Sports Mania

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI
INTEGRATED TERM PROJECT II
Documentation
on
Submitted by,
RAGUPATHI P
RITESH TIWARI
FP TECHNOLOGY- II
INTEGRATED TERM PROJECT II SPORTSWEAR
CERTIFICATE
21-05-2010
CHENNAI
TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that P RAGUPATHI & RITESH TIWARI, student of

Foundation Programme, Technology has successfully completed the Integrated
Term Project II on “SPORTSWEAR”, under the guidance of Mr. Yuvraj Garg,
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Chennai, during
the period of 26-05-2010 to 21-05-2010.
Regards,
..........................
(YUVRAJ GARG)
Assistant Professor.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to heart fully thank Mr. Yuvraj Garg, Assistant Professor, and Mr. Ankur
Saxena, Assistant Professor who mentored us to make this project toward perfection. Without
guidance of them, it would not have been completed successfully.
We are thanking each and everybody who has contributed in making this project well
Without these people, it would have been nowhere close to what it the way it is today.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
S NO CONTENTS NO
1 Introduction 04
2 The Development of Sports Clothing 05
3 Importance of Sports Clothing 08
4 Functional Sports Clothing 09
5 Requirements of Sportswear 10
6 High Performance Fibres 11
7 Technological Development 14
8 Motorcycle Sports Wear 18
9 Skiing and Mountaineering 20
10 Swimwear 25
11 Tennis Wear 28
13 Integration 30
14 Conclusion 31
15 Bibliography 32
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INTRODUCTION
Sports are the most dominant cultural influence in the world today. It percolates into almost
every aspect of our lives, from fashion and entertainment to business and health. For some it
is the new religion, which is interesting in view of the fact that many games and displays of
athletic prowess were part of religious festivals in the ancient world – the Iliad descries the
funeral games following the death of Hector. The basis for all sporting activities is social, a
way for people to interact with one another, and this aspect remains central, it has developed
as a communal activity through team sports and events.
Almost every piece of sports clothing is designed to be light weight so the athlete is not
encumbered by its weight. The best athletic wear for some forms of exercise, for example
cycling, should not create drag or be too bulky. On the other hand it should be loose enough
so as not to restrict movement. Clothing worn for some other forms of exercise, should not
unduly restrict movement and may also have specific requirements for example the Keikogi
used in karate. It should allow freedom of movement in competition. Various physically
dangerous sports require protective gear, e.g. for fencing, American football or ice hockey.
Standardised sportswear may also have the function of a uniform. In team sports the opposing
sides are usually made identifiable by the colours of their clothing, while individual team
members can be made recognisable by a back number on a shirt.
In hot weather garments should allow the wearer to stay cool. In cold weather garments
should help to stay warm. In cold climates the best athletic wear should not only provide
warmth but also transfer sweat away from the skin. For activities such as skiing and mountain
climbing this is achieved by using layering: moisture transferring materials must be worn
next to the skin, followed by an insulating layer, and wind and water resistant shell garments.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS CLOTHING

