incarnation, Incar- from Ar. Jibdj, 'seorplon'~ al\o In Amh. siih,iJd.J,dt
.<oh.. -ha 'at that time, then, instantly, immedi- nation of Christ celebrated the 29th of Magga_ cian, exorcist',
bit. (from Geez); see M Cohen, BSL .11 (19311. 39-40,
ately, forthwith, thereupon, right away'; is connected with sb' I 'seven', reflectmg the use or Strelcyn 1955:330. Noeldeke, WZA.\( 19 (19051.
sol>a-hl (lI) 'as often as'; h umber 'seven' in witchcraft formulas. For the 404 thinks that Ar iihd,' i1; a Gcez loanword .
!o~:ection
SEMITIC: Mh. hob'; 'people' (wilh h corresponding 10
.<obe-hu 'when indeed'; s, sl Bittner 1909:20 expresses doubts concerning between 'seven' and He?, Ih. (nifcal)
la-sobe-ha 'for the moment'; this comparison. , ear' see Buhl 801 For a more detaded b.bhogra- sabboh. ()flJ, 'praise, extol, laud, glOrify, "ng
'.m-,robe-lin 'from that time forward, forth- ErnloPlc; Te.Tna. siib 'man', Tna. siib>oy, Te. siib""
with'l Amh. sab, siiw < sab (for b > W, see Praetorius
s; . ,;,
saba'a
Landberg 1942: 1892; cp, also Ar, (Syria)
p y, 'curse' {Landberg, lb.
. ) Sh es b
1
'
U' swear
• .
,
•
a hymn, magnify, honor';
lasab6~!ra, passive; also 'be made glonous',
'.ska saha (It) 'even ir; 1879:56; Cohen 1931 : 384ft), Gur. sab, Gaf. sawwd, sanhii!.i, act. part, of ..abb~hd;
Arg. su, Har. usu>; probably passed into Cushitic: ,bb r, sababa (y.sb.b) 1'100 'be d.ffused, be s,hbuh 'praised, glorified, celebrated, honored,
ElllI0PIC: Tna. sabu. fabu 'then' (Praetorius 1871: Som. sob 'lower class (of people)'. sp.lled, be poured, spill (intr ), pour (lntr.), be
44, Rundgren 1955:4911); Dlilmann 1907:405 ana- glorious, full of glory, illustriou,';
spread' ; sabbJ~o 'praise';
Iyz~ !mba as coming from so 'there' and ba 'in'; so
also G Bergstrasser, ZA 1/· 29 (1909). 54 who denses sb' r, sab""'. 1'1110 'make seven' (denomina_ ETH.OP.C Amh. sabbabii 'pour, 'p,1I' (from Geei). s"hbiilre (pI. sal>Mhe"iil, ...hhiih.'lii/) 'praISe,
so from a pronomlOal element la. Rundgren tive); hymn, lauds;
1955:44ff connects -be of sobe. with reservations. lasabh~ra, passive; sbb II, sabab. 1'100 (TS) 'blow up': s"hi·al, (Ll) sab!rel 'glory, glOrification, pra.se,
wuh the postposilJon -bi' of Harari. Hackenspill, sahrallu, sabiir/u 'seven' (with a masc. noun); 'ashaba (T) 'be joyful': hymn, majesty, splendor',
Z,I II (1896). 1~8 analyzes JabI!' as ·sobey from lasababa (MA) 'be completely inflated, be SJNJJIIIICI 'magnificence, majesty, splendor';
sab', siJb'. sab,u 'seven' (with a fem. noun);
·~(JbcJy and fOf the ending -ay he compares Ar. sahr-a 'seven times'; puffed up with pride'; lasahbiihi 'praised',
'alii/v), ·i/iily). Hcb. 'ate. Praelorius 1879: 159, n.1
sob., (fern. sob"1) 'seventh'; 'ashab (T) 'joyful, powerful': la.whhJIIOI (Ll) 'glorification';
(follOWed b) Brockelmann 1913:536) connects soba
"Ilh Hcb. ;a~ 'return', Ar. taba, G. soba meaning sQbarawi, sab;}ray 'seventh'; perhaps Ar . .fubba 'be raised. be elevated';
SEMITIC": SEMITIC: Heb. sibba11 'pnuse', Aram.·Syr, .ic,Ml.lh.
onginalJy ·bei dec Rtickkchc, bel der Wendung zu sabu' 'seven (days), the seventh day (of a week cp. also Ar sabba 'be hvely, be 'prightly, leap According to Nocldeke 1910 36, Ar s~Mahjl ilnd
emer Sache', Re.OIsch 1875:107 (under hOb) Iden- or of a month), week'; bn,kly'. G. sabb.1ha come from Heb.-Aramill\:. For A~ . .Iub-
(ifie~ G. Jobo, sohe with Ar. sobbo 'time' (so also sabbu' (M) 'sevenfold'; ha~a rr~m Aram. fabba~. sec also A Flslher
BIIlner, WZKM 23[1909-10].408), soba in the accu, sabra 'seventy'; sbb ITI, sabb., sabab. (yash,Jh) 1'10, 1'100 (KP) 1953:52. T hi I
saUve meaning 'at the tIme when, when' (sah'a liqanal 'Septuagint', lit. 'seventy learned 'go around, circle'; ETHIOI'IC: Te. siib~a 'praise.'. (v.), ~a., s~. :u~
men'); sahiibi (KP), act. participle; 'praise' (n.); passed inlo CushltlC Sil. Jah praise
,
sob. (00, see slIh, subare 'week, seven-year cycle, seven days, 'asbab (pl.) 'guards, sentinels': the meanmg sabak. 1 (yJsbJk) , (K) sabbaka Mh, (Ll
prayer for a particular occurrence, retreat'; 'guard, sentinel' comes from the original mean- 'abako "-Oh 'smelt, melt down, cast molten
Ing 'go around';
images, make (an idol)':
~Ibd.•
484 485
sabaql
lo.\ahka, pa~sl"e.
•f;l1hliki. net. pan. of '\'ohaka;
'asba/a, causative;
- • IfI fl/l4' (K ') 'p,lant, c/ose together, -h<i.
s.bul'that has ears (corn), Covered with ears of ~b.qIe lOge ther , connect, JOin : sahsiib 'marnage, matnmont.
••buk. pass part , of sabaka; corn' , (sab'a sahsab 'marned COuple');
..>liM!.: .. (T) 'mollen image'; lI-ea s recons trueted from sabeq (see below) .
hP
••,bleo (pi. .I,hb...al) 'casting, smelling, smelled sabl 'ear of corn, grain that is still green but ~a ' , . ETHlOPlc : Tna 3iibsah'marnaDc' from G
ba 'rna ~
f
is ripe enough to eat'; n'" 'thicket, (T) VIDe, called In Amh ,
~bt'I ~I." rry Is« bclo~\. ",b becomlng . b t"'th to
t' , . -.J , W.fo--
(fire)" Heb. sa~f!! 'spark', Aram. sagiN, Md. (rnas~aba ·agiinanl 'one who summons de- come hoarse, (T) be itchy. be peeled off here SEMITIC: perhaps AI. slf in mm-liU'consumpuve ; In
mons'); and there" , this case G. s~lll would be augmented by ~I. C
iambiba, Akk. iababu, "etwa 'ghihen'" (von Soden
(118). rnas~iib 'means of pulling or making pull, I 'ashaka 'make rough, make sea brous, peel here ETHIOPIC: perhaps s/l augmented b7 ~, an~. "/~'
and there'·, A h ··I""d 'be withered, paralyzed, Tna. sola ,
extraction, (Gr.163) attraction';
Te.m siilala
. sa a d
'paralY2ed'. For 'be. I' S\,'e ,also
rled ou.
""uk 'rough, rugged, scabrous'; sii~lala, above, and s~/w.
"'II
-- ---- 494~____________________________~S='~~'~!~
495
,hI! II, 'an,iihlal. h1 ... ,),t\t\ (T YK) 'go 10 and
las"hla 'go astray, miss (a target, an aim),;
rio. 1t1\" .... hC'~-C' and (here, he- inciled. dance and
sing. arn\c,.' .5ouJdcnly·;
.\·a~uili, act. part. of siJ~l/a,
.1·iJ!lUf'who is In error, erring, misguided
sa~·'·
,
nate.
..
/I (yashal) /'I"'m (T) 'spread, dlsseml_
verb of state, while g"iidda ' ha ' .
Ihl' b3""~· J11cmmf! I!'. that of movement: rcrhaps J , hve verb; rm 1$ J transi •
misled, induced into error':
robab IY to be identified
,. .
with sa~'Q!a
I"
I, developed
d
rOOI sll.lUgmcntcd l'!\ h Amh. ,\ ul.lll alii. l(jfl~·lllliilii .willI 'error, sin', P
[romle h meaning
_ , mClte a quarre > sprca ,sepa- SEMITIC Ar salJii (shr, 'take off h . . ,
' run hCf(, ,Ind thL'IC" Tna . _\tillill biila 'dance s.lhil
•
'error, deceit'; rate, disseminate . . (n.f'al) 'be scrape'd aWay '
.' hy Yscrap.ng Heb.
,
SJ~l/al error, transgression, gOing astray,
' .
miS. ETHIOPIC ' Amh. siiha s~ha ' bl . h
. hl! III 'ans.hl.la h,)"',),M (T.Y.M) 'kISS a
prll.'"I 's cws~ M hand' ,
lake, seduction': "',
hit nA'I' (T) = Amh. =~g~!la 'kind of tree';
'
defect' ' emlS , Imperfection.
'w·fuiti. mas~ali, part. of las~lata: also 'de. I fort hIS. tree , see Streleyn 1973, no , 68.
so~akot. 11"'''1-; see sankal .
ceiver, seducer': a
. .... h1"',),t\m (T,YM), same
. .. , ·.nsahl
<hi
h (yashaw) /'I,),m, (L) sa~awa /'I"'OJ 'be
meanmg, as shll I ma.th.JI 'seducer, deceiver, erring,
impostor' ; fallaCious , SOW.. b d
' ded be expanded, e sprea out, e dlS-
b s.>~na, sahano (YJShan ) n1) . "..,} (T) h
/'I",)' - - ' , s a .na
exlen , ) (I' 'd) ( warm oneself, become warm' '
sahlih.i "',l.~'f (It) 'kllld of rug'; 1II0.l'ii(1I (KG) 'ruin, damage'; d be scatlered, (K 0 run IqUl , T) be
drag along, crawl, (K 0) languish, 'aslJana (K'.Gr) 'warm, heal, kindl,'a fire"
dperseged
Ihc I(lrm Indll\1h.'\ ·somethlng pertaining to ,fii~r SLMITI(".· SAr, S/~1f 'defeat, throw into disorder', rag , . )' h
ve slowly, drift (cloud, mISt ; note t at T
sabun (K ') 'Who warms himselr '
Heb . .fii~Ul! 'spoil, rum', Aram. SIJI 'be Corrupt, be
~~makes a distinction between sa(lIva 'drag',
sabi~ 'incense, frankincense' (the' incense pro.
. I. ,ahlma
shm . /)"'OD (MA) 'b.: manured', mutilated', Ph. #1/ 'ruin'; perhaps also Ar. sahata ducoog a sweet odor When bUrnt)
and sahwa 'be dragged'; ,
'cxtirpate, eradicate'
( ,111m labbu 'he lost courage );
-
mashJnar 'kitchen' , ,
'~hawa
ma.<bJnt 'pot, (ll) oven',
ETHIOPlr ' Te. siihota 'be mistaken, do wrong', Tna, 'extend, expand, spread out: (K 0) pull,
masballin (Mrs) 'incense' (seems to be a mIS-
sah.n. /'I",) (I tI 'place (v). Jiil,tat(i, Amh,Gur. sOlii, Arg. siihata, passed Into
Cushitlc ' Bil sahal. dr~g, (TK) have someone take off hIS clothes'; take for s~&ill);
,ahiiwi (K 0), act. part. of sa(lIva;
,.hapa /'I",A IT) ' touch , siha'
, Q"'r 'kind of garment'; SJh"., (KO) 'scatlered, dispersed'; SU-flTIC: Ar. satJuna 'become hot', Sh, .ihan 'warm
oneself', Heb. St1lJin 'inflamed spot. boil'~ PbH, .ia-
SHot/TIC' perhaps Ar soyl,t 'stnped garment'.
sahw 'extension, dissolving, spreading out, ex-
sih .. ha "',),11", (K 0 TM), sahs.>h./'I,),I'1", (YM
CUSHITIC perhaps also Kham. Si·l 'dress, put on a
pa~sion, (KO) drifting of mist, fine mist 10- IJan 'become hot, grow warm'. Aram .•Syr, Jt1hen ,
Md. ihn, Ug. ibn (Gordon 489, Caquot 347, ~ I),
Sit i) :mo, l' h;h.:k ward and forward, agitate, gether with a cloud'; Akk. sahiinu.
dress', Qem. say, Aw si, Bil. sa-s 'clothe someone', -
ETHIOPIC; Tna. sii~anii 'be hot', Te. siihana; Amh,
nih. ><:rap., hrush Ihe teeth', from an anclcnt s)'~.
la,lnlls,lha, paSSI\e, SEMITIC; Ar. fa~a 'be open', sa&a" 'large, spacious'.
s~hln 'incense' (from Gecz); passed Into CUShllic
'fU/lahs,lha
. . ' ·onJ.llw,\·hi.l
' . 'mo\'c ([r.lntr.), be 10 s.~.!.. s.>~!a I (YJsi}af) /'I"'m : n,),m ETHJOPJC; Te. sii~a (sl;w) 'be extended', Tna. sii~o. Sa. saxnii. saknii 'scab'.
moth..)n. mOH: hither dnd Ihlther. stir, arouse, 'wound, injure, molest, hurt, do harm, violate !I'D 'be scattered, be thinly ~own'.
(T) roam "oout, move backward, (K) pro- (a vorgin), touch, pinch, scratch, prod, (K 0) stir s.~apa "..,A (T), ..~p. 1I1A (Sw. In D 1395)
\oke. mSllgall'" up (a quarrel), provoke ore'; ,~y I. s.~ay. /'I"'f (Ko.y) 'be liquefied, be 'thank, be grateful'. .
melted' ;
'(llHtllrastilu. act. pafllclple ~ ras-Illa (KO), pasSive;
",'s.hsiih, (K) lIa'ah.,Jh ' motIon backward and .\"a~iiri, act. part. of sa~lQ!a: ""),0 (Y) 'disappear, be lost, be extinguished,
,
s.k,. [ (yaskii'J /'Iho, (T) sak'a "hh 'thread
(D 1395) separate';
forward , mo\'emf'nl, agnation. stlrflng. Com- .ohut, pass. part. of sa(tala; (a needle), string, arrange 10 a row, (It) poerce
motion ', "hIm (that is, pass through an opentog 10 thread),
. . (KO), verbal noun of sahala;. . the Gecz root is related to savl;a ..wyyaha J (see
below). insert into a hole or crevice';
FTHlOPI( Ina , sahsaht ' rub t~o thmgs agamst each SEMITIC Heb. iafto,t 'Oppression. corruption' (Driver,
other' al i.l 10 (UShUH': S,l sa" 'agnate', Bil. saJ.t lasak'a, passive; also (ll) 'be entangled';
JTS 34[1938J40), Syria"her 'wound'. The eompan- "iy I/, s.~.y. /'I"'f 'be dry, dry up';
r Qua Jag Conti ,lJ
089 compares It ,,"h the \00 with Akk . .~e,tu 'disregard' suggested by von 'asaha),a 'dry' (tr.);
sakU' 'threaded, toterlaced, (ll) fashioned
~mluc rool "lIh Inillal n ' AU nasiilllJ 'tear out, Soden 1221 is valJd only If 'disregard' is considered (gold), processed for decoratoon';
•
upr,:)Ot, Heh. nasah lear 1l\l,il.Y. Ar na..saba 'delete' a metaphoric usage of 'wound', Driver, lb., also also read sayya&a; see sayyalJa II, below.
Ar, (Dat) faka' 'thread, slnng'
SEMITIC:
compares Akk , iaI.Jii{u 'spring, mount (esp. sensu ETHIOPIC: Te. siik<a 'thread, string', Tna. sii!~'e.
..tt'a
, .. IIhal l /'1,),1- make a mIStake, err, 'In. obsceno)'. Thc connectIOn with Heb. iii~1Qt s!ty Ill, sa~.y., "'~y. /'I"'f : I'l')'f, (T.M) sdk'e, Amh. siikka.
do \\fO"g, ~o astra~ . ml (.1. target. an aim), 'slaughter', Ar. SOhota, Ug. i&!, Akk . .fobii,tu 'tear s>hy. IIlJf 'be wounded, be hurt, (Y.T) rub,
The root is related to skk, SEMITIC. Heb ,fii~a!
SCrub, massage';
lose (th. "dl), !!et lost, be m"led. be <;educed, down , snatch away' should not be excluded, 'weave together', Syr. sakke~ 'fix nails in', Akk
b.: dec~1\ ed'
ETHIOPIC, Te. ,I'oha(a 'wound', Har. sel,ta,to 'insert
lii~aya (T) 'incite to hate each other' sikkotu (from skk) 'nail'. ETHIOPIC: Amh . .fiikkiikii
)a.shala 'Iead astra\. lead Into sin. mduce into (connected with 'wound, hurt'); 'thread through, drive through', Har siikiika
by forcing', Amh·. so!ii. sard 'fit m, wedge', Amh,
'osahaya (T.M) 'wound, hurt';
error templ to e'll, clHrupt. seduce, mislead, also JiUlt adiirrd~o 'stab, Insert', Gur. sara 'make 'string, put In a row', Gur. siikkiikii 'drive a peg or a
d=lVe, delude', something penetrate (e.g. a comb Into the hair), See there is a slight inconsistency in the Amharic pointed object into the ground', In thiS case sk'
also Jc.lhuta II translation of q'iissiilii and g'iidda given by T would have become reduced 10 sk and augmented
for "hya. Indeed, q" iissiilii 'be wounded' is a by the last radical. The rool IS common wuh Cushit-
ic: Qua, saq 'weave', BII. sag. Kham. suq.
- .~
- 496
sakinon 497
,.1,. II r ",.,i') ,lho (K.T.D 139S), sak'a (th" -
'pile- up, stnd.', SFMITW. Ar. sakka (skk) 'cut off (the ears)'.
(1')
EnfloPI(': Tna. fii!!,'Sd/skii 'crush', See also siikl<aya
IIkra (y.sbr, yaskar) (th.:: 'be drunk, be in- sabata
s d' ,ak"at, sakOI (pI. >ask"iil) (tlt-.)o , A ' - i ,
L1HIOI'ltTe. JJA'Q '~tulT. shove': related to\'ksk. and SiJ.f ( sjilk, below. , (Oxicate ; ".
lane s . IIt'T street,
foru~ q(~al;" quarter,. (T) crossroad, COunCil,
JO~ -1 c, .~tJk\dka 'he crammed full". Tna . sii~.\"ii6·ij. k 'make drunk, intoxicate;
'asara 'kd'
"mh ,Ilik dS-\iikil sakala ()'Jskal) (thll 'bear grapes'; k - . (pI sakart), drun ar , g.ven to drink';
saari. e .n a public square)"
"kill (Gr) 'that carries grapes'; kka-r 'drunkard; sakota, for sak"ara (T Y) 'b '
,akii"'''. (tllalllD (T. MS~. on D J.195) 'defor- sa 'drunk, deun k en, tne . b'nate d' ; becorne a street , (denominative);
' . ecome a sq uare,
tsl, make a c!carin!!'; S3 kur . . . .
the verb is a denominative from >askiil 'bunch (of - S(Jkr 'drunkenness, mtox1catlOn, Intoxi-
fruil)" SiJ kar, SEMITIC: Ar. suq 'market' A S ••
e, ' e. suq, Akk. iuqu 'street', suqoqu (fuqii~
wIth the ('rllg-mallc t:ndJllg -II1I1'Q of which there are eating drink'; k I 187) H b -- ' ram._ yr. luqa (Fraen_
narro~ Brock~l~ann
sC'wral cxamplc\ m Tayy;i, sakir 'drunkenness';
seka'o, sekc~c'u I1.hll- • 11.1I..h.II-, (K *) sekelu q.u) street'. J 908: 156 eKplains
'al.".' •• t (tl>,a'}-)' (T) 'kind of ant'; 11.11.11', name of month; siJkrat 'drunkenness, intoxication'; s q >, s~k (m Geez) by aSSImilation. Ar. sikka 'road
SC'C sa~ k (t. (. S Mme: Ar. sakira 'be drunk', Soq. sekir, Heb. street, IS considered by Noeldeke 1910:52 a Gee;
from Heb, kislew through Gk. khaseleu.
j :k
aar,
Aram.-Syr.f~lsar,h
Ug. fkr, Akk. iakaru. Zim-
" hat t heVer b'IS a
I?anword (so also A. Fischer 1953: 55, with reserva_
tIOns). For sikka in various Arabic dialects, see
,ak.,., (tllae (T) 'lireplat'e, hearth '. m e
. m 39 ,
0 ·2, is of t e opmlOn t
sa kama (rJskam)
• (thou 'carryon the shoul_ d nominative from Akk. fikaru 'beer', Heb. Jelstir.
Landberg 1942: 1954. See also Kaufman 94.
saU'rur r"l/)~C; 'lily'; ders, carry a burden';
E~JOPIC: Toa.sa~~r~ 'be drunk', Te. saha, Amh. ETHI?Plc: Tna.Amh. suq 'market', Te. soq is an
sec ;lhCl "ldnA/irllr 'askama 'place on the shoulders'; siikkiirii, Gur. sakara; passed Into Cushltlc: BlI. ~rablc loanword. The connection with Amh. iiingo
lasakama, tGsakma 'take upon one's shoul. iakar, Qua.Sa. sakar. assembly' suggested by Beguinol 515 is unlikely.
,.k"jj,t (,ol"jjt) Il!l,o-}o i ((t\\.)o) 'kllld of ant', ders' , See also sakata II.
sakm (K*) 'load'; +1'111''::
In J(lh 411, \\hcrc the Hebrew te~1 has layi.f 'hon', ',ak'ara, ta,ak"ra 'become red-hot
sakata I I'Ih.,. (T.Y.M.) 'pierce';
and !he Sl'rlUaSlnt ha!\ ·ant,lion'; perhaps also sa. <akum (K 0) 'carried on the shoulders'; from fire';
~,.". hdo" Sec alsn saA ~1i'.Jf/t. sJkmar (K*) 'carrYing (n) on the shoulders'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. §ii~ii(ii 'pierce', Te. fiikla 'throw a
sagara 'heat, kindle', Aram .•
SEMITIC: related to Ar.
lance' (and possibly 'pierce with a lance').
maskam. maskanll (pI. masakam) 'pole, Syr. i3gar 'become hot, heated, warm'. See also
sakab., 'alb. ....,1,01>. p,k,,1> (thO, flhO carrying pole, shaft, perch'; ·saq~ara II. sakata II (yaskatj t'lh.,. (KO) 'encamp, lodge,
'he, fie- do\\ n, he asker. lie (Wilh a woman)'; maskiim (K·) 'means of carrying'; rest' ,'
(.il/"-ha I1tl .\1tJ 'aha ....ihu 'he- dle-d', Irl. 'he slept sokor {lhC, wkar Y'hc 'sugar';
SEMITlC: Heb. s(,5t'm 'shoulder', that is, the part or is probably a denominative from sakwar 'quarter'
wHh hI', father ... ·"
the body on which one carries loads, Ug. tkm 'carry from Ar. sukkar of Sanskrit origin (Reinisch (see above); for the meanings, cpo Amh. siifJiirii
'(J.\kil~(/Ia\, la\- do\\n.la) (on a bed)'; on the shoulders' (denominative from 'shou!der').
, 1902:347); also in Amh.Gur.Har. sukkar, Te. 'camp, lodge', and siijiir 'section of a town'.
.\jlkilN. 'H.'1. P;JrI of \/J/..dna: ETHIOPIC: Tna. rGsakiima, Idfiikdmii 'carry a load', iakkiir, Tna. iakk''''ar, fukk"'ar; Amh. also fiink""iir
,."'/'" uh ,}~ mg. t.\ In!! JO\\ n' : Te. fiikma, Amh. laiiikkiimii, Gaf. tiisikkiimd. 'sugar cane' (for the inserted n, cpo also Ar. [l:Ia9 rJ sakota 1'111.,.; see sak'"at.
.o).;~I1f 'at.'l nJ 1~lJJg dm.\n'; sunkar), In Cushitic: Sa. iokar, Bil. siikar, Som.
mQsk~h. mask.lili, pJrt of '«.,kohll, ,akom (t119" (T.M) 'drinking vessel made from sankor, sunkur. skotoliki lllt-.y.1I.1t (T) 'church';
ma\~ab ·genllalla·~ a gourd'
gives the impression of being a corrupt form
""'-«<in 're'!ln~ rlat... In I.e dt"'o. much. bed', soU'asa (th-I'I (T.Y.MA) 'come to an end, cease,
in relation to Gk. katholike (ekklesia) 'Catholic
sak -anii, sakonii (pI. sak'iinJw) flh-'i', (ttJ'i' decline, decrease, shrink, faint, recede, grow church'.
SU~tJH(" Hc"r Iiikah 'lie do"'n', Aram i<lkeb. Svr
IJtab, l -
~ Ph. \ld . .<J..b,\" mkapu -- - 'sole of foot, forefoot, hoof, heel, footslep, (Lt) old (love), disappear, flee'; also transitive
F HJ\.IPI{ TC' ~G1hrl -11(' J0~\n. Tna fokilbil. socle, pedestal (of tdol)'; 'abandon, leave. sweep'; ,aktata I I'Ih.,..,. (K*.T.Y.) 'cook on a griddle,
SEMITIC: von Soden 1139 compares Akk. iakiisu put a kettle or a griddle on the fire';
Te iakna 'foot (of man or animal)', Tna.
ETHIOPIC.
tasaktata (M), passive;
... Uhkilb (t11,},1/,}, Ilnst<ao of <akilhkiih
• DWT 4-,. tH!Jer" JU) ·':haff....
"" .I~ 'JhI.~1w IklA ;~klih
•
I
sdk-antl , sokana, Amh. sak"iina, liik"iina. iiillOna
of ' f~o{, hoof',- Har.Gur siixona; from Cushitic: Qab.
. suha,mu-ta. Be. Jukena, BII. :;ag~ana (so also Cohen
'dry out, sweep'.. Geez sakP'asa possibly comes
from sk~'-sk'" and is to be compared with Heb.
Ja~a~ 'abate, go down', Ar. saksaka 'become weak',
saktut (K*.T.) 'that is placed on the fire (kettle,
griddle)'; .
1947, no. 265, and Brockelmann 1950:13-14). ETH/oPlc: also in Cushitic: Bil. suqis 'be sick', Oem. saktat, saklat 'base, pedestal, foundat.on, (K)
Jegus. See also sksk.
"'lriKJu
• till.<II.II. (T) "'~.balu
•
1\.11..1.11-, see BrockeJmann. lb. denves it from Be. sek 'walk, go', tripod on which a cooking pot rests, (T) peg,
Sa. sig. See a',o Dolgopolsky 99. spike' ;
.
sksk, 'ansaksaka (Lt) 'languish, pIne ,
away; ETHIOPIC: Te. siiktiita 'put a kettle on the fire', Tna.
sa.kinon flIl.';",} , (Lt) sikinon I'l. t/. 'l",}, sakino see sakk'"asa.
'lkaL nlth (T,~ .n I) 13951 'that IS crushed,
. hat JS bn"'lkcn mto ~mall pfel.~. that is
crumbJrd up, that I graled';
I fit/. 'l"mastic tree, (T.M) peach';
from Gk., skhinos, ace. skhfnon 'mas.tic tree'; see
sakot (Sw. in D 1395) 'kind of animal';
sdktiilii; Amh.Tna. saktiit 'base of a church door-
po-st or column'. See also saktata II.
testify ' , masmak 'base, support, prop, buttress ' p (a."l,)) 'south, north,
Gospel reading that is considered tho' b re_ saDI en (semen) (Ion samsim 119"'19" (
~mlt,
there 'h ..
21 :28), see Driver, ZA IV 50 (1932). 145; cp. also h me anings 'south, north by t e fact that It IS l\.9"o,T (MA) 'bless' (the form is
cate 'Support '. SAr. Slink, translated 'SUPPOrt' bl t e . . I
Akk . siime>iinu 'Ohrenzeuge' (von Soden 1156), th ofAxum, the anCient capIta , and north of
~
SAr. s,m' 'wilness, lestify ' (W. Muller 1983:282).
Ullendortf 1955: 112, n.63, is rendered 'go up
cend' in SabDic. 138. ' as ~:ndar, the capitalo~ the lat~r P~riod. For tbe semsep (T .Y), samsap (MA) 'HOi S .. ,
'the pi h· Y pmt , (MA)
Te. Tna. sam'e, Har. sa- e noun express ing dIfferent cluectlons, see 'aub, ace to w Ich the HOly Spirit descended'.
~;Ib
ETHIOPIC: Siif1l'a 'hear',
ma'a, Amh .Arg. somma, Gar. samma, Gur. slima. and also Rhodokanakis, WZKM 25 (191 I) . semsep (T.M) 'devil, Satan' ; ,
For 'marlyr', cpo Tna. sama<at, whereas Arnh. sli-
samak, somak (l001J
from Ar. samak.
j flODIJ (Lt) 'fish'; 8~ ;or' the same feature in various Arabic dialects. all these meanings seem to be in th
ma'l is taken from Geez, and Gur. siimal is taken h b . '. c same semantiC
sp ere, ut their ongmal meanmg is obscure Not
from Amharic. ",man (IOD') (T) 'nettle', that Noeldeke, ZDMG 40 (1886) 736 d · e
samala (1001\ (MA) 'rot (cereals)'; ,oesnot
somba~ M"IJ'}' (T) 'lung' ; ~e~arat.e . ,e . sadday ' the name of God' from sed
Hb o •
see sanbu>. ETHIOPIC: Amh. siimmii/ii 'rot' (given in MA). samper M "1:C (aT 574); see sanper. e~11 SPI;tt ; Akk. sedu means ;eine lebenskraft el~
Damon (von Soden 1208). '
samaga (1001 (MA) 'bind with a string'; samama (10000 (MA) 'be silly'; samra (yasmar ) (lr.:, samra IVr.: 'flourish,
be fruitful, abound in fruit, grow abundantly'; somsiili, sim.siili /l9"'11ll. ; I)9"'11ll. (T) 'one
perhaps a modern creation for sabaga, denomina- ETHloPlc: Amh. siimmiimii <be in a daze or a stupor Who dentes, one Who is perfidious' ;
'asmara, causative;
be half-awake" Tna. siimiim balo 'have the eye~
tJ\"e from Amh . sibago 'slring', of Italian origin.
closed' which indicates daze or stupor. "mllr 'fruitful, fertile, that grows abundantly'; refers to Pawlos Siimdsa~n ' Paul of Samosata' the
("mllra [LJ 'fruitfully'); heretic bishop of Antioch (206-265); see EMML,
san$Jm M"'}'r (T.M) 'arrow'; vol. 5, p. 172. See also siimiip, below.
sammana (loo~ 'make eight, make eight times' samr, samar (pI. samrat, 'asmar) 'productive-
seems to be a corrupt form of salIm 'arrow' (see ness, produce, copious produce, abundance, sima! l\.ouT 'cat'·,
above). (denominative);
samani 'eight' (with a feminine noun);
surplus';
comes close to the structure of dimfll, but the
masmar-a 'aka/ 'abundant in fruit';
somib fl..,"I, (T) somi~ fl..,,}, 'spleen'; sammantu, samiinilu 'eighf (with a masculine allernance d:s is not nomlal.
noun); (asmari (Gr.453) 'fertility';
SEMITIC : Holma XIII, 83 compares it with Akk. soma! I (Iou.). 'garlic' ;
sammiitJu "large intestine'; however, Akk. sammobu
samll 'eight' (with a fern. noun); SEMITIC; Ar. tamara 'bear fruit', SAr. Imr 'produce see Slim, above,
samn-a 'eight times'; crops'.
is considered a Sumerian loanword. Reinisch 1887:
308 compares Bi!. ;an.qi, sanqi 'liver'. sammant 'eight times'; ETHIOPIC; Amh. siimmara 'be a bumper crop, be somal II (l0D.)' (T) 'pickaxe'.
samun 'the eighth day (of a month), eighth successful', Tna. siimarii.
samaka (YJsmak ) llooh (K'.Y.M) 'lean on, day, week'; sama! (1..,'1' (T) 'hump of an ox';
take refuge'; (samun <alat 'the eighth day'); sam>roo f'i 9"CIl (Sw. in 0 1395) 'heart'. could it be a variant of s.3ma!, sarna! 'Heshy tail of
'asmaka 'rest, lean, lean upon, prop uP. sup- saman (fern. samllnt) 'eighth'; sheep, flank'?
port, lay (the head), rely, make lean upon'; somart {lODC~ (P) = Amh, anoqqo 'kind
samanit (K') 'musical instrument that has eight
rasamka (U) 'lean on, be joined'; cords' ; of bush whose fruil is used as an anthelmin- soma! /lOD'I', (Lt) sarna! 1100'1' 'loins, flank,
tic' ,. waist, (T) fleshy tail of the sheep';
lasomaka "lean on one another, join one siiman6wi, siimaniiy 'eighth';
another'; see also sorarl, sobart.
samiinaya 'eighty'; Tna. siim{i, sam,i, s;}n!i 'waist', Te. JiJmiJ!
