CIRCLES EXERCISE 1(f) I.1. Find the equation of the sphere whose centre is (2, 3, 4) and radius is 5. Sol.

. Centre C= (2, 3, 4), radius r =5.

2 2 2

Equation of the sphere is ( x a ) + ( y b ) + ( z c ) = r 2 (x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z 4)2 = 25 x2 4x + 4 + y2 + 6y + 9 + z2 8z + 1625 = 0 x2 + y2 + z2 4x + 6y 8z + 4 = 0. 2. Find the centre and radius of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 2x + 4y 6z 2 = 0. x2 + y2 + z2 2x + 4y 6z 2 = 0 Comparing with x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 then Sol. Equation of the sphere is

2u = 2, 2v = 4, 2w = 6, d = 2 u = 1, v = 2, w = 3 centre is (u, v, w) = (1, 2, 3) r = 1+ 4 + 9 + 2 = 4 Radius = 4 units.

1. Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the point (4, 3, 1) and having its centre at (3, 8, 1).

Sol. Centre is (3, 8, 1). Point on the sphere is (4, 3, 1)

(4, 3, 1) C(3,8, 1)

r = CP = (3 4)2 + (8 3)2 + (1 + 1)2

= 1 + 25 + 4 = 30

Equation of the sphere is (x 3)2 + (y 8)2 + (z 1)2 = 30

x2 6x+9+y2 16y + 64 + z2 2z + 1 30 = 0
x2 + y2 + z2 6x 16y 2z + 44 = 0.

4.

Find the equation of the sphere having (2, 3, 4) and (5, 6, 7) as the extremities of one of its diameter.

Sol. ends of the diameter are (2, 3, 4) and (5, 6, 7) Equation of the sphere having A(x1, y1, y2), B(x2, y2, z2) as the extremities of diameters is (x x1 )(x x 2 ) + (y y1 )(y y 2 ) + (z z1 )(z z 2 ) = 0 (x 2)(x + 5) + (y 3)(y 6) + (z 4)(z + 7) = 0
x2 + 3x 10 + y2 9y + 18 + z2 + 3z 28 = 0

 x2 + y2 + z2 + 3x 9y + 3z 20 = 0. 5. If (2, 3, 5) is one end of a diameter of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 6x 12y 2z + 20 = 0, then find the coordinates of the other end of the diameter.

Sol. Equation of the sphere is x2 + y2 + z2 6x 12y 2z + 20 = 0

A(2, 3, 5)

C(3, 6, 1)

B(x, y, z)

Centre is C(3, 6, 1) One end of the diameter is A(2, 3, 5) Let (x, y, z) be the other end of the diameter Centre C = mid point of AB
2+ x 3+ y 5+ z 2 , 2 , 2 = (3, 6,1) 2+x =3 2+ x = 6 x = 4 2

3+ y = 6 3 + y = 12 y = 9 2

5+ z = 1 5 + z = 2 z = 3 2

Other end of the diameter is B(4, 9, 3). II.

1. If the plane 2ax 3ay + 4az + 6 = 0 passes through the mid-point of the line segment joining the centres of the spheres x2 + y2 + z2 + 6x 8y 2z = 13 and x2 + y2 + z2 10x + 4y 2z = 8 then find the value of a.

Sol. Equations of the spheres are x2 + y2 + z2 + 6x 8y 2z = 13 and x2 + y2 + z2 10x + 4y 2z = 8 Centre of the spheres are respectively A(3,4,1), B(5,2,1) C is med point of AB
C=
3 + 5 4 2 1 + 1 , , = (1,1,1) 2 2 2

Equation of the plane is 2ax 3ay + 4az + 6 = 0 The plane is passing through C(1, 1, 1), 2a 3a + 4a + 6 = 0 3a + 6 = 0 a + 2 = 0 a = 2.

2.

Find the centre and radius of the sphere passing through the point (0, 0, 0), (0, 4, 0), (2, 0, 0) and (0, 0, 4).

