Chemistry Folio Chapter 9 SPM
Chemistry Folio Chapter 9 SPM
Chemistry Folio Chapter 9 SPM
SULPHURIC ACID
MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC
ACID
STAGE 1:
THE PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR
DIOXIDE
STAGE 2:
FORMATION OF SULPHUR
TRIOXIDE
STAGE 3:
FORMATION OF SULPHURIC ACID
CONTACT PROCESS:
Water
Concentrated H2SO4
O2 , V2O5, 450˚C, 1
atm
Burnt in air
The industrial
process in the
Manufactured of
Sulphuric Acid
Examples are ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea. The first two are
prepare through neuralisation
Havingbut urea
a low is produced
melting point, by the reaction of ammonia
with carbon dioxide. Theliquefied
reaction ammonia
involved are as the
makes a following:
a) 2NH3 (g) + H2SO4(aq) good cooling
(NH4)2SO 4(s) in ammonium sulphate
agent
b) NH3 (g) + HNO3(aq) refrigerators
NH4NO (aq)
and air
3 ammonium nitrate
c) 2NH3 (g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2CO (s) + H2O (l) urea
conditioners.
EXPERIMENT TO INVESTIGATE
THE PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
Aim:-
• To investigate the properties of ammonia
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Material:-
• 0.1 mol dm ammonia solution, 0.1 mol dm sodium
hydroxide solution, ammonia chloride, calcium
hydroxide, concentrated hydrochloric acid, soda lime,
distilled water, red litmus paper, Ph paper.
Apparatus:-
• Test tubes, beaker, U-tube, Bunsen burner, glass rod,
delivery tube, stoppers.
Procedure:-
a) Preparation of ammonia gas:
1. Some ammonium chloride is mixed with some
calcium hydroxide.
2. The apparatus as shown in Figure 3 is set up
b) Alkalinity of ammonia:
1. 5.0 cm of 1 mol ammonia solution and 5 cm of
0.1 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution are
poured into two separate test tubes.
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d) Density of ammonia:
1. A test tube containing ammonia gas is held
upright and another test rube containing
ammonia gas is held upside down.
2. The stopper of the two test tubes are removed.
3. After 20 seconds, a piece of moist red litmus
paper is put at the mouth of each test tube as
shown in figure 5.
4. The colour of the red litmus paper is recorded.
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Discussion:-
• Ammonia is a weak alkali and has a pH of 10
• Ammonia is a colourless gas with a pungent smell
• Ammonia is very soluble in water, ionize partially in
water to form ammonium ions and hydroxide
NH3 (g) + H2O (l) = NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
• Ammonia is slightly less dense than air
• Ammonia react with hydrogen chloride gas to form
ammonium chloride
NH3 (g) + HCl (g) = NH4Cl (s)
Conclusion:-
• Ammonia is an alkaline, colourless gas with a
pungent smell. It is very soluble in water and is less
dense in than air. It react with hydrogen chloride gas
to form dense white fumes of ammonium chloride
HABER PROCESS
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The
man
ufac
ture
of
am
mon
ia
thro
ugh
the
Hab
er
Proc
ess
PREPARATION OF AMMONIA
FERTILISER
Aim:-
• To prepare ammonium sulphate.
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Material:-
• 1 mol dm-2 sulphuric acid, 2 mol dm-3 ammonia
solution, methyl orange, filter paper
Apparatus:-
• 25.0 cm pipette, burette, conical flask, white tile,
retort stand and clamp, beaker, glass rod,
evaporating dish, filter funnel, Bunsen burner, tripod
stand, wire gauze.
Procedure:-
a) Determining the volume of sulphuric acid that will
neutralize 25.0 cm of ammonia solution:-
-3
1. 25.0 cm of 2 mol dm ammonia solution is
transferred by a pipette to a clean conical flask.
2. Three drops of methyl orange indicator are
added to the alkali. The solution turns yellow.
Observation:-
• A colourless solution is formed when sulphuric acid is
added to ammonia solution.
• The crystal obtained are white in colour
Discussion:-
• The equation for the reaction is:
H2SO4 (aq) + 2NH4OH (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O
(l)
• Methyl orange is an acid-base indicator used to
determine the end point of the titration.
• The first titration is carried out to determine the
exact volume of sulphuric acid required to
completely neutralize the 25.0 cm of ammonia
solution.
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PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
• Ammonia turns
the damp red
litmus paper
blue.
• The gas is less
dense than air
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• Aqueous solutions of
ammonia react with
metal ions (except Na+,
K+, and Ca2+) to produce
precipitate of metal
hydroxide
ALLOY
Aim:-
• To compare the hardness of a pure metal and its
alloy.
