Kiwi
Kiwi
Kiwi
Kiwis
Flightless ratites
Endangered
General Comparison
Both flightless
Both bipedal
Order Trees
Clade: Amniotes
Clade: Synapsids/Therapsids
vs Diapsids
Clade: Archosaurs
Saurischians
Order: Apterygiformes/
Struthioniformes vs Primates
Further Speciation
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
(Comprehensive Analysis)
Carpometacarpus
Skeletal Composition
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Gamete to Adult
Embryo similarities
Cellular Structure
Macronutrients and
Micronutrients
Kiwi DNA
Kiwi Habitat
Disadvantageous farmland
Diseases
Risk of coccidia
References
IllustraMedia. "FLIGHT: The Genius of Birds - Embryonic Development." YouTube. 2013. Accessed April 09, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ah-gT0hTto.
McNab, Brian K.. 1996. Metabolism and Temperature Regulation of Kiwis (apterygidae). The Auk 113 (3). American Ornithologists' Union: 68792. doi:10.2307/4088996.
Miller, Hilary, et al. "Characterisation of class II B MHC genes from a ratite bird, the little spotted kiwi ( Apteryx owenii)."Immunogenetics63, no. 4 (April 2011):
223-233.Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost(accessed April 9, 2016).
Morgan, Kerri J., et al. "Extra-intestinal coccidiosis in the kiwi ( Apteryx spp.)."Avian Pathology42, no. 2 (April 2013): 137-146.Academic Search Premier,
EBSCOhost(accessed April 9, 2016).
Rose, M. E. (1979). The immune system in birds. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 72(9), 701705.
Stoner, Dayton. 1923. A Flightless New Zealand Bird. The Scientific Monthly 17 (2). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 18284. http://
www.jstor.org.libprox1.slcc.edu/stable/3693033.
"North Island Brown Kiwi Videos, Photos and Facts." ARKive. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.arkive.org/north-island-brown-kiwi/apteryx-mantelli/.
"Avian Osmoregulation." Avian Osmoregulation. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bird_excretion.htm.
"Evolution of Amniotes - Boundless Open Textbook." Boundless. Accessed April 09, 2016. https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/
vertebrates-29/reptiles-174/evolution-of-amniotes-671-11893/.
"Characteristics of Class Aves." Characteristics of Class Aves. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.preservearticles.com/2011082011054/characteristics-of-class-aves.html.
"Great Spotted Kiwi." Classification. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/reiland_lian/Classification.html.
"Dinosaurs and Ancient Life Images for The Teaching Company." Comparison between Synapsid and Diapsid Skulls, for The Teaching Company, by Karen Carr and Karen
Carr Studio, Inc. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.karencarr.com/portfolio-images/Dinosaurs-and-ancient-life/Triassic/The-Teaching-Company/Comparison-betweensynapsid-and-diapsid-skulls/505.
"Diet and Nutrition." Diet and Nutrition. Accessed April 09, 2016. https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Diet_and_Nutrition.html.
"Difference Between Mammals and Birds." Difference Between. 2011. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-betweenmammals-and-birds/.
References
"Birds - Aves - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life." Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://eol.org/pages/695/overview.
"Endocrine Hormone Systems in Birds." Endocrine Hormone Systems in Birds. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://animals.mom.me/endocrine-hormone-systems-birds-9771.html.
"Kiwi Genomes Explain the Unusual Characteristics of an Endangered Bird." EurekAlert! Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-07/bckge072015.php.
"Most Prolific Mother Ever." Guinness World Records. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-prolific-mother-ever.
"Introduction to the Palaeognathae." Introduction to the Palaeognathae. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/palaeognathae.html.
"Birds | Kiwi." Kiwi. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/kiwi.
"Facts about Kiwi." Kiwi Facts. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.rainbowsprings.co.nz/kiwi-conservation/kiwi-facts/.
"Kiwi Bird Genome Sequenced." Kiwi Bird Genome Sequenced. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://phys.org/news/2015-07-kiwi-bird-genome-sequenced.html.
"Kiwi Bird Genome Sequenced." Kiwi Bird Genome Sequenced. Accessed April 09, 2016. https://www.mpg.de/research/kiwi-bird-genome-sequenced.
"Phylogenomic Evidence for Multiple Losses of Flight in Ratite Birds." Phylogenomic Evidence for Multiple Losses of Flight in Ratite Birds. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://
www.pnas.org/content/105/36/13462.full.
"Investigation." Primate Features. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3029.