ETHIOPIC:
'asfasiimaka, causative of lasiimaka', masmall;1 'eightfold'; "Hank " side' Amh. sam, . Har. finti . 'filet'. Amharic
samaki (K ') 'who leans on'; simsi '19"1\. (T.M) 'evildoer'. can 'thigh' is not derived from G. sama! by Praeto-
SEMITIC: AT. taman 'eight', SAr. tmny, Soq. leme-
samuk (K ') 'leaned on'; seems to be a n in terpretation of a proper name. rius 1879:95, as suggested by Appleyard 13; rather
neh, Heb. famonf, Aram.-Syr. tamone, Md. tmania, Praetorius refers it to an ancient Amharic form san!,
sllmkar 'leaning on (n), joining'; Ph. smn, Ug. trnn, Akk. samiine. samiine.
,samsii~ 119"'1'}' (0 1395), somsah fl r,,'}' (T) as given in Dillmann 341, from a Sawa~w (G.
masmak, masmakl (pI. masamllkt) 'side, sup- ETHIOPIC: Te. siiman, Tna. iommante, Amh.Arg. . samar == Amh. s;ml). The root also occurs in Cushil-
port, post, pillar'; Gur. sammanl, Gaf. sammantii, HaL sut < sumn.l. pole that two men carryon their shoulders in
order to transport a heavy object'; ic: sil. simit, simi!: For mt > nt, m{ > nr in Amh"
For 'eighty', cpo Te.Tna. Amh. siimanya.
see also samsom, below. cpo a!iJnI 'b~ne', from a!aml: anta 'bring' < an,!~;
for Gurage, see Leslau 1979:LXXVI. See also sama!-
simiti 504
....- 505
~."~n~"I~·----------__------------------~~------______________________~~~n~b.~
simiti
, ,
""'III\. (T) 'who denies. who is perfidi- 'unanimously');
ous. samaz (T.M) 'bread made of wheat' (Amh. SJn
d'fo); (bo- K')' lasan'a , same meanings as tasanQ)Q_ sn'y. tasan'aYa TfI')hf (Y) 'be .
( scattered'·, Winnowed, be
undouhted" a misprint for sanLJsii,ti, above. maslimaz (T) 'oven, bakery'; saJI'o : below); it is reconstructed from
11'0 (see sn w,
sam"". 1'19"'1'0 'put a field in good order'. from Ar. samfd'semoJina'. For Ar. samfdin relat'
to ot hS "1 anguages, see silndti/e, below. IOn
er emltlC
"n'; . ,
lQSIOsana a
(LI) 'reconcile'.
from s'.\' (see sa'aJ-'a), enlarged by n.
--""Pt.
,tQnharl1 (T' t.... M) 'spend a week, take a rest. prayer stick'; .,nh<J'l' h' sharp Instrument in order to cup sannim 11'19" IT) 'one "h .
Ik~h Wit a from ",nn 'too1h' 0 ha, I,uck-tteth
celcbrntC" (denl)mlnari\'c); Wtth the Amhane sum, -am
'l1 f anhala. causalivc; aho 'keep (observe) the
sondaqa (T Y) ' hoist a flag' (denominative); ~Iood': . I .
Sa~hath'; from Amh.Tna. sandiiq. from Ar sangaq (of I . nllS~1 bl e that it IS a mlspnnt . In re allon to . sanana I 'pm,,,, (J)) 111:')' h '
Turkish.PersJan) origm. it ,S t" h lO With a spelling '''anant h , band -,. ta Ia.'omta ( " ' j 'be sharpened' afllCn
~,~.,. Jdll. {/
l:rnl(lPl( Tna.AmhGur sanhiil 'Saturday, Sab- Ir ~ yd Stlnani (".) 'one \It ho s.harpe'n,"
bath', Te ,Iamhl/I, Arg .wimhiid; from Heb . .iobb61. sinodiqon It <;' .II.~1 'synodical, synodical epis- s,'mun (1\:.) ·sharp', '
SYf. ,fabbtllfi, with tmerted n (see also Nocldeke tles' , ~,h' .13.
, <niihl
.
{J1th 'be bald, be supple (hide,
J~IO:J71 The denommatlve 'spend a week. spend a .,ther)"; , {,(h'lbl)o' a denommatl\l' from sann 'lovth'
from Gk . .synodikon, same, also Amh. sinodiqon. See SlMITI~', Ar . .tanna \ha~n· H 'b r
cerlaln lime' abo occur" in other Ethiopian lan-
guages: rna. siinNita, Te. s(inhiila. Amh. siindbbiitd.
also sinodos. ""h 'bald;
• h' 'baldness of the forehead,
, S)·r . - -, h
'
• \: . .,QlJQ", Arolm
Hnlna .. Mp, \harp--t0noue-d' S • I
Gur .nniihhiilii. For 'take a rest', cpo Heb. Hipal. h h ' I ' II co • ~ n :so .tQnana
sandaros, ~nd.ris {J1~C'1I : II'H:tll, (T) ",,01.
. h' IT) 'whitISh ras
on on I e sca p ,
Ar Jof.nta, The root ra"lscd mto Cushuic: Qua.
s.nd.ro~n {J"J!'C'1I1 'white juniper resin, (T)
sanbiir. Sa . ,\wl/hot, Kham. sillhit. On the Sabbath in ,anana /I (J)) (K') 'gro" teeth' (dononMau'e
perfume'; ",hoi' ~'},I"" (T.M), sanhota {J1Ir,,. (MA)
Ethiopia, see E. Hammerschmidt. SrellulIg und Be- rrom S,lflll 'tooth'):
dCUllinK dl'J Sahhll(s in A/hiop/en (1963). from Persian through Ar. smdariis; on the In dian 'make an inCISIOn '" the flesh ~Ilh a 'harp
I um ent In order to cup blood,
Janalla, .•Jnana (OK') 'fight \11th thl' teeth
onglO, see LUtmann 1926:416; also in Te. sandiirus JDST fight, plead', '
,andada {J1'S, (Y M) 'throw, forget'; 'white IOcense', Amh. sandiiros 'white juniper resin' I« also Janhoqa.
la'anna ("') 'have (large) teeth, t>c bitten',
from "'hro\\ down"> ·abandon > forget'; cpo Tna. sinodos, .. nodos It <;'1',11, Il. <;''''11 'synod, eccle, ,kora ~'H'l. (8) 'have compaSSIOn, forgl\e', I(H.,,mntlnu. lasiinantl 'quarrel, dl'pute, plead,
s(mJiida 'Ihro\l. stones' • r . ,
JJIIkori (T) 'who ,orgtves ;
siasltcal assembly, synodical canons'; strive, contend wlth, enter int(l htigJtilln \l.uh'.
(mo~~ala senodos, religious work containing It( also sankoris. 'aJ /(/.\"(wnalltl '(IS ltHcinmrll. ca U\J I i vc of laJunflf./ ..
sandal (J1~A (II:) 'sandalwood'; - I
5.1 .... 1 " ' MI (1('), a planl used for ma l lng I !,mal (1 \1 ) 'brr ghlness, brrllia ncy, splendor': rool
" d inlo Cushiuc ; BII. sana Monday . For the
pas~ for 'two' used in the va no
guages, see b/,t ,
. us Eh· . I
t loplan an. saqala I (yasqal) "4'11 'suspend, hang, hang
up, crucify';
masna.,' (LI) ' mea ns of shining, scraping, pol-
fmces,
from Amh .Ja'u~i ;,hlOg, ""auhfYl ng', 'asqala (K '), causative ;
lip ~T (T) 'hero';
tasaqla, passive; also ''''' in Suspense, depend,
' on",l. " , rl/I rr Y 1(' ~!) 'chain, link', make somelhlng preuy', See al,o san~ala
tHIJOP I( Am h, .\iinnatii 'do somelhlOg 3 ltrac lJ ve ly, probably a misprint for >ap, or the other way adhere, cling to, (Lt) be devoted' :
'aI;]ll.tllla ,I ,'I, "nk bind t<'gother',
I,,-.ansl/la (K' vr!. pa I\e
I
' a"'ata "')1\'" .( 1 ) z Amh . niiqqiisii , asmam-
ma, perhaps ' find out something In a legal
around. saqiili, act. part. of saqala ;
saqul 'hung up, hung upon, hanging, suspend-
"ppiri (I,(to (T.M) 'rhinoceros'.
Iol.tanlltala "" hnltd together, Ix' charned to- caSt by exami ning WI tnesses, bnng to an ag ree- ed, crucified, dependent, who clings to, who
geth.r Ix' tnle'la«d',
alUa/(pl. ,alU;';o{) chain'
I
ment (by reco nCl hng conflIcting testimony),
make t"o copIes ag ree by clearrng up the
, ~A, sopu
lOp. , (lA.; see sWfJ. climbs' ;
saqlal 'hanging (n), crucifixion';
lOppu M._ (MA) = Amh , amb"acco ' kind of
IO/t",I, ("'j aCI pari of <lIfISala dIfficulties', ongrnally, 'make bnllra nt, make planl' (see StreJcyn 1973 ;no.76). (ba'iila saqlal 'Good Friday');
"""sui ch.1.1Otd, hnled" bnghl, clear up', (subii'e saqlat 'the week of the crucifixion,
UIIJ Ie 'hnll"8 (n) together',
"ppal.ks, sapp.liks (I$\IIIli\ , IIMIlIl 'mole, Holy Week'); _ _
oun 1\ h n t n ,1,( -J./~;] \~f10US denommalt\-'C from ~~al !\eC .fanra, above. ' ,
IT) crocodile;
0( •
FUlllIPI{ Amh . .~(jqqiilii 'weigh', See also saql, be. tasaq"aq"'a, (K*) tasaqq"o 'covet someone's be identified with saq"ara J ' pierce', sUUe!)tlng SOr I (pi. 'a.ntar. 'aswQrut) "C, (KG) \or
'0', bull';
V',:
I{)\~ 10 '1
goods, (Gr.410) steal, misappropriate'; Ihe holes in the vel.
lasq"'aq"'a (K *), 'astasiiq"'aq"'a, causative of ta-
"'war (T) 'fat 0".
,aql, -.ql, saqlo., saqlon t'loPA , lloPA , soQ',ur ll""'~C, saqorir t'I~t-C, see ·qorara.
saq""aq" a; SlMITll' Ar la\q ' bull. 0\. S \
t'loPll-ll , t'loPlI-'t 'unll of weight, shekel'; ' . r, ht r, Het:. I(),.
Aram, fllra, Syr tawrci, J\1d l,lI/'a, llg, Ir. \H
.Iaql, .I.,qllranscnbrs Heb . .I'('qf/, while saqlos tran- SEMITIC: Ar. Siiqa fswqJ 'fill with longing', Heb. Swq ,aq'.. a, saqosa t'lt.t'I , t'I~t'1 (MA) 'file, rasp', .turu Sec also sou r
. .criht-s Gk . .Ii/../os. sig/os. For Hcb. Srqrl, cpo Aram. in 13Siiqii 'desire, impulse, urge' (DiJlmann 353),
fiqlii, Vg. 'qt, f",m Akk fiql" (von Soden 1248), Aram. siiqii 'eager desire'. Driver. JTS 35 (1934) saqsaqa floPt'I'" (MA) 'be turbulent, be In a SOr II {lc (T.M) 'breastbone';
,
from ,Iaqala 'weigh ', above. 387 compares Heb. soqeq (root sqq) 'be Ihlrsty, mess,
ye.rn' (In Provo 28: 15). t
It seems to be an Incl)mplete entry
Te. Sawwiiqa 'desire', from Arabic. perhaps for saqsaqa 'be intertwlOed > be In J mess'.
saqala (pi .wqiiIJII') t'I.,.'1 'oblong house or ETHIOPIe'
sori {It- (T) 'colored cI,llh'
tent, royal camp, shed, tabernacle, (Gr.409) saq"ata. saqota t'lt..,. , t'I~.,. (MA) 'become
large rectangular house', sqr. masqar ODll4'C; see saq"ara I.
childish, talk idly'
prohably from Amh .I"OTd '(,:()l~)rcd doth '; HI ... o In
(.<dqai<l .wllu;y 'arch, vault of ski), CU,hlllC: BILQua A" Oem . .• ar 't>c red'
saq"ara I (yasq".,) t'l4:.,: 'perforate, pierce saqe,elem fl'llm.h.9" (T) 'work of carrYlOg,
ETHIOPI( Amh . .tilqiila 'large rectangular house', . , SOf'ema {lC1..no (T), ~ar'ema t'lC1..tJO (S" In [)
Tna. saqilla, Te .I~q/O, Gur. siiqala; also in Cushltic:
through, bore, sting, cleave, dig through'; carner;
>asq""ara (K*), causative~ 1J95) = Amh, I,/ms ,111(/1'0 'be a leper', ht
Or .Iaqiila. seems to be a compound noun. 'bnng out leprosy',
tasaq""ra. passive;
sec JiJr·oma. j'orl"tlflla.
saqil ... t'I.4>Am-, see saqalii. saq" iiri (K -.Gr. J 67), act. part. of saq" ara: soQ~s lloPlI\,ll (T M) 'pearl'
saqur 'full of holes, perforated, pierced, exca- sar'ama t'lCono (Y), Sar'ama IJ.'COoP (M) •
saqama t'I"'no (T.Sw. In 0 1395), saqama ","'no vated, (ll) hole'; suqi!is t'I-,4>lI\,ll (T.M) 'kind of perfume',
(Y) 'take pnsoners of war'; Amh. Itimd c1wiilla \kin an ~Ulimi.ll and USC' ib
silq"rat 'opening, aperture, hole, cleft, peep- see sJ!uqii!e, below,
.fiaqima, Jiiqima 'booty'; sklO for maklOg a liimd.coal' ,
hole, eye (of a needle)';
ETHIOPI(' Te . .\qm, In siiqaqiima 'pluck'. masqar. masqar 'ship, Noah's ark (that is, saqaya (yJSqi) t'l4'r, (T.Y) Saqaya "'4'r 'j",_ the Amhanc translation gwen b} Y should read
gate, water'; Iiim~ em'dNa, for whiCh ,ectOr't'nIll, ..tho\c ,
'hollowed out'), (P) window, (Sw.in 0 352)
seqemon 1l.'II'I",} (LI) 'turpenllne tree'; lasaqya 'be watered';
slab on which the Ten Commandments are saraba (y.Hr"h) t'I,:n (K-) 'Rood' (v);
from Gk Jfkammo.\ 'mulberry tree' See also saqam- inscribed' ; saqtiyi, act. part. of saqaya,
'clJrana (T') 'cause to stream In lorre-nls';
ros. s;quy 'irrigated',
masq"ar (K-) 'instrument for piercing, boring'; sarh (T) 'bIg Jar of water',
.<Qq'),ti (Ll) 'canal';
saqmindiri, """mind.ros t'loP"'!'}.II.t- , lloP"'!'} SEMITIC: SAr. ,qr 'dig a cistern' (M liller 1983 : 284), "q),al 'irrigatIon'; 'mriih (pI. of ·sarah. sarM 'torrents, ,h,",er,
J':t:ll (T'l 'perfume' Soq. suqahar 'morning' (from 'pierce'; cpo Heb. (of ralO), cataracts, waterfalls, canab, flood
mJsqay 'water reservOIr';
boqfr 'mornmg', from bqr 'pierce', Ar. fagr), Akk. gates, sluices, locks';
Jaqiiru 'pierce through'; related to Ar. tagara masqe. masqel (pI. masiiq"y) 'Jug, vessel for 'a ..,iibiil (LI) 'canal":
saqimros, siqimros t'I.4>9"t:ll , r'I.-"'9"t:ll (ll) oil' ,.
'mulberr} tree', 'break, breach a wall'
ETHIOPIC: Toa, siiqMiirii, siiniiqq~iirii 'perforate', Te. SEMITIC. Ar ,50riba 'How', .~t.Jra" 'canal. HO"-lOg
SfMITIC: Ar. saqa (sq)') 'give to drmk, irngate, water'; perhaps also Ar taribiJ ' How', :,r" 'waler,
from Gk. '.J'komoros 'sycamore' (Hommel 1887:94). Jdnqiira 'stir up, grub up the earth', Amh. siiqq~iird, water'. SA,. s,qy, S~. suqi, Heb. sllqll (.Iqv) 'to
Sec also ,'i('qemon, fiiniiqqM iirii. See also saqiiTiir. course'
water', Ararn. >a-Jq; 'give to drink', Syr. saqqi 'to ETHIOPI(,: Tna. siirdbii 'beglll to filln', Amh. u.I'r"b
saqana t'I.,.~ (MA) 'gnnd fine'. ~"er'. Md. !qa (.r·el) 'give to dnnk', Ug. sqy 'cataract, Hood' (from Gcez),
saq"ara II, 'asaq"ra .,.t'I</>',: 'become red-hot dnnk', Akk. !aqu 'to water'. See also suwiiqi.
from a blazing fire';
saq"ana, saqona t'lt.~ : t'I~~ (MA) 'push'. sirob r'l.t:il (T) = Amh . • mhaeeo 'kind of tr~'
SEMITIC: Ar. saqara 'scorch, burn', but it could also ~.qazeru t'l4'I1~ (T), seqazeru Il."'"~. (M) (see Strelcyn 1973, nO. 76).
narrow path'.
saqinon t'lt-:"~ (T) 'peach'; be considered a variant of *sakMara, above.
see aho ,Jak lfIon siri fl.t- 'kind of color" , sarbab' t'Icnil'}- (T.M) = Amh. amant 'the
saqriq t'loPt-oP (P) 'Muslim sorcerer'. three cords of the Mgiina·muSlcal ",strument,
in h3brQ sirii 'chess' denved, with reservatIOns, by
female singer'.
512 •sargalfa sar~a
513
qrdo ftC}/. (10..') 'kmd of grass'. sarga (yasrag)
-
~C1 (K*) 'intertwine, embroi_
,arha I (yasra~) ilCa., (T. Y) sar~. fPCa., (It)
fr,;m: -\mh, ~~do 'kmd of grass': also Te. sardiit, der, interlace, decorate';
Ina. laTJo 'tough graS.5 thal is difficult to eradicate'; s.rh. fPC.., 'toil, labor to the point of e"haus- also Amh slrak '\\-lse', sarraka 'be \'tise' O':STJ. h'lf
SEM1TIC: Ar. iariga 'sack made of palm leaves' tio~, drudge, weary oneself, be fatigued. be a similar development, cpo .~a/om(lfJ (T) 'V.1SC'·, re~
81,,, In USrullC Be. Jiir.:i£, Qem, siirdo. Heb. irg (pu'al) 'be Intertwined', PbH. srg (pi,,!) fernng to King Solomon.
troubled, be anxious; (Amharism) fabricate,
sort'<! (tt,.~ (T) 'hookworm '. 'intertwine', Aram .Syr. s~ra¥, Md. srg, srk. For its
make, set (the hair), till (the land)';
connection with sgr, see sagara II, below. siriik, sirik I\.t.h , "t.t.h 'hne, column. tabk
'asraha 'weary, wear out, tire, exhaust, tonnent,
....ridib ~~1l (It) 'subterranean vaults'; division of a table, segment. scctlon. par-it:
sarg'" (»C1'; see ·sargawa. oppr~ss, afflict, push on, bring trouble, make graph, (Gr.166) table of concordan,'e, (K"j
from Ar saradil\ pi, of sirdah. same. trouble, (1I) deaden, smother'; lace, shoelace, strap of sandal' ,
serug 1l.~"1 (T.M) 'raft, small boat'. sara~i, act. part. of sar!za;
sardino, sard.)on, ",rd.YOD ~C~ <;' , ~C.!:'f" saraka (K *) 'trace a line, plait, sew 'tmps of
sarh 'toil'; leather' (denominative);
'} , IlC.!:'f",} 'Sardian stone, precious stone'; surage 1'l-t.1. (T.M) 'soup, gravy';
fll.<ard"na (It) 'be adorned'; sar~h 'tired, one who Jabors, oppressed';
ErnIOPIC: Amh. sarragi 'liquid that 'percolates or SEMITrc: Ar. sirOk 'strip 01 herbage. hne, strap (lof
sarah, (T) sarti!l 'labor, fatigue, exhaustion,
in.1m Gk, saraiQn 'Sardian stone'; also in Amh. seeps', sandals', Heb. Sarals 'shoelace', For 'hne', cpo Syr
trouble, hard work, sorrow, bother, affliction'; sarga 'li ne' .
Ia'&bron.
. sa~d.Jl'os.
. Te. siini1l'os
.
sar.galla ~1.1/\, (K.T) sar.gaDii fPI.1/\ 'wagon, masra!z, act. part. of ·asralJa;
ETHlOPlc: Amh. sirak 'blank space at the lOp of the
sanlOD>ks ~C}1.,}hll, (T) sardon~kyos ~C}1.,}h chariot, cart. carriage, wheel, (K*) beam'; SEMITIC: the connection with Ar, raza&a 'become first page of a book', Te. Amh. sJrak 'strap of
\'"Il, (OT 5-4, T) sardanaks ~C}:,}hll 'sar- saragalliiwi
. , 'chariot driver, pertaining to a char~ tired, become exhausted', Soq. ra=-a~l, suggested by sandals', Tna. si'ra~: passed IOto CUShUI'," Bil
lOt ;
:erka.
dOD,". precious stone'. Praetorius, ZDMG 62 (1908). 753, is unlikely even
though the meaning is the same. There is tbe pOSSibility of separating the root into
[rom Gl S;JrdO'lrKs. same. also in Amh. SGrtbnJ- from late Gk. saragaron 'kind of wagon'; also in sirak I 'line', and siriik II 'shoelace' In this. CJ'i(
ETHIOPIC Te. siir&a 'make, manufacture', Tna.
{m.J, Te, JQrdof'QA:s, See also radonkas. Aram. sarga/a (see RUZicka 22~3; Linmann siriik II 'shoelace' would Come from the- rOOl Jrk
siir&e 'make, work', Amh. sarra; passed into Cushlt.
1926:417); in Ethiopic: Tna.Amh. siiragiilla, Qem. ic; Sa. serii.& 'work', Qua. sar. 'entangJe': Heb. siira!, Aram. s.lra~, and proi:labl)
siiriigiillo 'beam',
sardo~on. sardO)·OD ~C.!:'f",} • IlC.!:'\'"'}; see also Ar, 'aSraka 'tie something closely to Sl'lme-
sardino. sariigloyon ~t."1A\,",} (T.M) 'pork'. sarh.
, II ~Ca. (1I) 'dismiss, dismiss a congrega- thing else'.
tion at the end of Mass';
sorgut IlC1-"t-; see r'sargawa), sargaw. sarhol 'dismissal'; serukyiis ll.~h!1l (T.M) 'tranquility, calm '.
sar"fa "".<"/) ~GL (T Y.M) 'perforate';
masrar (T ' " ·instrument for boring'; *sargawa t"tC1m (K·); see )QsargalVa; from Chr.·Ar. sara{la 'dismiss someone with a bles~ srm, sarman ~C"'I,} 'giants';
masrali. In masrafe 'a/!f (T.M) 'instrument sing at the end of service'. OT 574 has sarmal, but the text of I Chr.
'asargall'a 'adorn, decorate, beautify, embel-
to perforate the nostrils·; lish· ; I I ; 15 has samliirl.
sero~ ll.C'ih (T.M) 'head priest';
-
SnnTIC"' Ar sorafa 'lZTlaw leaves or bark of a tree';
fX'sSlbl) a denonunarn'e from surfa 'kmd ofwonn'.
fasargawa, (T) tasargawa, passive} reflexive;
sargli', (T) sarg"'· 'ornament. adornment, trap-
gives the impression of a proper noun becoming a saramohi 1lt.'I"'f. (T.M) 'column of gold';
Common noun.
EnnoPfC Te siirfa 'break. em down. become gap_ pings, beautification, beauty'; note {hat -hi occurs elsewhere. apparently as a suffix.
toothed', Tna iJrrajii 'chip fa utensil). lose the .
teeth -, Amh Jarrii/ii ·chjp. notch', Gur. lorriija
sargall' (fern. s"gut) 'adorned, decorated, made sark ~cn, (K) sark fPCh 'evening, twilight'; ,
sarnon, sirnon, seranon, sermon. sarenes, serr~,
beautiful'; with nominal suffix pronouns; e.g. (sarka 'in the evening'); nis, serenis, sernes ~C<;',) : I\.C<;''} ,Il.I. <;") ,
'brea.l off a piece', Arg, larraJa. Har. foro/a 'chip.
sJrguta 'she adorned'; ('abiyy sark 'vespers);
break, lose the !eeth', passed IDto Cusbiuc: AI. Il.&<;''} ; ~t,.~11 • 1l.&~11 • 1l.t,.~11 , Il.c~1l
!araffo. Aw sera/-. s"ug (so T) 'anointed, Messiah'; (za-sark'vespers'); 'siren, ostrich, jackal';
sargiiwe 'decoration. adornment. trappings'; (~alofa sark 'vespers');
from Gk. Uli-en, pI. seirenes. gen. pI. seirenon 'siren,
sari ~C'i! (lO 'coverlet (for a bed)'; sargaK'annti ·ornament. adornment'; 'asraka, (Y) >asraka 'do in the evening, spend
sea nymph. part woman, part bird'; also in Aram.
from Amh. sarI 'asargtih i (Gr.450) 'who decorates, who re- the evening' (denominative);
stores' ; siriinq. Syr. Sir;ll. The Hebrew text has either
SEMITIC: the connection with Syr. farek 'be Icft, be 'ostrich' or 'jackal'; see M. Cohen, "Sur la defini.
surafeo, surifel, suriifim I'l-t.~ '} ! It-t.l..A , SEMITIC: AT. sarraga 'embellish', Akk. sergti-m 'be reduced to', Ar. sarika 'become weak' suggested by tion et Ie nom des sirenes", in Donum "atalicium
decorated'. Dillmann 348 (following Hupfeld) com- Brockelmann 1928: 808 is unlikely. Schrijnen (1929), pp. 228-239; "Sur Ics Slrencs en
It-UV". lOT 5"41 surifem 1'l-t.J...V" 'se-
raplum" pares Aram.-Syr. sarag 'plait, entwine', ETH10PIC; Amh. siirk 'evening', siirriikii 'become Abyssini," (with Roger Chambard), RHR 98
ETHIOPIC: Amh.Gur.Gaf. siirg 'wedding' (Praeto- evening' (from Geez). (1928).94-107.
s"Uraji, surti/e 'one- of the seraphim'~ rius 1879:41), Amh. sorriigii 'give a wedding feast',
surti/elak'i 'pertaining to serapb.im'; The connection with Tna. silrgam(m)ii 'a woman ,s seraka Il.l.h (T.Y.MA), .eraka "'Gh (M) 'be serenisros 1l.t.~Ilt!'1l (D 1403, under bJd,.'ns)
hairdo' suggested by Wajnberg 1935:68 is unlike- 'quail' ;
(rom Heb s.mjpim through Gl. seraphim; aJso in intelligent, be wise, (Y) write';
A..lllh, TDJ suroiel Iy. The root also occurs in Cushitic: Bil. , --
sarga ETHIOPIC: comes close to Tna. siirni& 'Quail' See
'adornment', sirg'l<; 'bride', Qua. sergii 'bridegroom., denominative from Sirak to whom the Book of
Sirach (Sirak). a book of ~isdom, is attributed; cpo also senesros, and perhaps in connl.'Ctioll with ,Wr.
"on.
s.rap 514
sarsara "'.~r~a~~ro:t~______________________________~5~1:5_________________________ ~~la
<arap I'It.T (T) 'companion';
see also selpa.
saraqraq l'It.o}ot.o}o (T') 'soup'. -object', Amh siiriissiirii, siiriil!iirii 'bore',. Har. sirSir --'---
haya 'remove the bone fro.m the meal, Gur._~_ saewe II I'IC'Il (T) 'filth. dirt';
sarara (),asrar, yasrar) 1'It.t., (L.T. Y) sarara
sarapa tlt.T (T) 'celebrate Mass, (MA) express iisiirii 'bore a hole through; passed IOto Cushillc: perhaps for san",e and derived fr{lm .~arra""'a .root
thanks. glorify'; "'t.t. 'fly, fly forth, flee, leap up in the air, leap ~om. sar "incision', Aw. seriisiir-x . . u 'make an inci- out' (see sarw); Ja'K't' _\:ann') ,",ould then hC'
see .'iarapa T.
upon, rush upon, spring forth, assault, COver sion', Qem. siiriisiir 'make a hole'. 'matter that is uprooted> dirt, filth .
• (of male animal), roam';
sariiserat 1'It.fl.C'.} (K) 'chain{s)';
sarapa J I'It.A (TY.M) 'celebrate Mass, bless an 'asrara, causative; also 'stir UP. make attack, sarwapa
, I'IcmA (MA) 'spread out, stretch'
objeCt, sip' (lhe sipping of the blessed wine drive away'; transcription of Ok. serserolh, from Heb. surs~rjj!
. ,
lasarra (K·) 'be covered (female animal), be 'chams .
being a part of the Mass);
attacked' ; sarwa~a I'ICmll (1.M), san.. ~a '''Croll (Y)
a variant of saraba, below. See also sa/apa I, sarapa, s.rasirit, sirusiirat {)ot. ... t·} : I'I.<-... C'.} (T), 'break asunder a rod, (K·) be dislocated, he
and sarapa n. sarori, act. part of sarara; also 'winged crea- sprained' ;
• ture' ; sirasirat, sarisirot 1'I.t.1'I.C'-} ; "Itl'l.C''} (Sw. In
D 1401) 'cover of a cooking pOL, means of hid - sam'as, (T) sarwa·1 'splinter, chip, broken ,taft'
sarapa JJ I'It.A (1. Y.M), sarapa "'t.A (Sw. in D sarur 'flying, that is in flight, that flies'; . , of reed, wedge, (T) shoot, bud, gloss (= wedge,
1394j 'take a rest'; . s<Jrrat, verbal noun of sarara; also 'flight,
JOg ,
insertion)' :
serpu (MA) 'heaven' (originally 'place of flying (of a bird)'; sorsola IICl\''' (T') 'bowl'.
rest'?); • SEMITIC: the rool seems to be a quadriradical
SEMITIC: Akk. saroru 'sway, vacillate' (for which see
augmented by w from Jr~f {cp. Ar . .far!.l.~ 'incision'};
perhaps to be connected with sarapa J 'celebrate von Soden 1952: 136). For Ug. m-srr 'bird' (from srr . , fl.t..,. (T), sarata
serata 1'1.::." (Mk) 'deal in perhaps related (0 sa~ara 'spfit' (sec below). Ddl.
Mass> ·celebrate a holiday> *not work> take 'fly'), see Caquot 514; for Aram. srSr 'fly', see gram;
mann 346 derives it. with reservations. from ..1 rool
a rest'. Sce also sahapa. Driver 1935:56. The root is related to Ar. sara rO ..fia = Heb, ,a~'i~ 'cTUsh', Ar. ra~ldll. Nyberg .:!Ll
is perhaps a misprint for serna/a, semma fLoo~" j
(slVr) 'leap, mount' (Armbruster 499). Praetorius. "1.00-" (see above), unless it is to be compared with analyzes it as ja-rawii~ 'das des A~"hncidens. Ab-
saraqa (yasr.q) 1'It.4> 'steal, rob, take away ZDMG 62 (1908).749-50 connects it withfarra 'flee,
Tna, IO-riilii 'the market is under way, the market geschniuenes' :> ·jarwa~ > s~rwa.\". Rundgrcn, OS
secretly, plunder'; escape', witb the passage off to I > s. Rabin, HS starts'. 10 (1961). 128 derives J,m-raJ. from .-~lIn1'(ls. <.: Sllr-
'Qsraqa, causative; also 'falsify'; 90 connects it with Ar. sarra 'rejoice'. h~ (a crossing between ~arab 'splinter' and .i.1S(lr) '>
tasarqa, pass. of saraqa ~ ETHIOPTC ; Tna. sararii 'mount', Te. siirra 'jump, fly', sr!, 'asrata 1\11.::.,. (1.M) 'hold (a baby) in one's sarb~ > sarWa~'i. He also conSiders, with resena.
