Water Quality Issues in India: Dr. R.C. Trivedi
Water Quality Issues in India: Dr. R.C. Trivedi
Water Quality Issues in India: Dr. R.C. Trivedi
IN INDIA
2
Water use in India (Year 2000)
Sector Water use in percent
BCM
Irrigation 541 85.33
Domestic 42 6.62
Industry 8 1.26
Energy 2 0.32
Other 41 6.47
Total 634 100.00
3
Water (Prevention and Control
of Pollution) Act, 1974
• Preamble: Maintaining and restoring of
wholesomeness of water – level of WQ
• Provision for consent
• Every polluter (industry or municipality) has to
obtain consent from SPCBs/PCCs
• Consent is conditional
• Standards prescribed for effluents
• Monitoring the compliance
4
Major Water Quality Issues
Common issues of Surface and Ground water
• Pathogenic (Bacteriological) Pollution
• Salinity
• Toxicity (micro-pollutants and other industrial pollutants)
Ground Water
Surface Water • Fluoride
• Eutrophication
• Nitrate
• Oxygen depletion
• Arsenic
• Ecological health
• Iron
• Sea water intrusion5
Major Factors Responsible for WQ Degradation
Domestic: 423 class I cities and 499 class II towns harboring population
of 20 Crore generate about 26254 mld of wastewater of which only 6955
mld is treated.
Industrial: About 57,000 polluting industries in India generate about
13,468 mld of wastewater out of which nearly 60% (generated from
large & medium industries) is treated.
Non-point sources also contribute significant pollution loads mainly in
rainy season. Pesticides consumption is about 1,00,000 tonnes/year of
which AP, Haryana, Punjab, TN, WB, Gujarat, UP and Maharashtra
are principal consumers.
Domestic sewage is the major source of pollution in India in surface
water which contribute pathogens, the main source of water borne
diseases along with depletion of oxygen in water bodies.
Sewage alongwith agricultural run-off and industrial effluents also
contributes large amount of nutrients in surface water causing
eutrophication
A large part of the domestic sewage is not even collected. This results in
stagnation of sewage within city, a good breeding ground for mosquitoes
and contaminate the groundwater, the only source of drinking water in
many cities.
Increase in Urban Population
30 28.5
25
POPULATION, Crores
21.8
20
15 15.6
10.7
10
7.8
6.2
5 3.3 4.4
2.6 2.6 2.8
0
1901 1921 1941 1961 1981 2001
YEAR
7
Water supply and sewage disposal status in class I cities
35000
29782
30000
25000 23826
20607
20000 1978
16662 1988
15191 1995
15000 2003
12145
10000 8638
7007 6955
5000 4037
27562485
12811850
142 212 299 423 603 1023
0
Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment
8
Water supply and wastewater generation and treatment in class
II towns of India
3500
3035
3000
2428
2500
1978
2000
1936 1988
1650
1533
1622
1995
1500
1226 1280 2003
1000
498
500 345 370
190 241 207 236
128 89
67 27 62
0
Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment
9
Comparision of pollution load generation from
domestic and industrial sources
25000 22900
Industrial
Domestic
20000
15000 13468
9478
10000
4580
5000 3510
1776
0
Wastewater gen (mld) BOD Generation (t/d) BOD Discharge (t/d)
10
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING
PROGRAMME
• Network Comprising of 784 stations.
11
Parameters for National Water Quality Monitoring
Core Parameters (9) Field Observations (7)
pH Weather
Temperature Approximate depth of main stream/depth of water table
Conductivity Colour and instensity
Dissolved Oxygen Odor
Biochemical Oxygen Visible efluent discharge
Demand
Nitrate-N Human activities around station
Nitrite-N Station detail
Faecal Coliform
Total Coliform Bio-Monitoring Parameters (3)
Saprobity Index
General Parameters (19) Diversity Index
COD Chloride P/R Ratio
TKN Sulphate
Ammonia Total Alkalinity Trace Metals (9)
Total Dissolved Solids P-Alkalinity Arsenic Nickel Copper Mercury Chromium Total
Total Fixed Solids Phosphate Cadmium Zinc Lead Iron Total
Total Suspended Solids Sodium
Turbidity Potassium
Pesticide (7)
Hardness Calcium
Fluoride Magnesium BHC(Total) Dieldrin Carbamate 2.4 D
Boron DDT(Total) Aldrin Endosulphan 12
NUMBER OF MONITORING STATIONS
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
77-78 18
78-79 29
79-80 43
80-81 67
81-82 73
82-83 74
83-84 89
84-85 120
85-86 136
86-87 168
87-88 200
88-89 310
89-90 400
90-91 450
91-92 480
92-93 480
93-94 480
94-95 480
95-96 480
96-97 480
-------------> Y E A R <-----------
97-98 507
98-99 507
99-00 507
00-01 784
YEAR-WISE GROWTH OF MONITORING NETWORK
01-02 784
13
02-03 784
03-04 784
Waterbody-wise & Frequency-wise Distribution of
Water Quality Monitoring Stations
HALF
STATE RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER TOTAL MONTHLY
YEARLY
QUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL
ANDHRA PRADESH 28 24 4 3 59 14 24 21 - 59
ASSAM 17 10 - 2 29 6 10 13 - 29
BIHAR 7 - - - 7 7 - - - 7
CHHATISSGARH 11 4 - - 15 7 4 4 - 15
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 1
DAMAN (ZOV) 3 1 - - 4 3 1 - - 4
DELHI 4 - - 8 12 11 - 1 - 12
GOA 10 - 1 - 11 10 - 1 - 11
GUJARAT 34 3 4 - 41 23 3 15 - 41
HARYANA 5 - 2 11 18 5 - 13 - 18
HIMACHAL PRADESH 26 8 3 - 37 - 8 29 - 37
JAMMU & KASHMIR 7 - 2 - 9 - - 9 - 9
JHARKHAND 8 - - - 8 - - 8 - 8
KARNATAKA 34 - 2 - 36 20 - 16 - 36
KERALA 30 15 10 - 55 10 15 30 - 55
LAKSHDWEEP - 15 - 1 16 - 15 1 - 16
Continued on Next Page ..