"How Do We Choose Our Mates?" Psychology Today. Accessed April 09, 2016. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/homo-consumericus/201404/how-do-we-choose-our-mates.
"Science Explorations." Science Explorations. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/explorations/lizards/libraryarticle.asp?ItemID=270.
"Kiwi Decline." TerraNature. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://terranature.org/kiwi1.htm.
"The Kiwi." The Kiwi. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://xenon.stanford.edu/~rsf/kiwi.html.
"What Is the Genus Homo?" What Is the Genus Homo? Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.innovateus.net/earth-matters/what-genus-homo.red
"Cloaca." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed April 09, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/science/cloaca.
Glossary
ratite: havingaflat,unkeeledsternum,asanostrich,cassowary,emu,ormoa
species: a class of individuals having some common characteristics or qualities; distinct sort or kind
amniotes:anyvertebrateofthegroupAmniota,comprisingthereptiles,birds, andmammals,characterizedbyhavinganamnionduringtheembryonicstage
gondwana: a hypothetical landmass in the Southern Hemisphere that separated toward the end of the Paleozoic Era to form South America, Africa, Antarctica, and
Australia
speciation: the formation of new species as a result of geographic, physiological, anatomical, or behavioral factors that prevent previously interbreeding populations from
breeding with each other
synapsids: a reptile with one temporal opening on each side of the skull
therapsids: any of various groups of mammallike reptiles of the extinct order Therapsida
fenestra: a small opening or perforation, as in a bone, especially between the middle and inner ear
archosaur: any reptile of the subclass Archosauria, including the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and crocodilians and characterized by two pairs of openings in the temporal region
of the skull
saurischian: any herbivorous or carnivorous dinosaur of the order Saurischia, having a three-pronged pelvis resembling that of a crocodile
trochanter: either of two knobs at the top of the femur, the greater on the outside and the lesser on the inside, serving for the attachment of muscles between the thigh and
pelvis
mammals: any vertebrate of the class Mammalia, having the body more or less covered with hair, nourishing the young with milk from the mammary glands, and, with the
exception of the egg-laying monotremes, giving birth to live young.
Glossary
apterygiformes: the order of the kiwi
eye orbits: cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated
hominidae: any of the modern or extinct bipedal primates of the family Hominidae
sternum: a bone or series of bones extending along the middle line of the ventral portion of the body of most vertebrates
pelvic girdle: a bony or cartilaginous arch supporting the hind limbs or analogous parts.
pubis: that part of either innominate bone that, with the corresponding part of the other, forms the front of the pelvis
femur: a bone in the human leg extending from the pelvis to the knee
tarsometatarsus: the large bone in the lower leg of a bird with which the toe bones articulate
humerus: the long bone in the arm of humans extending from the shoulder to the elbow
pygostyle: the bone at the posterior end of the spinal column in birds, formed by the fusion of several caudal vertebrae
Glossary
coccyx: a small triangular bone forming the lower extremity of the spinal column in humans
carpometacarpus: the bone of a bird's wing formed by fusion of the carpal and metacarpal bones.
olfactory bulb: the enlarged terminal part of each olfactory lobe from which the olfactory nerve originates
cerebral cortex: the furrowed outer layer of gray matter in the cerebrum of the brain
adrenal gland: one of a pair of ductless glands, located above the kidneys
metabolism: the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is produced
antibodies: any of numerous Y -shaped protein molecules produced by B cells as a primary immune defense
diaphragm: a muscular, membranous or ligamentous wall separating two cavities or limiting a cavity
gizzard: a thick-walled, muscular pouch in the lower stomach of many birds and reptiles that grinds food
cloaca: the common cavity into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals open in birds
Glossary
omnivorous: eating both animal and plant foods
umbilical cord: a cord or funicle connecting the embryo or fetus with the placenta of the mother
ribosome: a tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great numbers in the cell cytoplasm
lysosomes: a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death
micronutrients: an essential nutrient, as a trace mineral or vitamin, that is required by an organism in minute amounts
macronutrients: any of the nutritional components of the diet that are required in relatively large amounts
protein: any of numerous, highly varied organic molecules constituting a large portion of the mass of every life form
carbohydrates: any of a class of organic compounds that are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones important food for animals and people
vitamins: any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism
Glossary
minerals: any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods
passerine: comprising more than half of all birds and typically having the feet adapted for perching
coccidia: any sporozoan of the order Coccidia, often parasitic in the digestive tracts of certain animals and a cause of coccidiosis