Amh.Gur. sandrii 'jump, mount, climb, copulate
,
lasaraqa 'steal from one another'; arms. tions, the possibility of" Sa-rGwJr (pi. of S,};fj~ar 'splin-
)Qstasarqa, )astasiiraqa llet be stolen, make (male animal)" Arg. sandra, Har. siiriira; passed ter') > ·s,miw<1,y > sg. sa,.wa~".
into Cushitic: Be. serar.
steal from one another'; sorrat 1It..}; see sarara. ETIfJOPI\; Amh . sJrwa~fj 'splinter, wedge, parentheti-
saraq; (pI. saraqt) 'thief, robber'; cal remark' (rrom Geez), Sark',1!! a/a 'be spr,llfu-d'
sarira I, sarara ... tt. , "'t.t., (T.Sw. in D 344) soret 1It..}; see (saraya) , saryut.
saruq 'stolen, robbed, taken away secretly';
sarara, sarara 1'It.t. 1 1'It.t. 'styrax, black sarawit 1'It.'!!.}; see same 1.
sarq, sarq 'theft, stolen object, robbery'; flower';
sariqo '(he) secretly, furtively'; s.rtayan {)oC.')'f',} (D 1402) 'kind of animal'.
s"'qat (K') 'act of stealing, robbing'; transcription of Gk. sarra, from Heb. ~ori. saraya (y.sray. yasr; I l'It.f, (Y) saraya ."t.I'
s.ralan, sarlan, sa,!an 1'It."n : I'IC"") : lfc 'pardon, absolve, expiate, forgive, eXClIse, (It)
SEMITIC Ar. saraqa 'stear, SAr. s,rq, S~. seroq. Syr. sarira II ...tt. (T.M) 'pearl'. "n, (T) saralon 1'It."''} 'Cancer (a sign of the comply, accede';
sarreq "lay waslc, deprive', Md. srq 'empty' (v), zodiac)' ;
tasarya, passive; also 'be atoned';
Akk, iaragu. Brockelmann 1908:526, n.2, and sorart (It.C.')' (1.') 'anthelmintic';
J928:501 explams the root by a secondary safca!, from Ar. sararon, originally 'crayfish' (from Syriac lasaraya (K·) 'forgive one anothe";
since the line above (in T. p. 10, supplement) has according to Brockeimann 1928 :499) ; also in Amh . )asraya (K). JQSlasraya 'cause to forgive, inter-
Safral from a root ryq 'be empty'. This may be valid
sornarf (tooc-l- 'kind of bush whose fruit is used as sarlan.
for Syriac, but not for Geez or Arabic where a root cede, make atonement, be forgivlOg, ask for
an anthelmintic', it is possible that sorarl is a mis-
ryq does not exist. unless one considers ryq a Proto- forgiveness. obtain remission of sins';
print in relation to sornarf; see also sobart. sarwe I (pI. saraw, siJriiw, sariiwit) flC'f: 'army,
Semllic root that has disappeared in various Semitic 'aslasaraya 'pardon completely';
languages, troops, COmpany, legion, host, (LI) flock, (T)
sararl I'It.C'!' (T) 'sanctuary'. sarayi. act part. of saraya;
ETHIOPIC Tna. siiriiqii 'steal', Te. siirqa, Amh. military leader, virile, robust'; sarli)' (K 'J, pass. part. of saraya;
siirriiqii, Arg. siirriiqa, Gur. siirdqii. siras 1'I.t.1'I (T.M.Sw. in D 1395) 'ostrich'; SEMITIC: AT. sariyya 'military detachment', SAr. SiJryOl, sf1r),iil, s;Jrel 'remission of sins, forgive-
sorqi (lC:J> (TM) 'commemoration of a dead could it be a secondary form of sarnon, sarenes? s,rwyr 'campaigning force' (considered a Geez loan- ness, atonement, absolution, pardon':
person by a religious service and banquet' Word by W. Muller, ZDMG 131[198IJ.402). Buhl saryalawi (M) 'pertaining to forgiveness';
sarsara I'ICI'lt. (Y.M) 'bore a hole, saw';
(corresponding to tiizkar). masarsar (Lt) 'saw' (n.);
.
863 -compares Ar. sirwa 'arrowhead', and
sirya.
Heb. )aSlasriJYo 'atonement';
masra},i (K·) 'who forgives, who pardons';
SEMITtC: Ar. sarsara 'split' (Armbruster 503). ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh.Gur. siira.,.,it 'army', Amh. ",.sra), (Gr. 166) 'place where one pardons';
sorqiibu (lC:J>1I' (T) 'leaven, ferment'.
ETHJOPlc: Tna. siirsiirii 'make a hole with a hard siirwe 'leader'; passed into Cushitic: Aw. siirabiti,
Mo. sariiyho, Kam. sarawila. mastasriJ)', mastasri, mastasniyi (fern. mastasrit),
act. part. of )(Jstusraya;
516 • 517
•
SISIt sisit
nLJS1~Jray'place of intercession. place of for-
• -
sassiili, act. part. of sasso/a; ,isit II ........ T. see sesaya.
gllene". (GriM) chapel"; 'ast~<a 'donahon. g t't
s>ssiile 'putting off. leaving. receding. depar_ tnbute'; I , present. contnhuuon,
Srlfrr,c Ar SlJra (.frW) 'remove', Heb. sara (iry) ture, withdrawal, removal. abolition'; ,.,(s)a ..a Mill (Gr 167. T Y.M) 'Iook after.
'Iello"-}\(',, o\ram.-Syr s.mi" 'loosen, absolve', Ug. sry (ba-'i-sassii/e 'without interruption'); au<od to. feed . ETHIOPIC Te
Ide Moor 150) lnbule',
f:THIOPIC Tna. Jiiriiyt'i 'pardon', Amh. (lii)siirriiyii
'oc IOTgH'Cn'
'asasstili, act. part. of Jasassa/a;
JQsQssa/o 'expulsion, removal'; I tsosa
a seco ndary form of sesa)'Q, belo,"".
... , 'ansosawa h 1(1f111l ·move. walk. sal'. II (pIlii' ) flTO (K *) '\l1the, bc.:ome
..raJu (I~f. 'Ies mots. dont les malakkal (musi-
sassa/a, from slsl, and cpo Ar. salla 'With_
SEMITIC;
draw, draw out, pull out', Heb. Salal 'd raw Out
I~ walk about. go about. take a walk. stroll. go dry. be curled up hke a dry leaf •
cal notations) alphabetiques sont des abrevia- (sheaves)". Ihloug h'; . ·siilar. t)T'" (K *l. see I<lSiilala
tlons' (Velat I07tf). nasosall' ·walk. walking, strolling. gOing
lusalaja 'aSSOClate with. share. p~rticIP3te. par.
ETHIOPIC: Tna. sassalii 'be removed', Amh. siissalii
'be removed. be taken away' (probably from Geez). about'; .
sorJama (lCfoo (T MA) = Amh. liimd aH'ii!!a ~nsasawo (t} ·walking. promenade. Jour- take. take part tn. have fellO\lshlp. consort. be
'skin an animal and use its skin in making a sassana flfI~ (K *) 'be lascivious, commit adul_ • • a companion to, join In';
n<YlDg ;
liimd-coat' ; tery, practice divination';
mansOsaw, part. of 'allsosall'Q; 'GSla.fOla(a, causative; also 'parta~e, partKI.
note that T.M. and Sw. in D 1395 render it by pate, communicate. J.~soClate' ;
the Amharic translation of the verb should read SOIiTIC Ar iowso' 'nImbly pacing' (Annbruster
'be left over, abound' (also sasan [Gr.409] SU/ul 'Companion, partaker, partner, partKt-
liim~ au-ona 'I:'oe a leper', lit. 'bring out leprosy', as is 964). Heb. siUe' 'teach to walk' (Dillmann 385).
the case of .wrema on the preceding line in Tayya's
·excess·). It would then mean originally 'be In pato~, accomplice, associate, One "ho \harcs\
Liltmann. ZA 13 (1899). 155. n.1 conne"ts It with
~ocabulary (p. 102). Dillmann 1402 (under strari",) excess, be excessive', with the noun 'excess SUIii.f, smiile 'compaOlon, assl..'Xiate. (Ons0rt,
Heb. sUs 'horse', Syr. sUsya, Akk, sisu. ThIS noun,
suggests thai the Ethiopian lexicographer derived
impudence' ; • partner ~ participation, partner')hip, commun ~
however, is considered a "mot voyageur" (cp. Sans-
the verb from .w'orlln. above. See also sarran/a. sessana (M) 'practice Idolatry' (reconstructed lon, participation in the holv \acrament'
knt Q.l'lraJ, Egyptian ssm. I). -' "
Sula}', saliiy 'drink, drinking, beverage'; *satma fl1'OD (K*); see >as!ama; stacte, myrrh oil, perfume'; ,
•
answer;
(mokana s~Ta)' 'tavern'); >as{ama, (KG) )Qs{ama 'submerge, immerse,
from Gk. staklf 'oil of myrrh" also in Syr. s.uaq((j lasa!tiwi, act. part of tasa!awa;
salyat 'drinking' (n); inundate, sink, plunge, drown, flood, (K') cov- A ' . "
er, swallow, absorb, (Y) destroy'; .ram. s!ak!on. (Krauss 379). See also suqlitis, 'asqa- lasa/wo(t) 'answer' (n.);
'astayi. maslayi (K *) 'one who gives to drink'; !In. .
rasa!ma, passive; masottaw.. 'who answers. who complies with';
maS!i1W 'who accepts';
sa!ora (yas!ar) fllIl£: (K ') 'hide';
maSfO,, see above;
IIOatan
, ,
520 521
sawwara "or
S}.:~un('· SAT. h·s/lw 'grant, vouchsafe'; related to - 'concealment. hiding (n.)';
the basic meaning is that of dissolving Or being
Hcbr.ft (rllf~il) 'extend. offer, hold out to', Syr. SJwware'r (KG) masa»' .- ...",
.pro t Id
ector, lasola, lasawla 'be poured, be ou
separated, However, 'aswana in the meaning 'make W
masaw u , , I,
\7w\'el (also Dillmann 401).
urinate' is perhaps a secondary form of syn. sena er blanket ;
emptied (IOtO) be
. spread'.
r red out, be
EnnoPlc Amh. sapd 'give', Har. sara. 'urinate', coy • war _ 'hiding place, hidden place, secret Sc1lt'li·.1!, -faww·U!, pass. part. of !iota
mJsaw
sa!.~. ()mf (T,Y) 'spread out, extend'; sawn "tJlo') (M) 'priest' ; helter refuge, recourse. cover, Cover- ~~~:ti;~:;al noun of SOfa. also· '~\"acUation,
lasar.l'O (T), passive; Place,sotectlon " h"
' entrene ment , •
undoubtedly a misprint for - ing, pr
,"!II,1' (KG) 'spread, extended'; saw~t SiJW!Q 'evacuation, emptying';
"'tm-6 ; see sW', . Aram, swyr 'hide' (Driver 1935: 55). Dill-
related to sa!&a, above. SEMiTIC.
an n 384 suggests Ar. srr, -
sarra ,
Con lid e a seCret.' ~E~:IC· Ar sa\\~! 'place where water COllects'. SAr
swp, sopa (lA (MA) 'give off an odor'; md 1955:26 derives it from 'wr 'be blind' .S,J! ramwatercistems'
'F
(Muller 1981 '81) H b _
.. 4 • • esm
Run gren I' d
sawa ()'I' (It), sewa /l,'I' (T,M), 53wa P''I' (LI) SOPI/
,
(MA) 'perfume'; with the causative morpheme s agg utmate to the ~pate, or the Arabic rool. see also Barth IgqJ;14"
'drink fermented from Corn or barley, the ge- AW 34 (1914), 68. Ahrens 1910'" '''110' '
~:~PIC: Tna.Amh. siiwwiirli 'hide', Te. siiwwara, See
so-plant used for fermenting beer'; perhaps a misprint in relation to k0l!u, above; sopa J H . , ' ..... ", "lOg
, orovItz., derives AT. saw! from the Geez fOOl
would then be reconstructed from the noun sopu. also SW{ n. _
EnnoPlc: Tna. S(1WQ 'kind of beer', Amh. sewa 'the Gur. siwwiirii.
ge.§o-pJant', swq, soqa (y.suq) {I</> 'support, prop, protect,
sustain, (K) help, encourage'; AtD-C 'Taurus (name of a zodiac)';
sawr If ~W! n, SO!. (pSUl) (1m (K), So!.
Y.M) jPm (T
swb, soba (y.sub) (0/1 (K') 'turn, turn a- sawwaqa 'hold together, confine, (MA) save, from Ar. tawr. See also sor I. add. unite. mIX, inSert, put under Ihc arm"
round, wrap around, make something round'; heal' ,' sall'ala (Lt) 'bring In, mix together, confu;e,
is related to shb Ill. 'asoqa (K'), causative; "wir Il'l'C ; see sor I. confound' :
lasawqa (K'), passive of soqa; sawas.w (pI. of *sawsaw) ()'I'1'l1J)o ' ladder, step lasall'la (K '). passive;
swd, soda (-",sud) {If. 'stir, rake, poke a fire, sa.-ali (K'), act. part. of SOIa'
light (a fire),; rasawaqa 'support one another, support one. ofa ladder, grammar, glossary, vocabulary';
self' ; sowsawa (TY,M) 'make a ladder' (denomina- S'II'",.I ·heap. mixed. added;. '
maswad (pI. masall'.dj 'means of stirring a fire, sawaqi, act. part. of soqa;
tive); Sillat (K'), verbal noun of SOIa:
fire pan, lire shovel, fire holder, censer';
s.ww.q (K') 'that is Supported, that is propped JOlI'asawawi (K) 'grammarian, grammatical'; masor 'mixing-vessel';
SEMITIC: SAc. (s)lI'd) , mSJlI'd rendered by Conti up' ;
Rossini 1931 ;254 'saccellum vel ara pro igneo sacci. ETHIOPIC Tna.Amh. sawasaw 'grammar, vocabu. ~E.MI:I(,; A~_ sara (sw!J 'ml.x, stir'; pcrhap:s to be
soq (lL T) 'prop, Support, stake, foundation'; Identified with SOfa I 'POUT> add'
ficio' is rendered in SabDic 139 'haJJ, audience Jary'. Dillmann 386 connects it wilh 'an.sosawa
chamber', and is not to be connected with G. (swd) , s.wwaq. sawiiq (pI. 'aswaq) 'support, prop, 'move, walk'; so also Conti 1980 : 112, The concepl
mas wad. stake' ;
and the tenn sawaS3W are taken from the Coptic- SW! III, SaWa!a ()tIlm (T.K.Y) 'flagellate' ;
m.swaq 'place of support'; Arabic tenn for grammar, namely suI/am 'ladder',
siiwdii"a,.,-: 'melancholy'; maswaq, (K') masoq (pI. masaw'q. masawaql) The most detailed study on the contents and the
sawl (pI. sawlal, 'aswa!l 'Scourge, whip',
from Ar. sowda, 'bile, melancholy', lit. 'black'. See 'support, buttress'; grammatical terminology of the SawascJw is found SEMITiC; AT. Sa!a (swO 'flagellate', ,\·a»,! 'whip',
also >aswad. Heb. SO{. Aram.·Syr. iawrii .
In M,M. Moreno, "Struttura e terminologia del Sa-
SEMITIC : Dillmann 387 compares it with AT. siiq ETHIOPIC Te. iiiI1'WG{a 'Hog', Tna. SCllI'wiila, Amh.
'leg, foreleg', Heb. f6q ·foreleg·. Syr fiiqii. w,sew", RSE 8 (1949),12-62, Moreno, ib, gives a
swg, soga {l1 (MA) 'be manured', bibliography of the studies dealing with the SQWUSJW SaW! 'whip ' (from Arabic): also SO!! adiirriigii 'whip'
ETHloPle : Amh. soqii 'prop up' (K WK 853, under (v), Har, jii! d.ia,
as well as with the suI/am.
sawaka ()tIlh (MA) 'be crisp (bread), be swq). probably from Geez.
browned (bread or meat)', "wt.1 (pI. sawal.!) ()1J)o.,.A 'javelin, dagger'; say M~. (T.K *) 'woe';
sawaqi ()'I''I! (It) 'irrigation canal, irrigation
swlI, saula ()tIl/I (T,Y,M) 'begi n to ripen (fruit ditch'; from Ar, (Yemen) salaleh ·fork·. of Turkish (calal) see sa)'1 , below,
or cereal),; origin; also in Te. sOfiil, siJ tiil, so!al 'dagger', Tna.
from Ar. sawaq;", pI. of siiqiya. See also saqaya.
masH'al (M) 'fruit or cereal that begins to IQuil, !tJtol, iordl, Amh. sotiil, Har. sOldl; in Cushit- say'a ()f.h (T,Y,M) 'commit a disgraceful or
ripen " ic: Sam. sotiil 'big awl', Bit soral 'dagger', Oem .
sawwara ()tIl,: (D.Y), sawwara IPtIl,: (Y) 'hide, !ural, Sa. sotal. depraved act, be given to fornication';
swl II; see maswal. conceal, cover over, shield, screen, protect'; saya', (L) say.' 'disgraceful, scandalous, or
tasawwara, passive, reflexive; also 'vanish, dis- swp, so,. (YJSIIIJ {1m, (T. Y) Sota Y'm, sawata depraved act';
swl II!; see masaw.il, appear' ; ~lDm, (KG) sawa!a 'pour, spill. 'diffuse, il)fus~, SEMJTJC: Ar. SQ)Q (s w') 'become bad, evil, dcterio~
sawwari, act. part. of sawwara; '"still, spread, shed, empty, drain, turn over, rate', SAr, s,w' 'bad, wicked', Heb, Jow(,) 'worth-
S.1ww"r, sawwur 'hidden, concealed, covered, change' ; less', SW) (hif(iJ) 'treat badly', Ug, j'I)' 'criminal'
secret, obscure'; (SOla "'so 'he divested himself of') ' (Caquot 439, n, c), The comparison with Akk, !iitll
swo, 'aswana hl'ltll~ (M) 'cause to separate. saw ' ,
make dissolve, make urinate, yawn, gape'; S'WW.ra (l), adv. of s.wwar; , WOla pour, pour out, (T.Y,M) change, sub- 'south wind' suggested by Fronzaroli 1965, III : 146 is
S.wwaral (pI. of S.wwar) 'mysteries'; stitute' ,, unlikely,
'asO!a, causative; ETHIOPfC: Tna. sti)'a>·er 'she became a woman of 111
repute', See also sl'.
522
saytin
,
~
~..~____----------~--~------__-:5=23~_______________________
silda
, ".f.~ (T) 'lady, pity, pardon'; cpo Latin tabescere 'melt graduaJly, be dissolVed,
- rt'tana 'become the devil. change mto Sa. -
waste, pine, dwindle away, languish ', Ar. dflba
IDSDJ • 'nati ve)' sa:ara (I'>s:", 'measure with the 'pan' (de-
from Ar. JOITida 'lady'; also in Tna.Amh. sayda. , (denonu ' . , nomlnalIve)~
same. See also silyyiil;t. , Ian -nawl. ' 'dl'abolic ' Satamc;
The meaning -·pity. pardon' is explained by Guidi in
Noeldeke 1906:920 as an allegoric interpretation. sayt~ (K*) 'diabolic nature, state or quality SJ=:tire (Grl 'meaSuring Vo1th the 'pan',
sy~, se~a fl.." (Y.M) 'foretell, use divination'; soy!one . '. SH"T/C Soq .. . Mh
The term .wi)'da refers to the Virgin Mary, since she
sayyii&, sayyiihi (T.M) 'diviner, soothsayer';
r being a deVll , .. L._ · . se=lf, . ha=er til ==- it The Conne-c_
IS conSidered (he intercessor. lion uctween G ~~ d H
say.h (ToO 1395) 'monk, ascetic, hermit (pOssi- o (" G. say!On (Say!tinJ is taken from Aram . . ..3' an eb_ =rr(!, S~ r rar-lei
s»idorn. flY J!'- (T. M) 'moon'; S.\,,~ (11 b siiIOn)' see Noeldeke 1910:34. As for (add Ug dr.,) was SUgge"ed by Hale". ROll
bly having the role of soothsayer)';
.¢ltin~alio:shiP· bet~een G. santin and Ar. .tay~tin, (1885) 6011', and al,o b) D,lImann 3Q~ Heh",,,,
•
.s.)'yiih
ITon ;
, (K) 'pit in which blacksmiths melt SEMITIC: Ar, saM 'membrane encasing the foetus',
Heb. silyii 'afterbirth', Aram. silyaJii, Syr. saliJii,
mas)'iill (instead of T. m.syiih) 'mortar for Akk. siti(u, selitu.
pounding'; ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh. sal 'foetus', Gur. sal, sar
SEMITIC: Ar. sii&a (syil! 'melt' (Dozy), Heb. iiih 'embryo'; connected with Tna. saliit 'placenta', Te.
Siller; passed into Cushitic: Bil. sitit,
(s)'&) 'be reduced to dust', Syr. siih (swh) 'melt,
waste away'.
syn, sena I\. ~; see .fyn.
ETHIOPIC: Amh. sa),)'all 'one who makes special
objects at the court (gold and silver cups, and
others)'. See also sayha II.
sayqala n.e+n (T) 'polish, dust' (instead of
layqala of T);
say~a /I ()'asi&) n.e."
(K*.T.Y.M) 'go bad, lan- sayqal (T.M.Sw. in 0 \395) 'means of polishing
or dusting'; ,
guish, be sick. die, be lost, be dry, be moldy';
say)'a&a 'make languid, make dwindle'; from Ar. sayqa/, ~ayqa/: for the Arabic roms, see
lasa),&a, lasayya~a 'suffer (from a disease),; Fraenkel 254.
'asaytlG (T) 'wound, make sick';
si~ 'disease, scourge, incurable wound, elephan-
sayqal n.e+A (T.M) 'spindle'.
tiasis' ;
sayr n.eC (T.M.Sw. in 0 1395) 'assembly, coun.
sayyiih (T) 'sick person'; cil, place of meeting'.
the meanings of this root are probably figurative
meanings of sQy!ta I. For the passage of meanings, say!in (pI. sayii!an, sayalaniil) n.e"l'l 'Satan,
devil, demon, adversary';
I
525
enclose> catcb', and in this case the rool /'X' may stout, becoming corpulent';
meal, (Gr.l3l) feast, (Lt) maintenance'; sa'griiwi 'inserted';
be compared (so also Dillm"nn 266) with IIch . I."rglll 'oncarnation, assuming of n bodv',
ETHIOPIC: Te. rfJ)Siibbii!a 'consume', Toa. siirhii!ii,
>asgdri 'who inserts, (K *) who ambles, who Jtigar 'shut up, close', Aram.-Syr .t,)gOI', Ug.Md. fuSaggiJWo( 'incarnation I ,
makes cross'; pf sgr, Akk. sigaru, siguru 'clamp'. Zimmcrn 15
Sarbiifii (with an augmented r) 'taste a little bit', I ma.ragg;,w (K·) 'who Incarnates';
tna,\'giJU',
Har. subo! 'midday mear, Gur. (tii)srabbii!ii (with masgari, masg" (K*) 'who makes amble, who and von Soden 1230 suggest a Sumerian origin for ma,fiJggciw 'place of incarnation',
Akk. sigaru.
augmented r) 'start to eat after laking an anthelmin- makes cross';
the verb is a denominative from .1:jlRci, above
tiC"; also 1Il Cushitic; Qab. (tii)srabbar?o" same as masgar (pI. masagar) 'step, means of crossing ETHIOPIC: Te. sliggara 'catch (birds) in snares', mii.~a
Gurage, Or .subii!a 'meal' over, means of taking a step'; gar (pl.) 'bars or a gate', Amh. (a).r"KKarii 'caleh siihbaba "11100, (L.T) s.~baba iI,hOII '!lro",
Jagur 'run'; Schulthess 75, n. 33 (fish) in a net', .fiigg"iirii 'bar the gate with a piece of
sadahe 1P"l~ (T.M) 'plain, outdoors'; SEMITIC: PbH .
wood', Tna. siigWiirii. stigarii. Amhnric !,Jggar
moldy, grow musty, get spoi led';
compares Ar. sagaro, rendered by him ' run' , While s,,/ohuh, (T) sahhuh, (L) .I',,!,huh 'n"'ist, moldy,
gives the impression of being borrowed from Heb. the original meaning of sagara is 'raise the leg' (and 'difficulty' compared, with reservations, by Marras- musly, spoiled';
siiqrl ilJ 'field' not 'run'), the comparison is sti ll valid. PraCl.orius sini 68, is a variant of bgga, and does not belong
here. See also sarga, sagara JJ I. SEMITIC: Dillmann 2)0 (followed by Stude 19)
1890:372 compares Ar. (gsr) , igtasura 'cross ', de-
sada} 1P"lJ', (OT) 'God, omnipotent, who has nominative from gisr 'bridge'. connects il with Ar, Jalwha 'be gray'
no limits', ETHIOPIC: Te. siigra ' run quickly', Tna.Amh. siig. ,agara /(f 'P1£: (T. Y.M) 'become a soldier'; Enll(wlC': Te. ('a)s~lflhiiha 'overgrow', as OfH ph.lol
that overgrows a stone (Littmann-l-It1[ncr 171),
from Heb. J~add(J)'; nOle that the Septuagint likewise giira 'amble', Amh . (a)J'iiggiird 'do something every sugar, pi. sagaral (K.Gr.137) 'keeper of the
renders iadday by ·omnipotent'. other day, skip a day (of a holiday)' , Har saglira ! I~strumeot of torture. executioner. guard. sol-
S(lbiiha "kind of moss', ,f,]ba 'nJllSS'; Tnn . .\'iibrihii
'amble', Gur. siigiirii; passed into Cushitic: Had. 'become moldy', siihaba, sobha 'rnnss' (so also pur-
d,er
, of the guard, garrison';
siigaro-kko, Mo . saggari(ye) , Bil. sagar 'go oul'. twlly Wajnbcrg 1937 :34); Amh, .I'flhtl 'green sc,;UIlJ
Saga 1";1 'flesh, meat, the flesh as opposed to sagaralvi, ,ragariittiwi 'pertaining to ,(-agar';
the spJrit, body, corpse'; Note that Dillmann 266 compares the Geez root Ihat flonts on stagnant wilter'. Thc conncction
with Amh. (cajSaggiirii 'cross'. the various meanings of sagrJr(il given above probu- with Tnn . .sahhdhii 'lose onc's strength', .l"u&mdmil
bly go back to sagara II 'ensnare :> close > keep 'be Wilhout energy', suggested by Wajnberg 1935
21 (72), IS doubtful.
528
•
(bc-.faIcW
mUle detul. on lhi. rool in yanoUi Ethiopian Jan. ItIka (X.0) 'lUng, thorny' (denOlDlU-
....... see Lealeu 1979:216, 5S6. tift);
JM,JwI (X.0) ·thorny';
..... (yNIpJf) I"ihA 'be IDSOlent. be alloaant. • Aram ,...... nlalilll
1IIOm. dapile, ill8ult, otrClld. be vehement, • Heb. m ItiIIa
(LTY M) • 'WDI' .... I A.ram. •
"t."""
..,
...." (X.o). act. participle;
miJcbievoua. a.,.....,. 'be POI''1.'; Ike 1ft Soq. MuNA ....fWu·,
lor. ".... 'pJaDt that baa tItorna'
1IrBDIc. Te. , . 'thvan', TDa. "IIfII. Oaf .rI/i"'
,rho (T Y) who meddJea into (11
(Or 1a4) (K) who < t). Mar Our _ . . Il10 ..... aile...
..,.,
I11III' •
dildain. anopnce, impu·
..... ......~ (X.O) ·biro·.
... vehemenc:e' ,
...... (X.O) 'be hiNd' •
Ifhr 'IIirwd, IIInlln,';
Heb.1ItIII' 'bW. Anm (Pabn.), U.:PII.
lor ~ 'biIwIIq, _ t ' II a .......
"""'71 the . . . . . . . .
hIP.. At. , . , . 'dIIIar
. . , "WIwIIl' • CCIIIIMt*d III
witb the ...... IIMII ;lor 'bW
. . . . . . of .....
_ • iaIIIJII4 to
lor
Sanata 530 samra Stnr 53 1
=='~----------------------------~,
[,Jsl,'sf'Tri nity. threefold, three times as many' ; ETHIOPIC: Te. sa/{ana ' ha ve power', Tna. saltana bials m:p) . The comparison with Syr. s~~ar 'thin k' laSanaqa, (Gr. 13 I) la.5<1nnaqa·be furnIShed \\uh
Suggested by Praeto~us, DLZ 1900, 1696 is un·
(I~sl,>sl ',d 'th ird part') ; Amh . siila!.tanii ; passed int o Cushitic : Sa. S~/la~
'go vern , reign '. . convincing. See on tblS root Rundgren 196 1:370. .s.mq .p roVlS1.0
provisio n s' ;
.. ,
nS,
t.?s(~sta( 'triad';
ETHIOPtc: Te. samra ' please', Tn a. samard, Amh .
Ar. rala, 'three', SAr. S)1, tIt, Soq . si/e,
maSnaqi (K·) 'who p rovides provisions'.
SI':MITIC': Sal!iin (K*) I"A"I') 'governor, king'; siimmara 'be pleasing'; passed into Cu sbitic : Som.
Hcb . JaJos, Ara m.·Syr. 1~,al, Md . llata, Ug. tit, Ph. masnaq , masn3q, mainaqt. maS11dqt (pI. fflas,j-
(rom Ar. sulran . samir 'delight in'.
fH, Akk. . sa/aS. naq) 'bag o f pro visions, pouch. ve".r,
ETHiOP1C Te. saJIis ' three', Tna. siildsle ; with loss of Serna "t,OP ; see sym I, II, III. smr, masmar oProPc 'line, ro w, verse'; masnaql (T). muSanaq' (Sw, In D 14(0) 'kitch-
, In Amh .Arg. !ioSl. Gaf. SOSld, Har. l i>il l i, sISti. en';
SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. rasama 'dra w, trace' (with
sam( ",,,.,,, 'wax, candle' ; metathesis; fo r its Aram aic o rigi n) see Fraenkel ~EMITtC: Dil~man n 250 compare~ It v.-ilh SVf S"lflaq
'aUa!a lPI\m . (K) 'ala!a lPI\m 'gain domin- probably from Ar. sam' 'wax, candle(s)' ; also in Te. 250), Heb. ral um 'inscribe', Syr. raianr ' draw, de· be In need; cp o also Md. snq (fOf \\ hll:,h "ce
ion , have power. have authority, exercise au- Siim~ ~, Tna. sam ~i, sdm r;, Amh .Arg.Gur. sam , Gar. lineate' . DIetrich 300), While Brockelmann 1928:485, follo\>o -
th ority, become master, reign, rule' ; sarna ; in Cushitic : Som. samar, Sa . i am re, Aw . ErntOPIC: from smr ' rule lines'; T e. miismiir ' line, ing Zirnmem 47, derives the Syn ac root from A kli.