Sol. Let the equation of the sphere be x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 The sphere is passing through A(0, 0, 0)
d=0

B(0, 4, 0) C(2, 0, 0)

16 + 8v + d = 0 4 4u = 0 4u = 4 u = 1

8v + 16 = 0 v = 2

D(0, 0, 4) 16 8w = 0 8w = 16 w = 2 Centre = (u, v, w) = (1, 2, 2).

3. Find the equation of the sphere circumscribing the tetrahedron whose faces are x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 x y z and + + = 1 . a b c

Sol. Equations of the faces are

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and
Z C O A X

x y z + + =1 a b c

Solving this equation, the vertices are O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0, 0), B(0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c) Let the equation of the sphere OABC be x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 This sphere is passing through O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0, 0), B(0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c). O(0, 0, 0) d = 0 A(a, 0, 0) a2 + 2ua = 0 2ua = a2 2u = a B(0, b, 0)
b2 + 2vb = 0 2vb = b2 2v = b

C(0, 0, c) c2 + 2wc = 0 2wc = c2 2w = c Equation of the sphere circumscribing the tetrahedron : x2 + y2 + z2 ax by cz = 0.

4.

Find the equation of the sphere containing the points (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1) and having the smallest radius.

Sol. Let the equation of the sphere be A(1, 0, 0) B(0, 1, 0) C(0, 0, 1) 1 + 2u + d = 0 1 + 2v + d = 0 1 + 2w + d = 0

x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0.

This sphere is passing through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)

u = v = w and d = (2u + 1)

Radius of the sphere =

u 2 + v2 + w 2 d

= u 2 + u 2 + u 2 + 2u + 1 = 3u 2 + 2u + 1
4ac b 2 Least value of 3u + 2u + 1 = 4a
2

12 4 8 2 = = 12 12 3

r=

2 2 1 ,u = = 3 6 3

1 2 d = (2u + 1) = + 1 = 3 3

Equation of the required sphere is

2 2 2 1 x 2 + y2 + z 2 x y y = 0 3 3 3 3 2 1 x 2 + y2 + z 2 (x + y + z) = 0 3 3 2 2 2 3(x + y + z ) 2(x + y + z) 1 = 0

5.

Find the equation of the sphere passing through the point (0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0) and (1, 2, 3).

Sol. Let the equation of the sphere be

x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0

This sphere is passing through (0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0) and (1, 2, 3). O(0, 0, 0) d=0 (i)

A(0, 1, 1) 1 + 1 + 2v 2w = 0
v w = 1 (ii)

B(1, 2, 0) 1 + 4 + 0 2u + 4v = 0

 2u 4v = 5

(iii) (iv)

C(1, 2, 3)

1 + 4 + 9 + 2u + 4v + 6w = 0

2u + 4v + 6w = 14

Subtracting (iv) (iii) : 8v + 6w = 19

25 14 25 11 +1 = 14 14

(v)

6v 6w = 6 [(ii) 6] 14v = 25 v =

From (i), w = v + 1 =

30 25 From (iii), 2u = 4v + 5 = 4 +5= 14 14

Equation of the required sphere OABC is

15 25 11 x y z =0 7 7 7 2 2 2 7(x + y + z ) 15x 25y 11z = 0 x 2 + y2 + z2

III.
1. Find the equation of the sphere containing the points (4, 1, 2), (0, 2, 3), (1, 5, 1) and (2, 0, 1).

Ans; x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + -4x + 6y 2z + 5 = 0
2. Find the equation of the sphere containing the points (1, 3, 4), (1, 5, 2), (1, 3, 0) and having its centre on the plane x + y + z = 0.

