NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, KANGRA

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Ms.

Shipra Sharma, our AQM professor who gave me the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic of Quality management which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot to finalize this project in this limited time frame. Whole-hearted
thanks to everyone.
Thank you.

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 INDEX

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. QUALITY RELATED DEFINITIONS 4-8

2. LABELS 9

3. DEFINITIONS 9-10

4 QUALIFICATIONS OF GOOD CARE 10

LABELS

5 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN LABELLING: 11

6 CLASSIFICATION OF LABELS 11-12

7 PLACEMENT OF LABELS WITH 13

REQUIRED INFORMATION

8 ATTACHING LABELS 15

9 CARE LABELS 15-16

10 REFERENCES 17

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 QUALITY CONTROL-
Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a
manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality
criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer.

In order to implement an effective QC program, an enterprise must first decide which

specific standards the product or service must meet. Then the extent of QC actions
must be determined (for example, the percentage of units to be tested from each lot).
Next, real-world data must be collected (for example, the percentage of units that
fail) and the results reported to management personnel. After this, corrective action
must be decided upon and taken (for example, defective units must be repaired or
rejected and poor service repeated at no charge until the customer is satisfied). If too
many unit failures or instances of poor service occur, a plan must be devised to
improve the production or service process and then that plan must be put into action.

QUALITY ASSURANCE-

Quality assurance (QA) is any systematic process of determining whether a product

or service meets specified requirements.QA establishes and maintains set
requirements for developing or manufacturing reliable products. A quality assurance
system is meant to increase customer confidence and a company's credibility, while
also improving work processes and efficiency, and it enables a company to better
compete with others.

The ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a driving force behind QA

practices and mapping the processes used to implement QA. QA is often paired with
the ISO 9000 international standard. Many companies use ISO 9000 to ensure that
their quality assurance system is in place and effective.The concept of QA as a
formalized practice started in the manufacturing industry, and it has since spread to
most industries, including software development.

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 QUALITY MANAGEMENT-

Quality management is a discipline for ensuring that outputs, benefits, and the
processes by which they are delivered, meet stakeholder requirements and are fit for
purpose. Quality management field includes management methods and analytical
techniques, whose subject is quality management. Concepts of quality in
organizations are based, in principle, either on norms and standards (international,
national or corporate) or on the concept of TQM (Total Quality Management).

QUALITY PROCESS-
A Quality Management Process is a set of procedures that are followed to ensure
that the deliverables produced by a team are "fit for purpose". The start of the Quality
Management Process involves setting quality targets, which are agreed with the
customer. A "Quality Assurance Process" and "Quality Control Process" are then
undertaken, to measure and report the actual quality of Management Process will
help you to improve the quality of your team deliverables.It also helps you to
implement a Quality Assurance Process, to boost confidence in the quality of your
outputs.

QUALITY MANUAL-
A quality manual is a document that
states the company’s intentions for
operating the processes within the quality
management system. It can include
policies for all areas of the business that
affect your ability to make high quality
products and meet your customers’ and
ISO’s requirements. These policies define
how your department managers will
implement procedures within the
boundaries specified in the quality
manual.

QUALITY PLANNING-
is the task of determining what factors are important to a project and figuring out
how to meet those factors. Such factors often include the resources that will be used,
the steps needed to complete the project and any other specifications. So,This
basically includes the planning about the resources needed for the project, the steps
needed to complete the project, determine the cost of those resources, plan a
timeline for completing the project.

QUALITY PRINCIPLES-
The 8 Principles of Quality Management are the foundations that the ISO 9001
certification is built on, developed by ISO/TC 176, an international organisation
responsible for maintaining ISO’s quality management standards. For organisations
looking to improve their performance, these principles will guide your quality
management programme in the right direction.

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PRINCIPLE 1: CUSTOMER FOCUS

As you’d expect, customer focus is the first principle, right where it should be. It
covers both customer needs and customer service. This principle stresses that a
business should understand its customers, what they need and when. While trying to
meet, but preferably, exceed customers’ expectations. As the business’s ability to
spot new customer opportunities and satisfy them improves — customer loyalty
increases, revenue rises and waste is then reduced. More effective processes result

in improved customer satisfaction overall.