>as/ara . )a,~alla!a 'have power, give power'; sYemi. stroke', Tna. miismiir ' ruler'. Amh. miismiir ' line'. saniiqll ' be in need ', von Soden 1022 considers Al l ,
l asa/fa , lasa/Jafa 'make oneself master, acquire See also mazmar. saniiqu 'be in need' a n Arama ic loanw ord; see abo
Semaka "t,OPh (M) 'choose, select' ; Kaufman 93.
power, exercise authority, have authority, gain 'amannar IPOPCOPC (K) ' kind of eagle'. ETHIOPI(,: Tna. Ha r. sanqi 'provislons fOf a
mastery (over), rule (over), dominate, become probably reconstructed from the imperfect y~sem. journey' , Te. sang. SJq « s.mq), Am h. J,lnq; passed
powerful, prevail'; mak, from · sammaka. !emata, .ayrnata "t,OP.,. I IP,.OP.,. (K' ,Lt) into C ushitic : Or s;Jllqi.
saliili (K 0) 'who has power' ; 'deal in grain ';
sallul 'who has power, who has dominion, Samra, samara (yasmar) IP'I" l. I IPOUl. 'de- la.iaymala (K '), passive ; San~r I"')I\C (Lt) 'splinter';
powerful' ; light in, be pleased, be well pleased, have a ETHIOPIC: Tna.Gur. siirnala 'deal in grain' , Amh .
sallii!e 'power, value, profit'; liking for, like, take pleasure in, accept favor- variant of s~~~~ar (see JaJ~ara) .
siimmiitii , Arg. semmaw : perhaps a denominative
s./Ian, see below; ably, agree, consent, approve, grant, be of from sm·t, to be compared with Soq . siom 'sell ',
masa/! (K 0). maS/a! (Gr) 'who has power, good will, condescend, (L) be pleasing'; Akk. samu 'buy'. Sant I"')T; see ,iyn,
powerful' ; 'asmara 'delight, give pleasure, like, make
laSa/!Of 'power' ; content, be pleased, be pleasant, please, be simat "'-OPT ; see sym I. sannaya lP~f 'be beautiful, be good , seem
SEMITIC: Ar . salufa 'gain power or mastery over, acceptable, be agreeable'; good, be well, be fine, be excellent, be fitting ,
iane, Sane IP). I 1")., (L) sane II)" tenth Ethio-
prevail', Heb. l illa! 'lord over, dominate' , from ('basmara 'displease'); be appropriate'; with suffix pronouns : 'appear
pian month (8 June-7 Juli); good, be good for, please';
Aram. J. lal 'rule', Syr. s.la, (Wagner 113, 114), Ug, tasamra 'agree, be unanimous, be approved' ;
sl),! 'powerful', Akk . salti!u 'have power over'. For tasamara 'agree with one another, be unani· ETHIOPIC : Tna. sane, Amh. sane ; also in Cushitic : )asannaya ' beautify, adorn. decorate, act well,
G . (>a ) .s/a~a ' have power over, give power', a sec· mous, approve' ; Kam.Tem. sana, 8e. senay 'early faJl' . Dillmann 254 behave rightly, do good, do well, do a favor.
ondary formation from salton, see Noeldeke samari, act. part. of samra ; derives it from iny 'be pretty, be good' . Because of treat well, be gracious, amend, adjust, im-
1910 :39. On the Aramaic origin of Akk . sala!u, see sam;r 'enjoyment, pleasure' ; the spellings I"k and Ok Conti Rossini 1923 :376 prove, make proper, make succeed';
Kaufman 98, seems to be inclined to consider sane the original
samur 'pleasant, pleasing, pleased, accepted, ('asannaya ga~~o 'he was friendly' : )aSannaYd
fonn and derives it from the Semitic root tnv. snv
acceptable, approved, willing, granted, delight- •
'two'. However, sane is not the 2nd month of the
•
/abbo ' he prevailed on, he persuaded');
Sal!in I"A"I,) 'dominion, authority, jurisdic- ful, beautiful, nice, munificent'; year and its derivation from the root for 'two' is lasannaya 'beautify oneself, be restored';
. ,
tlon. power ; samr 'consent, approval, good will'; therefore doubtful. Besides, it is IUk. that is found in >aslasannaya, (L.T) 'asluSiina,va 'beautify,
s.I!ana ..i 'related to authority, who has pow- samral 'will (of God), good will, benevolence, older manuscripts (Getatchew Haile). adorn, restore, adjust, (Lt) improve' ;
er' ,. pleasure, delight, favor, assent, consent, ap- sannay ' beautiful, good, fair, delightful,
sa/lana (Y.M) 'have power' (denominative) ; proval, acquiescence, agreement'; iena "t, ~; see syn. agreeable, glad (tidings), pleasing, proper,
'uSa/lana 'give full power, give authority, give samra/awi (Gr.450) 'benevolent, agreeable' ; right, virtuous, prosperous, suitable; (Lt) beau-
50n 1"') ; see sannaya.
dominion' ~ 'asmarol (Lt) 'benevolence'; ty, goodness, favor';
luSa/!ana 'establish authority'; masm." masmari 'pleasing, agreeable, accept- iona "'''; see sawwana, (ba-sannay 'well');
SEMmc: Ar. su/{tin 'power', Heb. ii/ron, Aram .·Syr. able, pleasant'; (Sanniiy-a 'well, finely, duly');
fu/{Drui. For the root in various Semitic languages. lasamrol, tasiimarot 'consent, agreement'; Sansqa (yasnaq) ... ~.,.. (Gr,131)sannaqa IP~"', sannayal 'good things, good works, good
see Wagner 114. Geez sa/ran seems to be derived lasmart (Gr,124) 'wish, desire, good will'; (T.Y) sanaqa II~'" 'prepare provisions for a deeds, good (n.), goodness';
from Aram,-Syr, sulrOna (Noeldeke 1910: 39) rather SEMITIC: Ar, (Yem.) sabar 'be suitable, be proper, be journey' ; (gaMre sannayal [Lt]'kind of functionary', lit.
than to be considered a noun with the suffix .an fit' (with alternanee of labials m:b), Heb. Japar 'be 'asnaqa 'provide provisions, prepare provi- 'who does good deeds');
derived from ialloro (for which see above). pleasing', Aram .·Syr. silpar (with alternanci of la· sions' .• sannuy 'adorned, lovely';
-
532 sar<B 533
-
,<,n, (T) SJn 'beauty, charm (of speech), grace, sagsaqa "'+"'.,.
(K*,Gr.129), saqsaqa (1+(1.,. :a.forco, passive; also 'submit, yield'; SE.Mlnc: AI. sanba 'dnnk', PbH samp 'swallow'
goodneS5. excellence, virtue'; (T) 'interlace, make a network, make lattice jariiq', act. part. of sareo ; Syr sarap 'SWallow, absorb', Md. srp. All sarJpk
't'liannayi (Gr). act. part. of )Qsannaya; work, perforate, bore, run through'; (Sara'e ~agg 'legislat~r') ; 'suck' .
'a..~allna.l'ot 'favor, benevolence'; tasaqsaqa (K *,Gr, 129), passive; I saru< pass part. of sarta; ETHloPlc: Te. sorbo 'suck up' (e.g. donkey suckmg
masaJlnal' 'beautiful, fair, the best (ot), the best saqsuq (0,247 under saqq), saqsuq (T) 'formed sarea; 'ordinance, ordering, order, arrange- water), Tna. Iii.riibii. siiriibii 'drink'. Amh . .1Iim'ibii
part, good things, who acts well, who does by network, perforated'; ment, ordered rank, procession, ceremony, (from Geez); Amh. miiiriib ' trough tn WhICh water
good' : saqsaq, saqasaq (pI. saqiisaq) 'network, fence rite, ritual, rule, regulation, manner, precept, is kept' COmes from Ar. mairab . See also S<lTapa 1.
,
mJSanluJ)'. same meanings as masannay; also made of netting, grate, lattice, any kind of prescription, charge, disposition, service, as- sarraf. "'I.L (Ltl 'honor, revere';
'good place' : work made like a net, veil, railing, window, (T) signment, constitution, provision, administra-
maS!aianfldY. masla.ran<1Y 'who restores, who balcony' ; tion, institution, testament, pact, custom. hab- from Ar. sarrafa, or common with sarTa(a (Litt-
mann 1913 : 17).
puts right, who readjusts, who embellishes'; saqsiiqe 'being formed with network'; it, tradition, covenant, decree, edict, statute,
SEMITIC: AT. sana 'good' is considered by Noeldeke SEMITIC for 'perforate', cpo Ar. saqqa. saqa>a 'split', law, canon'; brg (pI. 'aSrag, 'aSrJg) "'C., 'canal, small
1910 :59 a transcription of G . sanniiy 'good' rather Ar. (Syria) saqiaq 'tear, split, crack', (Sar'ata qaddiise 'liturgy'); brook, stream',
than a loanword. While Noeldeke 59, n.2 hesitates ETHIOPIC: Tna. siiqsiiqii 'detach, separate Some. (haddis sar'at 'New Testamen!'); from Ar. sarE 'ditch for watering camels'.
to compare G. sannaya with Ar. sanij (Sl1w) ·shine'. a
thing adhering to hard object', Te. siiqsiiqa 're-
J
sari<ot 'disposition';
sana, 'brilliance', since one would expect santi, Eitan move bread from the pan', Amh. saqiissiiqii, same, Saraga "'1.1 (K*) 'penetrate',
SEMITIC Ar. sara<a 'prescribe', sar;<Q 'law', SAr. S~f<
10 and 28, n. 50 does compare it with Ar. sanii Amh. siiqsiiq. saqsiiq 'balcony, window, lattice, grat-
(snw) . with some reservations, and with Heb. yaJun~
'erect, construct'. Buhl 794, following others (see Ennoptc : Amh, siirraga (from Geez),
ing'; also in Cushitic: Bil. Kham. saq 'plait, en.
bibliography, ib.), starts from the basic meaning of
n~ ( ' ) in Qoh. 8: I. Eitan 28, n. 50 also compares twine, intertwine'. See also saqsaqa.
Ar. sarQ<o 'point directly' developing into 'stretch Sorug P'~"; see sargawa ,
Heb. fonl'scarlet' with the Geez root sn)" and Heb.
out', and compares Heb. sre (hitpa(el) 'stretch out',
miine of Is. 61:7 is rendered 'best' by Eitan in
HUCA t2-13 (1937-38), Bittner 1909:32 compares
sagaya "'''''', (T) sagaya "."" 'vex , afflict , SYL ma' 'extend' (so also Brockelmann 1928: 500); sarr.~. "'C'" 'prosper. make prosper, bnng
torment, torture, molest, plague, inflict suffer. perhaps also Akk, ser., "etwa 'ftach hinlegen'" (for success, make successful';
Mh. meimi 'fitness, efficiency', and in WZKM 30 ing' ; )asarra~a 'give relief;
(1917-8),12-14 he compares the Geez root with Soq, which see von Soden 1220),
.
" ' .see .
Slm
tasiiqaya, passive; also 'suffer pain'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. siirfe 'arrange, decree', Te. siirta tasarra~a, (T) tasarra!lQ 'prosper, succeed, be
ETHIOPIC: Tna. sannii)'a 'be good, be beautiful', Te.
Sliqiiyi, act part of siiqaya; 'hold in order, appoint', Amh. sarra 'decree, pre- successful' ;
sana, Gur. siinna)'te 'kind of false banana·plant' saquy, pass, part of siiqaya; scribe. arrange', HaT. siira>a 'arrange'; perhaps sarrii!,i (KG), act part of sarra!,a;
(probably from siinlUlyt 'beautiful'), Amh. tii·siinaii· saqay 'tonnent, torture, pain. vexation, afflic- common with Cushitic : Or. sera 'law', Sid. sera, sarru!" (T) sarru~ 'prosperous, successful';
na 'become beautiful, good'. Note that Amh. Iii· tion, tribulation'; Som, sar 'place, put', s.,'at 'rule'. Cerulli 1951 :501 s.rra~iil'prosperity';
siinannii can be either a reduplicative stem of a non- masqe 'instrument of torture, goad, stimulus, (under sera) considers Or. sera a South·Ethiopian taSarra~o 'prosperity';
attested ·siiriiiii 'be beautiful', or it can be a redupli· weaver's comb, shuttle of loom'; loanword.
SEMITIC: Ar. sara~a 'expand, widen', SAr. Sy~ 'de-
cative stem of ·siiiiiiii used as asiiiiiiii or tiisiififiii in
SEMITIC: Ar. saqiya <be wretched, be in distress', liver, preserve, save', Heb. !iira~ 'grow luxuriantly'.
the composite verbs. This ·siiiifiii is identified by "ri', (KG) Sorri' P' 6o{) 'canvas, sail';
saqa (iqw) 'distress' (tr), S~, .iiqi 'be tired', .iiq!
Praetorius 1879:237 with G. sannaya. The foot
probably passed into Cushitic: Sam. san 'beauty,
'troublesome, tiring'. SEMlTIC: Noeldeke 1910:61 considers the root to be sar(')ba ..,C-l (K' ,Y,M), sar(.)~a, sar~• I ..,C'"
ETHlOPIC: Tna. saqayii 'tonnent', Te. siiqa, Amh. common to Geez and Ar. sirii< 'canvas, sail'. Fraen- (lC'" (T in various editions), sor~a (\C'" (T,
goodness'.
siiqiiyyii 'torment', miisaqiya 'instrument of torture'. kel 213·4 derives it from Heb. sara< 'stretch', Syr. misprint for sar~a) 'light up, be bright, shine,
glitter' ;
Saqg "'+(pI. saqqiit, 'aSqiiq, ·asqiiqiit) 'sack-
For G. maiqe, cpo Amh. miisqe 'roller with which
the weaver rolls up the finished cloth'.
sara', as against Landberg 190 I : 513 who derives it
from the original meaning of Ar. Sff 'be high'. sarra!lQ (T.Gr.125) 'illuminate, brighten';
cloth, covering of goat's hair'; ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. sara< 'sail', Amh. siira (also sara>, taSarra~a (Gr. 125) 'be illustrious' (probably to
saqqa (K*) 'cover with sackcloth' (denomina- Sarr, Arr fPC ! FC; see sarara. from Geez), Har. sara 'canvas. tent (of canvas)'; be identified with tasarra~a 'be successful',
tive); passed into Cushitic: Sa. sira<, Af. sira.
Sera "1.60; see seraya It above);
SEMJTIC: Soq . .seqah 'coat', Heb. saq 'sackcloth', saruh• 'brilliant, splendid';
Aram,-Syr, saqqa, Akk, saqqu, saqqu, For G, .iaqq, sur, Sor -C I P'C (M); see sarw_ saraba (yasrab) "'~O, (LT) saraba 1'11.0 sarh, siirh• 'splendor, glory, magnificence';
•
see Zimmem 67, and Noeldeke 1910:39. For the 'drink, drink up, (l*,Y,M) absorb, sip'; sariib (T) 'light of glory';
Semitic origin of Gr. sakkos, see Masson 24-5. For Sal"a (yasrii') "'CO 'set, set forth, set in order, 'Qsraba 'give to drink, irrigate'; sarriibe, suriiye 'splendor, glory, brigbtness,
the Hittite origin of this root, see Rabin 1964: 153. set (the table), establish, establish order, ar- sarub (GrA50) 'absorbed';
ETHIOPIC : Tna. siiqqi, Amh. siiqq.
magnificence' ;
range, institute, enact, prepare, ordain, decree, sarab, sariib, sarb (pI. ·asriib) 'beverage, wine'; SeMITIC: AL sarI! 'prime of youth', Akk, sarii/)u 'be
stipulate, legislate, promulgate, prescribe, masrab 'water jar, bucket, pail'; splendid, be radiant', Driver, ITS 33 (1932), 44-5
saqa' ..,:,.{) (K) 'a comer of the earth, a part of make regulations, regulate, make a covenant,
the earth',
masriib 'place or object in which there is liquid compares Heb, sa~aru!, in EccL II : 10 (with metathe-
make a testament, administer (the Eucharist),; Or from which one drinks" , sis) 'radiancy (of youth)'. Driver, ib. also compares
;-Nm. ________________________________~5~3_4________________________________~h=-~ra:r~. Saran
• 5J5
SH ~·"h.
. m ¥I/~ra" 'be overjoyed. be ravished WIth
J\. \' The \3ri('I~' tlf forms such as ior&. sar&, suriibe
(Sarqa warb 'new moon');
saraq 'rising (of stars. moon). new moon. (l,) sllrur. SJrI" ·founded. set. established. (ll) crea-
• .
"'
docs nOI lusflf,• the suggestion made by Rundgren ture •; Jaroret. Har alfir4raJIIl, Gur .ffl'~1
•
1Q('I I 3(\7 Ihal G. Jar/il1(la IS a loanword. the Orient'. 1936:2)7 cons.lders It a CUthlh\.: loan\\ord ecrullt
iurare 'foundation, founding'; Or.".
siJrqat, verbal noun of iaraqa~ also 'riSing, rarili, BII tarim, Oem. sa,i, \w ltf t
masarat. see above. o also
qrama. sarama (.1'.1.{rilln, YiI,sram) rPt.OD :
appearance'; Brcx:k.elmann IQ50: ~8.
"t."" (T Y KM). sarma "COD (T) 'become a sarqawi 'eastern, pertaining to a new moon'; SEMITIC' Soq. irr 'attach', PbH iTT (hif~il) 'estab-
(",arb sarqii",; 'lunar month'); lish', Aram . .fOrer 'establish. strengthen. fix firmly', Sarrat F l:'-: <;;ee farara.
s" amp. be deep. sink. flood';
sarama (T) 'dig deep'. saraqiiwi 'eastern, pertaining to a riSing, morn_ Syr. sarar 'fix firmly'. For the identification o/" G.
s..rrut r.,...)-; <;;ee (b rk J. ur'.H\
ing star'; STT with G. s.1rl\' 'root', Heb. JorrJ, see Praetorius
ra.~arma 'lower oneself into an abyss or to the 1890:35.
ground. fall mto an abyss. be submerged m an 'as,.qot (Velat 472-3 has 'as"qot) 'au petit sa"'e (pI. .iarall'lI) IPC'Il , (T) sa",. "C'll
ETHIOPIC': Tna. siirii/ii 'lay a foundation', denomina_
abyss, enter into a swamp'; jour. et avant de poursuivre i'office; Ie pretre 'beam of wood, log, trunk, WCJ.\"cr\ heam',
tive from Sariil 'foundation', from -Jrr. STT.
sarm. (T) "mil (pI. 'airiim) 'depth. abyss. flood. qui vient de chanter l'Evangile, chante i'Ai,r- SEMITIC: Aram.-Syr .tariJa 'hearn' tOlllm.lnn 24~);
Ar Jariya 'pillar' is consldercd ~y Fraenkd 11 an
•
~wamp ; qot, c'est-a-dire, donne, pour I'annee en Sarasa (y.sra~). ia~a (yasras) "'t.1I ..... CII.
cours. la date exacte des Poques et des autres sara~a "'t.B 'germinate. blossom. shoot forth. Aramaic loanword, contrary ttl Schuhhcss ~~, n. ~
SEMITIC': Ar. sarm 'canal, small bay, mlel, main
grandes fetes'; ETHIOPTC Amh . SarH'l' 'm.lSt, WCJ\cr\ rllllcr', and
body of water' (from Sarama 'slit, cut'), SAr. sl'm sprout. burgeon. bud. proceed (Holy Ghost
perhaps Gur. s;araf 'part of a ItlOrn'
'ou,Iet' m. mtJ~'raq 'east, the Orient';
from the Father). arise. (ll) conceive. lhink
ETHTOPJ(,; Te. SJrm 'puddle, hole filled with water', masriiqowi (K) 'eastern'; out'; s.rw (pI. '''011,'uJriill') IUCOI-. (M) sur. ,-,r
SEMITIC': Ar. saraqa 'rise (sun)', SAr. slrq 'rise 'asra~a, causative; fPoC : rc 'sinew, tendon, nerve, mu\dc, h.,~
siron "IC',} (KG) = Amh. t.fr.g 'Iow-growing
(star)" Hars. seroq 'risc (sun)', Heb. of Ben-Sira 'wr sara$i, act. part. of Jarasa ~ SIS. rOOl. origin, 'I<",k. lnbe. (T) beher' (thJl IS.
bush that is used like a brush in washing the basis)'
large crocks'. "uriy)q (Noeldeke. ZA 20[1900].96); connec'ed '''us 'that germmates. that blossoms';
with 'be red'; Ar, iar;qa 'be red', Heb. saroq 'red' sar,' 'shoot. blossom. sprout. bud. young twig'; U,n,' h.1fum 'sinew of the thigh'. Ill. 'the forbId.
(Koehler 932).
Sereni "t.tot (KG) = Amh. miiJabbiya 'holder slJr.,at, verbal noun of .fara.fa; also 'procession den muscle': it refleel' the Heb. gi,f hunnii.,1'
ETHIOPIC. Te. siirqo 'rise (new moon, star)" Tna. (of the Holy Ghost)'; 'the sinew of the lh,gh-vein' wh,ch people are
for a candelabra or a shIeld'. siiriiqii. Amh. siirriiqii.
- sar;" (K') 'proceeding (of the Holy Ghost from forbidden to eat. according to Gen. J2:Jll.
~ s.rna} PC"f.. (ll) .. rniy lIc"f. 'wheat'; the Father)': .iarall'o (Y K') 'take root' (denommahve).
irq. in >.sr"'lO Or iarqo hpC'" , "'C'" , -, "
sar.,iJnna processIOn ; iarrawa, (T) sarrawa 'extl rpate, eradicate, e"Xt~r.
SEMITIC: Dillmann 260 denves it from ·sJ'Jrmiy and (corrected by Dillmann 240 into s"qo) 'plait';
sarqo (K) 'rope. snare'; 'asra#, maira.,;, participle of )asra~'a; minale. root out. destroy' (privative denomina-
connects It with Semitic i'r: Heb. SJ'Ora 'wheat', Ar. tive);
masra~ 'that germinates';
sa'ir; cpo also SAr .f;'r, Hars. se'lr, Aram. SJfar/a.
Ug. j<r (bu, see below). SUflTlC: Ar. saraqa 'slit', Mh. seroq 'comb', Heb. masrii~ 'place of the germination': la"iarwa 'be rooted',
siiraq 'card (flax)" Aram.-Syr. siJraq 'comb' (that is, tasarraJ.fa 'be eradicated',
ETHIOPIC G . .{<'rnay as well as Tna. sarna}, 'wheat', something used for plaiting). Sl:MITIC': Ar. fora~a 'start walking (young amma))',
.iarran-i, act. part. of .farran·a,
Te . .t1rnay. s.""J"ray, Arg . .fiJrray, Amh. siJ"de, Gaf. Heb. sar~ 'swarm, team'. In the meanmg of 'creep'
undii (for nd' rn. see Praetorius 1879: 78, Cohen (see P. 10uon. Slhlica 21[1940).152-3). as also Syr. ,farrJIt', fern. slJrrUl (K·) 'that which IS eradlcat.
19.11 .180). probably also Har. sam "hick bread Sereq "t.,:,+. (L.T) sereq "'to+ 'vine'; fara., 'creep', it can be semantically related to G. ed. destroyed':
made of "heat' and Gur. SJre, SiJnne. SiJne' 'wheat' transcription of Gk, sorek, from Heb, soreq. iara.,o 'germinate', the baSIC meanmg being that of .f.1friiwe, (T) JlJrran.'(' 'eradication, being eradi-
arc- to be considered CusrutJc loanwords, as suggested, change in place or growth, contrary to Conti 1978 cated. destruction. defeat';
with reservations, by Praetorius 1890:24, n. 9 (under iarara "'t.t. 'be high. be tall'; 35; cpo also modern Syr, J(iri,f 'issue, descent' masrmr (Gr 117) 'instrument for uprooting';
!rJ!!al). and b)" Armbruster 625 (contrary to Leslau sarr, sarr ·Iength. height. altitUde';
1979~559): Sa, smra. Af, sirray, Som. sarin, Be. sarrat (l,). same; ETHIOPIC' Tna Sarii,fii 'sprout'. Amh. siirrii!il 'suf- ta.iarrall'o (ll) 'destructlOn':
3t'ram, Bil. imray, fuse' (leslau 1979:74). and perhaps also Amh. I as)- SEMITIC: Ar sirr 'origin, 'iourcc > -root', SAr \"..T.t,
SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. Jarra 'spread in the sun', that slirarrii 'spread (news)' (Armbrusler 529). Gur. 'foundation', h-s~s, 'extirpate' (denominative), SOQ
Saraqa (y,s"q) "'t..,. 'rise (stars. sun. new is, '-extend, ·'engthen'. asra(ta, even though the root of Amh. and Gur IS .tero~ 'Origin, source', Heb. sorrj 'root' (fn.lm Jr-.fr),
ETHIOPIC': also in Cushitic: Bil. iir 'be high', Be. a quadriradical srH'. Syr serlo, Ug. jrt Akk JurSu. For Heh. Jorrf and
moon). anse. shme forth. spring forth. begin
(month. year)'. seriir 'tall' o,hers. sec Ruiicka I I F Schwally. LD.lfG j~
sirel "I,:,T. (l) sirel "toT ·spider. spiderweb. (1898). 140 connects. Heh. .fort's WIth Ar ,("ras,~ir.f
'asraqa 'make shine, make rise. celebrate the scales';
new moon by special hymns'; sirara "It.t.. (L.Gr.165) sirara "t.t. 'lay a foun- 'thorny plant', 'cdras 'hard', the basi" meanmg
dation. found. establish. build, construct'; fatla saret 'spiderweb'; bemg 'knotty, gnarled "> root', For Hebrew, cp
sarq. (T) sarq 'rising (of stars. sun. new moon).
'asarara, causative; also Jor 'umbilical cord' (Appleyard 16). Ar .tlr.\
da) of a new moon. beginnmg of a month. Dillmann 245 and KWK 677 derive It from the root
sry 'weave' (see saraya II). 'root' (Dozy) does not give the impreSSion ('If !xmg
(l,) the Orient'; tasarara, (Gr.165) tasarara, passive of sarara;
an original Arabic root.
sarari, act. part. of siirara; also 'founder'; ETHIOPIC': Te. sarel 'spider', Tna. sorel, sarari/,
fararit, Amh iiiriiril, Arg. ~nJiJrarif, South Arg.
ETHIOPIC; Te.Amh.GafHar.Gur s.,r 'rolli. vem.
sinew', Tna ur, Jur, Gaf. S:lret, Arg. S,Jrt'J; also in
536 saraza 531 4atoq.
Cushitlc: Qem_ s~r, Qua. ser, Bil. zir. Praelorius saraya II lPt:f (K*) 'weave, spin'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. siiriizii 'cross out', Amh. sQrriiziJ sa"ar. (Gr. 139) sac!ar ·splmter, chip. 'ph!';
ISQO:35 connects G. si1rw
with the Ethiopic root sr, ETHIOPIC: Toa. siirriiyii 'weave'. See saret, above,
'croSS out, rule with lines the Greek letters that sa"are, (Gr 139) sildJjiire. veTbal noun of .ius-
'lay a foundation' (see sarara, above). For {he and seraya n. serve as numbers'. $ara;
'prh-ative' denominative (,root out'),see Noeldeke
1910 101 If See on this root Oolgopolsky 98. ' ....'a IPI"~ (T.M) 'dance, make bodily move- SEMITIC: Ar. st1$ara 'pierce', Soqfi$t'hdT 'spllt' (n)~
Seraya I "I.t:r (O.Y.M), seraya /l,t:f (T) 'dye
ments'; related to AT.fa{ora 'di,,-ide in two'; wuh metathe-
paint, dip, smear with blood, stain, soil, tinge' ~
sis in AT. sara!Q 'split'. Heb . .tJrQl 'make 1n\'·lMon~.
<aseraya (Gr.128), causative; undoubtedly for sassa'a;
sarawor 1P&oID-C (T.KBT) 'pants, trousers'; Aram. saral,. Akk. Jaratu. .
taseraya, taSarya, (Gr) lasaraya, passive of SEMITIC: Heb. IhlSa' 'take delight in' (from i'''), Syr.
a plural of ·surri, surre; from Ar. sjrwai, pI. sariiwi/
ETHIOPIC: Te. sa{ra 'split, crack', Tna. s(Uani, HaL
seraya; Si/'a (I'y) 'engage in sports, divert oneself.
(for whIch see Oozy 1845: 203·9). ETHIOPlc: Te. {til }sassiI<a 'dance (women)', Tna. sefora. GUT. siilara 'split wood 10 hair; e~\;uged by
serayi, (K '.T) sirayi 'dyer'; n In Te. sanrar, siin~ar 'splinter'. Tnil. sanca,. Amh.
ETHIOPIC: Te.Tna. surre, Amh.Gaf. surri. For Am- sa'sa(e; passed into Cushitic: Bil. sa(sa~. See also
siruy, (Gr.128) seruy, (T) siruy, fern sirit 'dyed siiniir{iirii 'spltt'. Gur. sanii!ii.ra; Amh. un'pr s,m.lt-
haric, Armbruster 493 also gives a plural silrawar; in
stained, soiled'; , 5050.
~ar. J;mrar 'splinter' See also So,waSd, .{iI~siir. '
this case sur';, surre may be a reconstructed singu- • •
lar. The noun also occurs in Cushitic: Or. surr;, saryo (0 1428, K*) 'dye' (n.); sa""a I 11'1"0, (T) sasso'a {l1l~ 'be insatiable,
Sel "I.T (T) 'share, compensattOn';
Qab.AI. surri·ta, Bil. surri. Sa. surre. saryat, (Gr. 128) seryat 'dyeing (n), (T.K*) soil- be greedy, eat much, (Y) crave, be covetous';
. , probably a misprint for se,' 'value', Se!-a 'in return
mg; )asaHafQ, causative;
sassuf, (Gr) SUSSU' 'greedy, insatiable, vora- for' (see 5YO: or could it be f0T 'iJset ·compensatlon.
ETHIOPIG: Amh . stray 'red color'; perhaps from salary''?
saraya, Sarraya I lPt:f, (T) sar(r)aya {It:f 'be- cious, gluttonous, covetous';
Cushjtic: Bil. sar 'be red'. Qua, sar. zar, Aw. sar.
witch, cast spells, poison, heal, cure, give medi- See also sira. sassa'e 'gluttony, insatiability, greed, want of
cine'; Salama ",.,."" (Y.M). salama (Ii-"" (T) ·ar·
moderation' ; rive'.
sarliyi (K*), act. participle; Seraya II "I.t:f (K*) 'form a conspiracy, plot';
sajsaft, same;
sarliy 'incantation, magic, chann, witchcraft, taseraya (K*), passive;
serayi (K '), act. participle; ETHIOPIC: Tna. siiss(Jte 'be greedy', Amh. sassa; Salara (Yilstar) 1Pi-t:, (L.T.Y) salara {I."t:, (1.)
sorcery, enchantment, spell, poison, healing,
siruy (T) 'sinner' (originally 'plotter'); noun: Amh. sassal 'voracity', HaT. sissit rua 'be satta {ITt: 'rend. lear to pieces, lacerate.
medicine, cure, bandage';
greedy', lit. 'make voracity'; denominative : Amh. scourge' ;
('aqqlibe sarliy 'physician, witch doctor'; see siray (K*), sera (Lt) 'plot, conspiracy';
Gur. sassiitii 'be greedy'; passed into Cushitic: Aw. taSalra (Gr.450), passive;
Worrelll: 182-3); (ba'aia sera (Lt) 'plotter');
sassat 'voracious'. Ethiopic Sf'. ss' goes back to s,s,. salur, pass. participle of satara;
(za-saray [pI. 'alia saray, sab'a saray] 'sorcerer, SEMJTIC: Heb. sara (Sry) 'contend', AT. sariya 'grow s's' and is possibly to be connected with SW'. The
magician, wizard, enchanter'); angry', sarti (i'ry) 'do evil'. satr (K ') 'line';
rool is also related to Te. ( ta )sawha 'have appetite,
('asmala saray 'magical names, magic, witch- ETHIOPJC: Te. Iira 'plot' (n.), Tna. sera. sara desire', Ar. faha (iwh) 'desire', iahwa 'covetous- sarra I 'rending (n), tearing to pieces';
craft'); connected by Coulbeaux-Schreiber 220 with Tna. ness' . mastar, mastar (pI. rnasiit"r) ·a sharp cutting
(mafta!;e saray 'charm to counter the effects of sarriiya 'weave' (see saraya n, above; cpo French instrurnenl, (Lt) small hook, (K*) comb, means
an evil spirit'; for more details, see Strelcyn 'tramer' meaning 'weave' and 'plot'), Amh.Gur. s....'a II 11'1"0 (K'), sasso'a {l1l0 (T) 'be of drawing lines, ruler';
I 955:xvlff); sera 'plot'. See also saraya II. thin, be sparse, be far apart'; •
SEMITIC: AT. Salara, sonlara 'tear, split. slit" SAr.
saruy 'dipped in poison, poisoned, bewitched'; siriiy, "riy "I.&of. j I"&of., (Gr.128) Seray ETHlOPIC: Tna. sasalJe. Amh. sassa. S]lr. Heb. jiilar 'break out (tumor)" Aram. satter
maSarriJY, maSarri, fern. maSarrayt, masarril, 'pull out', Syr. $Jlar, Md. Sir 'destroy', Akk. Ilatu-
"I.&of., (T) siriiy fl.&of. 'costly garment, silk,
(T) masarray 'magician, sorcerer, wizard, fine linen, pure linen, (T) red cloth'; sii~un (sa~un) "III.-') ("I"'')) 'chest, shrine, box, ru; related to i!r: Ar. §a~ara 'divide in two', Soq.
(Gr.127) who poisons, poisonous'; coffer, shrine, cupboard'; se!ar 'cut, slit'.
from Aram.-Syr. fira, serii'Q, ifraya 'silken attire' ETHIOPIC: Te. salra 'comb' (v). Tna. santora 'comb'
masray, ma.sre 'medicine, drug'; sii~un-a mawwal 'coffin';
(Oillmann 263; Noeldeke 1910:40); also Ar. siya- (v), miisiitilr 'comb' (0), Amh. sanDllorii. iiiniittiirii
SEMITIC: SAr. s,ry 'save, protect' (Muller 1983:283), ra·a. See also siryon. ETHIOPIC: Tna. sasun,
•
sasan 'coffer', Amh. Gur.
•
'tear open', Gur. siirratii (with metathesis) 'make
Aram.-Syr. s~rl (SfY) 'have a bad odor', Ar. sary Sa!im; Ar. fawii~ln (from *I~una) is considered by decorative incisions on a pot'. For G. satr 'line', cpo
'colocynth' (which bas a bitter taste; Brockelmann Siryon "I.C!'",); see Siray; Noeldeke 1910:55 a loanword from Geez. See also AI. Jatar 'lengthwise cut' (Kazimirski), and perhaps
1928:499), Heb. soriyy6 'stinking, putrid' (Koehler the reading and the meaning are uncertain; see Landberg 1942:2049. also sa!r. salar (with f) 'line'.
654). The bad odor comes from the poison. Dillmann 264, under siray.