Ans: x 2 + y2 + z 2 + -2x + 6y 4z + 10 = 0 3. 4. 5. A sphere of radius 2r (r > 0) passes through the origin and cuts the coordinate axes at A, B and C. Prove that the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC lies on the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = r2. A sphere of radius r (r > 0) passes through the origin and meets the coordinate axes at A, B, C. Prove that the centroid of ABC lies on the sphere of (x2 + y2 + z2) = 4r2. A sphere of radius r (r > 0) passes through the origin and meets the coordinate axes at A, B, C. Prove that the foot of the perpendicular from the origin O to the plane ABC satisfies the equations (x2 +y2 +z2)(x2 + y2 +z2) = 4r2.

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. 2. 3. 4. Find the centre and radius of the circle x2 + y2 + 2x 4y 4 = 0. Find the centre and radius of the circle 3x2 + 3y2 6x + 4y 4 = 0. Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (1, 2) and which passes through (5, 6). Find the equation of the circle passing through (2, 3) and concentric with the circle + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0. x2 + y2

Ans. Centre = (1, 2), Radius = 3 Ans. Centre = (1, 2/3), Radius = 5/3 Ans. x2 + y2 + 2x 4y 47 = 0

Ans. x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y 65 = 0
5. From the point A(0, 3) on the circle x2 + 4x + (y 3)2 = 0, a chord AB is drawn and extended to a point M such that AM = 2AB. Find the equation of the locus of M.

Sol. Let M = (x, y) Given that AM = 2AB

Y A(0,3) B O M(x,y) X

AB + BM = 2AB + AB BM = AB B is the mid point of AM

x y + 3 Coordinates of B are 2 2

B is a point on the circle :

x x y + 3 3 = 0 + 4 + 2 2 2 2 2 x y 6y + 9 + 2x + =0 4 4 x2 + 8x + y2 6y + 9 = 0
2 2

Locus of M(x, y) is x2 + y2 + 8x 6y + 9 = 0 which is a circle.

6. If the circle x2 + y2 + ax + by 12 = 0 has the centre at (2, 3) then find a, b and the radius of the circle.

Ans. a = 4, b = 6, radius = 5

7. 8.

If the circle x2 + y2 4x + 6y + a = 0 has radius 4, then find a. Find the equation of the circle passing through (4, 1), (6, 5) and having the centre on the line 4x + y 16 = 0. Suppose a point (x1, y1) satisfies x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 then show that it represents a circle whenever g, f and c are real.

Ans. a = 3

Ans. x2 + y2 6x 8y + 15 = 0
9.

Sol. Comparing with the general equation of second degree co-efficient of x2 = coefficient of y2 and coefficient of xy = 0. The given equation represents a circle if
2 2 2 2 x1 + y1 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0 g + f c =

g2 + f2 c 0
2 2 g 2 + f 2 + x1 + y1 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0

(x1, y1) is a point on the given equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we have

= (x1 + g) 2 + (y1 + f ) 2 c g, f and c are real. The given equation represents a circle.
10. Find the equation of the circle whose extremities of a diameter are (1, 2) and (4, 5). Ans. x2 + y2 5x 7y + 14 = 0 11. Find the other end of the diameter of the circle x2 + y2 8x 8y + 27 = 0, if one end of its is (2, 3).

Ans. (6, 5)
12. Find the equation of the circum circle of the triangle formed by the ax + by + c = 0 (a, b, c 0) and the coordinate axes.

Sol. Let the line ax + by + c = 0 cut X, Y axes at A and B respectively. Coordinates of O are (0, 0),
c A are , 0 , B are a
Y B A O ax+by+c=0

c 0, . b

Suppose the equation of the required circle is This circle passes through O(0, 0), c=0

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

c2 gc c This circle passes through A , 0 2 + 0 2 = 0 a a a

c c2 c c 2g = 2 2g = g = a a a 2a
c2 c + 0 2f = 0 2 c b b The circle passes through B 0, b c c2 c c 2f = 2 2f = f = b b b 2b 0+

Equation of the circle through O, A, B is

c c x 2 + y2 + x + y = 0 a b 2 2 ab(x + y ) + (bx + ay) = 0

This is the equation of the circum circle of OAB.

13. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the vertices of the triangle formed by L1 = x + y + 1 = 0, L2 = 3x + y 5 = 0, L3 = 2x + y 5 = 0.

Ans. 5x2 + y2 30x 10y + 25 = 0

14. Find the centre of the circle passing through the points (0, 0), (2, 0) and (0, 2).

Ans. Centre of the circle : (1, 1)

15. Obtain the parametric equations of the circle x2 + y2 = 1.

Ans. x = cos, y = sin, 0 2

16. Obtain the parametric equations of the circle represented by x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y 96 = 0.

Ans. x = 3 + 11 cos , y = 4 + 11sin where 0 2

17. Locate the position of the point (2, 4) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 4x 6y + 11 = 0.

Ans. The point (2, 4) lies inside the circle.

18. Find the length of the tangent from (1, 3) to the circle x2 + y2 2x + 4y 11 = 0.

Ans. 3
19. If a point P is moving such that the length of tangents drawn from P to x2 + y2 2x + 4y 20 = 0 and x2 + y2 2x 8y + 1 = 0 are in the ratio 2 : 1. Then show that the equation of the locus of P is x2 + y2 2x 12y + 8 = 0.

20. If S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle then show that the straight line lx + my + n = 0. i) Touches the circle S = 0

(g 2 + f 2 c)

(gl + mf n)2 l2 + m 2 (gl + mf n)2 l2 + m 2

ii) meets the circle S = 0 in two points if g 2 + f 2 c > iii)will not meet the circle if g 2 + f 2 c <

(gl + mf n)2 l2 + m 2

Sol. Let O be the centre and r be the radius of the circle s = 0. Then c = (g, f) and r = g2 + f 2 c i) The given straight line touches the circle if r= | l(g) + m(f ) n | l2 + m 2 | (lg + mf n) | l2 + m2

g2 + f 2 c =

Squaring both sides, we get g2 + f 2 c = (lg + mf n)2 l2 + m2 (lg + mf n)2 l2 + m2 (lg + mf n)2 l2 + m 2

ii) The given line lx + my + n = 0 meets the circle s = 0 in two points if g2 + f 2 c >

iii)The given line lx + my + n = 0 will not meet the circle s = 0 if g2 + f 2 c <

21. Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle x2 + y2 + 8x 4y 16 = 0 on the line 3x y + 4 = 0.

Ans. 2 26
22. Find the equation of tangents to x2 + y2 4x + 6y 12 = 0 which are parallel to x + 2y 8 = 0.

Ans. x + 2y + (4 5 5) = 0
23. Show that the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 touches the (i) x-axis if g2 = c, (ii) y-axis if f2 = c. 24. Find the equation of the tangent to x2 + y2 6x + 4y 12 = 0 at (1, 1).

Ans. 4x 3y + 7 = 0

25. Find the equation of the tangent to x2 + y2 2x + 4y = 0 at (3, 1). Also find the equation of tangent parallel to it. Ans. 2x + y 5 = 0.
26. If 4x 3y + 7 = 0 is a tangent to the circle represented by x2 + y2 6x + 4y 12 = 0, then find the point of contact.

Ans. (1, 1)
27. Find the equations of circles which touch 2x 3y + 1 = 0 at (1, 1) and having radius 13 .

Sol. The centre of required circle lies on a line perpendicular to 2x 3y + 1 = 0 and passing through (1, 1).

13

13 B P(1,1)

The equation of the line of centre can be taken as : 3x + 2y + k = 0. This line passes through (1, 1) 3 + 2 + k = 0 k = 5 Equation of AB is 3x + 2y 5 = 0 The centres of A and B are situated on 3x + 2y 5 = 0 at a distance 13 from (1, 1). The centre B are given by
(x1 r cos , y1 r sin )