Problem Statement:-
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Apparatus:-
3)Retort stand and clamp, 1-kg weight, metre ruler,
steel ball bearing, thread.
Procedure:-
1)A steel ball bearing is taped onto a cooper block
using cellophane tape.
2)A 1-kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm above the
cooper block as shown in the figure 8.
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Discussion:-
1) The smaller the diameter of the dent, the harder and
stronger is the material.
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Conclusion:-
• The hypothesis is accepted.
EXAMPLE OF ALLOYS
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Bronze steel
Aim:-
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Materials:-
• Iron nail, steel nail, stainless steel nail, jelly solution,
potassium hexacyanoferrate(lll) solution, water,
sandpaper.
Apparatus:-
• Test tubes, test tube rack.
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Procedure:-
1) The nails are rubbed using sandpaper to remove the
rust from the surface of the nails.
2)The iron nail placed in the test tube A, the steel nail
in test tube B and the stainless steel nail in test tube
C.
3) A 5% jelly solution is prepared by adding 5 g of jelly
into 100 cm of boiling water. A few drops of
potassium hexacyanoferrate(lll) solution are then
added to the jelly solution.
4)The hot jelly solution is poured into the three test
tubes until all the nails are fully immersed.
5)The test tubes are placed in a test tube rack and left
aside for three days. The intensity of the blue colour
is observed.
6)All observation are recorded in the table.
Observation:-
Test Intensity of blue
Inference
tube colour
A Very High Rusting occurs very fast
B Low Rusting occurs slowly
C Nil No rusting occurs
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Discussion:-
1) When iron rust, each iron atom loses two electrons to
form an iron(ll) ion, Fe2+.
Fe (s) = Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- (aq)
2)Potassium hexacyanoferrate(lll) solution is added to
the jelly solution as an indicator to detect iron(ll)
ions.
3)When there is iron(ll) ion, potassium
hexacyanoferrate(lll) solution will form dark blue
colouration.
4)The higher the intensity of the blue colour, the higher
is the rate of rusting.
5) Solidified jelly solution is used to trap and see the
blue colouration clearly. This is because diffusions
occurs the slowest in solids.
6)Based on the observation, iron rust faster than steel.
Stainless steel does not rust.
7)The nail made from stainless steel does not rust. This
is because this nail is an alloy of iron with carbon,
chromium and nickel.
POLYMER
NATURAL POLYMER
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
RESULTING FROM THE DISPOSAL
OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
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GLASS
Glass:-
• The major component of glass is silica or silicon
dioxide, SiO2 which found in sand.ri
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TYPES, COMPOSITION,
PROPERTIES, AND USES OF
GLASS
COMPOSITI
GLASS PROPERTIES USES
ON
• Low melting • Glass
point container
SiO2 – 70% • Mouldable into • Glass panes
shapes • Mirror
Na2O – 15%
Soda lime glass • Cheap • Lamps and
CaO – 10% • Breakable bulbs
Others – 4% • Can withstand • Plates and
high heat bowls
• Bottles
Lead glass SiO2 – 70% • High density • Containers for
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CERAMICS
Ceramics:-
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GROUP COMPOSITION
Mineral Quartz – SiO2
Calcite – CaCO3
Cement material Mixture of CaSiO3 and ammonium
silicate
Oxide of ceramic Aluminium oxide – Al2O3
Silicon dioxide – SiO2
Magnesium oxide – MgO
Non-oxides of Silicon nitride – Si3N4
ceramic
Silicon carbide – SiC
Boron nitride – BN
Boron carbide – B4C3
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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COMPONENT
• concrete • hard but • stronger • construction of
brittle • higher tensile road
• low tensile strength • rocket
strengh • does not launching pads
corrode easily • high-rise
• cheaper buildings
• steel • strong in • can be
Reinforced concrete tensile moulded into
strength shape
• expensive • can withstand
• can corrode very high
applied force
• can support
very heavy
load
• Cooper( • Insulator of • Conducts • Magnetically
ll) oxide electricity electricity levitated
• Yttrium without train
oxide resistance • Transformer
Superconductor
• Barium when cooled • Electric
oxide by liquid cable
nitrogen • Computer
parts
• Glass • Transparen • Reduce • Information
t refraction of display
• Not light panels
sensitive • Control the • Light
to light amount of detector
• Silver • Sensitive light passed device
chloride to light through it • Car
or silver auto. windshields
Photochromic glass bromid • Has the • Optical lens
e ability to
change
colour and
become
darker when
exposed to
ultraviolet
light
Fibre optics • Glass • Transparen • Low material • Transmit
with t cost data using
low • Does not • Reflect light light waves
refracti reflect rays and in
on light rays allow to telecommuni
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