At the first Olympic Games in the eighth century BC, the athletes took part naked. When the
modern Olympics were introduced in 1896, participants were clothed, though this clothing
amounted to little more than comfortable leisure wear that allowed ease of movement while
protecting modesty. Sports clothing as we know it today emerged slowly over the course of
the twentieth century, influenced by changing social, political and cultural circumstances as
much as by new material developments.
One of the most dramatic of recent social upheavals was the industrial Revolution, which in
the west saw the nineteenth-century shift from predominantly agricultural to industrial
employment, moving large sectors of the population from a rural to an urban environment.
People formerly involved in physically active employment found them confined to factories
and offices, and organized sports met their need for exercise. Equally important were the
social interactions, especially the team activities. Sport became a way of identifying not only
a common interest, by often a shard geographical origin – vital for people who felt
themselves displaced by the move to cities where they no longer knew all their neighbours.
Organized sports also became a strong feature of British public school education, advocated
by Dr Thomas Arnold, the head of Rugby School where Rugby football was born, for a
healthy mind in a healthy body. While till these changes established a popular demand for
sports, it would take another century before the manufacture of sports clothes became a
thriving industry.
The 1914-18 war highlighted the importance of the right clothing for servicemen. Pilots who
had to contend with extreme cold and chill winds were given layers made from various
fabrics, including wool, silk and leather. This provided some thermal insulation but was
bulky, making movement difficult. Sidney Cotton, a British pilot and a man of independent
means, was unhappy with his Royal Air Force clothing and decided to take matters into his
own hands. He commissioned from his tailor in London‟s Seville Row clothing specifically
designed for a pilot‟s needs. The result was the Sid cot, an amalgamation of his first mane
and surname. This had a thin fur lining followed by a layer of air-resistant silk with an outer
layer of checked Burberry fabric, the one-piece garment was further insulated at the neck and
cuffs with a draught-proof fur trim. Meanwhile, social changes and a new interest in sporting
activities were gradually beginning to affect the way that women dressed. Amelia Jenks
Bloomer, the American campaigner for Rational Dress, had caused a great deal of
controversy in 1849 by wearing ankle-length knickerbockers, but bloomers didn‟t catch on in
Britain until the 1880s when women in their bid for independence took up outdoor sports and
cycling. It was not until the First World War, however, that Western women in general began
to wear trousers as they took over conscripted men‟s work in munitions factories and the
fields – boiler suits or knee-breeches were more practical than skirts.
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One of the most famous fashion designers to show sports influences in her work were Paris
based Coco Chanel. Her look was relaxed and comfortable yet elegant, and revolutionized
women‟s fashion. In 1914, she had made the first sporty bathing costume for women, and
started the vogue for the open –air healthy look by making the suntan fashionable. In the
early 1920s, the young smart set disported themselves on summer beaches, wearing the loose
„beach pyjamas‟ and „lounging pyjamas‟ that Chanel had pioneered, and taking up the softer,
freer clothes that Chanel had been cutting from the jersey fabrics associated with sports attire.
In 1927 several women wore men‟s tennis trousers to play on court, and a few women began
to adopt men‟s suits off the court, too, sometimes with the whole male look – shirt and tie and
Eton crop.
The most dramatic changes in the development of sports clothes and accessories also came
about through the Second World War. New materials combined high strength with low
weight. These were and remain, relatively expensive, although this is offset by their high
performance. Garment manufactures were more fortunate in the materials suited to their
needs: synthetics offered man-made alternatives to natural fibres, and these nylons and
polyesters could provide rough simulations of such natural materials as silk and cotton. They
had the benefit of being robust, easy to maintain and most importantly for their mass-market
appeal- cheap. Less attractive was their lack of breathability and unappealing tactile quality.
But in a depressed post-war economy, the availability and soft factors far outweighed any
aesthetic considerations, and these materials became very popular for the mass production of
low-cost, functional clothing.
The 1960s had seen the development of another fashion for active wear – the cat suit, a
futuristic body – clinging version of the flying suit. It was designed for Diana Riggs who
played one of the leads in a British TV programme called The Avengers, and was usually
made of stretch jersey. Cool, witty, ruthless, skilled in the martial arts, her character Emma
Peel always remained a cool and glamorous image.
The 1972 Munich Olympic Games, which many people would have watched in colour, saw
the launch of Lycra-based swimwear. Colour made it easier to distinguish participants, and
added an element of style to the proceedings. The growing popularity of sports activities did
not go unnoticed by Hollywood filmmakers, who were looking gore new symbols of
glamour, and this was an ideal vehicle, providing an antithesis to the hedonistic excesses of
the 1960s, promoting instead fit, healthy bodies and the associated lifestyle.
Sports and fitness centres or lending their names to sports brands when they retired from
competition. Some, like Bruce Lee, even managed to do both. Lee had a successful film
career in Hollywood and Hong Kong while running his own martial arts centre son the West
Coast of the USA. Governor Mr Universe winner, Arnold Schwarzenegger, became a cult
figure beginning his film career in strong-man roles such as Conan the Barbarian and the
Terminator films. His fellow Mr Universe competitor, Lou Farrago, had less success as the
television character the Incredible Hulk,. It was not a speaking part, and Farrago was
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confined to growling and flexing his biceps, Interest in the martial arts and bodybuilding both
peaked in the 1970s when Bruce Lee and Arnold Schwarzenegger were at their most popular.
The modern sports industry has an impact on almost every aspect of our lives, permeating
fashion, advertising, tourism, and even food and drink, this has brought about a greater
awareness of the importance of health and fitness. The form this takes varies dramatically in
different cultures, with the result that levels of fitness fluctuate, and certain sports have
become associated with particular areas of the world. Forty percent of the international
honours in men‟s long-distance running have gone to an single tribe in Kenya, the Kalenjin,.
Experts disagree on the reason, with some attributing it to a genetic disposition and some to
environmental or social factors. Jogging and fitness clubs are a popular recreation, and
although manufactures were initially slow to embrace this market, it has now become an
important part of the sports industry.
It is estimated that between 80 and 90 percent of training shoes are used for non sporting
activities, and as fashion accessories a lifestyle purchase. Many people, however, regard sport
as an integral part of their lives, as the no. of fitness centres and the popularity of sports
orientated holidays testifies. In some instances, new sports or sporting events may emerge
that incorporate elements of an existing sport but are sufficiently different to infuse the
industry with renewed energy. Initially born to occupy an unfiltered need, may have now
launched their own international competitions.
Extreme sports emerged in the 1990s. The term refers to such diverse activities as
snowboarding wakeboarding, bungee jumping, and BASE jumping, trial-riding and freestyle
motocross. Many of the sports classed as extreme have their basis in more conventional
sports and share the same terrain. The main difference between extreme and conventional
sports is one of attitude. For the extreme sports enthusiasts it is not simply a matter of training
and competing, their sport is about a whole way of life that seeks to push the body to its
limits. The Triathlon now equals the marathon as the most important endurance race.
Combining swimming, cycling and athletics, it has become the ultimate challenge.
As with all products, quality, brand recognition and loyalty play an important role in the
success of sports clothes manufacturers. The companies who do best build up a following of
loyal, sometimes fanatical, customers who repeat-purchase their products. This type of
company is attentive to the needs of its customer and constantly strives to improve on
existing products and innovate.
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IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS CLOTHING

Sports clothes perform a dual function providing not only protection for the body but also a
means of communication. Graphics, colour and pattern have become both an aesthetic and
sign system. The advent of television, and colour television in particular, has served to bring
sport before a mass public. New variations and even new sports develop to suit new needs,
and this state of flux prevents any complacency among sportswear designers. The result is a
vibrant and energetic industry.
The word comfort implies a passive state, but the demands of sports clothes are such that for
them to function properly it is often necessary to include an adaptive or active material or
design. For most activities clothing to be comfortable should keep the body dry and at a
pleasant temperature, and should not be too tight or loose. Flexibility can be provided in the
fabric where it is essentially a smart or intelligent material that can detect changes in the
environment and adapt accordingly; designers are also producing garments that are
functionally gradient using rigid materials where protection is needed but otherwise
employing softer fabrics that work easily with movement. This can also extend to designs
where a single garment can be modified for different conditions, through the use of a layering
system. Good design and the use of high quality materials matter in making comfortable
sports clothes.
The word comfort implies a passive state, but the demands of sports clothes are such that for
them to function properly it is often necessary to include an adaptive or active material or
design. For most activities clothing to be comfortable should keep the body dry and at a
pleasant temperature, and should not be too tight or loose. Flexibility can be provided in the
fabric where it is essentially a smart or intelligent material that can detect changes in the
environment and adapt accordingly; designers are also producing garments that are
functionally gradient using rigid materials where protection is needed but otherwise
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employing softer fabrics that work easily with movement. This can also extend to designs‟
where a single garment can be modified for different conditions, through the use of a
layering system. Good design and the use of high quality materials matter in making
comfortable sports clothes.
FUNCTIONAL SPORTS CLOTHING