3 2 1 + 13 and ,1 + 13 13 13 3 2 1 13 ,1 13 13 13 i.e., (1 2, 1 + 3) and (1 + 2, 1 3) (1, 4) and (3, 2) Case I. Centre (1, 4), r = 13 Equation of the circle is
(x + 1)2 + (y 4)2 = 13 x 2 + 2x + 1 + y2 8y + 16 13 = 0 x 2 + y2 + 2x 8y + 4 = 0

Case II :

Centre (3, 2), r = 13 Equation of the circle is : (x 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 13 x 2 6x + 9 + y2 + 4y + 4 13 = 0 x 2 + y2 6x + 4y = 0

28. Show that the line 5x + 12y 4 = 0 touches the circle x2 + y2 6x + 4y + 12 = 0. 29. If the parametric values of two points A and B lying on the circle x2 + y2 6x + 4y 12 = 0 are 30 and 60 respectively, then find the equation of the chord joining A and B.

Sol. Equation of the circle is x2 + y2 6x + 4y 12 = 0 Equation of the chord joining 2 and 1 is + + (x + g) cos 1 2 + (y + f ) sin 1 2 2 2 r = 9 + 4 + 12 = 5 (x 3)cos45 + (y + 2)sin 45 = 5cos15

= r cos

1 2 2

(x 3) + (y + 2) 5( 3 + 1) = 2 2 2

2(x + y 6) = 5 3 + 5

2x + 2y 7 5 3 = 0 2x + 2y (7 + 5 3) = 0 30. Find the equation of the tangent at the point 30 (parametric value of ) of the circle is x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y 39 = 0.

Ans.

3x + y + (3 + 2 3 4 13) = 0 .

31. Find the area of the triangle formed by the tangent at p(x1, y1) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 with coordinates axes where x1y1 0.

Sol. Equation of the circle is : x2 + y2 = a2 Equation of the tangent at P(x1, y1) is : xx1 + yy1 = a2 (i)
Y B P(x1,y1) O A X

This tangent cuts X-axis at A and Y-axis at B.

Changing into intercept form

xx1 yy1 x y + 2 =1 + 2 =1 2 a2 a a a x 2 y1

OA =

a2 a2 , OB = x1 y1
1 1 a2 a2 a4 = | OA DB |= 2 2 x1 y1 2 | x1y1 |

OAB =

32. Find the equation of normal to the circle x2 + y2 4x 6y + 11 = 0 at (3, 2). Also find the other point where the normal meets the circle.

Sol. Equation of the circle is : x2 + y2 4x 6y + 11 = 0 g = 2, f = 3, c = 11 Radius =

g 2 + f 2 c = 4 + 9 11 = 2

Equation of the normal is : (x x1)(y1 + f) (y y1)(x1 + g) = 0 The normal at A(3, 2) is (x 3)(2 3) (y 2)(3 2) = 0 x+3y+2=0 x+y5=0 If the normal at A meets the circle is B, then C is the midpoint of AB. Centre of the circle = C(g, f) = (2, 3) If coordinates of B are (x, y) 3+ x 2+ y Coordinates of C are , = (2, 3) 2 2 3+ x = 2 3+ x = 4 x =1 2 2+ y =3 2+ y = 6 y = 4 2 The normal at A(3, 2) meets the circle at B(1, 4).
33. Find the area of the triangle formed by the normal at (3, 4) to the circle x2 + y2 22x 4y + 25 = 0 with the coordinate. 625 Ans. 24

34. Show that the line lx + my + n = 0 is a normal to the circle S = 0 if and only if gl + mf = n.

Sol. The straight line lx + my + n = 0 is normal to the circle. S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 If the centre (g, f) lies on lx + my + n = 0 l(g) + m(f) + n = 0 gl + fm = n
35. Find the condition that the tangents drawn from the exterior point (g, f) or to S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are perpendicular to each other.
r Sol. If the angle between the tangents drawn from P(x1, y1) to S = 0 is , then = S1 2

Equation of the circle is : x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

r = g2 + f 2 c
S11 = g2 + f2 + 2g2 + 2f2 + c = 3g2 + 3f2 + c = 90 tan
1=
g2 + f 2 c = tan 45 = 2 3g 2 + 3f 2 + c

g2 + f 2 c 3g 2 + 3f 2 + c

3g 2 + 3f 2 + c = g 2 + f 2 c 2g 2 + 2f 2 + 2c = 0 g2 + f 2 + c = 0

This is the condition for the tangent drawn from (g, f) to the circle S = 0 are perpendicular.
36. If 1, 2 are the angles of inclination of tangents through a point P to the circle x2 + y2 = a2, then find the locus of P are cot 1 + cot 2 = k.