PRINCIPLE 2: LEADERSHIP

Without clear and strong leadership, a business flounders. Principle 2, is concerned

with the direction of the organisation. The business should have clear goals and
objectives, and ensure its employees are actively involved in achieving those targets.

The benefits are higher levels of employee engagement and increased motivation to
satisfy customer needs. Research shows, if employees are kept ‘in the loop’ and
understand the business vision, they’ll be more productive. This principle seeks to
rectify employees complaints about ‘lack of communication’.

PRINCIPLE 3: PEOPLE INVOLVEMENT

An organisation is nothing without its staff whether they work part-time, full-time, in-
house or on a freelance basis. Empowered and engaged employees that excel in
their work are ultimately the key to business success. When people feel valued,
they’ll work to their maximum potential and contribute ideas — motivation and
innovation increase. Principle 3 emphasises the importance of encouraging
employees to take ownership.
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PRINCIPLE 4: PROCESS APPROACH

The process approach is all about efficiency and effectiveness. Well-managed

processes reduce costs, improve consistency, eliminate waste and promote
continuous improvement.By becoming a more efficient organisation, you will build
confidence in your stakeholders by optimising performance. Manage processes by
making responsibilities clear and ensuring your resources are used in the best way.

PRINCIPLE 5: SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT

ISO defines this principle as:

“IDENTIFYING, UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING INTERRELATED

PROCESSES AS A SYSTEM CONTRIBUTES TO THE ORGANISATION’S
EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY IN ACHIEVING ITS OBJECTIVES.”

A business focuses its efforts on the key processes as well as aligning

complementary processes to get better efficiency. This means that multiple
processes are managed together as a system which should lead to greater
efficiency.

PRINCIPLE 6: CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT

This principle is very straightforward: continual improvement should be and business

objective. The benefits of this are clear: increased ability to embrace new opportunities,
organisational flexibility and improved performance. Especially in difficult economic times,
the businesses that thrive are those that can adapt to new market situations.

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PRINCIPLE 7: FACTUAL APPROACH TO DECISION MAKING

A logical approach, based on data and analysis, is good business sense.

Unfortunately, in a fast-paced workplace, decisions can often be made rashly,
without proper thought. Implementing the Quality Management Principles we’ve
discussed will allow decisions to be made with clarity. Informed decisions lead to
improved understanding of the marketplace as data is collated and analysed, and
the ability to defend past decisions.

PRINCIPLE 8: MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL SUPPLIER RELATIONS

This principle deals with supply chains. It promotes the relationship between the
company and its suppliers; recognising it is interdependent. A strong relationship
enhances productivity and encourages seamless working practices.The result is
optimisation of costs and resources, improving and building long-term relationships
and the ‘flexibility of joint responses to changing market or customer needs and
expectations’.

QUALITY SYSTEM-

A quality system thus represents a specific implementation of quality

philosophies/concepts, standards, methodologies and tools, for the purpose of
achieving quality-related goals. Upon implementation, a quality system will be unique
to an organization.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE-

An SOP is a procedure specific to your operation that describes the activities

necessary to complete tasks in accordance with industry regulations, provincial laws
or even just your own standards for running your business. Any document that is a
“how to” falls into the category of procedures. In a manufacturing environment, the
most obvious example of an SOP is the step by step production line procedures
used to make products as well train staff. An SOP, in fact, defines expected
practices in all businesses where quality standards exist. SOPs play an important
role in your small business. SOPs are policies, procedures and standards you need
in the operations, marketing and administration disciplines within your business to
ensure success.

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 LABELS
Label is an important part of a garment. A label is more than just a piece of fabric,
which directly communicates with the customer. It’s something like that drawing the
full attention of the customer. Also describes what the product quality actually is in.
on the basis of label, customer decides whether he/ she buys the garments or not.
So, a label has a great importance on selling the garment.
A garment label is a communicator between the buyer and product. A garment label
contains various types of information of that garments, such as buyer name, country
of origin, types of fabric, types of yarn, fabric composition, garments size, special
instruction about care etc. Without any types of label a garment cannot be sold in the
foreign market.

DEFINITION
BRAND LABEL:
It contains the Brand name or Brand logo of buyer such as H&M, American Eagle,
Nautica etc. Brand name is the important factor for any product. Because the
customers are targeted the Brand during buying any product. A Brand name is the
mental satisfaction about the product from the customer’s point of view. A main label
is totally certified the right quality of the brand.