Extreme and dangerous activities require fully protective and durable clothing. Winter spots
have had many highly functional textiles developed for them, and fabrics for summer sports
are state-of-the –art textiles that are comfortable in hot weather because they can help control
body temperature. Increase in demand has come at a time when sophisticated technological
developments can produce textiles that answer these very specific requirements.
Clothes for team games, besides giving protection from the elements, must also be a defence
against other players and their equipment. Climbers need protection in case of falls. In water
sports, clothes help prevent drowning, and a one piece wetsuit using the latest technical
materials can keep the wearer warm for many hours, which could mean the difference
between life and death. It is compulsory for formula one motor racing drivers to wear fire
resistant garments and helmets to protect the head from the impact, and this has led to a sharp
decrease in fatalities. New textiles, lightweight, strong and durable, mean that there is no
longer a need for bulk to protect the vulnerable areas of head; chest, arms, knees and genitals,
and the materials chosen are rigorously tested to high levels.
Light weight flexible that offer superior protections were often first developed for space
programmes or for the military, and the technologies have filtered down to sports. A case in
point is aero elm, invented in the 1930s, and used by NASA to insulate the probe Pathfinder
on its mission to Mars. This ultra lightweight material (only three times denser than air) is
now being used for clothing where it offers supreme insulation in conditions of extreme cold,
but at a price- it is still expensive. Velcro was originally designed for the US space
programme in the 1950s, and is a very strong material as well as being flexible and light
weight. It is a fastening device that can be secured with one hand at places that are difficult to
access, such as the wrists and ankles. It is sewn in strips to clothes or accessories, and is
machine washable.
For ultimate protection, sophisticated textiles are being produced that offer maximum
strength. These are rigorously tested and are designed for clothing and accessories for
extreme sports. An important physiological function of the human body is its ability to sweat.
Activity generates heat, and the body cools itself down by the evaporation of sweat on the
skin. There are different types of perspiration – light sweating (vapour phase) to heavy
sweating (liquid phase). Summer sports clothes need to deal with liquid phase perspiration.
Sweat has to be drawn quickly away from the skin to the fabric surface to keep the wearer
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dry; if moisture cools on the body there is an unpleasant chilling effect. Effective clothing
must work with this system, and control both the build-up of perspiration and heat loss.
REQUIREMENTS OF A SPORTSWEAR
Advances in science and engineering have been taken up fibre and fabric manufacturers, and
have transformed sports clothing and accessories – the new sports textiles provide protection
and comfort while allowing competitors to give of their best. Textiles are constantly
developed with improved or new functions for sports, and this is a growing market in an
important industry.
MOISTURE MANAGING
The process of keeping the body dry - and therefore warm. Clothes said to have good
moisture management effectively allow sweat to escape rather than staying on the skin and
turning cold, while keeping all external sources of moisture such as rain or snow away from
your skin.
WICKING
Wicking fabrics are modern technical fabrics which draw moisture away from the body. They
are made of high-tech polyester, which, unlike cotton, absorbs very little water. Cotton will
absorb 7% of its weight in water, polyester only 0.4%. Cotton will therefore hang onto your
sweat, making your garment heavy and unpleasantly clammy. Wicking polyester has a
special cross-section and a large surface area, which picks up moisture and carries it away
from your body, spreading it out, to evaporate easily on the outside of the fabric. So you stay
cool and dry.
BREATHABILITY
Breathable fabrics resist water droplets from passing through while at the same time allowing water
vapour through. Their ability to block out rain and snow while allowing vapour from sweat to
evaporate lends to their use in outdoor sports clothing (i.e. a raincoat) and single-wall tents.
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AIR PERMEABILITY
The amount of air that flows through a fabric. When this happens, cold air is exchanged for
warm air, lowering the temperature inside the clothing. Air permeability is not the same thing
as breathability. Breathable fabric allows internal sources of moisture escape the fabric, but
does not allow wind to enter body core.
ODOUR FREE
The fabric is made by attaching chlorine-containing molecules called halamines to textile
fibres. Chlorine in this form has powerful bacteria-killing properties which produces odour
and fungus.
HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBRES

Performance fabrics, including polyester, nylon and spandex, let you stay cool on and off the
court. They also keep their shape and retain their colour far better than earlier fabrics used for
tennis clothing. They're also extremely durable. Look for DriFit, CoolMax or Wick away
when buying your tennis clothes. CLIMACOOL is a "technology" evolved by Adidas for
making jerseys. They claim it to be much better than any other material, natural like cotton or
artificial. Those people say that it has the ability to keep players cool which makes them
sweat less. They use polyester in making them. Some players prefer pure linen because of its
high degree of suitability for summer days and inherent comfort and stylish look. Tennis
clothes should incorporate socks and apparel composed of materials and fabrics that absorb
perspiration; allowing your skin to breathe is important so that heat and exhaustion don't
become unbearable. Novel synthetic fabrics are engineered to wick or push the perspiration
away from your body. Traditional cotton and acrylic are good for this anti-sweat purpose as
well. Make sure the clothes are loose-fitting so that circulation is not impeded, accelerating
exhaustion. Blisters, skin irritations, rashes can result from clothes that press down too tightly
on any part of your body. Advanced synthetics are now frequently chosen for outdoor winter
sports because they are generally weatherproof while also being breathable, abrasion-resistant
and durable. Most synthetics are thermoplastic. Advanced industrial materials, including
synthetic rubbers, closed-cell foams and nonwovens, can be laminated to achieve various
effects or vacuum-moulded to create surface relief or three dimensional forms. Synthetic
textiles, once thought inferior to naturals, are now increasingly appreciated by the general
public.
POLYESTER
Polyester has been used for athletic wear since the 1950s, but really came into its own in the
1970s for leisure wear because of its easy care characteristics. Polyester is used for many
sophisticated synthetics, and most microfibers are either polyester or polyamide. Microfibers
are ultra lightweight and fine, soft yet very strong making them both comfortable and highly
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functional. They can be engineered to be anti static anti stress, UV-resistant, high stretch and
thermo isolating (warm in winter, cool in summer).
Various fleeces made of polyester were originally developed for mountaineering and
exploring. Resembling a woollen fleece in appearance and texture, the new types are very
lightweight and quick drying (they are almost dry when removed from the washing machine).
Different fabrics can be created for many different conditions, and variations include double
sided fleece, dense fleece with a smooth surface for extra weather protection and fleece that,
it is claimed, blocks wind effectively in hostile conditions. First seen on the mountain slopes
worn by skiers and climbers, polyester fleece is now also used for sailing as well as more
general leisure and travel wear.
As polyester is a synthetic, it can be specially engineered to create a whole range of effects.