Sol. Equation of the circle is : x2 + y2 = a2 If m is the slope of the tangent, then the equation of tangent passing through P(x1, y1) can be taken as :
y1 = mx1 a 1 + m 2 (y1 mx1 ) 2 = a 2 (1 + m 2 )
2 2 m 2 x1 + y1 2mx1y1 a 2 a 2 m 2 = 0 2 2 m 2 (x1 a 2 ) 2mx1y1 + (y1 a 2 ) = 0

Suppose m1 and m2 are the roots of this equation

m1 + m 2 = tan 1 + tan 2 = m1m 2 = tan 1 tan 2 = 2x1y1 2 x1 a 2

2 y1 a 2 2 x1 a 2

Given that cot 1 + cot 2 = k

1 1 tan 1 + tan 2 + =k =k tan 1 tan 2 tan 1 tan 2
2x1y1 2 = k 2x1y1 = k(y1 a 2 ) 2 2 y1 a

Locus of P(x1, y1) is 2xy = k(y2 a2) Also, conversely if P(x1, y1) satisfies the condition 2xy = k(y2 a2) then it can be show that cot 1 + cot 2 = k. Thus the locus of P is 2xy = k(y2 a2).
37. Find the chord of contact of (2, 5) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 5x + 4y 2 = 0.

Ans. x 14y 6 = 0
38. If the chord of contact of a point P with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 meets the circle at A and B such that AOB = 90 then show that P lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 2a2.

Sol. Equation of the circle : x2 + y2 = a2 P(x1, y1) is any point on the locus
A P(x1,y1) B 90 O

(i)

Chord of contact of P is xx1 + yy1 = a2

xx1 + yy1 =1 a2

(ii)

Homogeniousing (i) with the help of (ii), combined equation of OA and OB is a 2 (xx1 + yy1 ) 2 x +y = a4
2 2
2 2 a 2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 = x 2 x1 + y 2 y1 + 2x1y1xy 2 (x 2 a 2 ) + 2x1y1xy + y 2 (y1 a 2 ) = 0

AOB = 90

 Coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
2 2 x1 a 2 + y1 a 2 = 0 2 2 x1 + y1 = 2a 2

P(x1, y1) lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 2a2.

39. Find the equation of the polar of (2, 3) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y 96 = 0.

Ans. 5x + 7y 78 = 0
40. Find the pole of x + y + 2 = 0 with respect to the circle x2 + y2 4x + 6y 12 = 0.

Ans. (23, 28)

41. Show that the poles of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 with respect to the circle (x + a)2 + y2 = 2a2 lie on y2 + 4ax = 0.

Ans. y2 + 4ax = 0
42. Show that (4, 2) and (3, 6) are conjugate with respect to the circle x2 + y2 24 = 0. 43. If (4, k) and (2, 3) are conjugate points with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = 17, then find k.