ETHIOPIC: Te. sara (sry) 'cure, treat medically" sa~ara, Sa~ara, Sa~ara IPRt: I 1P1lt:, (T) sa~ara Seta "1.10, Set "1.1'; see sy!-
• •
saray 'remedy. poiso~', Amh. siJray 'poison, poi- saraza (yasraz) IPt:H (K*) 'cross out a word I'IRt: 'split (wood), cut up, tear, cleave, lacer-
sonous philter' (from Geez), siiriiyyii 'to poison'. by drawing a line, (MA) separate'; ate' ,. Sots V'm; see swr,
For 'medicine, poison', cpo also Amb. miidhanit, saraz (K *) 'a line drawn through a crossed-out tasa~~ara, (K *) tas~ra, passive;
Syr. sam, Md. sama 'drug, medicine, poison', For word, punctuation mark (colon, semi-colon), sa,ari, sarjari (Gr.139), act-. participle; salaqa (ya.i!aq) 11'10"', (L.T.Y) sa!aqa {1m'"
Indo-European 'drug, poison', see Buck 311. The (K) type of grammatical structure in a qane- sil~~ur. sa~ur, pass. participle; 'cleave, split (tT., intr.), tear asunder. break
root passed into Cushitic: Sa. sira. z;ra 'poison'. poem'; sa,r, (T) sa,r 'cloven hoof'; through, (Lt) open a way';
538
(sa!aqa "",'aka/omu [LtJ 'he fell upon them', in mind, get drunk, (T) put on airs. be
lot 'he <plot their mIdst'); haughty' ; saw~a lPlD-th (Y.M) 'be verdant. grow green';
.
rastlJqa. passive; SEMITIC: Aram.-Syr. s;n..-ah 'sprout, spnng up'; Zlnl- SaW!at a "'m-mm (1I1 'f.lllnto
terror' ,
~rrle.", or
satuy (D.K) 'confused in mind, deprived of
.~;J!uq. pass. part. of ,~a!aqa; mem 70 derives it, with reservations, from Akk. • •
reason, who is bad-natured, (K') Who leans to see S((, 'OJISOlata.
sJ{qat 'cutting (n), splitting, split, crack, cleft'; one side'; famiib u. •• • •
ETHJOPIC: Te. iii!!ii.qa 'split', Gur. sii/{iiqii; with sawan (K·.Gr.133) 'foam. saliva, drool'; stIli green but ripe enough to eat'.
augmented 1/ in Tna. sallii!!iiqii, Amh. siiniiuiiqii. saraya II lPmf, (L.M) sataya ftmf 'tear, lac- maslVan, pI. maSaWiJl1 (K·) 'vessel for spittle or s'''Tat 'ripening (grain). maturing (gr;lmi',
- foam' ;
Soltat p'mT; see satala. erate, rend, be terror-stricken, be dismayed'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. Sc1I1.'Ql'ii 'npen', Te s.llt't'f ·Cd.r (\,.)f
•• • •
tasarya (l), tasarya (T) 'be panic-stricken'; ETHIQPIC: Te. sOwl1..'ana 'foam'. The companson cor~):. Amh. ~dl, JStt. Har. aJ'-Ia, as;ta 'loun!>!
si~at "I.mr; see sn related to Sara!a, above. with Tna. SiJWiJll 'arrogant, proud' suggested by gram; denomlOatives: Te Sall'll".ita 'f~')ml ear"
Coulbeaux-Schreiber 259 is unconvincing. (comr, Tna . .fOltWdttl, Amh. JdIO; abo In (ulihttIC'
Sa~a~a (yas!a!) lPmm, (LTY) satata f'lmm Sa, sliwa 'grain Ihat npens', Qem. stlll"i.
'tear apart, split, rend. cleave asunder, rip up, sataya III lPmf (M) 'love one another, fit swr, maSwar, maSwart OPp'OIC. OPP'IDC-l-
(T.Y) scrape'; together' (one would expect tasii!aya). sy', Se>a "I.h (It) 'destroy, annIhIlate',
• • (pI. maM",ar) 'funnel. (It) dry measure. (l)
lasa(!a. passive; SFMITI(,' Littmann 1913 17 c(\nntX'b the rl)ot With
container for oil, means of stirring the fire,
safiiri. act. part. of sa!ota; poker'; Heb. so'a 'desolatIOn' even though the ('orrc~rond.
stJ!U!. pass. part. of sa!o!a; SW', saw'a (yasa') lPm-O (D), So'a 1"0 (Y.K), cnce Geez s: He-b, J is not noonal: rcrhar~ ahl..) to
saww;)(a ,paro (Y) 'sacrifice, offer a sacrifice SEMITIC: SAr. m-sJwr-t 'irrigation channel' Rablll, be connected with Ihe \pannus SemitiC bngu;lgc"
sa!!a! 'tearing (n), tearing asunder, rending, ,
bring a whole-burnt offering, (T.YM) SH 8 (1961). 394 compares it with Heb. maslira mentioned under JaY'G, above.
rent, tear (n), cut piece, fragment';
slaughter' ; 'hollow measure' (Koehler 570), and wllh Ar. ma-
• •
SEMITIC: Ar. (Dat.Yem) saUa 'cut, split, tear', Akk. )a50 f a, causative; iiir, mifwaro 'beehive' (perhaps because of its shape). syb, Seb. (yasih) "1./1, (L. T Y) scbs 1\./1 'turn
sararu 'tear out' (?). , In view of SAr. m-S.lwr·t the Geez root is perhaps grey (hair), turn white (hair), have grey hair,
tasa'a, (Gr. I33) tasaw'a, passive of saw'a;
ErnloPlc Te. sarra 'rend', sarra, sallfa!a 'tear', Tna. SaWGfj 'priest, sacrificer'; swr (Muller 1983:283). (MA) grow moldy';
sarafa, sarala 'break', Amh. sarra/a 'tear noisily or sawwu' (Gr. 133, K*) 'sacrificed'; 'oseba (K'), causative;
quickly'; also in Cushitic: Be. setil 'tear off'. See Sawit lP'I!T; see sawaya.
also saraya n. siiwa', (T) siiwa' 'sacrificer, (idolatrous) priest'; saJ'yfib. (K') san'uh 'grey-haIred';
sUfaf 'act of sacrificing'; Sibat 'grey hair';
, swt. sota (yasu!) I"m (TY), sawa!a f'lIDm
*sH, >ansotata h11"mm, (LT) >anso!Bta h1f1 fasawwiN 'sacrifice, offering, meat-offering, SEMITIC Ar . saba (s)'bJ 'have white hitir'. S~, ,~uh
(T. Y) 'bring back, make turn back, return (tL),
mm 'shiver, shudder. quiver, be afraid, be oblation' ; (s)'b) 'white half', Heb. Jii~ (.i,·b) 'have gre) hair"
restore, turn back';
horror-struck, be alarmed, stand on end (hair), maswGf 'sacrificial place, altar'; the meaning Aram. si1)e~, Syr. Si1'P, Md. sah, ,I'ih, Ug ..~", 'whll!!-
aso!a. >QsU'Q!a 'make return, bring back'; ness or hair' (Caquot 173, note g), AU, _iih" 'grey,
make the hair stand on end for a fight, 'sacrifice' (D) is doubtful, considering the
frighten, terrify'; various readings; tasawra, (T) tasawta 'relurn (intr.), come back, old, old man'.
naSo!ii! 'horror, fright, shocking thing, shudder- turn aside, depart, (It) travel through, dISap- EnuOP1C'; Tna. siiyyiibd, siiyyclbii 'have grey hair',
maswaq (pI. maswafalat, maSaWJf) 'sacrifice'; pear, be withdrawn';
ing (n). horrible things'; Te. Siiyyiiha: 'grey hair' : Toa .Amh Gur ,\',Jhiil, Te
(masIVii'ta nafs 'self-sacrifice');
sawiir i (K'), act. part. of sora; sibat, Har, .Ubiil, Arg. SJbiid; denomllWlives from
(beta maswii't 'altar');
SEMITIC: perhaps to be identified with Syr. siJra! salVlV'r (K') 'who comes back, who returns'; JiJh(il: rna. Jiibiitii 'have grey hair'. Amh.Gur .~db
'shudder', Md. sur (sw!J 'hold in abomination'. See SEMITIC: perhaps Ar. sayyafo 'burn, burn up' (DiII- Sutat (K '), verbal noun of .iara; batii. For denominatives formed With pretixed or
also sawlala. mann 256).
• • suffixed morphemes, see Leslau, "'{USCOil 75
ETHIOPIC Tna. siiw'e, sOfe 'offer sacrifices', Te. sawa SEMITIC; Ar. safa (Jwf) 'run to it goal', sawwQ!u ( 1962).139-175.
sataya I (yasr/) lPmf, (TY) sataya f'lmf 'burn, heat' (rather than being derived from Arabic, 'make a long journey', Heb. flil (swt) 'rove about',
'drink, be drunk'; as suggested by littmann-HMner 193), Amh. Aram. iw!, (pole I) forer, Md. fa'ira 'wandering sym I. serna (yasim) "tOP 'set, set in order,
laSaf)'a 'be bad-natured, deviate from the right sawwa. For G. maSWa'l, cpo Amb. maswa>iJf 'sacri- about'. The connection with Akk. sdru 'rebel' sug- put, place, appoint (to an office), ordaill,
path, incline, be bent, lean to one side, roam, fice' (from Geez), Gur. (Soddo) maswal. Nole Ihal gested by Blau 115 is not convincing. Note that charge, establish, designate, Institute. promote.
Coulbeaux·Schreiber 131 exp lain Tna. mosa 'grati- Akk. fQ!u is rendered by von Soden 1205 either as
be led astray, be given to pleasure, be confused consecrate, (Y.M) hide (that is, 'place Some-
tude' as a corrupt form of maswact. far u I 'ziehen, schleppen' or as .fti!1I II 'gering achten, thing aside'), insert';
mlssachten'. See also 'asala.
'os.'oma,
• 'osema, causative;
540
;azaya 541
fa.~al'ma, (T) fa.'iayama, passive; maSy anl (K') ' bladder' ;
·:::~--------------------------------~~------
-
__________________________~q~z~.~}~
--
IO.rJ l'ama (K*) 'appoint one another' ; .azoya, sazzaya "'Hf. (T.Sw. in D 1395) sezaya ,
SEMITIC : AI". matana (from tyn) ' bladder', Heb . • syn tasa::ya, passrve,
'f1sta,~ Jyama (K·), causative of laSayama ; fl,/,f, (KG) Sezaya "I.Hf, (L.T) sazaya 'detach,
.iayami, act. part of serna ; 'urinate', Syr. Ian (twn ), Akk. siinu, Ug. tnt 'urine'.
W. Muller (private communication) is of the opin_
separate. remove, (K) show partialily (by mak- ~EMITI~: rela ted to Ar laM a 'separate', Soq. fC'.u
.~(1l'l'wn (pI. si1yywnafl, sayyamt), pass. part of
ion that in view of Ar. mafana (with f), the Geez
ing a distinction between persons). turn one's ~etach (whose form, however, I~ that of the C<lusa~
Jema ; also 'appointee. official, governor, pre- root is syn rather than syn. back, keep at a distance, draw away, (OT) tl ve- reflexi ve of e;:; ·separa1e'). Practon us. ZD.\fG
fect, one who is in charge (01)'; prohibit' ; 61 (1907).624 thinks that G .ia,al"a IS a m,'<!crn
ETHIOPIC.. : Te.
.. sena ' urinate', Tna. senii, siinii, Amh . So uth Ara bian (Soqo~ri) loanword
Slfnot 'placement, putting, appointment to an
~.. ~
sanna, sanna.
office. ordinahon,jurisdiction, consecration, in-
vestiture, office, dignity, position, rank, hier- sy!,se!a ( y.hl) "I.m 'sell';
archy, charge, function';
>asayya!a, >Qsaya/a, (K) 'ase/a, causative;
lasay ( )')iim; 'set up, brought forward'; lasayla, (T) tasay!a 'be sold, be valued';
tai0Ynlo ( t) 'consecration';
lasiiya!a, (T) lasaya!a 'buy back, sell among
masyam, masYi1n1 (pI. masaYi1mr) 'container, themselves, trade, practice trade' ;
basket, basket serving as a measure'; Jasfasaya!a, caus. of lasaya/a;
ma.(vam, (T) mi1syam 'location where some-
sayii!; (pI. saya!1 < saya!-I) 'merchant, trader,
thing is placed (e,g. barn, basket, office)'; vendor, seller';
(,-,.basta m.Syiim 'shewbread', lit. 'bread ofset- say! 'sale' ;
ling'; it lranslates Heb. Ighgm hamma'iirgisf!; siJyya!e 'trade, commerce';
perhaps rather under sym II);
S,yYUI, (KG) s,yY'! 'sold';
maSyaml (K') 'location where one places saylo, saylOI (Gr. 136) 'sale';
things';
fe! 'sale, value. evaluation, price, cost, pur-
SEMITIC; Ar. soma 'put inlo, insert, introduce', SAr. chase" ,
s;:ym 'sel up ', Heb, sam 'insert, put, hide', Aram. (Se!-a 'in return for');
sam, Syr. sam, Md . sum, Ph. sm 'place, set', Akk. (Se!a 'amsiilihu 'its equivalent price');
samu 'determlOe' .
(za-bnury se!-u 'precious', lit. 'whose price is
ETHIOPJC ; Tna . siiY),iimii 'appoint'; denominatives high') ;
of ·s3yum 'appointed' with palatalization of s in h!al 'trade, selling';
Amh. somii 'appoint to an office', Te. siiyama. For lasaya/; 'buyer';
'hide ', cpo Gur. soma. For G . m~syiim, cpo Amh. lasaY!OI (Lt) 'sale';
masyam 'cupboard for stonng' (from Geez). See
also syml. lasiiy.!o, lasay.IOI (Gr.136) 'purchase, (Lt)
commerce';
sym II, Serna "1.00 (Y.M) 'uncover, show'; m.syiil, (T) m>syii! 'market, marketplace';
m.syii!iiw; 'pertaining to a marketplace, one
ETHIOPIC Amh . siiyyiima 'reveal (light that reveals who goes to market';
objects formerly concealed by darkness)'.
masfafaYiJ!. part. of >aslasaya!a;
sym Ill. Serna "1. 00 (Y.M) 'spray, sprinkle'. SEMITIC ; Ar. (Yem) sal (SYI ) 'sell', Sial 'buy
symt, taSaymata "' ... "00.,.
'be ordained. be
appointed, assume authority';
(grain)" SAr. (Qataban) S}I 'trade', S}Iy! 'buy, trade';
connected with Heb. SO! (swf) 'rove about' (so also
Dillmann 264, following Gesenius), Ar. fawwa!a
denominauve from simat r ·saymal); see 1ym J, 'make a long journey'. For trading connected with
above _ moving about. cpo Heb. so.&ar 'go to and fro, trade'.
MG 47 (1893).386 demes the Eth,op,an root from ~<ana ( r,,'<m ) 'IO~. (l) ~'an. l\h~, [1"'
.t-'d, the original root 'd 'whlte' bcmg borrOWed ~afana BO~ ' load an aOimal. a per ('In, a 'to.
se'a I, " ".h. si' ",1.; see ~)". hide. or a ship' ;
• •
s<d II, ~.<ada (y.~'ad) 1'.0" (K'.lt) 'pul a from Cushitic: Sa.Af. 'adii 'white', Or, oJi, Som. aJ;
the s of G, !ii·dii goes back to s- causative, ~om 'll.$'alla 'load, cause to carry. make nde...... dJle,
sa'aba "hO 'dnnk to the last drop'; kettle or a griddle on the fire';
•
ra~a'da (K '), passive;
f
ing because of the '. harness' ;
related to .YlI"b I. below.
sii<f 'Ib'j: 'new wine'; tcJ~iI?ltJ 'he loaded. tx harne''icd, mount .in
p'ud (K') 'placed (kettle, griddle) on the fire'; • al1lmal. ride, embark ',
sa'ama
• (ras'am)
• • "hOD (K') 'shout, reverber- sa'd (D.M), p'd (T), Ja,.dd (KG) 'vessel, Jar,
ate, resound. (MA) lisp', SEMITIC Ar !a,/ 'wine, drink prepared from rasij'and (K') 'Ioad One upon a!loth<r',
(T.M) measure of liquids or solids';
ma.pumo. maS'r1f1lO, mil~f)amo. (L) ma~(amo (in sa'dar 'placing on the fire' (n);
crushed grapes and mIXed with honey' (used 10
Yemen); see also Noeldeke 1910:64
.
'osta.'la'ana. causative of t')Jihmu.
,
sob>at, sab>at
•
HI ·cease' .
lI"lI11'r ! lIlI1I-}- (D.OT 590),
~ah}l (T) 'east';
sabiho,
' . in )Jnta sahiho 'at dawn, in the morn-
' , "
.rOrr , (L) (lorr 'anguish, tonnent, trouble, pain, 'a~ba·a (Lt) 'overcome in war'; sob'it
, lI"lI'l-}- (T) 'memorial, souvenir'; ing';
labor pains. affliction, sorrow. vexation'; la~ab'a 'be defeated, a war was waged'; sabiiiziiwi, (It) sablliiwi 'early, of early morning,
perhaps Amh, {ambi 'monthly memorial celebra-
(~,i<ra mOl 'agony of death, pangs of death'); la~aba'a 'fight with one another, wage war, tion' (with ~ > ! > {, and inserted m berore b).
eastern' ;
ma~(ar (K .), participle of 'a.rara; attack' ; (kokab ~Jbiilziiwi 'morning star');
m~rJ' (pI. ma-riirar, ma.rariJrt) 'tonnent, tor- 'asla$ab'a, >asla~aba'a (Gr.374,K ') 'be used to ~bb, ~abba, ~ababa (ya~bab) lIO f linn 'be pblziiy (Lt) 'early, of early morning, eastern';
ture'; making war, cause to fight with one another'; narrow, be compressed'; ~,bi/QI 'dawning';
SEMITIC: PbH. ~Q'ar 'pain, grief, trouble', Aram. ~abii'i (K '), act. part. of ~ab>a; wilh object suffix pronouns: 'be narrow for, ('anta ~JhiIQI [KJ 'al dawn');
~abu» pass, part. of ~ab'a; also 'engaged in a compress in, hem in';
~~'er 'torment', Md. !aiarla ·pain. grief'. SEMITIC: Ar, 'Q!jhaha 'become mornmg', SAc. ~'ib&
ErnIOPIC': Tna. #i<arii 'be tired', ~ii{arii moc'agony', campaign' ; )a~baba, causative; also 'confine, tighten, re- 'morning, easl', SOQ. fah~ 'morning'.
~abii' (Lt) 'fighting';
strain' ;
Te. !ii<ara 'feel pain', (·an).rijr~iira 'be in trouble' (a EnuoPlc: Te. ~fiib~a 'dawn. become morning', Tna.
reduplicated root of rr > ~r~~r), Amh. tara, (tii)!a~ ta~ababa (Lt) 'be restricted';
~ab· (pI. 'a~ba), 'a~bii}t, ~ab)iit, 'a~ba)iit) 'war- sabhe, Amh, !iibba, Gar. :,abbii; Amh. !wa, 'early
~arii 'take pains, make an effort', !ard mot 'agony', fare, battle, combat, campaign, strife, attack, ~abib (fem. ~abbiib) 'narrow, straitened, ~lo~ning', Arg. (3wwat, Gur. !~ba. Guragc subhi
Gur. (af )ralarii 'struggle', {aro mot 'agony'. (Lt) army'; confined' ; 'morning', Har. sub(u· are ArabiC 10anwl..lTds.
~abub, same;
('awda ~ab' 'battlefield');
:,"bab 'oppression'; ~b~ II, ~ab""~a lIlI"" (T) ~ab""~a 111I,h 'pay
~abii'il 'army, Iroops, battle, fighting, war'; duty, pay Iribute, collect taxes, collect trib-
perhaps also 'spear' (Gt); pbbiibe 'anguish';
~a (yas'a{) lI"bm (Y.M), ~.<!. IIbm (T) 'be ~ab'ol (Lt) 'warfare'; ~fabhat 'narrowness, pressure';
ute';
perfumed, be seasoned, be savory'; 'asabb"ha,
. . .
·asbaha 'collecl laxes, collecl tribute,
pb'al (K) 'fighting' (n); 'a~biihi, ma~babi (Gr.484) 'who (thaI) tightens'; order to pay taxes';
.
!Q(a!a 'mix ointments, season with spices, em-
balm, perfume'; ~abii'ol 'hosts' (transcription of Greek from ma~bab 'narrow pass, narrow pJace, narrow- sabbiihi'tributary';
Hebr. ~abii'ol); ness, difficult situation, straits';
rn()~hiib 'narrow place'; ~abbii~1 (pI. ~abbii&al) 'Iaxes, taxation, IribUlt';
masahb.h
, , 'tax collector';
sabha
, ,
546
sabsaba
, ,
"absa 547
"'''.laM.''; 'liable for taxes, obliged to pay
t3\es. tributary, lax collector'; ~bn 'N/') (T+), ~abiinyos '11/')1"0 (T) 'per-
fume'; sabsa, note that Amb. (tii)dbiiliibbiilii (which lrans- -
~adal. Iyasdal} 111.11, (T) ~.dala "1.11 ' be 'plen-
ma:"a"I>;J!uiwi 'tax collector, (transferred mean- iates G. ~absa) aJso means 'be swollen, be unable to
ing) sinner'; possibly an extended meaning from 'soap' (Ar. sa- walk because of obesity, lose one's mind, not know dId, be radIant, be brilliant. be bnght, ,hIn,-',
nlJ.yabJ:.ii!l, ma.,'iJhhti(l 'custom house, tax office';
blin, Te. sabu,,). . what to do'. )a~dala, causative; also 'emit light. ~hlnc. he
bright. be brilhant,
S""TlC SAr, db& 'pay duty' (Muller 1983:279), ~abiinyos '11/')1"0; see ~abn, above, sabsaba 1111110 (H) 'cut'; >asta~iida/a 'cau~e to shllle, lllumin.lte,
SAr. (Qat. ban) ,fhill 'taxes'.
~abar, ~abar III1C i IlIlC (Lt) 'palm tree'; :as;bsaba (T), causative of ~ab~aba; also 'cut a brighten, (K) make clear, notIfy',
ETHlOPIC; Te. $iibl;a 'give a field for sustenance n~rr~w path'; ~.dul (fern, pthlt) 'radIant, bnlltant, 'p1<nold,
(i.e .. ~1thoUI tribule)" Amh. ~iibate 'administrator of see ~abarf, below.
SEMITIC: AT. ~ab~aba 'divide'. shiny, bright';
thc monastery of Dabra Libanos', from Geez ~ab
biihl
, 'ta~cs'. ~abara (ya~bar) 1I11~ 'knead clay, work clay, ETHIOPIC: Amh. !ii.bii!!iibii 'cut up a carcass'. ~adl (Gr), ~adl (Gr.485), see "adal
(T) make muddy, (K) trample'; ~adiil 'radiance, bnghtness, splendor, gleam,
~b~a (.I'a~biilj) 1111'1, (T) ~ab~a lI11th 'dip ,yabra (L.T) 'become muddy, become marshy, sabata (ya~bat) 1111.,. 'swim, floal, dive'; light' ;
" . ,
(into a sauce), prepare a dish of sauce'; (Gr.442) dry out'; sabbala cause to sWim; ,radial, same;
~abafJi, act. partICIple; )a~bara 'trample mortar or clay'; ~asbata 'cause to swim';
,mdaliil (pI. of ~adar) 'brilltant celestial bodle,',
pbulj (Lt) 'dipped'; la~abra (K *), pass, of ~abara; sabtiti (K*.Gr) 'swimmer'; ~addiile (Lt), see ~adiil;
sablj 'seasoning, stew, gravy, broth'; ~abr, (KG) <;Iabr 'mud, mire, clay, marsh'; ~abl (K*) 'swimming, /loating';
~abil (Gr.360) 'swimming'; EnnoPIC: Tna, ~iidal 'splendor', Amh ,1-ddJiilii '''him''
(bela sabb [Lt] 'kitchen'); ~abur 'mud, mire, clay, mortar; muddy'; (from Geez). See also sdldl
ma~b'b, (T) ma~b.h (pI. ma~iibab, ma~iib'bl) )a~bari 'potter'; ETHIOPIC; Amh. ~iibbiilii 'swim' (from Geez). See
'dish, bowl, plate'; also ~abaya. ~Idl, 'a~daldala hlt1.A1.11 'glitter, gleam,
ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~iibr; 'mud, mire', ~iibiirii 'be flash, give light';
m.~biib (K*) 'kitchen'; muddy'.
sobbat
, 11'11""; see ~bb, ETHJOPIC: Amh. asdaliiddiilii 'shine, glitter' (from
SEMITIC: relaled to At. ~abaga 'dip, immerse, dye, ~brq, 'an~abraqa h')I111,:.,. 'scintillate, sparkle, Geez). See sadala.
stain', ~ibiiK 'seasoning, stew' (Dozy), Soq. ~b< sabawa (T. Y.M) IIl1m 'swell';
glitter, /lash, shine through, be transparent, ,
'paint', Heb. ~'fPa< 'dyed stuff', Aram.-Syr. ~iJ9a( radiate'; sab.IV (T) 'swollen, (M) swelling, abscess'; ~adanii 111.", (K*) ~en lI.Y,,') 'bee that h"es
- Md. sba,
'dIp, dye', . Akk. sabli
, 'soak, bathe'. Praeto-
na~abriiq 'brilliance, sparkle';
underground' ;
nus, ZDMG 48 (1894). 364 compares Syr. bara SEMITIC: Heb. sliba (sby) 'swell'; related to Ar. mo{iira ~adanii 'wild honey',
'platter', metathesis of ~mbfii., but Payne Smith 569 na~abruq 'transparent, radiant'; -$aba·a 'grow forth'.
~edenl'ii (K*) 'honey of the ,l'adallii-bee';
corrects Syr. bara into qa~<ii, AT. q~ra. man~abraq (Gr), act. part. of 'an~abraqa;
~abaya (ya~bi) 11M 'swim, /loat, be spilled';
ETHIOPIC: Te. ~iiNIQ 'season (v), make a sauce', SEMITIC: AT. zibriqa 'splendor' (in this case z-q ETHIOPIC Te. sedanar
' . '/:I sorl of tx.'C'. Tna, c,)dtilltH
. . ..
Tna, ~iib~e 'dip (into the sauce)'. See also wa~l;a, SEMITIC: related to Ar. ~'abba 'pour'; also in Cushit- ~iidiina)', Amh. ~iidiifla; also in C'ushitk: Bil. ~liddl/a.
would have become ~-q by assimilation of devoic- See a Iso SOdanQf.
below. ing). ic: Som. sabbay 'stream, flow'. See also ~ahata.
ETHIOPIC: Te. >an~iibariiqa 'sparkle', Amh.Guf. al1- ~adfa (ya~daf) 1IJ!:&. 'fall off a cliff, fall into a
sadanit, sedanst, sedanit, sedeniit. sedenat
~abal III1A 'dust. powder'; #ibarriiqii, GUf. also (anJr~barriiqii 'blink against hole, cast oneself down, plunge headlong, rush
iI~<;-} I K..4IH I i.~ ...} : i.Y,,<;-} I K.Y" ~,)_
sabala (l'a~b.l) (K*) 'become dust' (denomina- the sun'. Dillmann 1279 and Littmann-Horner 639 (with a variety of other form$) 'demon of the
tive), headlong, run down a steep place, fall into an
derive it from s (morpheme of the causative)-brq abyss' ; field and forest, monster, satyr, SIren, angel of
sabul 'dusty, covered with dust'; 'flash, scintillate' (see baraqa, above), s having be- death';
come ~ due to the glottalized q and to becoming 'a~dafa. 'hurl
. , down, cast headlong, throw down SEMITIC: AT. sar&ill 'demon' (from G('CJ:; >;cc NI..11..~1-
fnllnpl(,; Tna_Gaf. ~iibiil 'dust', Te. {abiil, Amh. a precIpIce; . ,
agglutinated to the root. Note also Tna. siibriiqii
T~a.Te rahluy 'ash-colored'. The connection 'shine', Amh. siibiirriiqii. la~adfa (Lt) 'be hurled down headlong'; deke 1910:50). For its identification with Gk. Jt"ft~fI
i
'11 l. i ,bfo(ri.1 'dust' suggested by Praetorius 'siren' (with alternance d:r), see M C'ohl'n, BSL ~q
'asla~iidafa (Lt) 'hurl down';
~ :(, Joubtful. The root also OCcurs in Cushit- ~abart (pI. sabariil) III1C-}, (K) ~abart IlIlC"" (1928-9). 134-5; "Sur Ics sircnc5 en A byssml' -', RH R
~)II. J't'bar 'ashes', Kham. -$abir (with alternance ~aduf 'hurled down, thrown down'; 97 (l9:!8).94-lO7. M. Cohcll seems to l:{lmbiIlC II
'palm branch, palm, palm branch with which
of liquids r' f). See also ~ablaya. the confessor lightly strikes on the shoulder of ~adf (pI. 'a~diij) 'precipice, cliff, abyss, gulf. with ~adanii (sec abovc) when he slutes "qunnt au
a penitent'; chasm, ditch'; sens, il est double en grec, ethiopicn, arabc; 'eIre
~blii 11'111\ (T') 'subject, inferior in rank'; ~adfal (n,) 'throwing down, falling down (from plus au mains mysterieux' ct 'bollrJon (gros 111-
SEMITIC; Dillmann 1279 compares it with (or per- a high place)'; seete)'''. Ar. ~aydiil1 is not to be derived from nl'l.i
possibly connected with ~ablaya., below. haps derives it from) Ar. ~unbur 'solitary palm'. 'hunt', that is, 'hunler', as suggested by Fraenkd
SEMITIC: Ar. ~adaf'something that is high Of lofty 152.
~ablaya (TY) 1I11l1f 'become dust. be dust'; ~absa (ya~has) lI11fl (T.M) 'be swollen, be fat, (such as a wall or a mountain), ravine'.
ETHIOPIC: Amh. $iidiina ':ar-demon, ~lleurisy'; :wl-
la~ablara (T. Y) 'be covered with dust'; be undecided, be confused'; ETHIOPIC: Te . .5iidfa 'fall down', ~ddii/ 'precipice',
diina and ~'edell)'a 'festival in honor or the mint"
Tna. ~iidii/ii 'fall down', ~iidji 'precipice', Amh. ~iid
denominative of ~abaf 'dust' (see above). to be identified with G. dabsa 'be slack, be limp, be des performed by a portrait of the Virgin which IS
weak' (see above). As for the varied meanings of dii/a 'fall down', !iida/'precipice'; passed into Cushit-
8'1 -""'if
ic'·1.SQ«a. preserved in the monastery of Sayadnayl.l ncar Da-
mascus (ceJebrated on the 10th of Mi.lskaram)'
548
~fn sfn
• 549
sedenet
, ~"'H' (T) 'tortoise'. I
~.f'a (yaifii') 1I'f:0, (T) ~ar'a 1I'f:'" 'slap in the "
sfn !II, '.~fana "'lI'.I.} (Y.M) 'throw, throw
face, smite, box';
~way, throw down'; ~r~r I, ~ar~ara lI'f:II.1..
(l) ~.f~a(a B~B.I. 'pa"e
~adqa (l'a"daq. yasdaq) 1I.t:+ 'be just, be 'a.yjtJcQ. causative; a road, tread down, (T Y. K.M) COver .. hole In ..
Justified, be righteous, be Irue, speak the truth, la~af~a, passive; SEMITIC: Ar. ~afana 'throw to the ground'.
wall with cow dung, Coat a wall "lIh mud,
be certam. be faithful, be honest, be innocent'; fa!ii/a'a (KG) 'slap each other'; build a veranda';
't4 da qa 'justify, declare true or just, prove sarniit ra'nah (T) 1I'f:'i'-r ' .I./)'i'O 'savior of the
!a/u' (KG) 'who is slapped'; 'O!a/!a/a, causative,
righI, find somelhing right (or exact), approve, :Vorld, pillar of safety'; (K *) ~iirniit ra'ne~
!af'af 'a slap in the face, a box on the ear, 100a/~a/a (K *), pasSIve;
blow' ; lI'f:'i'r ' .l.M.m 'who reveals mysteries';
confirm. make righteous, treat with justice, !-/suf. pass. part. of ~afsaf(];
render justice, accept as just'; transcription of the Heb. ~iil!anal pafQneQ~.
to!addaqa 'be judged just, justify oneself, think SEMITIC: Ar. ,a/a'a (also sa/a'a) 'slap', S~ ,fa'. !af!af 'pavement, paving, floor, tablet, square
oneself righteous, appear righteous'; ETHlOPIC: Te. ~lif'a. fli/'a 'slap' (v.), Tna. ,ii/'e. !liff saraqa (Y'ifaq) 11.1.4> 'be dense, be joined close- table, layer, coating. (T) veranda';
bOlli, Amh. !liffa. ~liffa. Gur. Iii/a, Har. !•./if 'slap' (~aha/a saleda 'mosaic');
!adq 'justice, righleousness, trulh, uprightness, ly, be pressed close tog;ther, be compact,
(n.), Amh, Arg. !ajfi; passed into Cushitic: Sa, Safur
innocence, deliverance, (ll) salvation, justifica- 'slap'. make a fence of branches ; SEMITIC: Ar. ~affa 'put in a row', SAr ~hf 'stone
tion, holiness, pious deed'; 'asJaqa 'make dense, press together, do some- facing of a building' (7), S~. laff 'row', Hob. lipp,j
thing frequently, (Sw. in D 1320,MA) make a (pi'el of IP),) 'overlay, plate', Ug. ,py 'plate, cover',
(za-!adq 'righteous, true') ; ~flI lI''f:m, (l) ~.flI lI'f:m 'breadth'; I Akk ~uppu 'cover up'.
(ba-!adq 'rightly'); p/u& 'broad'; fence of branches (i.e., branches placed side by
I side), make compact'; ETHIOPIC; Ina. riif'iiifa 'flauen, make le\lel', Amh.