CARE LABEL:
Care label is another important types of label for the
garments. It assists the customers to know how the
product should be cared. It indicates different types of
care instruction about the garments such as Washing,
Bleaching, Drying, Laundering and Ironing, if it can be
maintained in directed way, then the garments will
achieve higher durability and garments shade will be
perfect for its highest period of time.

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Consumer Protection Notice No. 25 of 2010 sets out the mandatory requirements for
the labeling of a variety of prescribed products.
This mandatory standard is based on certain sections of the voluntary
Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1957:1998 Textiles - Care labeling.
AS/NZS 1957:1998 is available from SAI Global
The inclusion of washing instructions is not mandatory in the UK; however, it is
strongly encouraged. We would always recommend the use of GINETEX symbols –
the system used throughout Europe.
 Wash Temperature/type
 Bleaching options
 Drying options
 Ironing Temperatures
 Dry Cleaning options

QUALIFICATIONS OF GOOD CARE LABELS

At present various care labeling systems are followed worldwide. Whatever the
system may be, it should follow basic principles as below.
 The care labels should not be visible from outside and should not be
inconvenient to the wearer
 The symbols and letters on the labels shall be legible throughout the useful
life of the garment
 All the symbols used in the care labeling system should be placed directly on
the article or on a label which shall be affixed in a permanent manner to the
article.
 Care labels should be made of a suitable material with resistance to the care
treatment indicated in the label at least equal to that of the article on which
they are placed.
 The care instruction symbols are applied to the whole of the garment including
trimmings, zippers, linings buttons, embroidery or decorative embellishment.
SIZE LABEL:
Size label indicates the size of the garments. Size labels are
indicated as S, M, L, XL, where S for small, M for medium, L
for large and XL for extra-large. Harmonization of the size
system is covered by a European voluntary standard EN13402
on size designation of clothes. Nevertheless, a range of
different size labeling systems exists.

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CONTENT LABEL (COMPOSITION LABEL):
Composition label indicates the fabrication and
composition percentage of any garments. That
means, it indicates which fabrication (Cotton Sub
denim, Cotton Regular denim etc.) and
composition percentage (95% Cotton 5%
Spandex, 100% Cotton etc.) have followed during
its manufacturing.

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN LABELLING:

Country of origin labeling has already been the subject of significant debate since it
was covered in a Commission Regulation proposal from 2005 which has been
blocked in the Council. The benefits for consumers are limited to “better information”
as country of origin marking has no impact on the health or safety of consumers.
Also, defining the country of origin can be difficult and may provide little useful
information to the consumer. For industry, benefits are (marginally) increased
competitiveness for EU producers in the Single Market. However, industry and
member states attitudes towards country of origin labeling are split according to the
competitive position of companies and location of their production chain. On the cost
side, the price of imported garments may increase as a result of increased costs of
labeling, monitoring of the production chain, and administrative and control burdens
related to documentation and customs handling, which may negatively affect the
competitiveness of importers (wholesalers and retailers) vis-a-vis European
manufacturers.

CLASSIFICATION OF LABELS:
On the basis of form or construction
• Woven labels
• Printed labels
• Embroidered labels
• Engraved labels
• Embossed labels
On the basis of method of attaching
• Hang tags
• Tagless heat transfers
• Iron-On labels
• Pressure sensitive labels
• Sew-on labels
On the basis of base material
• Leather labels
• Fabric labels

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 • Paper labels
• Wooden labels
• Rubber & silicone PVC labels
• Metal labels
WOVEN LABELS
Woven labels have three attaching options:
• Sew-on -- SA - Seam Allowance needed for attaching.
• Iron-on -- These have a heat seal backing.
• Self-Adhesive -- These are like stickers, they do not stay on during washings.
PRINTED LABELS
Printed labels may be in various forms:
i) Stamped directly on the merchandise: This method of labeling is used generally on
yardage.
ii) Printed tags
Printed Rubber Tape Label
iii) Printed package
Printed polyethene package, Printed cardboard container, Printed fabric labels.
EMBOSSED LABELS
For the designer looking for something a bit
distinctive, embossed labels are different option that
allows your artwork to be embossed into a woven
label. We convert your artwork into a three-
dimensional tool, which is used to emboss the shape
permanently into the woven label through high
pressure and heat.
EMBROIDERED LABELS
Beautiful handmade and machine made embroidered clothing labels are for a truly
unique clothing trim. These labels can be produced on subtle fabrics like brushed
cottons, chiffon silks, linens, velvets or just on any fabric. Embroidery labels give
outstanding aesthetic effect to the product. Embroidery threads are generally
viscose, polyester, metal and wool like. Common examples are seen on T-shirts and
caps.
LASER ENGRAVED LABELS
Laser engraving is done on unconventional materials like mother-of-pearl, coconut
shell, natural horn and other natural materials. These are also beautiful clothing trim.
Holes for button down sewing are possible as well as chain or jute string attachment.
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS

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These peel and stick labels have pressure sensitive backing, which quickly adheres
to the surface. These are recommended for items that will not be repeatedly
laundered. Great for product identification such as: shoes and sandals. Woven peel
& stick labels are available on roll form for fast labeling requirements. These may
adhere to almost any surface; excellent for rugs or other hard to stick surfaces. All
colors and sizes are available. Re-labeling in place of existing labels is also fast and
easy.
TAGLESS HEAT TRANSFERS
These are applied using a household iron set on high or cotton setting. Great for T-
shirts, bedding sheets, commercial uniforms, etc. Logo imprinted on paper is ironed
down on fabric, over for a few seconds till the transfer liquefies, allowed to cool and
the paper is peeled back. Ground color is kept clear. Tag-less transfer of text only is
a great way of putting care content or logos on the inside or exterior of garment.
These labels allow clothiers to adhere their labels directly onto the fabric with a
household iron. These labels have excellent durability.

PLACEMENT OF LABELS WITH REQUIRED INFORMATION:

The following disclosures are required to appear on garment labeling when imported
into the U.S.A.
• The generic name and percentages by weight of all fibers, exclusive of trim, of 5%
or more. They must appear in order of predominance by weight, with ”other fibers”
appearing last.
• Identification of foreign manufacturer, importer name of RN* number, wholesaler
name or RN number, name of ultimate retailer or RN number (permission req.).
• Country of origin where the garment was produced /manufactured.
• Care instructions
*RN-Registered Identification Number: This
number may only be obtained by a resident
U.S. incorporated company. The purpose of
this number is to use less space on the
label.
IMPORTANT: The country of origin must
always appear on the front of the label. If
labels are sewn one on top of another (not
recommended) then they should never
cover the country of origin. The labels must
be durable (no paper labels) and remain
permanently affixed until sold to the ultimate
consumer.

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UPPER BODY GARMENTS
Garments with a neck must have the origin label
affixed to the inside center of the neck midway
between the shoulder seams. If you have labels
that are sewn on one side only and you can flip
them over to see the back, the fiber content and
manufacturer I.D. and care may be placed
there.

LOWER BODY GARMENTS

U.S. Customs preferred location for trousers, slacks, jeans and similar wearing
apparel is in the waistband.
Another Customs ruling allowed the top inside of the inner fly panel as being
sufficiently conspicuous.

TYPES OF FOLDS IN LABELS:

These fold types are commonly seen in both woven and printed labels:

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 ATTACHING LABELS:

CARE LABELS:
THERE ARE FIVE BASIC TYPES:

1) WASH:

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2) BLEACH:

3) DRY:

4) IRON:

5) DRY CLEAN:

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 REFERENCES
 https://wovenlabelhk.com/brand-clothing-labels-definitive-guide/
 https://www.coats.com/Guidance/Getting-to-Know-Care-Labels
 https://www.itsminelabels.com/blog/types-clothing-tags-attach/
 http://www.textileaffairs.com/lguide.htm
 https://www.textileschool.com/256/care-labels/
 https://www.simul8.com/support/help/doku.php?id=features:labels:attach
 https://www.omo.com/au/laundry/laundry-tips/fabrics/wash-care-
symbols.html
 https://www.ftc.gov/node/119456
 https://www.gblabels.co.uk/guide-to-care-labels/
 http://www.indiantextilejournal.com/articles/FAdetails.asp?id=3619
 http://www.garmentsmerchandising.com/different-types-of-label-used-in-
garments/

BOOKS
 Managing Quality in the Apparel Industry BY Pradip V. Mehta
 Care labelling of clothing BY Nayak, R and Padhye, R
 Quality Management by Donna C.S. Summers

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