The fibre can be given a grooved section to allow moisture to escape by capillary action so
that it dries fast. The design of the fibre also enables it to act as wick, drawing moisture
rapidly away from the body to the outer surface where it evaporates. Other polyester fibres
also work on the capillary principle, with a filament yarn used on the inside and a microfiber
denier on the outside so that moisture is quickly taken from the wearer‟s skin, the inner face
remaining dry even when the outer face is wet. Modifications to polyester can give it a high
resistance to stretching, twisting and breaking or to chlorine damage or can impart a three
dimensional elasticity for increased comfort.
NYLON
Nylon or polyamide as it is also known was originally created for technical and industrial use
in the 1950s. Because it is a synthetic, it is easy to adapt – even its molecular structure can be
altered – and it has many applications for sports textiles. Polyamide 6.6 is derived from crude
oil and is used as the basis for many microfibers. High-tech fibre engineering allows
polyamide to take on a variety of looks, handling qualities and performance properties, such
as the rapid wicking of perspiration. Its inherent versatility from next to body wear to
specialist outdoor wear satisfies a wide and ever changing market.
Polyamide can be treated, by air-texturing for example to give them a natural look and soft
handle. Some even feel and look like cotton, but are abrasion resistant, strong, lightweight
and unlike cotton, quick drying and easy care. Polyamide blends well with many other fibres,
including naturals, regenerated fibres and synthetics. A blend of polyamide with Lycra can
result in a fabric that is comfortable and gives support, and a blend with Teflon one that is
water-repellent and stain resistant.
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NEOPRENE
Neoprene is a synthetic rubber like polymer with perforations shaped like honeycomb cells,
giving it good insulating properties. Since 1952, when Jack O‟Neil invented the all in one
neoprene wetsuit, neoprene has been the material of choice for surfing and diving wetsuits =,
as it is waterproof, lightweight, breathable, soft, warm, high – stretch, resilient and dries fast.
Wetsuits were previously bulkier and less comfortable, but now there special types of
neoprene, including ultra-fine and super-lightweight.
Carbon can be integrated into the fibre to distribute stretch and compression properties
evenly, which prevents stress build-up; any shock or load is taken across the entire wetsuit –
localised, this would cause a weak area. Stretch occurs without loss of density to the
neoprene so the wearer feels as warm as possible. Neoprene can be bonded, which makes it
extremely durable, and the introduction of certain types of polymer can prevent self curing
and maintain flexibility.
A wetsuit made from these new-generation neoprenes is totally protective and feels like a
second skin. This material is now being used for many sports, and research and development
has produced new combinations, including bonded neoprene and jersey, and neoprene with
polyester fleece that out performs other polyester fleeces. These thermoplastic textiles can be
machine moulded to create very lightweight and flexible waterproof garments.
FOAM
Synthetic foams are often used in sports clothes because they are ultra-lightweight, soft and
flexible, giving both ease of movement and protective volume. Foam naturally absorbs stress
and energy from an impact and spreads the force. Closed cell foam is very versatile; it can be
rigid and unyielding or fluid and soft. Helmets with their rigid outer shells often have linings
of compressible foam. When the energy is absorbed the foam is crushed and protects the
wearer‟s head (once this has occurred, the foam holds no more energy and the helmet must be
replaced).
Nonwovens were first developed for medical or protective purposes, and are now seen in the
manufacture of clothes both for sports and fashion. A nonwoven is made of a web of fibres
and these fibres are bonded using a variety of techniques, such as heat treatments and water
jets, friction, interlacing, gluing, needle punching. The cloth once bonded can be dyed and
coated.
Nonwoven fabrics are not generally as stable as woven or knitted construction, but they can
be given greater tensile strength by bonding them with a membrane. New nonwovens can be
ultra-lightweight; same have a high percentage of lycra for elasticity. Others can be micro-
perforated to give them an insulating property, and very fine sheets of nonwovens can be
fused to other fabrics to make them multifunctional.
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ARAMID
An aramid is a particular type of nylon that has been engineered to include six-member
carbon rings in its molecular structure. Aramids are generally very strong and also capable of
withstanding extremely cold temperatures. Kevlar is an example of an aramids fibre, which
can offer a tough, dense surface which absorbs energy and can even prevent the passage of
bullets. Kevlar was originally developed for spacesuits and space vehicles in the 1950s, but it
is now used in sports clothes and equipment. This high performance textile resists abrasion
and is one of the strongest and most durable materials available. Aramids microfilaments are
being developed in Japan where research has produced very strong and lightweight aramids
microfibers that are used for their protective and performance capabilities.
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Innovative technical fabrics also provide new aesthetic and different tactile qualities that
street style and fashion designers are quick to take up. Synthetics have made an astonishing
difference in high-performance sports clothing and accessories, but there is also increasing
use of the new techno-naturals‟ usually blends of naturals given sophisticated finishing
treatments. Rubber foam, ceramics and glass can also all be successfully used in conjunction
with traditional or high-tech textiles. Digital circuitry and micro electronics mean that new
interactive textiles can monitor heart and pulse rates and body temperature. And can also
incorporate information and communication systems. All of these have useful sports
applications, but are also full of potential for more general use.
MICROTECHNOLOGY
Micro technology has produced extremely sophisticated materials that have revolutionized
the sports market, such as fabrics made from microfibers. Innovations in technically
advanced textiles for performance wear has led to very fine deniers, including high-
performance microfibers and ultra-microfibers for „second skins‟. Most are made from either
polyester or polyamide filament. The old attitude to synthetics was that they were
uncomfortable during activity, but these new synthetics have transformed their reputation.
Microfibers usually blend well with other fibres to extend the range of their performance
qualities. A cloth with a micro denier can be totally designed and engineered from the
internal core to the outer surface to answer specific need; micro crimped loops, for example,
create flexible and durable fabrics. Texture and look is an important feature of today‟s
fabrics, and these fine fibres can be air-textured (blasted with air to rough the surface) or
given a lively surface interest with various yarn twists.
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Microencapsulation technology has developed fabrics with a variety of „health-giving‟ and