!aduq 'true, Iruthful, sincere, just, honest'; !affi& (K*) 'club-footed, flat'; !iijii!!iijii (~iij'<4,ojii) 'pave WIth flat stones'
pdqiil (pI. of !adq) 'alms'; !afu&iif (T) 'club-footed persons'; /Gsa/qa, la~afaqa; see !a/aqa;
~iidaq 'just, .righleOus, Irue, truthful, reliable, I~iifaqa 'join each other, press each other ~r~r II, 'an~ar~ara "'111'f:1I.1. 'ooze, drip, drop,
.
mnocent, saint;
, SEMITIC: Ar, ~afo&a 'broaden, widen', fofi&o 'plate, closely, be closed (womb)'; pour out in drops, distill';
sheet of metal', Syr. fOl}fI;rii, Heb, ~app[&-i! 'flat
!aduqiiwi 'who likes truth'; cake', safuq 'tight, dense, thick, crowded, compact, ~af~tif' drops' ;
)a~dtiqi. ma~daqi, part. of )~daqa; ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~dji& 'Bat and wide'; related to sfo: I which are side by side, pressed together, luxu- na~af!iif'drops, falling in drops';
riant, frequent, abundant';
SEMITIC: Ar. ~adoqa 'be Sincere, speak the truth', Tna. sofie 'be wide, be broad', Amh, so.ffa, The root SEMITIC: possibly a reduplication of the root ,m{
(~afuq-a 'frequently, often');
SAr. ~dq 'right, justice', h-~dq 'justify', Mh , ~adaq, if/} passed into Cushitic; BiL !afe&, ?afe& 'be wide'. Heb. ,tip (,wp) 'flow'. Brockelmann I 9lS; 635
~adiq 'just', Heb. ~iigaq 'be just, be in the right', safqal, verbal noun of ~afaqa; compareS. with reservations, Syr. ~appi (\fpy) 'distill';
Aram. ~aifoq 'be just', Syr, ztideq 'it is right', Md. ~ru~ lI'~m (T) 'leper, one who has scurf on I lagaq 'condensation, thiCkening, cramming'; cpo also Ar. ~affo (ifw) 'disliII, flow, filter' (see also
zadiq, ~adiq 'just, righteous', Ph. ~dq 'just', Ug. fdq the scalp'. Marrassini 122 ; Conli 1980 :43). For a possible
SEMITIC: Ar. ,a/uqa 'be compact, be thick'.
'right, uprightness', connection with Heb . .tip{ep 'drip', !ippd 'drop', see
ETHIOPIC Te. ?iifqa 'be dense', Amh. fiifJiiqii 'place
ETHIOPIC: Te. ~o.dqQ 'be righteous, honest, just', ~rn r, ~arana 1I.1.} (T.Y.M) 'draw water, copy (a close together, make compact', ~o.f/iiqii 'be crowded Leslau 1958 :34 ; note that the correspondence $:! is
Tna. ~iidiiCjii, Amh, ~iiddiiqii; Amh,Gur. !adiq 'bread text)' ;
logether (letters of a manuscript)', Har. ?ii/liqa
not nomlal.
partaken of at the monthly gathering'. ·aifana (T.M), causative; ETHIOPlc: Te. ,Ii;;'ii/a 'drip', Tn •. ,lifliff bala 'drip',
'crush something to change its shape'; with augment-
!a/an. ~a/n (pI. !a/an. 'aifiin) 'pitcher, jug, ed I in Tna. ?lij/liqli 'crush, squash', Te. riij/liqa, raffli/Ii 'have tears, water (eyes)', Amh. (tiin)rii/ii !-
~.day (~aday) lVI.!'. (1I~.e) 'harvest season, leather bottle'; Amh. ?ii/iilliiqli, Giir. f./lilaqii 'pound, hammer'.
riijii 'drip', Har, c:~if bciyo 'ooze',
season of the small rains (April-July)';
!adaya (T.MA) 'become Ihe season !adiiy' (de-
!a/naf (sa/ant) 'traveling pouch, leather bottle,
bag, wallet'; ~rr (pI. p/ar. 'a~fiir. pfriil) lI''f:C 'fingernail,
, . 1I'f:lIof. (K) 'kind of Iree';
safsilii
nominative) ; claw' ; transcription of Heb. ,apeopa (EL. 17'5); also Ar.
ma~ii/an, pI. of *maifan (Lt) 'satchel'; ,a/,ii/ 'kind of willow'. - -
~adii)'awi 'pertaining to the ~aday-season'; ~af(f)ara 'pare the nails' (denominalive);
SEMITIC ; Ar. ~ufn 'vessel with which one draws la~afra, passive, reflexive;
SEMlTIC: Ar. ~adiya 'be very thirsty', Soq. rjode 'fine water', For 'draw water' and 'copy', cpo Amh.
~aggii II:>; see !aggawa.
rain', Heb. ~d.l' (Dif'al) 'be laid waste', Aram. s~di qo.dda 'draw water, copy'. ~./ur (Gr) 'that has claws, one whose finger-
~ge lI''/.; see ~agaya.
'be destroyed', Syr. ~aga 'become deserted, be d~s~. nails are pared';
late', Md. ,da (Dillmann 1314; Brockelmann 1928: ~rn II, ~arana 1I.1.} (K*), see 'aifana; SEMITIC: Ar. ?ufr, ?ufur 'fingernail', ?offara 'scratch ~gg' 1\"1', ~ugg ~"l; see ~ag •ag •a.
621; Baumgartner 939). While the meaning of 'deso- )aifana 'close, hide, make deaf or blind'; with the fingernails', S~ ?eJer 'fingernail', Heb. -!ip-
late, thirsty' may fit the meaning of Tna. ~addaya la~a/na (K *), passive; por-~n 'fingernail', Ararn,-Syr. !apro, Akk, .yupru. ~ug ~ "I; see (rjwg), tfug.
ETHIOPIC: Te. ~afar 'fingernail',- Tna, ~afri, Gaf.
'the dry season' (see below), it is not satisfactory for
~afun (K*), pass. part. of .a!/ana;
G. !aday 'the season of tbe small rains', unless the /'frli, Amh.Gur. ta/ar. Arg. ?ffar, Har. !ifir; passed ~ug(g)o II." (T) 'stick. cane '.
meaning of ~ada)' varies from region to region. SBMITlC; Heb. ~iipan 'hide'; Ruzicka 97 compares into Cushitic: Bil. 9iffer.
En-uoPlc: Tna. ~ilddaya 'the dry season', Te. ~iiday Ar. tjamana, tjamara with Heb. ~pn, by regressive ~ag·'. 111'0 (Lt) 'draw, drain'.
'harvest season', Amh. ~iidiiy 'spring, the season for dissimilation, ~rrole lI''f:C'/\' (T+) 'interlaced, knitted';
sowmg'. ETHIOPIC; Tna. ~o./fiinii 'cover the eyes', Amh. fiiffo.- ~.gb. (ya!gab. y"!gab) 11"10 'be satiated, be
nO. 'cover the eyes', !iiffiinii 'close'. from ~afr for (b/r (see tjafara 'intertwine') and an satisfied, be salurated, be filled, feel nauseated
enigmatic -Ie.
from overeating';
~g"ag"a
550
~git ~aggawa
- 551
t:-al~1·.Llsiigg;1n 'insatia b1e ');
aS~i1/>a ·satiate. satisfy, fill':
ETHIOPIC: Te. $iiggiil (from "gg) 'COurt, proceedings
saggawa ""/D 'bestow favor, give graciously,
ta~~gba 'show oneself satisfied, (T) be disgusted
in court' (Littmann-Hofner 649) is possible because
court proceedings are held in a public place. The ;how grace, offer a gracious gift. grant. for- of. pursue diligently. have dihgenc'e, make an
with' ; • •
give; . effort. be eager for. be intent on, be anx-
connection with Amh . .fiingo 'tribunal, council, as.
,'~guh 'satIated. sated, full. having enough of'; sembly of elders' suggested by Praetorius 1879:82 tasaggawa, paSSIve; ious, be concerned, be 'iolicitous. care f('lt, t.ll..C
",gah 'satiety. abundance. plenty, gluttony'; and Beguinot 515 is doubtful. Also unlikely is the la~agawa 'send gifts to one another. forgive care of, concern one,elf "ith. apply one,elf. be
prompt, stnve',
"'gbat. ~agibot 'satiety, fuliness'; connection with suq 'market' suggested by Dill. o~e another';
'osgabi, ma,gabi (Gr) 'that (who) satiates'; mann 381, under sak "'aI, followed by Brockelmann saggawi 'gracious, liberal giver, generous'; ~~haqa. causative; also 'take care of, care,
1908: 169.
~(}ggiJW 'who receives favor'; drive someone to do something, mette, pro~
SEMITIC: Dillmann 1315, Brockelmann 1908: 169,
Praetorius 1879:83, and others compare Heb. sagar ~g'ag', ~gag lI"'l1' , lI";1'1 (K'XBT) 'fog'; ~agga 'grace, favor. kindness, gift, gracIOus voke. urge, induce. importune',
'be satiated', Ar. Jabi<a, through metathesis, dissimi- jpft'; the sect of the Adoptionists (they teach ,ahaqi. act. partiCiple, also 'eager. fervent. dili-
lation (sl,f:~), and the correspondence <:g. In view ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~()ggag 'fog', Amh. !agag, {agag,
Gur. rang. See also -1<Jgn. that Christ is God or the Son of God only by gent. anxious. studious, solicitous, It::alous',
of G. ~iig"r 'hair', Heb. serar (see below), likewise grace or by adoption); J,hllq 'desirous,
•
eager.
•
diligent, concerned. solie-
.... "ith i:~'i, and <:g, the comparison is acceptable.
•
ttous, Intent on :
~gn 11''1'1 (K') 'fog, foggy'; (ba-~agga 'gratis. without charge, freely, as a
Praetorius 1879: 83 also compares Amh. (tii)sgiibiig- gift') ; (J,hllq-a 'diligently. carefully. eagerly');
is there any connection with ~i1g"'ag"', above?
giibii 'be continuously voracious' ("offenbar eine
~aggawe 'generosity, benefaction'; ,ahq, (T) ,ii~q 'desire, "gernes>. e,lger
intensive Vermehrung von ~iiggiibii 'satt sein', also
~gun lI"1-'1 (Sw. in D 1293, under sang"'Il) ma~aggaw 'he who bestows favor'; concern, aspiration, longing, want, 7cal. C;lfC.
'sich ubermassig sattigen'''). M. Bravmann, ZS 9
'kind of gruel'. carefulness, toil. effort. exertion, ardor, fcnor.
(1933).149 Connecls sgb with Ar, sagiba 'be hungry', SEMITIC: the connection with Ar. sa~a (sbH') 'be hardship';
with s > ~ due fo g (there is also an Arabic form generous, be liberal', suggested by M. Bittner,
• gnat lI"'1H' 'bat, screech owl'.
.. (ba-,iihq 'carefulli);
,yagiba in Tag aJ·<arus); he interprets the opposite WZKM 23 (1909-1O). 412, is unlikely for phonetic ,ahiiq 'longing, care';
meamngs of sgb 'be satiated', Ar. sgb (~gb) 'be reasons.
hungry', and Amh. sgbgb 'be continuously vora-
~ag'r "'1'C 'hair, fur, feathers, fleece, fiber (of ~.hiq 'desire, diligence, anxiety' •
palm)' ; ETHIOPIC: Amh. -1iigga 'grace' (from Gccz), liigga
cious' as referring to the "unersaUlichen Hunger 'be generous', liigga 'grace, virtue, wealth' (note (ba-,.hiq 'eagerly, carefully. anXlou,Iy'),
(Ar. sagiba) von Tieren ... die sich bereits voll. ,agg"ara (DTW) 'grow hair' (denominative);
,aggWar 'hairy, shaggy'; bala lagga 'rich' from which biilii!!iigii. biilii!~'iiiga 'be pirqar •
'desire, desiring, leal, anxiety, alten-
gefressen haben ,. (G. ~agba 'be satiated'). This expla-
•
.... (pi ....tI>t) Jlarft, {L) .... 1I'M1 'vessel, ma~irdf (K 0) 'means of writing'; p\lara II"''''break through, shatter, stir'; ~.... (mlJawJ W..... I 110". (alA
Jar PItcher, bowl'; m~( a)lJafanllii (L) 'quality of a book, style, .. (M) 'cause to write' is a misprint for
whara ..... 'be .craie be bi'pt
Smonnc' related to Ar. ~'pitcher' (for Ar. PJl!fa
fonn'; ..
,ashafa; be sober (after haVtnl been drunk), II!(Oilr
(having been drunk), awake';
'dIsh, .... Rabin 27); for Arant. ~lJlbiJ 'j.r, pitcher' SEMITIC: SAr. ~~f 'write', Akk. ~pu 'write down' SlDDTIC: N. fUlJra 'crevice'.
(Wltb metatheli.), Syr. ~~, .... Dillm.nn 1265. (von Soden 1091); Arabic mlJllJaf 'book' is bor- BnnoPlc: Tn •. 11i1)a,ii 'scratch (the ground), scrape (laIJawa lDftUot Ill) 'pray eonstantly')
169 compares Ar. ~arof 'earthen vessel' rowed from Gee., and PJl!~afa 'write' is a denom_ (fire)', Te.llil)ara 'carry away coal and ashes', ftlI)a- falJaw 'serene (sky, air), clear (sky), aobcor
(f_. Aranta",), Syr. ~biJ, Bibl.-Aram·lJdaap; cpo inative (Fraenkel 248; Noeldeke 1910:50; Jeffery rll 'take away', Arg. {aJuua 'scratch', Har. ~ (1'''' .... baIJe, 'fair weather');
aIao AkIt. ~ 'pottery, veooel'. For other forms, 193-4). For a bibliography on Ar. ~I.if, .... Abrens 'scratch leaving marks', Amh.Gur. ?aril 'scrateb,
Smonc ~. ~y: Ar. ~ (1tN, 1Iry • ~,. ."...
.... Koehler 1077, under 1Jdaap. H. R.bin, Orielltalill 1930:23. scrape', come cleer, .rene (day~ bltOlb4 IOtIdI, w',
up,
32 (1963). 119 derives the .60....mentioned nouns ETHlOPlc: Te. lii/da 'write', Tna. 1iiJ.uif"d. Gur. ~qfii, ~ 'become clear, evident', Soq. 1Iry 'lie dou
flOm the root 'co.ne, hard, rough': Syr.lJa(r)~ Amh. fofli. !afli, Arg. !afa; passed into Cushitic: Bil. ..twt WiltC+, (LI) ~art, "hart II"'C+ I
iI.i.c+, (D) pbart, ,.mart WUC+ I III1C+ (pI. (weather)', Heb.I4~'A 'be white', ~ 'dou, bript ,
'h.rd, rough'. sahafa, Qem. fa! Note that Fraenkel 1893: 69 de- PbH. ~ 'wrung, a1itterina, Syr ~ 'diu
rives G.I~ofa 'write' from a root IlJfrepresented in sohrlit, ~ii~rlit, ~a~ariil, ~alJartiit, ~aIJa"iit) 'pot, (sky), fair (weatber)', ~r 'b,wr'le clear (sky)
!!JId I, ~. II~ (T) 'put on a bit, bridle'. Ar. ~~afa 'dig' developed into 'write'. For 'write' ;,.idron, kettle, basin'. ~~ 'dear. bri&ht', Aram Il~d'r "NIh""- For
coming from an original root 'scratch, cut, carve' in ~, cpo a100 Ar.l'I~ 'lie healthy, - .•• , SAr ~
... II, .. ~. (y~) WihF. 'be smooth, be Indo-European, .... Buck 1283. ~ lIiltW'" (LI) 'flow, have diarrhea'; ~ 'health'. It II questionable whether It .. the_
lender, be soft, (L) be polished'; ~iihsair
· ., , 'leakage, dropping, moisture, diarrhea'; root (~."I/IY) that calM 10 'be tbintJ, be
~ 'anoint, smear with an ointment, make
, .
sabal. 11"'/\ (T.KO) 'carve, chisel, engrave, de- from WQII}a 'pour out, drop' (.... below), with loos parched, be dry', as suggest£CI by Drowa-MaadI
smooth, soften by anointing'; pic!'; . of wand reduplication of the last two radicals; 389, and Bawnaartner 954 Tba root ItN I/IY ..
p/JMd 'soft, lender, smooth, sensitive'; m~~iil 'writing tablet, writing style, (K) pen, B11IIOPIc: Tna. I~~a 'have diarrhea'. the origm of . , 'Ian', for wJricb . . abo...
ulrtillt
• •
'softness, tenderness, delicacy'; instrument for carving or chiseling'; Enncwu:: Tn. ~,"""yd, ~ ..,. 'diu lIP
.... 8180,<4 I. ·,
llhat 1I.dt+; Iy/J· (weather), be serene, be clear (sky)', Te ~'be
BnooPlc: perhaps related to sa~ala 'sharpen' (....
above); so also DHlmann 1264, with reservatiollJ. vilible',lIlJa (fI1y) 'blcorDe deer, briaht clear tip'
fII!IIdd Wilt1: (K) 'vessel, measure of liquids'; dIIw
, , I lIiIt... 'hunting leopard, (T) wild ani- Cur, ?If; bonJ by roeovll"'l IOod ap-
1Ie.<4 1I, ..'Ii.
mar; pearance' (fit; rep_II. reduplli:atecl rOOl ~ >
• • fi\JI (pI. ~IJaI, '~lJalt, '~lJiiI, ~iilJliil) lIiltA lit. 'dor a1inrende, wegen seines FeU.. so s.nannt' f. I- - vowel» See also ~)ICI, below.
fill'" (y.,w) ""'~ 'write, write down, in-
IIIribc, cleacribe, resister';
'dish, bowl. jar. pan, platter, paten on which
the Host is served, censer';
(HOIIIIIIII1887:xxvm); he probably connects it With
~wa, below. See also ,a/lw II.
.... WM (T),...,. ""', (K·),,, ...,
(TS), . .JA ...., (MA) 'be _ . be deer. be
~(,I. causative; SJoonc: Ar. ,~ 'bowl, dish' (Barth 1893:40), S\>.
~., 'basin, bowl', Heb. ,all~a!, Syr. ,~/iiMa (so ~ II lIiIt... (T) 'fish bones'; neat, dear up
,eutfa. passive; aloo Dillmann 1264); Syrian Ar. Ii-/Jiy., from III.,(a)I}t' (pI, (L)
IfIIJ4Ii (pI.IfI/!Iift) 'writer, scnbe. secretary,
"n vera .-0"0 di ,a/lw oggi • ignoto .,u 'mirror-;
Syriac. tanto cbe II Sawilltw di MoncuDo (that Is, AIlqa
copyist, learned penon'; BTHIOPlc: Te. f~/o 'pot (of clay)" Tna. {~olo; Te. Tayyi) 10 traduce 'spina dl pesce' 0 'zibetto' 0 SEMIII'::: the derivauon of ....,(.~ :
t.raMfr 'custodian of a monarch's cat- IIiI}tJJ 'pan, bowl', Tna. ,~/I, Amb. flJhal (from geuericamenle 'nome di animal.'" (Conti Syr•....11. 'mirror' (ftoom ~ '. .'. With IIIIIIIt.
1Ie'), Geez); paased into eushitic: Bil. l6IaI)a, Qua. /a".. RSE 10(1951).29, n.5). Note that 'civet cat' II not Itl F > ~), S1JUIIIId by M. ~ WUM:U
"""" 'wifUM, ,• x"alii, Sa. I6heli. ~w U given by Conti Rossini, ib" but ~w (see (1909-10). 410, IJ doubtl\al SIIo~.... ~ L
resistratlon' ; below). EtHIIlPIC' for ....,(.)"". cp. Amh ....,.., 'mili.'
• (pI. ~~8m, ~~;nll) Wilt,. 'beard'; (flOln Geez) whlcll mto ......
,a/}aItul (ya~m) (K·) 'grow (beard)'; den,nOl"'ni- ~ III JliIt... (Lt) 'filth, rubbish'; liDO' See alao ~,. I
native; SJoonc: perhaps Ar. fIJ~YG 'have an ulcer'. Syr. I lilt" (T Y), . . . . . , . ....iIt" (0),
~aIJiim (K) 'bearded'; ~r (~y) 'revile', See .1"0 ptw,
.,.1111" (Lt) 'look m a mirror'
SBMruc' the connection with Hob. ziiqifll 'beard', ~yay ('I') 'bor""ll' •
Ar. tIaIpm, suggeatecl by Ileinisch 1895,217, is tIP IV lilt... (T.Sw. In 0 1265) - Amh,
mllwatll 'eunuch' (in ancient Amharic); tb.....aning 'look ill a mirror'
unlikely
B.MU)PlC: To. pIJam. ~,~", ~bl'rd" Tna lMPni~ PJl'baps metatbeai, of ppw For Amb, "",,...hI• ... "lPa" 'IIIbl'Or', flom I/IY (...
ca.lion of the . . ruIIeaI (DIlI!bano
whb
.\mb 11m, fIItr.m «(.'om <leez); a110 in Cuabitle Bi!. Oetatcbew Han•• PICE!: 67
Ifhum. !k>..., tl" (going beck to tim, 11m), 4'7-8).
or f/IUrIrIJr
... ,•
"w ll'itilJo (T) '!livot cat" .-.,.11 (D),
a eonrlclloIl with ,a/I.,. m... 'wMout. IVb, ~
, aa_ofthe .....1 ~,puaiWi•
554
~alaba s1glg
• 555
fa!.",;)', ("G ). act part. or Jiih.1'aya; I
".'hl'U)' \H"t"dcd. cleared of weeds, corrected';
s.obyal' (KO) 'weeding' (n.).
salll'
. ' hated , hateful, odious, detested" ,
~ali) 'hating. avoidance' (as in ~ali)a ~om
salbo, (T) dalbo 'cross. gallows';
;l1o!labt 'cross'; O\er a surface (bUller Or 011),. (Ian ta!' 'SJ'lfQd
-
•
'aVOIdance of a fast'); out .("ater over a fi<ldl', Gur {"liill bOld 'fto
ETHI(lPIC Tna ~llJ:!yii,l'ii 'weed' Dllimann 1266 (fol. sal'. ~a/> ' hatred, hate, hostility, enmity, strife SEMITIC PbH. ~olap 'crUCIfy', Aram.·Syr ~l/a~, soar. also In ('ushulc ' Kam IQIJ,.'Y~'
lowC'd b,. Stade 45) denve.\ It from shr
. .- 'be clear' (see quarrel, feud'; , Ph.Md. ~/b. For the Aram.-Syr ongin of Ar ~alfh
l~h1'Q. abo\'c). with a reduplicated last radical J' In ~iJbiin. same; 'cross' (denominative ~alabo) and G. ;'ialaha, see
the meaning: 'make clear, weed', The rool also Neeldeke 1910: 35, Jeffery 197 ~II II, ~all.la, ~.I.I. ""/l 'shade, m ke h,ldc
sa/>al (Ko) 'hating' (n.), animosity';
(\Ct.'urs In Cu.\hltic Sa sa~yO)' 'weed', o\·er:,hado". be shady, darken. (once-at, co\'C'r,
m~/a" act. part. of )a~/iJ)a; also 'which is slglg, '~I.gl.g. hlttl''1tl1 (Lt) 'Hlcker'; screen from ,ie", bhnd tan e)e), (H) deafen.
•
~il'yay. III l\~ff (instead of ~a!,)'aya of T) hated, hateful thing'; (Lt) protect',
'wllher' , ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~alilg{.1g biilti 'grow dark', plilK/<Jgta
maslasaliJ'
. (Gr.354) 'who incites to hatred ", 'oslala "hade, furnish shade, seek shade, lind
'twilight', Amh. tii!liigdlliigii 'become dark (after
tO$ii/a>j 'litigant';
pcrhap .. connected With ~dmhaJ'a, ,~amha)'aro. sunset)', tiNliigliig 'twihght'. shade, he down In the shade, take ,holter, SIt
l~ii/iJ)OI 'enmity';
(Originally, in the ,hade), take J rest, d\\ell,
~~d, ~~'d (pI. 'as!riid) lt1.1:' : lt1-.I:', (L.K) SEMITIC: Akk. ~elu 'insult, abuse' (yon Soden 1090; salh. lIAdt (KO) 'break through (a hedge, a bUIld a nest';
~~d lt~.I:' 'Jumpcr, cedar';
CAD 16 :24 renders it by 'cheat'). The connection fen~e), violate (a frontierr. lasal/ala 'be shaded, be shadowed, be clouded
SEMITIC related 10 Ar. Jwd 'kind of tree' with Heb. sane' ' hate', AT. sana'a. suggested by over. be bhnded, be dark, be screened from
EnfloPIC' Te. stlhd 'juniper', Tna. ~ilhdi, Har .(ad~i, Dillmann 1260, is unlikely. Fraenkel 120 identifies , . 1I."~ (T.M), ~.Iihi lillY (T.s",. In 0 1398)
siliih view, be covered't
'filth, dirt, mud',
Amh. !tld. Gal'. (iJdll, Gur. ladd; also in Cushitic. G. ~a"a with Ar. ~alii (!Iy) 'fry', and for the mean- "alhili (Gr.483) 'that shades, that protect",
..0\" lSild,. Tern. !tlda. The comparison of the Ethiop- ings 'fry' and 'hate' he compares Ar. qala; however, see also ~ilii.
...11111 'shaded, overshadowed, darkened, ob.
ic roOl \'\lth Ar :f:ll'd 'the tall one', suggested by for ~ala ('i~),). see ~alalt'a III, below.
,cured, blinded, (T) deaf, lGr 442) stupId', n\'lIe
Appleyard 41, i~ uncomincing. ETHIOPIC' Te. !iiba 'hale', Tna. ~iil>e, Amh.Arg. . lI'A,f,.-r ; see salhal\'a,
salhut
' . . below.
!olla, Gur !iila, Har. !iila>a, Gaf. (tiihalii 'q uarrel'.
'blinded, dear, originally 'covered le}es, car';)',
~akk·. lilt- (MA) 'shine' ~.I~.w. lIAdtm 'use deceit, act treacherously, for 'deaf, stupId', cp. Amh. d,inJw'cira 'be
~.I<a (yiJ~/a') lIAo (T. V) 'be wounded, be super- use fraud, beguile'; deaf, be stupid'.
~lIi M, (1I) ~Ii ltI\ 'beer', fiCially healed', la,ralhawa (Gr,483), same, JiJl/cil (K 0) 'umbrella':
• •
see also rail, below ~al', ~al', pI. 'a~/iJ'I, (T) Ijdl' 'abscess, Wound, siJlhaw
• • (fem. SiJ/I'UI)
• • 'deceItful, deceIver, wicked, s"lleile 'overshadowing, darkening, darkncss,
ulcer, sore'; blindness' ;
treacherous, malicious, crafty, fraudulent',
~lIe, ~lIi (pI. siJlla,) It/\, : lI'" 'tablet, tablet ~iJlu' 'wounded, full of sores, ulcerous'; ,alalo 'soot, blackne,,'.
(~iJllliJlVa liJbb 'false-hearted ');
(of the law), tablet (of metal, stone), beam'; ~.I'al (1I) 'wound'; ,,"Iiilol 'shadow, shade, protectIon, darkne".
siJlIIIII
• • 'fraud, ruse, deceit, decellfulness, CUn-
SEMITIC Ar. tHadr) siliil 'slab', (Yem.) !alla, SAr. SEMITIC: perhaps AT. ;ala.a 'limp', Heb. siila-, ning, guile, artifice, malice, pcrfidy'; roof, shelter, tabernade, Imtlge, IIkenes, (ilke a
.<11 'paving, plastering' (Muller 1983:283); related to shadow)';
Aram. !illa-. The connection with Heb. sara<al "skm SEMITIC not to be compared with Heb.,/I, (hlhl)
Heb. sclii' 'rib. plank' (Dllimann 1255), for Akk. dIsease', suggested by Barth 1893:41 (follo';ed by m.'~/iil'shady place, shelter, booth, shed, taber-
~ilu, see \on Soden 1090. 's ucceed ' as suggested by WaJnberg 19J5: 18 nacle, nest';
Holma 1912: 19), is unlikely. Dillmann 1261 and ETHIOPI(,: there is undoubtedly a conncctlon with
ETHIOPIC. Tna. J"lIal 'slab of wood or stone on
8rockelmann 1908 : 169 compare it with Ar. salara CushillC 811. iawulehii 'ruse' ma~allal 'sunshade, shady place, tent, booth,
which IS engraved a religIOUS precept', Amh. $<11101 'wou nd ' tabernacle' ,
(from Geel).
ETHIOPIC: Te. ~ol(a 'be wounded', ~ala' 'wound' (n.), ~.I.k· Mit (T) 'mustard', (ba'ula masal/ol 'Feast of the Tabernades': see
Tna (tii)~ill'a 'be a little sick', Har. !ulu> 'wound' Mauro da leone»a 306);
~ili 1I." (T Lt) 'filth, dirt, mud', is probably a mlspnnt for ,alak" 1111t, for which
(n.), Gur. (a}lole 'wound' (v.); also in Cushltic
see above. SEMITIC Ar ('0 I;dlla 'be !'had),. Ix dark.", :11I'shad~
ETHIOPK Gur ~(lia 'liqUId mud'; perhaps also in Som. dullall 'abscess' (RelOlsch 1902: 136), Qab. luta
Cushlhc. Kam. fi1ra 'cia} ror POlS', See also ~ilii~. 'wound', Sid. !ulu-kko. ow', SAr :::11 'kind of covered strul:ture', Heh ~iilol
~II I, ~.II.I., (K V) ~.I.I. ()'J~/iJl) M/l 'Hoat 'grow shadowy', ~t'l·shadow'. Aram. r.Jit1M '~hadllw,
~I>a (r.slii') IIAh , ~.I'. lIAO 'hate, abhor, be ~Ii', ~l<at It''l1 : ltAO-r (pI. ~ola", ~all'aliJ'l. upon, hover, come to the surface (of water), shade', Syr rellcilii, Md. ,,,Id, Ug. ;1 ',hade', AU
hostile toward, not want', ~awaliJ') 'rock, reef, boulder, cavern'; (V) swim'; ~'iul/lllu 'provide shade', :HIIII'shade'
~ota(, 'rocky ground, rocks, cavern'; la~/ala, causative; ETHIOPI(,: Te. ('aJ:~/dla 'glV(~ shade'. :1.1/0/ ''ihadow,
'asl.'a,
. causati,,; al,o 'make hateful" ,
I~a/>a, passive; darkness', Tna. 'asliiliJ 'shelter oneself, '(lnsiildliiwd
SEMITIC: Ar. ~ulla'. !ullii' 'rock' (cp. Ar. \'iOIi'a 'be SEMITIC': PbH. !olal 'hang over, circle', Akk . ~alolu 'shade, cast shade on', Amh. riilliilii '~hade, curtam
lasiiliJ'G 'be hosllie to one another, quarrel bald') Dllimann 1262 (followed by Barth 1393 :53) 'sink to rest, lie motionless' (Driver 1967:62).
off', ""!Ial'shady place' (from Geel), Gur. (al}!il-
with one another, make war'; also compares Heb. sfla-. Brockelmann 1928 :627, in connection with Syr . .~al
liild 'curtain off; Tlla. ~·Jlal. ~,llal(ll ·shl1de. shadll\\ "
laslasa/>Q. )Q.HOSti/;J>o, causative of tosti/;Jla'
' . . . ~.I.b. (ya~/iJb) lI/lO 'crucify';
'purify, clear away', wrongly identifies G. fallala
'Hoat' with the SemitiC root !II 'be pure' For ~'ill'be
Te. pial, Amh.Arg. !.lla. Gal". ~1.Jlayii, Har {Jyu,
~ala'j. ~all/jii' (pI. sala'l, sala'iJ,I'an) 'enemy, pure', sec sll III. Gur . .IJlal. tul. For 'soot ', cpo Tna. ~'J/Jlo, Amh
lasalba
. 'be cruCIfied" ,
-
ad\'ersan, hater, hostile';
plub (K 0) 'crucified'; ETHIOPIC : Tna. ~iiliilii 'float', ~iiblilld. ('un )~iibldlil
!iJllaf; probably passed into Cushltic: Sa. \alal'shade',
.
811. talii/a. Or tch'a.
. - It IS from Or (\im . that Har
(WIth augmented b), Amh. {allala 'spread (IOtr.) and Zway (Gurage) borrowed the noun ,
556
"'... 557
. . . . IA+ (T.Y), ....... (M) 'bake bind" Ar , .(fly) 'raul'. Hell filii (fly •
IIttqtlIItIt 'unleavened bread'; , Anm -Syr. pII. AU. ,.til 'bum (flamiptiaa)'.
. . """'Ie, , Reb. ,.""
of 1Idc', ill NIb 13 19 (_
(bIrI/IIlMftlllat 'fellt of Pauover';
de 306);
Mauro EiiDOPIC: TDL , . . . "bn", . . , tile Ire', lwEi
,.,. lII·re.IIi...• II probably aD Anbic Iouword.
jill
...,
'III
'tilt"""
JiIbt, ba
. .,.. ,..",.,
deu'. JIb. til
EIHIOPIC: DillmaDO 1257 deriva ",err/'" frolll ,11 ...,. IAt 'pray. Dab a _ .
pIRd. iDtcrcede·.
UL
"".".,., JIIIIIIw;
8ubl 683 connects ~'" with Hob .,...