14
.. Continued from Previous Page
HALF
STATE RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER TOTAL MONTHLY
YEARLY
QUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL
MADHYA PRADESH 40 5 3 - 48 22 4 22 - 48
MAHARASHTRA 35 - - 3 38 24 - 14 - 38
MANIPUR 8 - 4 - 12 - - 12 - 12
MEGHALAYA 5 5 3 - 13 - 5 8 - 13
NAGALAND 5 - - - 5 - - 5 - 5
ORISSA 39 15 - - 54 15 15 24 - 54
PONDICHERRY 1 7 2 - 10 - 7 3 - 10
PUNJAB 35 - 2 - 37 - - 37 - 37
RAJASTHAN 7 18 7 - 32 4 18 10 - 32
SIKKIM 9 - - - 9 - - 9 - 9
TAMIL NADU 27 2 3 - 32 20 2 10 - 32
TRIPURA 3 7 2 1 13 - 6 7 - 13
UTTAR PRADESH 45 25 1 3 74 42 25 7 - 74
UTTRANCHAL 13 1 1 - 15 2 1 9 3 15
WEST BENGAL 18 15 1 - 34 9 15 10 - 34
TOTAL : - 514 181 57 32 784 254 178 349 3 784
15
RIVER BASIN WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
River (main stream), Tributaries and Sub-Tributaries, Lake, Ponds, Tanks, Canals, Creeks and Total
Groundwater Stations Stations
Baitarni (5) 5
Brahmani (11)
15
Tributaries-Karo (1), Koel (2), Sankh (1)
Brahmaputra (6)
Tributaries-Burhidihing (1), Dhansiri (6), Disang (1), Jhanji (1), Subansiri (1), Bhogdoi (1), Bharalu (1), Borak 31
(1), Deepar Bill (1), Digboi (1), Mora Bharali (1), Teesta (4), Dickhu (1), Maney (2), Ranchu (2)
Cauvery (20)
Tributaries-Arkavati (1), Amravati (1), Bhawani (5), Kabini (4), Laxmantirtha (1), Shimsa (2), 35
Hemavati (1)
Ganga (28)
Tributaries-Barakar (1), Betwa (3), Chambal (8), Damodar (5), Gandak (1), Saryu-Ghaghra (3), Gomti
118
(5), Hindon (3), Kali (West) (2), Kali Nadi (2), Khan (1), Kshipra (3), Mandakini (Madhya Pradesh) (1),
Parvati (2), Ramganga (1), Rapti (1), Rihand (2),
Godavari (11)
20
Tributaries- Manjira (2), Maner (2), Nira (I),), Wainganga (3), Wardha (1)
Indus
Tributaries-Beas (19), Chenab (1), Jhelum (3), Larji (1), Parvati (1), Ravi (3), Sutlej (20), Tawi (1), 53
Gawkadal (1), Chuntkol (1), Sirsa (2)
Krishna (17)
Tributaries- Bhadra (3), Bhima (9), (Ghataprabha (2), Malprabha (3), Muneru (1), Musi (2), Nira (1), 46
Paleru (1), Tunga (1), Tungabhadra (5), Panchganga (1)
Mahi (7)
9
Tributaries-Anas (1), Panam (1)
Mahanadi (16)
29
Tributaries-Ib (4), Hasdeo (2), Kathajodi (1), Kharoon (1), Kuakhai (2), Sheonath (2), Birupa (1)
16
Contd. On Next Page
Contd. From Pre-Page
Narmada (14)
15
Tributaries-Chhota Tawa (1)
Pennar (4) 4
Sabarmati (8)
11
Tributaries-Meswa (1), Shedhi (1), Khari (1)
Subarnerekha (6) 6
Tapi (10)
12
Tributaries-Girna (2)
Medium rivers
Ambika (1), Ulhas (2), Ulhas-Bhatsa (1), Ulhas-Kalu (1), Imphal (4), Mandovi (2), Palar (1), Pamba (3), Pariyar
105
(3), Rushikulya (2), Tambiraparani (7), Achankoil (2), Chalakudy (1), Damanganga (6), Ghaggar (16), Kallada
(1) , Kali-Karnataka (1), Manimal
Lakes
Hussainsagar (1), Saroornagar (1), Himayatsagar (1), Pulicate (1), Salaulim (1), Kankoria (1), Chandola (1),
Ajwah (1), Sursagar (1), Brahamsarovar (1), Sukhna (1), Govindsagar (1), Pongdam (1), Renuka (1), Wuller (1),
Dal (1), Ulsoor (1), Hebbala Valley
64
Tanks
Dharamsagar (1), Bibinagar (1), Kistrapetrareddy (1), Gandigudem (1), Goysagar(1)
Ponds
Elangabeel System (1), Lakshadweep (1)
Creeks, Canals, Tanks, Ponds, Drains,
26
Creeks (3M), Agartala Canal (1M), Gurgaon Canal (1M), Western Yamuna Canal (9M), Drains (12M)
