- Medium formulation defines the nutritional, hormonal, and environmental conditions required by cells. The composition of the growth medium largely determines the microbial environment.
- An ideal medium provides sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, minor elements, vitamins and buffers pH changes. Common carbon sources include molasses and malt extract, while nitrogen sources may be inorganic salts or organic compounds like corn steep liquor.
- Trace elements like iron, zinc and manganese serve as micronutrients or influence metabolite production, while oxygen levels must suit the organism's needs as an aerobe, anaerobe or facultative anaerobe. Proper medium composition and conditions are vital for cell growth, stability and desired
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- Medium formulation defines the nutritional, hormonal, and environmental conditions required by cells. The composition of the growth medium largely determines the microbial environment.
- An ideal medium provides sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, minor elements, vitamins and buffers pH changes. Common carbon sources include molasses and malt extract, while nitrogen sources may be inorganic salts or organic compounds like corn steep liquor.
- Trace elements like iron, zinc and manganese serve as micronutrients or influence metabolite production, while oxygen levels must suit the organism's needs as an aerobe, anaerobe or facultative anaerobe. Proper medium composition and conditions are vital for cell growth, stability and desired
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a simple notes to follow the media formulation ..
it may help
- Medium formulation defines the nutritional, hormonal, and environmental conditions required by cells. The composition of the growth medium largely determines the microbial environment.
- An ideal medium provides sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, minor elements, vitamins and buffers pH changes. Common carbon sources include molasses and malt extract, while nitrogen sources may be inorganic salts or organic compounds like corn steep liquor.
- Trace elements like iron, zinc and manganese serve as micronutrients or influence metabolite production, while oxygen levels must suit the organism's needs as an aerobe, anaerobe or facultative anaerobe. Proper medium composition and conditions are vital for cell growth, stability and desired
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
- Medium formulation defines the nutritional, hormonal, and environmental conditions required by cells. The composition of the growth medium largely determines the microbial environment.
- An ideal medium provides sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, minor elements, vitamins and buffers pH changes. Common carbon sources include molasses and malt extract, while nitrogen sources may be inorganic salts or organic compounds like corn steep liquor.
- Trace elements like iron, zinc and manganese serve as micronutrients or influence metabolite production, while oxygen levels must suit the organism's needs as an aerobe, anaerobe or facultative anaerobe. Proper medium composition and conditions are vital for cell growth, stability and desired
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Medium Formulation
• Define medium nutritional, hormonal, and
substratum requirement of cells • In most cases, the medium is independent of the bioreactor design and process parameters • The type: complex and synthetic medium (mineral medium) • Even small modifications in the medium could change cell line stability, product quality, yield, operational parameters, and downstream processing. • Media must satisfy all nutritional requirements of the organism and fulfill the objectives of the process • Generally must provide – a carbon source (for energy and C units for biosynthesis) – Sources of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur – Minor and trace elements – Some require added vitamins e.g. biotin and riboflavin • Media generally contain buffers or pH controlled by adding acids / alkalis • Potential problems – Compounds that are rapidly metabolized may repress product formation – Certain compounds affect morphology Medium composition Fermentation medium consists of: • Macronutrients (C, H, N, S, P, Mg sources water, sugars, lipid, amino acids, salts & minerals) • Micronutrients (trace elements/metals, vitamins) • Additional factors (growth factors, attachment proteins, transport proteins, etc.) For aerobic culture, oxygen is sparged Besides a source of energy, organisms require a source of materials for biosynthesis of cellular matter and products, cell operation, maintenance and reproduction. •These materials must supply all the elements necessary to accomplish the above mentioned. •Some microorganisms utilize elements in the form of simple compounds, others require more complex compounds, usually related to the form in which they ultimately will be incorporated in the cellular material. •The microbial environment is largely determined by the composition of the growth medium. Using pure compounds in precisely defined proportions yields a defined or synthetic medium. •This is usually preferred for researching specific requirements for growth and product formation by systematically adding or eliminating chemical species from the formulation. •Defined media can be easily reproduced, have low foaming tendency, show translucency and allow easy product recovery and purification. •Complex or natural media such as molasses, corn steep liquor, meat extracts, etc., are not completely defined chemically, however, they are the media of choice in industrial fermentations. •Fermentation nutrients are generally classified as: sources of carbon, nitrogen and sulfer, minerals and vitamins. Carbon sources • Molasses – Byproduct of cane sugar production – a dark viscous syrup containing 50% CHO (sucrose) with 2% nitrogen, vitamins and minerals • Malt extract – Use aqueous extracts of malted barley to produce C sources for cultivation of fungi and yeasts – Contain 90% CHO, 5% nitrogen and proteins, peptides and amino acids • Whey – Aqueous byproduct of dairy industry – Contains lactose and milk proteins – Difficult to store (refrigerate) so freeze dried – Many MO’s won’t metabolize lactose but whey is used in production of penecilluin, ethanol, SCP, xanthan gum etc Nitrogen Sources • Mo’s generally can use inorganic or organic N – Inorganic sources: ammonia, ammonium salts – Organic sources: amino acid, proteins and urea • Corn steep liquor • Yeast extract • Peptones • Soya bean meal Micronutrient Sources • Requirements for trace elements may include iron (Fe2+and Fe3+), zinc (Zn2+), manganese (Mn2+), molybdenum (Mo2+), cobalt (Co2+), copper (Cu2+), and calcium (Ca2+). • The functions of each vary from serving in coenzyme functions to catalyze many reactions, vitamin synthesis, and cell wall transport. • The requirements are generally in very low levels and can sometimes even be supplied from quantities occurring in water or from leachates from equipment. • Trace elements may contribute to both primary or secondary metabolite production. • Manganese can influence enzyme production. Iron and zinc have been found to influence antibiotic production. • Primary metabolite production is usually not very sensitive to trace element concentration, however, this is a different matter for secondary metabolite production. • K, Mg, Ca and Fe are normally required in relatively large amounts and should normally always be included as salts in culture media. Oxygen Sources
•Oxygen is always provided in water.
•Some organisms require molecular oxygen as terminal oxidizing agents to fulfill their energetic needs through aerobic respiration. •These organisms are obligatorily aerobic. For obligate anaerobes molecular 02, is a toxic substance. •Some organisms are facultative anaerobes and can grow with or without molecular 02. • The combination of minerals is also important in regulating the electrolytic and osmotic properties of the cell interior. • In most cases, the complex industrial carbon and/or nitrogen sources supply sufficient minerals for proper fermentation . •Each reaction that occurs within the cell has its own optimum (range of) conditions. •For instance, although a given medium may be suitable for the initiation of growth, the subsequent development of a bacterial strain may be severely limited by chemical changes that are brought about by the growth and metabolism of the microorganisms themselves. •In the case of glucose containing media, organic acids that may be produced as a result of fermentation may become inhibitory to growth. •In contrast, the microbial decomposition or utilization of anionic components of a medium tends to make the medium more alkaline. •To prevent excessive changes in the hydrogen ion concentration, either buffers or insoluble carbonates are often added to the medium. •The phosphate buffers, which consist of mixtures of mono-hydrogen and dihydrogen phosphates (e.g., K2HP04 and KH2P04), are the most useful ones.