„well – being‟ substances contained in minute bobbles suspended along their fibres. As the
textile creases when worn, the bubbles break and gradually release their contents into the skin
of the wearer. Originally developed for astronauts, for survival wear, for protective wear and
for reusable surgical gowns, these fibres are now being used for sports clothes and both
ready-to-wear and high fashion. Microfibers can be impregnated with vitamins, healing
substances and fragrances, including essential oils that reduce stress or prevent insomnia, or
aloevera moisturizer with its antibacterial properties .sensors built into the fibres can enable
the textile to respond to certain stimuli. A fabric of the future could well contain many small
polystyrene balls to massage the wearer and relieve tension.
Antimicrobial fabrics guard against disease by repelling and fighting bacteria, though not
destroying them totally, since they play an important role in the ecosystem of our bodies. By
monitoring a wide range of microbes, these fibres can inhibit bacteria and such unwelcome
fungi growth as athletes‟ foot, which tends to thrive in the hot, damp environments on an
active person‟s body. Anti microbial can also prevent body odours. There are some materials
that are naturally antimicrobial –both copper and ceramic are used to prevent the growth of
bacteria.
Using micro technology, an antibacterial or antifungal agent is added either at the yarn
construction stage or as a finishing treatment. A commonly used antibacterial agent is
triclosan which is found in the toothpaste and mouthwashes. Benzyl benzoate is the agent in
textiles that protect against dust mite allergy because it removes the fungi and bacteria on
which dust mites feed .these fibres blend well with natural, regenerated and synthetic fibres,
often at low percentages, which enables the main fibre to retain its look and texture. When
the active agent is an integral part of the fibre, the effect tends to last the life of the garment
since it emits the substance slowly, and only when needed. Sometimes the agent works by
penetrating the fibre itself as well as coating the surface. clothing made with these specially
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fibres smells fresh for longer , and will need washing less often than conventional fibres ; it
also tends to be non irritant and therefore appropriate for asthmatics and those with skin
allergies .
THERMOREGULATORS
Thermo regulating textiles are a development of the new technology. They work well in both
hot and cold conditions, so clothes do not need to be removed during activity or added when
cooling down. Conventional fabrics allow more heat loss which may prevent the wearer from
performing to the best of his /her ability. Thermo regulating fabrics are very suitable for such
sports as mountaineering and tennis and also for beach and travel wear.
There are advanced technical fabrics that have specialist finishes in the form of water
resistant and breathable thermal control membranes made of polyurethane resin.
The molecular structure of the membrane varies according to temperature – when it is low,
heat retention is efficient as the polymer molecules tighten up and insulate the wearer, and
when high, the molecules move freely and away from each other to allow the fabric to
breathe.
PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

Phase change technology, originally developed by NASA enables a textile to adapt to
changes in the weather and to environments from the arctic to the Sahara. In all sports the
muscles need to be kept at optimum temperature to operate to their full potential. PCMs can
help to prevent the muscles from seizing up, and are useful for both warm up and cool down
clothing. Phase change technology uses materials that respond to both body and
environmental temperatures. For example, paraffin wax. This can be added in the form of a
micro thermal membrane , which, making use of microencapsulating technology, contains the
phase change material within an acrylic shell. This membrane is incorporated into the actual
fabric. Between an inner and an outer layer. Alternatively, a garment lining can be given a
PCM film with a plastic coating. Excess temperature is absorbed by the PCM which liquefies
and distributes the heat evenly before storing it, as the temperature drops, the material
becomes solid, and gradually releases the stored heat. In this way, overheating is prevented,
warmth will be generated after energy is expended. The highly functional fibres that create
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their own microclimate between the fabric and the skin are generally unaffected by water,
and add minimum bulk.
HOLLOW FIBRES
Use hollow fibres that trap air and insulate the wearer efficiently. This is a relatively new
field and is very successful owing to advances in fibre light weight with a hollow core
construction that provides insulation by trapping air both inside and in between the fibres for
maximum effect. Hollow fibres are generally blended with other fibres. Depending on the
18
fabric structure, the textiles can be very fine, breathable, and waterproof, quickly drying
provide good warmth to weight ratio and possess a volume. They are used for both underwear
and outer wear in a range of sports of sports activities. Textiles for active wear should be
capable of assisting the wearer to maintain a constant body temperature. This makes for
comfort at most levels of sports, and possibly survival in dangerous and extreme sports.
Sports clothes generally follow the body‟s contours, and, ideally, moisture from the
perspiration should travel through the fabric to the outside surface as quickly as possible for
the wearer to feel dry and comfortable. A fabric is required that removes the heat and stores
it, to release it gradually when needed to keep the wearer at a constant temperature for longer.
MOTORCYCLE SPORTS
Motorcycle sport is a broad field that encompasses all sporting aspects of motorcycling. The
disciplines are not all "races" or timed-speed events, as several disciplines test a competitor's
various riding skills.
Clothing Requirements
Jackets meant for motorcyclists are
typically made of nylon, leather, or
Kevlar. These jackets typically
include heavy padding on the
elbow, spine, and shoulder regions.
Gloves are generally made of
leather or Kevlar and some include
carbon fibre knuckle protection.
This protects the extremities from