/iii In pM! ......:s: »'or"" "an Kuchen Oe.lten- ,..,yI,act. pen. or fill• •
",., . . . . . (throuah prayer), _UId'; ....... ....,(T)
brollii'; however. for other _ .... ofHeb. •,,/ill
_ Baumprtaer 961. • ,." 'pra)'a, vow, iDteroeIIion', away. widIIrdIrI\J
(..,. ,aJot 'holy Ihraiah..... ..,. ..
..... III :t'; ICC IQIlaJIII. below. ;"".n.y 'who praY" IIOW .,."
",."" 'pIaOll or prayer. chapel, oratory'. ca-aw•
c:up
.....t ~+. lee plk.
-
for ..... In cuI'a fOat II. • Il.ft+ (tt) 'kite' (bIrcI); •
EIIIIOI'IC: Amb. fllltdk. 'kite', Hu. {rllvlIu.
rUII, Out. {rIIvI"; from Or {rllvlII, Sid.
" •...", (ao .110 Cerulli 1936:275). leo 'of.
~ become dumb, be quiet, keep silent, 'Illmala, (Y."·,M). 'Illtimala. caus, of ~amala; pnua II ~; see ,,,,,.
_ lisll:ll, not lUIS""',
dls...gard, neglect'; also 'empty1 destroy, root out'; •
~MqJt, same a ,."... ;
~ (KG) jllifi'1II 'deaf, dumb, disobedient samatli
•
'booty'; seni 'Vi'; see ,enawa. IQPIdri, pan. of 'IIpIra. 'perXiJCI'IhJ, we
(who does not listen), (K) dry'; ~amatii (Od57) 'wealth annibilated by war'; •
stant" ,
_ (K0) 'deafttesl, sJlence'; SsMrrIC: Heb. fml (pi-el) 'destroy' (Buhl 687). Ug, 11ft'. (y~nii') no, (T) !"o'. II.,,,, 'be strong. ~'Ol (Lt)
~ 'in seuet, in private, in the latrine, amt,
•
be stitlDgthened, be powerful. be steadfast, be ""4/11';, (K 0) ~' 'who comfolls, mea_ 01
(leG) absolutely, completely'; E1HJOPlc: Te. ~limla 'destroy', Amh. liimmi//ii 'be firm. be solid. be sure. be valid, be confirmed. strengthening' ;
......" '.lIenee, secrecy'; used uP. be spent (money)', a!ammii.11i 'consume, use be ratified. bave effect, be secured, be estab- lIUpIa' (Lt) ·steadfastness. firmament, founda.
_ i t.. '_retly, privately, silently, softly'; up entirely. destroy', It is possible that the original lished. be sevele (pain). become worse (dis-
meaning 'destroy' came to mean 'silence someone',
tion. firm ground, strona POlltiOll, (It) means
(...,..".tr '1ecIetly, in secret, by stealth'); ease), be barsb, endu.... pe.sist, persevere. PIe- of being firm. means 01 stren&lbenlll8 ,
~ (,,0). part. of ~a; the meaning of fOmata I (see Unendorlf 1977:205); vail. abide, .emain, be lasting';
however. an original meaning 'silence someone' com- m'PI''fJ1 (Lt), same, alao (1) ' I I _ I ,
_ . 'deatness" , ~_'IWIi 'be is mightier than 1'); (Ift81M'iJ/a .taIlIIi,l 'finnament1,
ing to mean 'destroy' should not be excluded.
SsNmc: Ar I'If""Ul 'close, plug, be deaf', Syr. ,."ina'a 'encourage, comfort. establisb. make SmchiC. N. ,.W'G -mate akiDfUD) (Ive).
.-s deaf, dumb'. III II""'" (M) 'aim'; stable. strengtben, solidify.....ffirm'; -,..a'<l ·forllell'. SA•. pi' 'fortify', Heb. pl' (tONI)
1!11iiOPiC Tna ""n/lm. 4be dear. Te. ~a. SBMmc: related to Ar. samala 'pursue a right 'IqIN'a 'fortify, strengthen, solidify, fix. set. 'act caubously, ....tIdIy. (for Heb. pi ........'11\
Cohen 1947·no.33 conneclS O. pmRHl 'in seeN!' course'. samt 'aim' (Ambros). ratify, steady. consolidate....ndet ... 0. WID ton Thomu,JJS 1[1949).181ft),Sy. "..
With Amb .•_ . fINi. The root paued into Cushitic: render firm, confirm. comfort, establish.
IIiL #MIiim 'be duf'. Sa. ,.,..iim
'deaf'. For the
ETHiOP.c: Tna. {limalli 'aim with a gun', Amh.
flimmlilli, Our. {limalli 'shoot without missing'. barden, encourage. support, sustain, prop up,
(elpa'u) '''''t skillfully'. Praetonus, ZDltIG 57
(1903). 2" thinks that O. _ .. it a donomldauw
mono". 'be cIr)" ... aIao 4ommtta. hold fast. do firmly, learn by heart, retain'; from SAr . ..".' 'fOrllell', At.
.......... lie' or; see pnw I. faIiImlt 11"7.+; see ~mm. (""",,'a gllllo 'he set his face itlSOlutely'); 1'1""" 'make skIllfully manufactwe' Grimme, Zil
('IJ.f",,'a makiJna 'he remai~'); 26 (1912).IS9-60 CODSlden Ar. tfIIII'IItr (pi of
lID"
, I, 11""111 'toil, labor, take the maprtI'<I) a South Arabic
fIIIIlIIIlI (Y""') ,...... (,,0) 'squeeze out, ('IJ.f""'1z+I+verbal noun 'mllst upon');
trouble, endure hardship, be wearied, be in I!THiOPIC' To fdlra 'be Stronl', Tn•. "..'11 Amll.
out', straits. be tormented, be vexed' (perhaps de- ItIfIl1l<{l, pas•. of ~/II'a; also 'harden into. !ilmta'be UOII,', '01)111£011, Our .,....
Heb. lilt... 'ohrive1 (from being squ.. Z"<I nominative of ~limii., below); taU courage'; 'pvc comfort' ThelOOt "., In Our , .
,... Md. "",.,.. 'OSiimawa 'cause trouble, tire out, alHict, inflict 'sustain one another. make a gitlnt 'defeat, vanquish', HIt /iIIItI '-.I, tII!aII.
EiHiOPiC' TUB. ,;JmIiq"ii. '.squeere out', Te. !iimqa •
harsh labor, mortify (tbe flesh) by abstinence'; ,
'IQ\I!WIII out' - 'piDcb', Amb. fIImmiJqa w/lq81la'fl, 'fISteqa1l'el 'establish. solidify, ........ II1ftA (T.Y M) 'tear, IIit open. Nap
fiimiiwi, act. part. of ~timawa; I/fIfbiI (T Y) 'a tom bit'
...... out, ' •• IIJ"rc. ~ liar. ~ 'toil, labor, strife, hardship, trouble. confirm, mnfolCt, rallry. strengthen, give
fl/iIIIIIfa 'twist' (alto '"ifIf 1tii.,.. 'squ.." .. IOmetblllg strength. IDelte, comfort, encourage';
• 6 .. fl wquirII'), Gaf. ,tIntm¥ '&queue out'. effort, fatigue, exhaustion. exertion. anxiety,
,1IlIii'i, act. part, of lan'a;
....,.11 nil.. (T) 'eyebrow'
Om ,.".",..,. liIto Cuahitlc: Aw. 16M"'" affiiction. mortification';
, . . "8 m• 811 flJJO'tIf. Sa. filii"", pmmiiwe (Lt) 'labor. strife';
~munii 'toil, hardship';
,,111/' 'strong. fillll, steadfast, mighty. powerful,
hard, solid, brave robult. viaotoua.
tlDblI II "II.A, see tlanlRt
......... .........,. <KG) '8J'IIPC1'; fortilled. strict, levere, vehement, rigid. ,,11"'111 lI"oMA (T) 'butterllt;
u.nNqltion of HelL ,;mn.Jiffm something', At.
who applies himself
,_yin
SBMmc: At. fOm/i ("")1) 'incite, urge. force to do
(from
much oonstancy or
with
,ama,
"")1) 'one
pet...
(illness), su... ; for the fern. IM,'I, see below.
<#Mil''', blllMU' 'strcmaIy, powarfuIly, solidly, !!THiOPIC' Te. ,.".w.. 'huuedl¥' fDa. ~
!'rom Sa. f/ItI/HII.Ii' 11\1. 1iMbIr" . . alto
, a-fo(T."".M)'be be tlCltllm, _Iy, vigorously');
.. verance' (Lane). The connection with At.
(~)
t/IJItUi
and l/imQ (t/)lm) 'be lllliust', t/a)lm 'injustice' (ffIIA'tl11lbb ·.titr-neektd');
(lfI/Wel " , 'tmpudent');
• o"b.
1890:3S eompareo Ar.
lIeus'.
,_Ii>
suggested by Fleisch 205 i. doubtful. Praetonus
'hard 8011, great dis- 1M' t (fern of flIIIII') 'period of ther wlllltll8
1I10OI\ when ....pad grain or QUt wood. is not
!11lI0PIC: Te.ltmta 'reward trobble·. Tna. f'JIff8 IUtacked by pests (this is a definition for
'!&IiI' (0.). AIiIh f1IItIII (I'tol!l Itmta 'toil, 1rl. Amh. ,."..,t). lueky days'. foJ, 'unlU8ky .ye'
bor', ppae6,nto Cushl!,ie.llll./tDIIIi 'paID', Kham. - _ .. belewl
,_1 take JIl!ins'. ~ 'M eft'ort', I'''' 'strength, pewef, fotCO, Y1Ihcrftll!llell, Je\IIIIi
ty, IIlfllm!ity. fotlitude,
fU4i U, AAlIJ rr Y.M) "be dty"; to£llHrt),
"..t.abl¥ • 'IIliI\IiIiIf" ,.",. ....... 'fer .'liII
... •
S61
_bURl" • ~/. act. part. of I~; p1IIiIIIi (X"), act. part. of IO"P"I.
,..,. _ttaiie t (~ IMo' 'wa,layer'); "",.. •...nin.. inclined. tottering;
p1IIII) 'engaged in waiting, wbo lies in wait, (1Pbb PftP (Gr.32) 'wwardl, heart').
IiIII"nc Ar "",. 'border (of sannent)·. Aram. (n.) ·inclining. inclinabon. wanila..
IMIt" 'tip, odie (of. COII)·. poIIIbly Hob. ,..q. expectant, _pecled. put aside, pre(l8l"ed. ready.
'!uItim. reserved. imminenf; .-yin.. deviation';
Iit-.c n. ,.. . Te.lM!fit '..ttellli· 4"";~ 'expectation'; p1IIIiIM ·inclination. tuming aside';
I/MIfo ~. en..... Amb IM'/."'" liIIff. ~. ~, (K I) ·wanting. expecting. lying in SDo"J"IC. Syr. ,.. (".,.) 'envy. be mlYled by jeU-
wait' (n.); ouay. claire'; Ar ,GIn' ·thi~. ('(o'Dder" • .......-s
..... n ~ ".,.. (K") 'd... (tr). wnap up ~i 'wbo delay. (i.e.• wbo leta wait). wbo
I. a cloak retard.';
by Brockelm.nn 1928:281 ... doubcl"uJ
BI_~: Tna. ,.... 'incIine (the ear)'. Amb.
,.,.,."... plll'lI" 'incline the bead'.
dInomInati.. 6_ ~ above. 1fItq1U~ (M) (T) place for waitinll';
~i (M) 'place where one re.lCivea, re-
".,M." (K) 'night butted'y';
...,. . , ' " (T) 'kind or creeping ivy' (called
cipient';
EnuoPlc: Te. IIIfJJG 'W8It', Tna. ~. Amb.Gor.
..
. . . 1ft AmIwic. it II tiled for maklDg ,1Ma; p.Uld into Cunbltic· Be. _I 'wait' . ....... II"'tA"4lA 'moth·;
(T)
->; ~ n",a. 'burnt ofl"crin.. obla· .. "... ...I
waIIOWUII',
Amh. siinniiqii into -!iinniiqii, or rather (iinniiqii), SEMITIC' Praetonus, ZDMG..73 (1919). ~44 Idenllfies
common With Cushltic : Qua. {in? 'Hy', Or. rin;,
Dem . .~t',\{i, Bil. Qem . .fin.~a 'Hy' Note that Rabin 1978:403 connects this rOOI with
It with SAr. {ir- 'west': "In Athiopien hat slch dann ~r~ (pL 'Q.mih) lI'Cm 'cham!>cr, upper cham.
Heb. ,raqiln (Js. 26: 16) which is considered "unex- ber, private room, inner chamber hridal cham-
das Wort, unter Vergessen selnCr Bedeutung ab
-
saniisi! . lI"lt -l-, see ""s.n)'a.
. . .
plained" 10 Baumgartner 798, under .,wq,
ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh. riiqq"iinii 'squeeze in', Gur.
Himmeisrichtung. fest auf Griechen und Gri~hen ber, bedChamber, compartment. fortress, pal.
land gerichtct" See also ,fiJrii'. ace, temple',
..
' n...., "1 lI-11)o (T); see s.lI'.nSiJlV.
. . !iiqqiiflii 'preserve, hide, conceal'; to be identified
t~',aJr 'Hoor or story of a house':
Qnsava
· , -- - see s~n-
with {nq: Tna. (Ia){iinniiqii 'oppres', Amh. (as)-
fiinniiqii, Arg. (asjfenniiqa, Oaf. (at){iinniiqii, Our.
sor'. "C"" (T) 'large intestine',
.;>rii·u (T') = Amh. kJSiJdda 'cut of meat', SEMITIC Ar ,fidrh 'lower. any lofty budding' lfwm
Geczl. sce Noeldeke IQIO:5I, Jelkry IQ~. W
~arii't, (T.L) !arli';t 'loins, thigh, cut of meat
:fiimya. •
(a{jriinniiqii; perhaps also Te. (tiJ)riinniiqa 'be de-
ceived, be cheated'. See also {iaq"·ana. Muller suggests a South Arabi" .~rh '''lilt buddmg'
S3nnat "~T, see sfln. from the ventral region, (K) grolO',
• •
for Ar . .farh
. . and G. sJrh:. alsl) Heb. ,\',}fI"h
. . ' \ault'.
~·~nq·.n, ~·.nq·en """'1""'1 : "''''''1:111, ETHIOPIC; Littmann-Hofner 637 connect It, with Aram. sJrihci
. . 'hall'.
.ana!tam,
• sena!tam
• lI":1'9" , lIS:1'9" 'rue' (T.K) ~·.~·.n """''':111 'field mouse, kind reservations, with Te. ~farC 'udder'; however, :fiir. IS ETHIOPIC: Tna. !,lr~li 'upper l:ham~r', Amh.\,'rh
(plant); of lizard, crocodile'. borrowed from Ar. dart. The Oecz noun sar-e is 'wide hall' (from Geel), tti..\·relh 'sl"l'ond story of .1
• •
house'
ETHIOPIC Amh, leila addam, renaddam 'rue', lit. perhaps a Cushitic loanword: Bil. rari 'loin', Or
'odor of Adam' (for rena, see -!enci), rna. fena ~·.~·en """''':111; see !aq".nq"an. dira, Sa. diro,
' .dUo, Som. (Ima . (for which see Rei-
'addam. Streleyn 1968: 38 suggests 'health of Adam'
Disch (902: 139). ....
' .
hI "CmT 'jar',
(from {ena; <ee also Streleyn 1973: no. 262). Getat- ~aqa .. a I (ya!qu) lI.,.W, (T.M) ~iiqawa lI"'w .....
, 1 "C6-l- (T) 'fermented dough' metathesis of .fiJ~'Jrt, above.
che" translates It 'good smell' (from G. 'addcim). 'fasten with nails, bolt together, drive into,
,
sena .. a l\, ~w 'be fragrant, smell (intr.), emil an
(T Y.M) crush, smash, pierce'; ~.r.ba (ya!rab) lI~O 'hew, act as a carpenter, ~.r~. (YWary) lIC"l, (T. K) ,.r~a lied> 'cr). Cl)
odor' ; do carpentry'; out, shout';
ETHIOPIC' pe.haps Amh. rdqqa (rq') 'attack, op-
press' 'Q!raba (K *), causative;
'asenaWQ 'smell, scent, exhale, exude an odor' ~ siJriih 'outcry, shout, cry, crying aloud';
sena 'smell, odor (good or bad), perfume';
ta.rarha, passive; ~.rh~t
. - (Gr) 'crying, crying out, magic word,';
Jenall; (KGr) 'that smells', ~aqawa II (YJ!qu) lI"'w (T.Y) 'taste sweet, be !arabi (pI. ,<arabI) 'carpenter, craftsman,
savory'; SEMITIC: Ar. sarah" 'shout. cry', SAr. ,\'r& 'appeill
,inal' (K*) 'that smells', worker in wood or stone, stonecutter'; for help', Mh.·-!or;~ 'crow', Heb . .ftirah '"hout. uy',
ma~fje~u' (K .), part. of 'a-renawa; comes close to ~aqaw3f {see below}, the root of (/iqa ~Qrabt 'master builder'); Aram.-Syr. prah, Md ~\'fll 'squeak', AU.. .~·"rli~u
which, however, is ~fjqr. siJrub
• 'hewn'; 'utter cries of mourning'.
SEMITIC related to Jnn; Ar. ~unan 'bad smell', Syr. !arb (K*.M) 'plank'; ETHIOPIC: Te. siirha 'call', Tnn. ,~'iir~Je, tiJrr"~It', Arg .
. 'savor, smell', Md. sanla 'stench'; related to
tiirraha, Har. I~riiha, Amh.Gur. larra; Te. U/!iiill !11'r~
.unanii . ,yarrah, see ~ariibi;
~.qii ..~, lI:I'I1)o6 'honey dropped from the
All. e~enu 'smelJ' See on this root Praetonus
1890:31-3. comb, honeycomb'; !arriib 'splinter, shaving'; "ciira 'shout' (red~plicated fr from ~\rh. ,I'rh), ~l(ir
$aqiiw~{a maciir 'honeycomb'; ~.rbat 'woodwork, stonework'; :noise, clash', faror (fiir~jjr) 'shrieking', Jiintira \:ry
~rQrabawi 'worker in wood or stone'; aloud', Amh. carr alii 'shout', Tna ct.Jrr /leilii. tJd,}r
bl"ilii.
,~rlmo
564 ,
sasut
, . ...
s;JS~IS
565
, ramo tr?'I" (Tl 'a sleep demon';
.. sorir
, tr?C (T) 'sorghum';
see also d;mimo . ETHIOPIC : Te. -rarOl 'gnat', Tna. ~~e. ~a.rOI 'ant', •
ETHlOPlc : Te. ~arra (.frr) 'begin to bloom (corn),. Amh . (ilral, Arg. {at. Har. rut, Gur. (unte; also in ~timi 1I:1''''l. (T') 'small carafe',
• roi trct (T.M) 'mouse, (K') civet cat';
.. sorur
, tr~c (It) 'cuirass, armor';
CushWc : Or. !u{?e, Wol. ?U{ti. See also Cerulli perhaps from Gk. stamnOJ 'Jug' t Muller)
1951 :419, and ¢iitje, above.
EnuoPlc ' Tna.Amh. {araiVi 'civet cat'; also in Cusrut-
Ie : AI.Tern . {ar,1fi. SEMITIC: Ar. ~urra 'he had an iron collar around his ~atar. ~.,.£; (MA) aw.·lirJ ' be blind ',
= Amh.
neck '. sos~is
. trtr'l'4:11 (B 90) 'myrrh';
" MA translated it 'blind' (tr) : 10 this case one
s.>rna' trC'>A (T.M) 'eczema, (T) poisonous ETHIOPIC: Tna.
, ~arur
, 'annor, ready to fight', Amh. corruption of ~iJ!uqti.!is, below. would expect asawwdrii since Amh . O",wara
(<lrar, SiJrar
~nake' (probably rather 'uicer or disease • •
annor. means 'be blind' ;
caused by a poisonous snake'); sasaya l\l\f (Y.H.M) 'be clean, be tidy' ;
,
sarsa l\CII (T.M) 'be wounded, be exposed ;e;aya (T) 'soften (hide)', i.e., 'make clean'; perhaps a variant of salara 'hide' (for whIch see
• • above).
should be f,nna r; compare !<lrna<l, below. (area of the skin from a blow), become dull,
be stupefied (by an illness), be discolored (skin ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~ti~iiyti 'be clean, be purified', Te.
sorn.'t
, trC'M..,. 'scab, malignant ulcer'; from a blow)'; sesa
• •
'clean com'. ~at.wa l\"'m (Y.M) 'become a member of a
group' ; (M renders Amh, wligiin hona [Y's
SEMITIC :Heb. ~aro'o! 'skin disease' (from rr > rn, prs (T) 'discolored spot on the skin made by a sota ~+; see ~wl.
see RuZicka 30), Aram. !orra!ti, Akk. -rennetlu, ~er blow' ; • translation of ~ataH'aJ by 'be classified'),
nel/u « *-rorrorru > *~anna<tu > *-rennettu; see soti (pI. !awiitaw, ~otiil) 11,+, (T) ~oti ':1' denominative of ~Olti. (see above) . See also -rwtw,
Halma 1912: 17ft). This root is not to be compared
ETHIOPIC: Te. .liirsa 'become weak and emaciated' , ;row, order, series, rank, class, kind, sort,
)~awta)t'a .
with G . ( 'a Jtjrara 'cease', as suggested by Baum- Amh. {iirriiSii 'become dull (edge)'. For the meaning
'become dull', see also tjarsa, above. mode'; ~.!! l\'I' 'quiet!' (a call to silence);
gartner 988, under .fr'. See also farn<l'.
(sotii hnb 'ordinary people'); ~a!! b.hla 'be quiet';
~r.nq.t trC1~"" (T') 'headache'; sorit
, trt""; see (~arya), ~aruy. (~awiitawa ipmiimiit 'sufferings of the Passion', ETHIOPIC : Tna. -riiU balti 'be quiet', Amh _ ~all
alii,
from !rnq-l, from ~nq augmented by r, and to be lit. 'kinds of Passion'); for !awiitaw, see Velat
surat 1\-£;""; see swr.
. Gur. ~ti!!iltQ 'quiet' (n.); passed mto Cushitlc : BII
compared with Tna.Amh. (tiiJ{iinnaqii 'be in straits,
' 188;
sa! )' 'be quiet', Qua. fa! y . The root might be
feel uneasy'. For the root -rnq, ?nq, see ~aq"'Qna, ~arya (ya~ray) l\Cf 'be purified, be refined, be
satawa,
•
see below; considered onomatopoetic.
above. 'a,yawtawa, see .ywtw;
cleansed, be filtered'; , . 11'1' 'mud, mire';
sot
~rip tr?T (T.M) 'cuirass, armor'; 'a~raya 'purify, cleans~, refine, clarify, filter'; ETHIOPIC: Tna. ~al 'order, tum, row', Amh , !ota
~aruy (fern. ~arit) 'purified, refined, limpid, liq- 'order, gender, sex' (from Geez), Gur . .f0ta 'sex' SEMITIC ; Ar. t!aw~ta 'slime' (Dllimann 1302): as for
would It be a misprint for .farur X'<-C? (from Amharic). Reb. !f! mentioned by Dillmann, ib., it is considererd
uefied, pure, cleansed, filtered';
~araqa r (T. Y.Gr.358) l\£;4' 'give alms, bake a as coming from Akk. {f{u < fI'!!u < ·,itt < .,im
.fJryat 'purity, clearness, probity'; setala 1\..,.1\ (T.Y) 'be unfiltered (beer)'; (see Baumgartner 358).
cake. (Sw. in 0 1274) cut off a piece of cake,
render thin';
!arayannii 'limpidity'; ~etalo, (l) ~elale 'strong drink, intoxicating , ..
'a~riiyi (Gr), act. part. of '~raya; drink' ; sottiwe 11'''1'£ (l) 'state, condition' ;
~ariq (pI. 'asruq) 'tiny coin, brass coin, (T.M) ma.frJY, mJ~rJy, ma~arJy 'saffron';
SEMITIC: Ar. satala 'intoxicate' (Dill mann 1283); Dillmann 1319 expresses doubts about the reading.
small piece of cake, (K) thin';
SEMITIC: it is not to be connected with Ar. ~arti note Ar. s-t: Geez S-(.
~w I\.m-, ~ew tm- 'salt, salty land, sterile
~ariqat (pl. sariiyaq) 'thin cake (for an offor- • •
(~ry) 'cut', Syr. prti. (~ry) 'rend asunder', as suggest-
ing)' ;
ed by Brockelmann 1928: 636. ~atama [ (ya!tam) l\.,.-, (l) ~atama IJ.,._ land, (T) priest' (metaphor of 'salt');
SEMITIC: Ar . .faraq 'thin, fine', -rar1qa 'thin cake'. EnuOPlc: Tna. ~tiriiyii 'be pure, be clear', Te. ~iira 'break into pieces, (l) break someone's legs SEMITIC: the connection with Ar. ~awa (~wy) 'dry
Fraenkel J 86, n.2 compares Aram. sariq-ln 'fine (~ry). Amh.Gur, Farra; for G. m~r<ly, cp. Te. and arms, crush, (TS) twist and bend, cause to up' suggested by Dillmann lJ 10 is not convincing
cake', the s of which became f in Geez and Arabic miifr<lY 'Hower' (n). The root passed into Cushitic: be crooked, reprove, rebuke'; Likewise doubtful is the identification With Ar . .,u-
due to the emphatic q. Sa . .furu 'pure'. ta~atma (T), passive; wal 'hard ground' suggested by Brockelmann, ZS 6
(1928).112.
ETHJOPlc : Tna. ~tiriq 'small coin', Amh. -rtiriq !atum 'broken, crushed';
'copper coin, donation of food given by the mem- ~aray"" l\?,I'.~; see (!araqa I), !ariqat. ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh. ctiw
•
'salt', Te. ~.;Jwa; from
!atiimo (D.T.M), !atiim (D.M), tjatiim (T) 'being Cushitic: Bil. sawa. Kham. tawii, Qua. -rewa,
bers of the congregation to those who serve the
twisted (n,), bent, deceitful, treacherous, (T)
church'; perhaps also rna. ~iilliiq"'ti 'make a small ~a~amar l\l\9"C (T) = Amh, masanna 'a large sewi I\.'/' (It) 'army';
crookedness' ; ,
loaf of bread' (with alternanee I.',). tree whose bark is used as an anthelmintic',
~atmat (n.) 'crushing, breaking'; ETHlOPlc: Amh. ctiwa. Could it be a development
~raqa II l\£; 4' (Y) = Amh. tiirriisii 'set the
• ~~nyi tr)\'1 f; see !anpnyii. metathesis of samata r. of meaning from ~'iiwa 'one of free status'? NoeJde-
teeth on edge'; ke, GGA 1884, p. 80 identifies it with I!ewii (~ewa)
the meaning is doubtful. sisut, sisot, s&set l\I\-T I l\IIT j l\1\."", (l) ~atama If l\.,.- (Y) 'count, calculate, evalu- 'prisoner > slave (of a king) > soldier> army'.
" " " ate' ,.
~arq.m l\C4'!'" (T+) 'perfume'. ~i~ut llfl'T, ~i"ut 'o-T
'gnat, stinging insect, sowwi
• tr'l' (T) 'cup, goblet';
red ant'; SEMITIC: Ar. ~attama 'complete a number, round off
a number'. from Amh. !ilwwa. with a Geez form, See also
~<lwwti" below,
566
~awwana S<JWOJnS<Jw
• •
s• ........'. XIJ)<O, (T) ~.ww.'. XIJ)<I. 'call, call • 567
upon. call out, invite, invoke, summon, con- ~wb II, ~.w(w).b. xmo (T.Y) 'stop growing, .-
become stunted'; SEMITIC Ar . ..rlina (.pl'n) 'preserve, protect', Ar. •
voke. convene, proclaim, shout, cry out'; (l:Ia<.ir) to-.fowwano 'take shelter', Ar. (Vern) ..rowan on tbe back'. The root pas~ed mto Cus-hille . A,\\ .
)~al1'lt:.1ra (Lt), causative; probably a misprint for J\w,.. ..rawasa, for which see 'guarantor, surety': related to Heb . ..r"n in #nnfj lsewiir-g"·a 'carry',
dawasa.
faSOlt'lt',:1tO, passive of .,rol1'wa ra; also 'be •
'shield' (Dillmann 1300).
named' ; ETHIOPIC: Te. miirwan 'black veil' (Littmann_ ~wt, ~t. (Y'~UI i lI1- (K 0) 'shout, ,"rOnn, call',
tasow.:Jra (K) 'call one another'; ~.wiil." ~awiilO<t X'I'A6 I X'I'A6·}; See ~ola,. Horner 628), Amh. ~awiin 'refuge' (from Geez). ~awal 'exclamation, supplication, sigh':
:\'Ql1wQ ri. act. part. of ~aWW.Jra: SEMlTIC: Ar. ..rawl 'VOIce', Soq. 'mei(.ldy·, S!r.
r
sawiiloq
• X'I'A-l' (Lt) 'basins'; ;f{lt
SJW)I'U
• (saw»,.}r)
• 'called, invited, summoned'; sow.nsow
• • lrlJ)<JlrlJ)< (T) 'crooked, bent, tOrtu- .fawtii 'Sound of a voice'.
is a plural from a root #q.
.,fli~1'W;)r (T) 'divination, magic'; ous, twisted'; EnuoPlc: Tna. (tii)~Ohiilii ·conver~e'. Amh. rroi,.
salt'Wqfa 'call, invitation. summons'; the root is perhaps ~aw~dw (reduplicated ..raw, from ~~owwiila, Arg. (a? )?awwiila, Gar. -~dll'iicca (as If the
~wm, ~oma (ya~um) lIOU 'fast' (v.);
~"]l1'l1'are 'caIling, call., appellation, invitation, >a~orna, causative; swy) with inserted n; cpo Te . .faw~a (~II\fY) 'tWist'. root were fwty); Amh. ~ii .....ata 'conversation', Tna
' .
InVOcatIOn, summons; ~dwa (..rwy) 'distort'; related to lawayn (see below). ~iiwiila. While the fOot is probably ,YWI from which
ta~awama, ta~awma 'fast is observed'; the various nouns were denved, it is appropnJte t(l
~awH'a(at (n,) 'invoking, inviting'; See also ..ran.,.aw.
;rawiimi, act. part. of ~oma; consider the possibility that the nouns with final
Ia.wwwih (Gr.485) 'who is called';
~iJWWiJm 'who fasts'; with suffix pronouns; I (G.Tna.Amh) are denved from a root ;~I\'\, (sec
m~aH'11'ar (Gr.485) 'enchanter, charmer'; swq, ~. lI.,. (Lt) 'corrupt, pervert';
~awwamiini-homu 'they (who are) fasting'; ;awiiqi, act. participle; .yawayo, below) and that the verbs ,m·t. (WI are
ma.,iilt'Jf (K""). ma.,awQ'f, ma.,iiwiirc, ma.,awa- denominatives. .
~om (pI. 'a~wiim) 'fast, fasting';
•
11"'1 (D), lIl~ii""'1 (T.M) 'bell, an instrument (~om 'abiyy 'Len!'); related to ~yq I (see below).
serving to summon the people or possibly for (~oma krastos 'Len!'); ~wtw, '.~.wt.w. I.Xm-·/-m (Y MA) '.rrange ac-
any other purpose'; swr, sora (y'~ur, J',~or) lI<:: 'bear, carry, wear cording to rank, class, etc.';
nla,'lI'ii' (KO) 'place of calling'; (~oma dagg"'ii 'antiphonary for Len!');
(clothes), support (old parents), tolerate, bear ~ah'ataH', see !olii~
(~oma 'arba'ii 'Lenten fast'); up' ;
SEMITIC: related to Ar. SQ'SQ'Q 'make noise', SQ'a
. . siiha
(s>)'), " (s)'hJ
"
• •
.
'shout', Heb. siiwah
•
. 'cry aloud',
(~oma ("mamiit 'Good Friday', lit. 'fast of the 'asora,
• >asaro,
• causative; also 'load';
denominative of fora, above.
.{ace
.. bola 'clamor, shout', Te. ' .CiwCiw
caw bela, . bela !awiiri, act. part. of ~ora;
'twitter', Amh. .cace Sunday before Lent');
ala 'twitter', .caww alii. (tiin) .cae- squeak'. Kopf 169 connects Ar. lras~ia (w;~y)
.. . ~awwar 'carrier, porter'; 'entrust, commission, order' with Heb. ~\'k'y.
r a 'make noise', Arg. ;mfa{{a, Har. {if~e baya. The
SEMITIC; Ar. !iima (rwm) 'fast' (v.), Soq. #yom, ~'<nVWiJr, ~iJWwur 'laden, loaded, burdened, ETHIOPIC': Tna. ~iiwiiyii 'tell, speak, narrate'.
root is also represented in Cushitic: Qab. ¢'aw¢'aw
(1'0, Bil. {aw y. Heb. fam (!wm), Aram. !om 'fast' (n.), Syr . .fowmti, charged, carried, bearing';
Md, ~auma, Ug. ,m 'who fasts' (de Moor, UF 12, ~or (pI. 'a~wiir) 'load, burden, charge, yoke, ~y', ~'., ~e'a ()Wi'i x.1. • II., (Y) ~'. X.O,
sowwii' 11''1'6 'cup, goblet, chalice used in serv-
1980, p.439). For the Aramaic origin of Ar. and G. tribute (that is carried), (Gt) sexual urge' (figur- (KG) ~e<. '/,0 'rot, putrefy, have a bad smell,
•
~wm, see Noeldeke 1910:36. atively);
ice of the Eucharist'; stink, become wormy, (T.Y.M) be crumbled, be
Sural
• 'carrying' (n); corroded';
SEMITIC: Ar. fii< 'a cubic measure' (Brockelmann ETHIOPIC: Tna . .fomii, Te . ..romo, Amh.Gur. roma,
1928:624), while Ar. ~uwii' 'cup' is a Geez loanword Arg. roma, Gaf. ..rimii; passed into Cushitic: Kam. maswar,
• masor
• 'litter, stretcher, carrying pole, 'a-re'Q (Gr). causative;
~'yyu" (T) ~ayyu' 'decayed, rotten. stinking,
(Noeldeke 1910:55, Jeffery 200); Aram.-Syr. ~a'a .
