Virtually all welding processes used on austenitic

stainless steels are applicable to duplex stainless

steels. This includes Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
(GTAW, TIG), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW,
MIG), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW,
stick), Flux Core Wire Welding (FCW),
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), and Plasma Arc
Welding (PAW). Oxyacetylene welding should
not be used because of the associated carbon
contamination of the weld.
Filler Metals
Most filler metals for duplex stainless steel
welding are described as matching, but typically
they are overalloyed in nickel with respect to the
wrought products that they are said to match.
Usually there is about 2-4% more nickel than in
the base metal. The nitrogen content is typically
slightly lower in the weld metal than in the base
metal. It is generally accepted that the more highly
alloyed duplex stainless steel weld fillers are
suitable for welding the lower alloyed duplex
stainless steel products. The matching fillers
have been reported to give acceptable results
when joining duplex stainless steels to austenitic
stainless steels or to carbon and alloy steels.
Preheating
As a general rule, preheating is not recommended
because it may be detrimental. It should not be a
part of a procedure unless there is a specific
justification. Preheating may be beneficial when
used to eliminate moisture from the steel as may
occur in cold ambient conditions or from
overnight condensation. When preheating to deal
with moisture, the steel should be heated to about
95C (200F) uniformly and only after the weld
preparation has been cleaned.
Heat Input and Interpass
Temperature
Duplex stainless steels can tolerate relatively high
heat inputs. The duplex solidification structure of
the weld metal is more resistant to hot cracking
than that of austenitic weld metals. Because
duplex stainless steels have higher thermal
conductivity and lower coefficient of thermal
expansion than austenitic stainless steels, they
have less tendency to warp during welding. While
it is necessary to limit the severity of restraint on
the weld, hot cracking is not a common problem.
Exceedingly low heat input may result in
fusion zones and heat-affected zones which are
excessively ferritic with a corresponding loss of
toughness and corrosion resistance. Exceedingly
high heat input increases the danger of forming
intermetallic phases.
The maximum interpass temperature should
be no higher than 150C (300F). Electronic
temperature probes and thermocouples are the
preferred instruments for monitoring the interpass
temperature. When a large amount of welding is to
be performed, planning the welding so there is
enough time for cooling between passes is good,
economical practice.
Postweld Heat Treatment
Postweld stress relief is not needed for
duplex stainless steels and is likely to be
harmful because the heat treatment may
precipitate intermetallic phases or alpha prime
(475C/885F) embrittlement causing a loss of
toughness and corrosion resistance.
Any postweld heat treatment should be a full
solution anneal followed by water quenching. See
Shop Sheet 101.
SHOP SHEET 105
WELDING PARAMETERS FOR DUPLEX
STAINLESS STEELS
36325 Shop Sheet 105:36325 Shop Sheet 105 11/1/07 21:36 Page 1
SHOP SHEET 105
Table 2. Typical Shield-Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Parameters for Welding Duplex Stainless Steels with Various Size
Electrodes (Source: Avesta Sheffield AB)
Table 3. Typical Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) Parameters for Welding Duplex Stainless Steels with Various Size Wire
(Source: Avesta Sheffield AB)
Excepted from Practical Guidelines for the Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steels.
Table 1. Typical Gas-Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Parameters for Short-Circuiting Arc Transfer and for Spray Arc Transfer
for Welding Duplex Stainless Steels with Various Wire Sizes (Source: Avesta Sheffield AB)
Short-Circuiting Arc Transfer
Weld Wire Diameter Current Voltage
mm inch (amps) (volts)
1.0 0.035 90-120 19-21
1.2 0.045 110-140 20-22
Spray Arc Transfer
1.0 0.035 170-200 26
1.2 0.045 210-280 29
1.6 0.063 270-330 30
Electrode Diameter Current Voltage
mm inch ampere volt
2.0 0.078 35-60 22-28
2.5 0.094 60-80 22-28
3.25 0.125 80-120 22-28
4.0 0.156 100-160 22-28
Electrode Diameter Current Voltage
mm inch ampere volt
2.5 0.094 250-450 28-32
3.25 0.125 300-500 29-34
4.0 0.156 400-600 30-35
5.0 0.203 500-700 30-35
1999 International Molybdenum Association
IMOA-15
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36325 Shop Sheet 105:36325 Shop Sheet 105 11/1/07 21:36 Page 2