breakage and dislocation and the
back and chest from strain and
broken bones. "Leathers" are 1-
piece suits, or 2-piece jackets and
trousers worn by motorcyclists
mainly for protection in a crash.
The leather used is not fashion
leather but protective leather which
is stronger, moderately flexible
and much tougher. Both leathers
and joins (seams and zips) should
be officially tested for ergonomics
and impact abrasion, cut, tear and burst resistance. They do not have to be too heavy and
there is no such thing as competition leather - just safe and unsafe leather and joins. The most
common leather used for motorcycle wear is from cattle such as beef cattle.
19
Kangaroo leather is becoming popular for its suppleness, light weight and strength compared
with cowhide. Many modern leathers have armour on the inside at major impact regions such
as shoulders, elbows, hips, knees and back. The energy absorbers and load spreaders range
from high density foam to foam backed hard polymers and carbon fiber.
It is designed to spread the impact load and shear strains to prevent and reduce harm levels of
injury and disablement.
There are also motorcycle jackets that use an airbag system, which deploys in the event of an
accident, inflating to protect the riders neck, torso, and lower back
They are connected to the motorcycle by a cable and deploy when the cable becomes
detached from its mounting clip, inflating to protect the back.
Performance claims range for textile motorcycle clothing from somewhat less to somewhat
better than competition grade leathers. Key elements of performance include:
 Strength - the protective clothing must maintain its integrity in the event of a crash
 abrasion resistance
 Ability to slide instead of grabbing tarmac or concrete (grabbing would tumble the
rider, likely resulting in greater injury)
 Heat resistance - whilst sliding the friction with the road can result in enough heat to
melt many synthetic materials
 Ability to stretch and breathe (for comfort).
Airbag Technology
Although air bag vests, jackets and other clothing are far from common, they're definitely
evolving, demonstrated by the Airetronics system. Airetronics also refers to their product as a
“motorcycle inflatable safety vest” that “provides a cushion of air around your torso.” Most
or all of the air-assisted rider protection systems that we're familiar with consist of a vest or
undergarment that is designed to be worn under a specially equipped motorcycle jacket. One
or more CO2 canisters normally provide inflation via a mechanical trigger that engages when
the rider leaves the motorcycle. The triggering device for the CO2 canisters is usually
connected to some type of wiring harness that must be physically attached to the motorcycle.
When the rider's body leaves the bike, a wire that's attached to the jacket activates the
triggers, piercing the CO2 canisters and instantly inflating the vest or inflatable garment.
Although the combination of the inflatable vest and the specially designed jacket may help
20
ensure that the technology does indeed work as a system, it leaves the owner less choice
DEFLATED CONDITION INFLATED CONDITION
regarding styling. The outer covering of the vest is made from 500 Denier "Kodura", which
is apparently a take-off on the trademarked DuPont Cordura name, commonly used in
motorcycle apparel. The fabric is tightly woven and feels similar to canvas. Airetronics
offers four different vest styles, including one made from leather. The vests can be purchased
separately, or combined with an Airetronics jacket for a modest increase in price. The jackets
run the styling gamut from cruiser to sport. Each Airetronics jacket has a provision to attach
the vest, using a combination of "hook and loop" and snap-in fasteners. The only trick is
remembering to attach and detach the lanyards from the harness every time the rider mounts
or dismounts the bike. Perhaps the next step will be some type of range sensor that can
trigger the inflation -- armed when the bike starts but intelligent enough to realize that if the
bike is travelling at less than, say, 5 mph, the device will not inflate when the rider leaves the
area.
SKIING AND MOUNTANEERING

The function of this sports
clothing is to protect the body
from its physical and climatic
environment. Clothing is used
as barrier against cold and
wind. Protection from rain,
wind and snow are equally
important, and the advent of
sportswear and synthetic fibres,
ingenious solutions were
developed by people living in
some of the extreme climates of
the world. Sports clothes
manufacturers have in the past taken inspiration from the aesthetic qualities of ethnic
garments. But designers are now starting to appreciate the lessons in performance and fit-for-
purpose garments that can be applied to the design of contemporary waterproof clothing. The
21
Herning Museum in Denmark houses an unusual pair of mittens in its ethnographic

collection. They were both designed for use by fishermen. They were both designed for use
by fishermen. One is knitted using human hair to help repel water. The other mitten has two
thumbs so that, after the fishermen had made one wet reaching through the icy water for the
eel, he could move his thumb to the dry one once his had was out of the water.
Patagonia‟s water proof breathable Ice Nine jacket uses a 3-layer Gore-tex Extended Comfort
Range (XCR) composite of mini- ripstop nylon that has been bonded to a Gore-Tex
membrane. A polyester scrim, treated with a durable water repellent finish, lines the jacket,
and further reinforcement has been added to vulnerable areas using a nylon and membrane
laminate. Elbows have been articulated for ease of movement, and zips are made extra long
with double sliders and stay-open wind-flaps for ventilation
22
GORE-TEX MEMBRANE FABRIC

This fabric consists of three layers of fabric. They are,
 Outer layer
 Membrane
 Inner face fabric
OUTER FABRIC
This is the between high-performance fabrics that are extremely breathable which is bonded
with GORE-TEX® membrane. All GORE-TEX® fabrics are waterproof, windproof, and
breathable. However, there are many different outer fabrics and fabric constructions available
so that you can choose what's most important to you: weight, texture, abrasion resistance, and
so on.
23
GORE-TEX MEMBRANE
It contains over 9 billion microscopic pores per square inch. These pores are 20,000 times
smaller than a water droplet, but 700 times larger than a water vapour molecule, which makes
the GORE-TEX® membrane completely waterproof from the outside, while allowing
perspiration to escape from the inside. An oleo phobic, or oil-hating, substance is integrated
into the membrane, preventing the penetration of body oils and insect repellent that could
otherwise affect the membrane.
INNER FACE
This is the between high-performance fabrics that are extremely breathable which is bonded
with GORE-TEX® membrane. This fabric has the property absorb the moisture vapour
release to the atmosphere through membrane which is bonded with the membrane.
SEAMS
Seams and stitching are essential aspects of a garment's construction. Unfortunately, they
compromise the water and liquid protective properties of the fabric: seams and needle holes
may be small, but they will still leak. That's why they must be completely sealed.
For absolute water proofness and liquid resistance, our products rely on Gore-Seam Tape.
This unique tape, backed by reliable Gore equipment and know-how, ensures that every seam
and tiny stitch hole is sealed.
By constantly improve the innovation in taping and sealing technologies are improved in
garments to reducing their weight, refining their drape, and their weight, refining their drape,
and increasing their durability.
24
GLOVES
Glove is built for serious mountain use and will keep you protected in even the harshest
conditions. GORE-TEX® products allow perspiration to easily escape while being the perfect
barrier to wind and water, meaning you stay comfortable in even the wettest conditions and
after extreme use. here Spirafil 150 insulation technology is used to keep the wearer warm for
long hours.
An ultra-thin treatment of Durable Water Repellent(DWR) polymer applied to the outermost