'tommo, Bil. fum, Kham. sum. For the various fasts, holder in which the cross is carried';
'bowl', Ug. f<. see Hyatt 157ff., Heyer 77ff. mQ~wart (pI. ma,yQwiJr, ma,yQwart) 'pole, post, fetid, filthy, putrid, foul';
si' 'bad smell';
ElHIOPIC: Tna. ~aH'a' 'bowl', Te . ..rawa, Amh. rawwa, stave, (T) means of carrying a load';
Gur, {awa 'measure'; also in Cushitic: Had. ~.wwana xm~ (KG) ~awwana IIm~ 'protect, maswiir
• 'pole, stave, carrying pole'; ~i'at
. 'rot, filth, decay, stench, excrement';
tUh'H'Q'o, Sa. duwii r
, Bil. '
SUWQ', See also sawwii. defend, preserve, shelter'; mo~",ori (M) 'support, prop';
. . SEMITIC Ar. (Yem) !U'iya 'be soiled' (Rabill 1951'
}a~wana (Lt) 'cause to take refuge';
~wb I, ~ob. lIO, ~aw.ba (y>~ub) XmO, (KG I) lo~awwano, (T) todowwono 'take refuge, seek SEMITIC: SAr. I-,wr 'wall' (W, Muller, ZDMG 131, 27, no, 18), Ar, (Dat) ,ay)' 'dirty'; probably also Ar.
1981, p.402), Soq. fwr 'carry', The connection with (Ia)~ayya'a 'be badly washed so that the dirt re-
~ ... b. Xm-O 'drink to the last drop, drain, asylum, seek protection, place oneself under Ar. wazara 'carry' (with alternance z: ~ and metathe- mains' (related to »,a~i)a 'be dirty'), SAr. *.fyw, YSII~
discharge' ; protection, defend oneself by a fortification'; !y-n 'stink, be contaminated with', ~~. rje) ·od.or,
sis) suggested by Barth 1893:52 is unlikely,
~a ..b, (Lt) ~...b 'flowing forth (n.), excrement, -!iJWWim 'fortified, secure, who takes refuge'; E1'HIOPIC: Tna . .forii 'carry', Te, .fora, Arnh.Gur, smell', Heb. se'a 'dirt, excrement' (for ItS connecl1on
(T.M) pus, wound, scab, spilled blood'; -!awan, (T) rjawan (pI. }a~wQn, -!awanat, )a~want) {ora 'carry, Support', {iiwwiirii 'provide for parents', with Heb. ya~a['J 'go out', see Kopf 149), Syr. ,('J;
Arg. {ora 'carry', Gur. (orii; Tna. ~or 'weapon', Te. 'be filthy', ~a(')tii 'filth, din', Md. ~aa 'be filthy',
SEMITIC: • Ar, ~aba (!wb) 'spill', ~abbo (~bh) 'pour, 'fortress, castle, stronghold, garrison, fortifica- Ug, ?u 'filth', Akk. ezu 'excrete', :U 'excrement'.
empty', S~. $ebb 'pour'. See also ~a}Qba, above. tion; refuge, asylum, shelter, consolation'; !awar, Amh.Arg.Gur. {or 'spear, war', Gaf. tara
ma~wiin 'refuge, asylum'; 'spear'. Rundgren 1959:258, n. I connects !ora with ETHIOPIC; Te. fiiY'a, ~iiy<a 'spoil', Tna. ('ii't' 'smell
·~iiwr, Ar. :;.ahr 'back'; ~ora would then mean 'carry bad', ..rape 'spoil', Gaf, {iflilo (reduplicated root)
'excrement', Gur. ?iJyii 'smell bad, stink'.
sanar.
• •
568
!yq
.on or• lIf"- (T) 'stammer, lisp, be halting in
ETHIOPIC: Har. (a){i/:za 'spread out', Gur. {iiceli
•
Bil. sax.
I;;>or.y;; :1'1oCf (K) 'theory'; . , 'courage, bravery, boldness, manliness,
"b'ar
vIrtue;
from Gk. theoriii 'theory'.
tabii·t (pI. 'arbl/') 'male, masculine; fort, ram-
t;;>os :r1oil (KG), name of God; part' ;
see redii. tab(jctiiwi, labiictiiy 'male, masculine';
tabacanna 'courage, manliness';
te>.it -l-1.Il.-l-, (T) t.'sit -l-61l.-l- 'scum on top SEMITIC: perhaps Akk. teb'; 'rise to make war',
of molten metal, (Lt) mixture', lib'; 'insurgent'. Dillmann 561 connects the Geez
root with Ar. tabira 'follow'. Hommel 56 is of the
lo'bil -l-MI.-l-; see 'abya, same opinion and attributes to Ar. tbe an original
meaning 'unablassig sein Ziel verfolgen'. Bravmann
t.'rin;; -l-6~'i', I.'rin -l-6~'); see 'arraya. 1977: 375 explains G. tabu'l 'male' from Ar. labi'ahu
'he followed him > he served him as his man (In
I.'rir -l-6~c; see 'rr n. war), and considers the meaning of G. tabla 'be
strong' to be secondary. Conti Rossini 1931 :256
lo,.it -l-61l. -l-; see 'asaya. (following Noeldeke) compares Ar. tiibara ·com~
plete, perfect', Cerulli 1938:210, Brockelmann t950:
I.'oyy.nl -l-6f. ')-l-; see 'ayn, 7, and Rundgren, OS 21 (1972). 56 rightly «press
doubt about the identification of G. lb' 'be strong'
lobe -l-o, 'you say, you said, she says'; wi th Ar. labi~a 'follow'. Reinisch 1895:188 conneclS
see bilMa. Ethiopic tb' with Bed, raba, Sa.Af.So"" lab (also
Bil. tab which is, however, borrowed from TIgre);
lab,. (y.rM,) +110, (Y,K) laboo,. +110 'be for other Cus hitic languages, see Cerulli 1938:210,
brave, be courageous, be like a man, be manly, under labba. Brockelmann 1950:7 derives Ethiopic
tly from Cushitic (for the various Cushitic lan~
(Y) be strong, be daring, be determined';
guages, see above). For Ar. iubbll r '(containing the
tabal
570
t.lfu~
meamng (1) kings ha,-mg followers', see Jeffery 89; 571
Blachcre qQg. manbara bihor, fit. 'the throne or seat on which
the labOI is placed'. SEMITIC Ar. taffa ft.ff) 'spit', Soq. leb,b (wllh aher~
ETHlnPJC' Te. (iib<a 'be courageous', ldb'al 'male,
Dance of labials), Heb. t0l!f{J) 'Spittle', Aram. t.J~ I'guh 'watchful. watcher (<11<0 referring to an,
manly" Tna_ (ab'e 'be courageous', rdb<at 'malc', SEMITIC: Heb. tepa 'chest' considered to be of Egyp~
AmhGur (ahba'be courageous', labat 'male', Gar. pap. lill!e 'spit" tU! ~s~itt~e'. ~arth 189];28 connects gels). wakefUl, attentive. 'lgilant. dIligent';
tian (1bJ!) origin (Buhl 869). Aram. lebulii Ar It -with Syr. tilydqa splllle, as against Fraenkel laguha 'watchfully'.
liibh/i 'he abundant', Gur. Idbal 'male'; passed into --, see.
,abul. For the Aramaic origin of the G. liibol, 1898:74.
CushltlC: Bil. lab 'manly' (from Tigre), labe' 'be Noeldeke 1910:37.49; Rabin 109-10; Polotsky 6. lagh 'Vigilance. night 'igJl. ".tehfulne,';
strong" ETHIOPIC: Te. lii/'a 'spit', also !iif'a; Tna. lii/'e, luff
On Ar. labut 'ark' being either of Geez Or Aramaic bala. also tuff balli; Amh. laffa. >f{'ff balii. Gaf.
lagiih ·watchIng. vigil. ';gJlance, watohful ,'aTC.
origin. see Noeldeke 1910:49. Jetfery 88. A. Fischer watChfUlness. diligence. applIcatIon, cagem.".
tabsl .,.OA (ll) 'banana tree'. liiffa, Har. luI baya, Arg. iJfIlil/ ala, Gur. Iii/a. The
1953: 16; for Ar. labia taken over through the inter~ root is commom with Cushitic: Or. tu/e, Bil. lijfo,
exactItude, promptness';
table, tablay, tabl.yii :t-1I/\, I :t-1I/lJ'. I :t-1IAf mediary of JlIdeo~Aramaic of the Medina Jews, see Sam. fUf, Sid. tu./i. For this root used in blessings in raghar 'being (n) awake. watch. dlhgence.
M. Rodinson. GLEeS 9 (I 960-63).641T. See also zeal' ;
'mantle, mantle of priests. shoulder piece' the various Ethiopian languages, see Leslau 1979:
Hammerschmidt 1967: 127. Ullendortf 1968:82-9. It 422. 592.
(wrongly placed in Dillmann 560 after labol); ETHIOPIC: Te. tifgha 'be diligent, he awakc', rna
is doubtful whether Syr. qel]il!ii 'ark' is connected
it translates. among others, the Heb. 'epor/. [iiglle, Amh. liigga, Gur '.iJgu 'dlhgcnl'
with lequ!ii as suggested by Polotsky 6 (followed by t.tfuh :t-+-m
(D.Sw. in D 573), tlffiih :t-"'m
tlblu' :t-1I1\-6 (ll) 'impure. unclean'.
Ullendortf 1968: 122. n.3). For qe!?u!ii. see Brockel_
mann 1928: 645. (D.K). taJf~ "''''m
(Ll, taJfu~ .,.+-;i. (T.K).
tuffii~ 1:4-m (T) 'apple, (K) potato, (T)
tegal 1;1&1 (r+) 'iron tripod';
to be indentified with legal/ I (sec below). WIth
ErnloPlc: Te. Tna.Amh.Gur. labol.
banana. perfume' (for 'perfume', cpo Heb. lap- alternance of liquids 11/.
t.bliy, tabl.ya :t-1I/lJ'. : :t-1IAf; see rable.
tedii .,.. Il (T.Lt). name of God, cross; pu'&. below);
ladaho (T). name of God; tegan I 1;1"J 'frying pan. bakIng pan, caldron.
tabesii I. tabes .,.1Lt) : .,./I,{) 'wrapper, cover, from Ar. (ujJa~, 'apple'; also in Te. lofa~" Amh. lufa.
(T.Gr.429) earthenware tripod On wh,ch the
band. bandage'.
might represent the first letter of the Greek word lufah; in the other Semitic languages: Heb. tappu<l~ Cooking pot rests';
theos 'god'. Or could it be a mystical representation 'apple, fragrant fruit'. For a bibliography dealing
wilh the origin of the noun, see Buhl 886. See also regana (T) 'set up the hearthsrones around the
tabesa II .,./I,t) (K). tsbisii "'Ilt) (T.M) 'dust. of the name of God? For the names of the letters fire' (denominative);
fine powder'. rafiih. below.
being a mystical representation of the names of
(M. 283 erroneously rendered Tayyii's Amh.
God, cpo zay 'name of a Geez Jetter' and 'name of
tefan 1;t."J, tafen "'t,."J; see la)ial1. g"al/alii (translation of regal/a) by 'creo un
tsbisii "'Ilt) (T.M), tabesa .,./I,t) (KG) 'cane. God', mem 'name of a letter' and 'name of God'.
bamboo'. See also Guidi 1906:921, and ta>os, above. feudo a beneficia ecclesiastica' (denommative
tafaya "'t.f 'trust. rely Upon. (L.T) write, of gull 'fief. land gtven as an endowment"). hut
tedo 1;~ (KG.K) 'submission. service. thanks'; (Gr.201) give one's consent in writing'; origi- in fact Amh. g"al/alii here is a denominative of
tabsil, tabsil .,.1IQA 1 :t-1IQA. (LI) tabsilii
probably transcription of Heb. lada. nally 'trust > give one's consent in Writing > Amh. gul/acca 'tripod');
'''1IQ/I 'cooked dish, cooked vegetables, write' ;
porridge'; ligutJ. (K*) regun 'fried in a pan';
tedab 1;1l1l (K * T.D /396) 'flank';
legnlt (T.M) 'earthenware tripod';
'arabsala (T.Y) 'make cook' (denominative); probably a secondary formation from la~lfaya 'be
ETHIOPIC: perhaps Amh. dabi[ (with metathesis). entrusted, be handed over', for which see wa/aya,
legull (T) 'iron griddle';
from Jud.Aram taNi! (Noeldeke 1910:45); see also
ba.m/a. tadbab .,. J!'1J1I; see dabiib. below (so Dillmann 573). On secondary verbs in a secondary formalion of fegan, below; see also
Arabic formed by agglutinating the derivational legal.
liibot 71l:t- 'ark of Noah. ark of the Cove- tadahi "'Il~ (T) 'sacristy. vestry'; morphemes. see A. Mez in Noeldeke 1906:249-254.
tegan II 1;n (T) 'ray of sun';
nant. altar (by extension). case, coffer. slab on is probably connected with tadiiho. For the parts of tag 7'" (T.M) 'sin. fault'.
which the Ten Commandments are inscribed'. the sanctuary ending in ~hi. ·hi, see Guidi 1906:921. could it be a figuralivc meaning of lef{all 'tripod',
the hearlhstones being regarded as rays?
It is a coffer of gold and gems preserved in the
tadiiho .,.IlIY (T), name of God; tego 1;') (T) = Amh. dagJr 'a pair of wooden
cathedral of Aksum. containing a slab on
see tedii. tagara r (yargar) '''11. (K*) ·trade. engage in
fittings attached to the shaft of the plough'. commerce';
which are inscribed the Ten Commandments.
supposed to be the Ark of the Covenant tadlii .,. J!'/I; see dalawa II. lagari. lagre (K*) 'merchant";
tagbi! ''''''Il'l'; see gabata.
carried from lerusalem to Ethiopia by Mene- from Ar. tagara 'trade'; also in Te. (ta)liiggara
Iik. In any other church it is a small oblong t.ti ·hl. (Lt) 'kind of flower'. 'become rich', Amh. toggarli 'become a merchant,
tagha (ya/giih) "'",0. (T) tag~a ."",,,, 'be
consecrated board of wood placed upon the get rich'. For the identificalion of 'rncrchanl;bc~
watchfu l. be vigilant. keep watch. be On the
slab of the altar (see Brightman 570. 589; taf'a .,. ... h. (KG) taf'a .,. ...0 'spit, spit out'; come rich', cpo S~. tegar 'become rich', from lir 'be
>atjiJ>a (K .), causative; watch. keep vigi l, be wakeful. exert oneself. a merchant', Ar. (Oat) tiigir 'merchant, rich'. For
David Buxton. The Abyssinians [1970].
taju', pass. participle; app ly oneself. be diligent, be eager. be atten- this root in Arabic, see Blachere J 003.4. For Ar.
pp. 160-162, plates 100-103; Hammerschmidt tive';
1962'215-17; Heyer 39ff; laffo' 'spittle'; liig-ir 'merchant, wine merchant', coming from
tiJj)at 'spittle, saliva'; 'algaha. causative; also 'wake up' (tr); Aram.~Syr. laggiirii. see Fraenkcl 181. Zirnmcrn 16
lagtihi. act. part. of tagha; considers Aram. lagglira to be of Akkadian origin,
but see Salonen II.
..... 572 tlhla
•
573
II (y8tpr) .,.,,, (KO) 'pitch a tent, pull wanderer, ramble, be incoherent, (Y) become mat"al. mal/Jat 'low, lower part, abyss, inferior in Syr. I~I. Akk. IGkIIu. Howe_. Syr (.....
out (the pegs of the tent), pull tight, stretch weak'; part, bottom, the infernal regions'; Aram.Md), Akk. III could 1\0 book to wlt/. as III Ar
tight'; ta/Jli!i (K), act. participle; (za-mal"" 'infernal'); 8th form illakala 'reply. depend' formllla 0 IICOI\d.
(IIItItgm'), pI. IIItItiig.r, matiig~rl (O.K 0) 'pole, mal/Jal (K 0), pI. mal/Jaliin (K), malii".1 (0), act. (ma,,,,,a 'under, below, beneath'; with suffix ary root ,tl with o88lutination of I of lltakalo
celltral pillar of the house, an earthen tripod part. of lala/Jala; pronouns the base is mal/Jale-); (Brockelmann 1928:823). See aslo Kaufman 106.
on which the cooking utensils are placed'; mal/Jaliiwi, (K.M) mal/Jalawi (probably misprint E~oPlc : Te. takla 'plant. pitch (a lent)', Tna
SEMITIC: Heb. loMl1i 'error, folly' (Oillmann 552)' 1~/jJjj, Amh.Gur. liiJcJciillJ, Arg. 1likkii1a. Hor. li-
IItIItQglJrt 'ornaments' (renden Heb. paqiNm coimected with Ar. wahiJa 'err' (so also Buhl 871 ,• for ~I/Jaliiw') 'lower, inferior';
'JOurd-shaped ornaments'), (T) 'shape, form'; Koehler 1019). "ala 'build'; passed into Cushitic: Btl ,aka/ 'plant ,
SsM/TlC: At. lalJl 'the lower part" lalJla 'under', Kham. likel.
EnunPIC: perhaps metathesis of Tna.Amh. gallam ETHlOPlc: Amh. liillala 'be lost in thought' < thl > SAr. I~I, Heb. lalJal, Aram. I.~jjl, Syr. /a~lll, Md.
'pull tight, stretch tight', Te. galliira 'bend Ihe bow'. II, with reduplicated last radical. IiI, atulia, Ug. I~t. bibla II .,.b/\ 'make amends, pay compensa-
EnuOPIC: Tno. la~ala'be low', Te. tlilJal 'the lower tion, replace';
IIFi, IeJIrl -t1.& I -t'7&, (KG) tegeri -t1.~, ~ammn .,.,h'/"; see I,tmm I, II. psrt', Amh. (,a)lala 'be humble', I.hlll 'humble, lalcla 'in place of, in recompense for';
name of Satan, delllon; lowly' (from Geez), 'aU 'down there, beloW', Gaf.
tilpni :l'ih",; see I,tamawa. laUi, Har. lalJay, Gur. lal. perhaps a development of meaning of lQA:aJa I 'set
EIHIOPIC: Tna. IIIfP",tiya 'malicious spirit'. Amh. up, establish, fix'.
t~l. ugril ~malicious spirit. mild insanity (due to
a spirit)', tagrUlo, tagrid 'epilepsy (manifesled by
~ap "'' 'T (T) 'clean. pure'. ~ M"f"', fourth Ethiopian month (10
tak"li (pI. lakwliit, talc"iilut) "",1\ 'wolf
.,naeone possessed by a spirit)". On tagratiya, see
MCiCIer 27411'.
t.~aiet .,."'..,,+; see I,taiaya. Dec.-S Jan.);
ETHIOPlC: Te. liilJsas, Tn.. lalJsas, Amh. laJuo.s,
jackal';
ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh. 11Ik"la 'jackal', Te. IMIa; per_
,
..... "'..Il+, IIIIClrabtlya. inferior, rejected. ignoble. contemptible'; tion' ; turb .,.h,,'II; see kartlZa I.
(ta~"'a, adv. of la~III); (~a4f1s lakl, takl ~addis '. new convert. nov- .,.boA 'ignite, set on lire, bum';
tIN 1'ofo'" (D.K-) ..........., 'dry glU., (1"'"la g~f 'downcast'); icc');
-* ... (Alllh. . . .), weed, land'; h/lJlite (0..196), lalJiite (Lt) 'humility'; ('flfada '11lblt 'orchard, grove'); probably from Amharie IIIkk"iisil; In the other
Ethiopian languaps: Te. '1Ik"l 'cIIuter1a',
IIaaofIl: TaII......, tsk ill}' graas land';
*,"1,
lii/Jli 'lower, infetior'; txwliwi 'innate. inborn, natural';
Tne.Amb. tlllclc"iisil 'burn, brand cattle', Our
..... ClIIIIiIie . . , . , ~tit (fenl) 'lower part, hell'; Ilkiat 'planting. fastening, pitching a tent'; lilk/isa 'light a fire'. The root PSlled Into CusJritic
~tiiwi, tii~tiiy 'lower, inferior'; rnatkal, matul, (T) malult (pI. mallbl) 'peg, Sa. Qua. t<iHr. See aIIo 1alIr"_
.... ~ t-¥ (It-). . . . . , ,IIA (T.Y); tll}l8ya 'below, underneath, under'; stake, nail, hook, pin, post';
.............
...... 'waadIr P.l ,..." 18h(a)tilnnQ 'modesty, humility, humbleness,
submiulvenell, abalement';
"'Mme. Noeldeke, ZDMG 40 (1886). 726 askl
wllether the original meaning of the root tk/ll that
taktIII (pI, takfijIN, , ........w) +b.4
blade';
....., ha pIItIIII to pllne, be l'IIItIta. be a 'Q1~"i, malltali, part of .at~atll; of OICI 'plant, fix' > 'have confidence, rely on' '1 BTHlOPlC: Amb.Ar,. Our tMaiIL
fkf
574
talama talomi
tkf I, takat. (\,.,k,t) 1'h·,. 'menstruate, (T) be 575
takkazi (takkaze) 1'hll. (1'h/l,) 'river';
1,,«1, become weary, (T) loaf, be idle';
~atka/a(".), causative; ETHIOPIC Tna.Amh. fiikkiize 'river'; from the name
SEMITIC:Ar. talam 'furrow' (for which see FraenkeJ
order "f ~
-
Mk to 'menses, condition of having menses'; of the river Takkaze which fonns part of the border , 131). Heb. Iflrm • Aram ta/ma. 13iO./nii, Ug. tim ing. order, order of succession,
\ ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh. lii/liinui ' make furrows'. Te. quence, rank. series. rC'it. remainder' (St'C Jlw
(dnIHa ft1/(/a 'menses'); between Eritrea and Tigre. However. it could also mat/a);
tiilliima; Te.Amh. l<Jlm 'furrow'; passed into Cushit-
T,Jk(l!f 'woman who menstruates'; have meant originally 'river', coming to designate ic: Bil. Iii/lim.
the river Takkaze. (wa:amaIl.w 'after, behind, and the 1'011,," _
FlHlOPIC" Amh. lakkiilii 'be lired',
ing'),
talami 1'1I-"'l, (T.M) 'magnificent, superb'.
. , 1'hll.C (T) 'remembrance, memorial
takazir (mall.1H'Q 'thereafter. then, In "u('ces~ion. SU~(e,~
tkt II, takata 1'h1' (K *) 'be ancient, be service;
old' ; telim 1:119" (0 1403), talem, telem 1'/1.9" , sively, forthwith, further, consecutively': preps"
metathesis of fazkiir (see zakara). -/:/1.9" (0 1403, K .OT) 'wizard, idol in form of SIllon 'after'; e.g. matliJwQ ':Jntu 'after thi,');
'Qrkala, 'alakkafa 'wish to gain time'; a snake'; (wa-matliJlllo zanlu 'and so on'):
[akar 'antiquity, ancient times, yesteryear'; talli' "'lIb, (T) tall.> 1'1I~ 'breast'; matlo, same as mariaH",
(rakiila 'before, once, in the old time); the Septuagint has thelelen in 4 Kings 21 ; 6, and the
SEMITIC: Akk. ,ulu 'breast'; connected with Ar. taJ< form felam is probably an approximate transcrip_ maSlatdlaw (K·). part. of '(ulolii/au-a,
(:a-I.kiil 'of old, ancient, old, primeval, 'hill, elevation' (Dillmann 552, Holma 46). Buhl tion of the Greek noun. lmlililWO, in ha-tatalJwo 'one after another':
former');
879 and Koehler 1029 identify II, with 11/ 'mound': >aslotiilawo. in hO'(JstatiiliJlt·o ' thereupon, once
("r-al :a-I.kiil 'the Old Testament'); Ar. lall, Heb. tel, Aram. lillii, Syr. leila. See also I talmid 1'A"'l,Y: 'disciple'; more' ~
('.m-I.kiil 'formerly, long ago, from of old, 131ii' .
once'); . - of AramaIC
from Ar. lllmld, ' origin
. . (Fraenkcl 254)' SEMITIC
(0 Ar lalii ( I
do ,ameth,·ng' 'fOllow',
tl", )t 'd SAT. be tin' 'cOntinul'
('iJm-lilkal-assa 'in olden times'); t.li' tllb (M) 'muscle of the thigh'; . Tna. ta/medan
also In .. , apprentIce.
" .'
According to .
with Semitic II, 'h., I S' (H b -, ~ \(0.
COOSh.lcre C(lnncctcd
I " A'k
'the old (former, past) days'; lalii') as coming from ¢iiqqWiinii 'be cruel, be tol.srotin -I'AflC'''I'J (0 1403), place-name Koehler 1029 and von Soden 1369.
•
I.kiiliill'i (Gr.200) 'old, of olden times'; intrepid', but in fact it means 'cut of meat meaning 'pavement', but the printed text of the ETHIOPIC; Te. lala ( till' ) 'follow', Tn:}. liiftll1'J, Amh.
from the ventral region' and is perhaps to be Paralipomena published by S, Grobaut has tiilo. fOlo 'fast'; Te, also tiiliiw hdCJ 'become fflcnd~' ,
ETHIOPIC Amh. Ii/kat 'ancient times' (from Geez), connected with tallii-, above.
golasroliin 1Aflenn. See liloslroj', For G. 1310(, Iillwaf 'wedding gift'. cpo Amh . ,.~/OI,
takiy.., tak.yis:>w ·,.IJ,e.fl , 1'hfflw-; see la- tJ/Wiil 'dowry', Te. mallo (from tiila 'give il dowry'),
kesii. t.labe, talabe, t.libe, talbe t/l/l, , "'/1/1, , Gur. f<Jlot 'servant gIven by parents to their newly
tol.ston
, -I'Afltn'J (T) 'pavement';
tll/l, j 1'A/I, '/lax, linseed'; I
married daughter', that is, 'the on~ that follows the
takkaza 1'hll 'be sad, be grieved, be seems to be a corrupt form of lilOS!ros, above. bride'. For a similar development, cpo AT. tiihi'
ETHIOPIC: Tna.Amh.Arg.Gur. lalba 'flax'; also Te.
sorrowful, be distressed, be anxious, be 'servant', from tahjta 'follow',
(ii/bagJr 'linen', Amh. yiitiilba agar 'flax plant', lit. t.lot t/lo .}-; see lalawa, lalwal.
troubled in mind, be concerned. show care'; 'the foot of the flax'; perhaps from Cushitic: tamma +00 ~ see Imm,
'alakkaza, causative; also 'grieve'; Qab.Or. lalba, Aw. lilbi, Qem. farM, Qua. terbii.
talawa (yatlu) 1'l\tD 'follow, come behind,
lalakka;a 'be saddened, be distressed'; Conti Rossini 1912: 260 thinks that flax was intro- tome -I'''i (T) 'perfume';
succeed, accompany, cling to, adhere, stay close
lakkii:l, act. part. of lakka:a; duced into Ethiopia from South Arabia. to' ;
distorted form of Gk. th.iimiiima 'Incense, fragrant
I.kku: 'distressed, grieved, sad, sorrowful, stuff' (W. Muller); also In Syr. fii",ii, fllfllUS.
rul.dd 1:AY:; see walada. IQtlawa, causative; also 'continue, proceed,
concerned' (in rakku;a ga!~, I.kku;a I.bb); I add' ,.
with suffix pronouns: lakkuzaya 'I being sad', tolog.nni, telog.nna -1'11-"1<; i 1:11-"1<; 'theolo- rummi 1:"'1 (K.T.M) 'garlic';
and so on; laliilawa 'follow each other, go in pairs';
gy' ; 'aslalalawa, causative of tattilawa; from Ar. tum, tum (for which sec Fraenkel 58), also
liJkkti: 'sorrow, grief. sadness, affliction, lologiiwi, lewologiiwi 'theologian'; laliiwi 'that follows, follower, disciple, pupil, Te. tom, Har. tumma, Gur. lumll; Cushiuc~ K'lm,
compassion, trouble, care, concern~ solicitude, see lewologos. (uma, Som. lon-ri. See also the doublet SI4N1.
sectarian, who replaces, Successor, adherent';
duty, need, business, matter, task';
laliw (Lt) 'adherence'; t.m>akt, t.m,.kt '}-9"~h'}-
lakka:e 'affliction, grief'; t.lhit tA Y. t, (T) t.l~it tAn.. t; see lahaya. lalaw (K) 'follower';
I ·l'9"bh·}-; see
matakka:. 'who causes sadness'; mo'aka.
t.la~aq '1'/1",:,. (0 1396, T.M) 'tree-covered lalwa (Lt) 'continually, without intermission';
SEMITIC the conneclion with Ar. kazza 'become mountain'. lalwal, lalol 'a following after, succession, se- tamm.'a 1'9"0, (T) tamm.>. '1'9"1\; see fII".
dry, shrivel' with agglutinated t, suggested by quence, dowry, wedding outfit';
I
Brockelmann 1908: 533, Anrn.3, is unlikely. mallawi (Lt) 'successor'; timbuk ;/'9"lI-h (KG) 'kind of tree'.
talama (yarlam) "'/IOD (K*.T.M) 'make furrows
ETHJOPIC Tna.Amh. riikkiizii 'be sad, be grieved';
in the ground'; mallaw, mal law (pI. maliil.w) 'who follows,
passed Into CUShllic; Sa. taka:. t.mil.m t"'lA9" 'yesterday, (Lt) eve';
lalm (pI. 1.lam, 'alliim, >allaml) 'furrow'; following, Successor, who adheres to';
mall.w 'succession, that which follows, follow- SEMITIC: Heb. lamiil, 'fin/oj, Aram. "lmiil, Syr. IJ-
miil, 'elmiili, Md. -ilmal, Akk. limalilu. Note the
tmm
576
tanbal. t"nbit
•
577
noun wllh or without the prothetic ~. On the suffix
~m In (he various nouns in Semitic and for a
tamergab "'''IC;>lI (T. OT), tamargab .,.00 (;mbaJ, timbale, t;}nba/;mna 'mediation, interces_
blbhography on the subject. see H. Torczyner, Die C111 (Gr. 196) ' box, chest, kind o f wood, Wa rd_
robe, (T) precio us sto ne '; sion, patronage'; tiiniik ;Jo<;h (K), tenik 'L-<;h (DK n '.nak
Em.f1ehung des semitischen Sprachtypus (19 16),
pp. I If lanba/{i11lWi. lanbaliitiiwi, tanbiiliiliiy, (Lt) lan- tanaka "'~ h , "'~Il (T), li niq ;I-<;.... ' :a plan;
from Gk. rhema 'co tfer' a nd ergab (I Kings 6: 15 == bii/iiwi' Mu slim';
ETHIOPIC Te. lamale, mali 'yesterday', Tna. lilmali, I Sam. 6: 15) which is a wrong transcription of Heb. Whose root is used for the fennentatll.)n of
Amh. 1~/ant, (;mant < la/amI (metathesis of lamal.t). >argaz 'saddlebag'. matanba/ 'intercessor, mediator, ambassador" beer'; it IS rendered to Amharic bv sfiJJo
,
Arg. lilmay (from tamali), Gar. {3Iam, G ur. til/ama, SEMITIC: SAr. nbl 'dispatch', tnbll, Ibll 'diplomatic !iiddo (for which see Strelcyn IQ73 .10 ' 185):
(iJrama. For Gur. [acanii, Har . l ii{ana, see Les la u tamus ;h1f>ofl, Hebrew month ; and also by wiirka 'sycamore'.
mission'. Dillmann 562 analyzes G. tanbala as bemg
1979:591. Acco rding to Rundgren 1955:255, the-m from Heb. tammuz, the Hebrew fo urth month. See composed of the prefix tan- and bl from bhl'say' (so
of G. lama/am wo uld have arisen by analogy to ges- also tamuz. also Albright, RA 16[1 919].1 86 who explains tanba- tankar. tankara "''}hc I "''}h.:. 'toPaL.;
am. See also Rundgren 1955:222,235.
it occu~s in .a text by Cosmas Indicopleustes in
fa as coming from tabbala < tabhala). Brockelmann
tomas. tomasos 1''''Ifl 1 1''''Iflfl, a name of the
tmm, tamma
d er)' ;
.,.00 (K') ' roar, resound (thun - sun ;