Ans. k = 3
44. Show that the lines 2x + 3y + 11 = 0 and 2x 2y 1 = 0 are conjugate with respect to the circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y 12 = 0. 45. Show that the area of the triangle formed by two tangents through P(x1, y1) to the circle S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and the chord of contact of P with respect to the circle S = 0 is r(S11 )3 / 2 where r is the radius of the circle. S11 + r 2

Sol. PA and PB are two tangents from P to the circle S = 0. AB is the chord of contact.
A C

P B

Let be the angle between the tangent B. tan r = 2 S11

1 1 PA PB sin ABC = r1r2 sin 2 2

PAB =

1 2 tan / 2 1 S11 S11 = S11 2 2 1 + tan / 2 2

S11 r(S11 )3/2 r = S11 S11 + r 2 S11 + r 2

2 1+

r S11 r2 S11

= S11

46. Find the mid point of the chord intercepted by x2 + y2 2x 10y + 1 = 0 on the line x 2y + 7 = 0.

Ans. (7/5, 21/5)

47. Find the locus of mid points of the chords of contact of x2 + y2 = a2 from the points lying on the line lx + my + n = 0.

Ans. n(x 2 + y 2 ) + a 2 (lx + my) = 0 .

48. Show that the four common tangents can be drawn for the circles given by x2 + y2 14x + 6y + 33 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 30x 2y + 1 = 0 and find the internal and external centres of similitude.

Ans. Internal centre of similitude : (3/2, 2) External centre of similitude : (18, 5)

49. Prove that the circles x2+y2 8x 6y + 21 = 0 and x2 + y2 2y 15 = 0 have exactly two common tangents. Also find the intersection of those tangents.

Ans. (8, 5)
50. Show that the circles x2+ y2 4x 6y 12 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0 touch each other. Also find the point of contact and common tangent at this point of circle.
1 21 Ans. , 13 13

51. Show that the circles x2+ y2 4x 6y 12 = 0 and 5(x2 + y2) 8x 14y 32 = 0 touch each other and find their point of contact.

Ans. (1, 1)
52. Find the equation of the pair of tangents from (10, 4) to the circle x2 + y2 = 25.

Ans. 9x2 + 80xy 75y2 500x 200y + 2900 = 0

53. Find the equation to all possible common tangents of the circles x2 + y2 2x 6y + 6 = 0 and x2 + y2 = 1.

Ans. x + 1 = 0 and 4x 3y 5 = 0
54. Find the equation of the sphere whose centre is (2, 3, 4) and radius is 5.

Ans. x2 + y2 + z2 4x + 6y 8z + 4 = 0

55. Find the centre and radius of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 2x 4y 6z = 11. Ans. Centre is (1, 2, 3), r = 5 56. Find the equation of the sphere containing the points O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0, 0), B(0, b, 0) and C(0, 0, c). Also find the centre and radius of the sphere.

Sol. Suppose equation of the sphere is : x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 This sphere passes through O(0, 0, 0)
d=0

This sphere passes through A(a, 0, 0) a2 + 2ua = 0 2u = a This sphere passes through B(0, b, 0) b2 + 2vb = 0 2v = b This sphere passes through C(0, 0, c) c2 + 2wc = 0 2w = c Equation of the sphere OABC is x2 + y2 + z2 ax by cz = 0
a b c Centre (u, v, w) = , , 2 2 2

a 2 b2 c2 a 2 + b2 + c2 r = u + v + w d = + + = 4 4 4 2
2 2 2

57. Find the equation of the circum scribing the tetrahedron whose faces are
x y x y z + = 0 and + + = 1 . a b a b c
x y z Ans. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + + = 0 a b c

z x y z + = 0, + = 0 , b c c a

58. A plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, c). Show that the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane lies on the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 ax by cz = 0.

Sol. Let A = (a, b, c) and P(x0, y0, z0) be the foot of perpendicular from the origin to the plane. d.r.s of AP are : (x0 a, y0 b, z0 c) d.r.s of OP are : (x0, y0, z0) OP and AP are perpendicular x0(x0 a) + y0(y0 b) + z0(z0 c) = 0