fabric layer of laminates. This coating penetrates the fibers and lowers the surface tension of
the fabric, causing water to bead up and roll off the garment instead of being absorbed. DWR
is not a waterproofing treatment by itself; the GORE-TEX® membrane does that. DWR
significantly improves your comfort in the rain by reducing the heat loss through wet fabric.
Other features
Water -repellent, insulating windproof fleece jacket from Páramo. Lightweight and lower
bulk, the new Tiempo Fleece is ideal for use on and off the hill. Effective wind proofing
allows greater warmth to be trapped in the underlay reducing heat loss from wind-chill- an
advantage when trying to stay warm or to warm up. Recommended for low level rambling
and a wide variety of Trek and Travel climates.
 Increased field of vision provided by a fully adjustable, wired, detachable low profile
hood.
 Maximum freedom of movement and increased comfort in the shoulder and arm area
provided by articulate shoulders and sleeves.
 Camera, compass or other essential storage provided by large zipped chest pocket.
 Adjustable temperature and weather protection from the high collar with single-hand
draw cord adjustment.
 OS map pocket storage.
 Temperature adjustment from elasticised and peppered cuff.
 Hand warming and additional storage from two waist level pockets.
 Venting, weather protection and minimal racking provided by concealed, elasticized
waist and hem draw cords.
 Protection to the kidney area when bending or stretching from scooped tail.
25
SWIMWEAR
The aquatic sport of swimming is based on the human act of swimming, that is, locomotion in
water by self propulsion, usually with the goal to complete a given distance in the smallest
amount of time. There are also swimming competitions based on endurance or precedence
rather than speed, such as crossing the English Channel or some other stretch of open water.
As a sport, swimming is usually distinguished from other aquatic sports (such as diving,
synchronized swimming and water polo) that involve the act of swimming but where the goal
is neither speed nor endurance.
There has been much controversy after the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, when many
Olympic swimmers, including Olympic Gold Medallist Michael Phelps, broke records
unprecedented times using revolutionary swimsuits. To highlight the issue, note that it is rare
to break world records, but in 2008, 70 world records were broken in one year, and 66
Olympic records were broken in one Olympic Games (There were races in Beijing where the
first 5 finishers were swimming faster than the old world record). Despite many of his records
having been won in these suits, Michael Phelps stated that he might boycott the competition
after his record was beaten by another swimmer with a more advanced suit.
As of New Year's Day 2010, men are only allowed to wear suits from waist to above the
knees. They are also only permitted to wear one piece of swimwear; they cannot wear
speedos underneath jammers. This law was enacted after the controversy in the Beijing
Olympics and Rome World Championships.
Women wear one piece suits with different backs for competition, though there are two-piece
suits that can be worn to compete as well. Backs vary mainly in strap thickness and geometric
design. Most common styles include: racerback, axel back, corset, diamondback, and
butterfly-back. There are also different style lengths: three quarter length (reaches the knees),
regular length (shoulders to hips), and bikini style (2 piece). Also as of New Year's 2010, in
competition, women are only allowed to wear suits that do not go past the knees or shoulders.
DRAG SUITS
Drag suits are used for increasing

the resistance against the
swimmer in order to help adjust
the swimmer to drag. This way
when swimmers switch back
normal practice suits they swim
faster as a result of feeling less
resistance. They are not normally
worn during competitions.
26
DRAG SHORTS
Drag shorts like drag suits are worn in training and are also used to increase drag so that
when taken off in racing it feels easier and the wearer feels less resistance. Other forms of
drag wear include nylons, and t-shirts; the point is to increase friction in the water to build
strength during training, and increase speed once drag items are removed for competition. It
is also very common for swimmers to shave areas of exposed skin, to reduce friction in the
water. Drag wear is not normally worn during competitions
WETSUITS OR CAT SUITS
. Since 1952, when Jack O‟Neil invented the

all in one neoprene wetsuit, neoprene has
been the material of choice for surfing and
diving wetsuits =, as it is waterproof,
lightweight, breathable, soft, warm, high –
stretch, resilient and dries fast. Wetsuits were
previously bulkier and less comfortable, but
now there special types of neoprene,
including ultra-fine and super-lightweight.
Carbon can be integrated into the fibre to

distribute stretch and compression properties
evenly, which prevents stress build-up; any
shock or load is taken across the entire
wetsuit – localised, this would cause a weak
area. Stretch occurs without loss of density to
the neoprene so the wearer feels as warm as possible. Neoprene can be bonded, which makes
it extremely durable, and the introduction of certain types of polymer can prevent self curing
and maintain flexibility.
PERFORMANCE SWIM SUITS
These are the suits worn during the swimming

competiton, which is light weight and water
repellent which keeps body warm as much as
possible. Speedo is the company is leader in
manufacturing this suits. Their LZR Racer suits are
ultra light weight, powerful and water repellent. It
reduces muscle oscillation and skin vibration
through powerful compression. This fast drying
fabric also offers low skin friction drag. It is
dynamically engineered to optimise the shape of
the swimmer.
In the water proof fabrics one of the major

challange in early days was making seams water
27
repellent. Now it is achieved by different techniques through technological developments.