Groundwater 180
Total 784
17
WATER QUALTIY STATUS & TREND FROM 1994 TO 2003
100
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
19
19
90
80
18
17
27
25
23
25
28
27
27
21
70
60 BOD >6
50
BOD 3-6
40
BOD<3
67
64
60
60
59
59
58
57
57
57
30
20
10
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
100
9
14
17
18
20
20
20
22
22
90
23
80
28
70
36
36
37
33
34
32
36
33
37
60 TC>5000
50
TC 500-5000
40
TC<500
63
30 50
47
47
46
46
45
45
44
40
20
10
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
100
7
12
13
13
14
14
17
17
19
20
90
26
80
22
23
27
29
28
28
70
24
35
35
60 FC>5000
50
FC 500-5000
40
FC<500
67
65
63
60
59
58
30
56
55
48
46
20
10
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
18
WATER QUALITY STATUS
20
State-wise riverine length (in Km) under
different level of pollution (contd.)
22
River basin-wise riverine length(in Km.)
under different level of pollution (contd..)
6000
BOD < 3 mg/L
BOD 3-6 mg/L
BOD >6 mg/L
Riverine length, Km
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
JK HP PB HR UP RJ MP BH WB OR AP MH GU KA KE TN AS MG MN AR SK NG MZ GO DL
States
24
River basin-wise riverine length under
different level of pollution
14000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
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River basin 25
Identification of Polluted
Water Bodies
• CPCB identified 10 polluted stretches for
prioritising pollution control efforts in 1988-89.
• The Number of Stretches increased to 37 during
1992-93.
• The list is now revised to include 86 stretches.
• The concerned State Pollution Control Boards
were asked to take adequate measures to restore
the desired level. 26
RIVER ACTION PLAN
27
NATIONAL RIVER ACTION PLAN
River No. of Towns River No. of Towns
Ganga 74 Brahmini 3
Yamuna 21 Chambal 3
Damodar 12 Gomti 3
Godavari 6 Krishna 2
Cauvery 9 Sabarmati 1
Tungabhadra 4 Khan 1
Satluj 4 Kshipra 1
Subarnrekha 3 Tapi 1
Betwa 3 Narmada 1`
Wainganga 3 Mahanadi 1
Grand Total 156
28
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY
29
Experience from Ganga Action
Plan
• Sewage collection system partial or non-
existence
• Interception and diversion of drains -
monsoon runoff
• Operation and maintenance of STPs
• Power supply
• Skilled manpower
30
Experience from industries
• High organic load - distilleries
• High TDS - pharmaceuticals, pesticides,
rayon, dye and dye intermediates
• Small scale industries - location (residential
areas), inadequate resources, skill etc.
• Problem with CETPs
31
ASSESSMENT OF
GROUND WATER QUALITY IN METRO CITIES
• The groundwater is the main source of drinking in our country.
• The groundwater quality is being degraded gradually in large urban
centers/critically polluted areas.
• Although Ministry of Water Resources is monitoring groundwater
quality all over the country. The monitoring does not include main
water quality issues ( heavy metals, pesticides, coliform, BOD, COD
etc.
• Thus, it is important to monitor the groundwater quality in the country.
• In the current financial year CPCB included in its monitoring network a
large number of groundwater stations (200 stations).
• Apart from this CPCB is taking help of some research institutes to
study the groundwater quality. 32
CONCLUSION