2 2 2 x 0 + y0 + z0 ax 0 by0 cz0 = 0

Locus of P (x0, y0, z0) is x2 + y2 + z2 ax by cz = 0. 59. A variable plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, c) and intersect X, Y, Z coordinate axes at A, B, a b c C respectively. Show that the centre of the sphere OABC lies on the surface + + = 2 . x y z Sol. Let the variable plane passing through (a, b, c) meets X-axis at A, Y-axis at B and Z-axis at C. Let OA = p, OB = q, OC = r Coordinates of A are (p, 0, 0), B are (0, q, 0) and C are (0, 0, r). x y z Equation of the plane ABC is + + = 1 p q r Thus plane passes through P(a, b, c) a b c + + =1 p q r
a b c + + =2 p q r 2 2 2

a b c p q r The centre of the sphere , , lies on the surface + + = 2 . x y z 2 2 2

60. Find the equations of circles which touch the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x = c.
c c Sol. Centre of the circle is , 2 2

r = radius = CP2
Y C(c/2,c/2) x=0 CP2 y=0 x=0 X

Equation of the sphere is :

c c 2 x +y = c 2 2
x 2 cx +
c2 c2 c2 + y 2 cy + = 0 4 4 4 c2 = 0. 4
2 2

x 2 + y 2 cx cy +

61. Find the condition that the two circles x2 + y2 + 2a1x + 2b1y = 0 and x2+ y2 + 2a2x + 2b2y = 0 touch each other.

Sol. Equations of the circles are : x2 + y2 + 2a1x + 2b1y = 0 x2+ y2 + 2a2x + 2b2y = 0 Centre are A(a1, b1), B(a2, b2)
2 2 r1 = a1 + b1 , r2 = a 2 + b2 2 2

If the circles touch each other AB = r1 + r2

2 AB2 = r12 + r2 2r1r2
2 2 2 2 (a 2 a1 ) 2 + (b 2 b1 ) 2 = a1 + b1 + a 2 + b 2 2r1r2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a1 + a 2 2a1a 2 + b1 + b2 2b1b2 = a1 + b1 + a 2 + b2 2r1r2

2(a1a 2 + b1b2 ) = 2r1r2

(a1a 2 + b1b2 )2

2 2 2 = r12 r2 = (a1 + b1 )(a 2 + b2 ) 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a1 a 2 + b1 b 2 + 2a1a 2 b1b 2 = a1 a 2 + a1 b 2 + a 2 b1 + b1 b 2 2 2 2 a1 b 2 + a1 b 2 2a1a 2 b1b 2 = 0 2 2

[a1b 2 a 2 b1 ]2 = 0

a1b2 a2b1 = 0 is the required condition.

62. Find the inverse of the point (1, 2) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 4x 6y + 9 = 0.

Ans: Q(0, 1).

63. Find the area of the triangle formed by positive y-axis, the normal and tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at (1, 3) .

Sol. Equation of the circle is x2 + y2 = 4 Equation of the tangent at P (1, 3) is :

x + 3y = 4

(i)

The normal passes through the centre (0, 0) and is perpendicular to the tangent. Equation of the normal is :
3x y = 0

(ii) (iii)

Equation of Y-axis is x = 0 Solving (i) and (ii) we get 4 3y = 4 y = 3

 4 Coordinates of A are 0, 3

Solving (ii) and (iii), we get x = 0 Coordinates of B are (0, 0)

(0, 4 / 3) P(1, 3)
O

Solving (i) and (ii), we get P(1, 3) OPT =

4 4 0 3 0 + 0 + 1 3 3 1 4 2 sq.units = = 2 3 3 1 2

64. Let x2 + y2 4x 2y 11 = 0 be a circle. A pair of tangents are drawn from the point (4,5).Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by these two tangents and a pair of radii of the circle which are line joining the centre and the point of contact of these two tangents.
Q P(4,5) C (2,1)

Sol. Equation of the circle is x2 + y2 4x 2y 11 = 0 Centre is C(2, 1), r =

4 + 1 + 11 = 4

P(4, 5) is the given point, PQ is the tangent from P to the circle.

PQ = S11 = 16 + 25 16 10 11 = 2
Area of the Quadrilateral = 2 CPQ
1 = 2 CP PQ = 4 2 = 8 sq.units 2