One method is joining the joints using the needle which is smaller than the sewing thread so
that the hole made by the needle will be blocked in
order to avoid water penetration. The sewing thread
also has the special characteristic of swelling when it
is wet which blocks the hole better.
Another method used to make the seam water

repellent is by bonded technology. It is ultrasonically
welded bonded seams create a perfectly smooth yet
flexible streamlined surface.
TRIATHLON SUITS
This triathlon suits of Speedo LZR Racer Tri-Pro harnesses the Speedo Aqualab‟s R&D
expertise and understanding of the human body, performance materials and the environment
to deliver products that perform exceptionally across all phases of a Triathlon. It has 26% less
weight in dry and 42% when wet compared to other suits. It dries twice as fast as other suits.
This suits legs are engineered with a single seam to minimise friction and chafe. Leg hems
contains silicone gripper strips for ideal positioning. Suit chest has no seams to minimise
friction and chafe. Its ergonomically designed body and shoulder fit allows full shoulder
movement. Its profile of the shoulder straps spreads the intrinsic stretch. The revolutionary
hydrophobic fabric used in this suits creates a suit that dries up to twice as fast as the other
suits, offering more comfortable swim to cycle transition and a competitive weight
advantage.
28
TENNIS WEAR
Tennis is a sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each
(doubles). Each player uses a racket that is strung to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt past a
net into the opponent's court.
The modern game of tennis originated in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century as "lawn tennis"
which has heavy connections to various field/lawn games as well as to the ancient game of real tennis.
After its creation, tennis spread throughout the upper-class English-speaking population before spreading
around the world. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society at all ages. The sport
can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including people in wheelchairs.
Clothing Requirements
Modern tennis clothes fit well, yet loosely. They are lightweight and don't hold moisture. This
also helps keep the tennis players dry and cool. Climacool is a "technology" evolved by adidas
for making jerseys. They claim it to be much better than any other material, natural like cotton or
artificial. Those people say that it has the ability to keep players cool which makes them sweat
less. They use polyester in making them.
Some players prefer pure linen because of its high degree of suitability for summer days and
inherent comfort and stylish look.
NADAL WEARING A DRIFIT TECHNOLOGY VEST BY NIKE
Tennis clothes should incorporate socks and apparel composed of materials and fabrics that
absorb perspiration; allowing your skin to breathe is important so that heat and exhaustion don't
29
become unbearable. Novel synthetic fabrics are engineered to wick or push the perspiration
away from your body. Traditional cotton and acrylic are good for this anti-sweat purpose as
well. Make sure the clothes are loose-fitting so that circulation is not impeded, accelerating
exhaustion. Blisters, skin irritations, rashes can result from clothes that press down too tightly on
any part of your body. You don't want clothes that pinch you because circulation shouldn't be
inhibited in any way. Otherwise, you're more likely to get tired. The more clothing technology
advances, the more tennis clothes adapt to this technology to give the tennis players the greatest
possible advantages. Most professional tennis players wear synthetic fabrics for their various
advantages.
Tennis players prefer tennis clothes that are lightweight, fit well, repel moisture, and are
generally comfortable. Tennis clothes that keep the body cool and dry can help players
counteract the physical toll that playing tennis, especially in hot weather, can exact.
Cotton was the fabric of choice for tennis clothes. In the last few years, however, many tennis
apparel makers have introduced garments made of new, synthetic fibers. Tennis clothes made of
these synthetic fibers help remove sweat from the skin and clothing by wicking moisture away
from the body. Examples of these clothing technologies are Adidas‟s Climacool brand and
Nike‟s Dri-FIT. Most professional tennis players and many recreational tennis players now wear
tennis clothes made with these new technologies because they keep them cooler and drier than
traditional tennis wear.
30
INTEGRATION
 Fibre manufacturing and its characteristics are studied in Basics of Manufacturing
 Forecasts about design, color and sales in the sports wear are related to the subject,
Survey of Apparel Design
 Electronic components used in smart textile as GPS in the winter sports like exploring
and mountaineering. This is related to the Elements of Technology
 Pattern making for different sports wear garments is different according to its end
uses. It is related to the subject Geometry
 Making the design part of the garment can be related to the Photoshop, we studied in
Computer Application
31
CONCLUSION
The development of the sportswear plays a main role in exceeding a limits of particular game.
It helped in breaking the previous record in the sports. There is consistent in decline in death
caused by the fatal accidents. The present day research in this field is bringing the results in
pushing the limits of the game.
32
REFERENCES
Text book: SPORTS TECH
http://www.footballkitdesigner.co.uk/wicking-fabric_article.html
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=119893&page=1
http://www.scribd.com/full/21768453?access_key=key-28jv8jicsszex0b37btv
http://www.nano-tex.com/news&media/usa_today_11-17-04.pdf
http://www.padana.com
http://www.getgeared.co.uk/PROOF_Thermal_Rainsuit_Neon?sc=43&category=344
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7444/857
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5167387_history-tennis-clothing.html
http://www.fibtex.lodz.pl/52_21_90.pdf
http://www.webbikeworld.com/r3/motorcycle-air-bag/
http://www.aloclothing.com/short-sleeve-crew-mens.html
http://www.gore-tex.com/remote/Satellite/content/what-is-gore-tex-seam-sealing
http://www.gore-tex.com/remote/Satellite/content/what-is-gore-tex-membrane
33

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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI

INTEGRATED TERM PROJECT II

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that P RAGUPATHI & RITESH TIWARI, student of

2 The Development of Sports Clothing 05

3 Importance of Sports Clothing 08

4 Functional Sports Clothing 09

6 High Performance Fibres 11

8 Motorcycle Sports Wear 18

9 Skiing and Mountaineering 20

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS CLOTHING

IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS CLOTHING

FUNCTIONAL SPORTS CLOTHING

HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBRES

As polyester is a synthetic, it can be specially engineered to create a whole range of effects.

Microencapsulation technology has developed fabrics with a variety of „health-giving‟ and

PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

This protects the extremities from

DEFLATED CONDITION INFLATED CONDITION

SKIING AND MOUNTANEERING

Herning Museum in Denmark houses an unusual pair of mittens in its ethnographic

GORE-TEX MEMBRANE FABRIC

An ultra-thin treatment of Durable Water Repellent(DWR) polymer applied to the outermost

Drag suits are used for increasing

WETSUITS OR CAT SUITS

. Since 1952, when Jack O‟Neil invented the

Carbon can be integrated into the fibre to

PERFORMANCE SWIM SUITS

These are the suits worn during the swimming

In the water proof fabrics one of the major

repellent. Now it is achieved by different techniques through technological developments.

Another method used to make the seam water

NADAL WEARING A DRIFIT TECHNOLOGY VEST BY NIKE

 Fibre manufacturing and its characteristics are studied in Basics of Manufacturing

Text book: SPORTS TECH

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