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Defining Consumer Satisfaction

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DEFINING CONSUMER SATISFACTION Despite extensive research in the years since Cardozos (1965) classic article, researchers have

yet to develop a consensual definition of consumer satisfaction. Oliver (1997) addresses this definitional issue by paraphrasing the emotion literature, noting that "everyone knows what [satisfaction] is until asked to give a definition. Then it seems, nobody knows" (p. 13). Based on the perception that satisfaction has been defined, most research focuses on testing models of consumer satisfaction (e.g., Mano and Oliver 1993; Oliver 1993; Oliver and DeSarbo 1988; Spreng, MacKenzie, and Olshavsky 1996; Tse and Wilton 1988) while definitional considerations have received little attention. As a result, the literature is replete with different conceptual and operational definitions of consumer satisfaction (see Table 1). As Peterson and Wilson (1992) suggest, "Studies of customer satisfaction are perhaps best characterized by their lack of definitional and methodological standardization" (p. 62). A basic definitional inconsistency is evident by the debate of whether satisfaction is a process or an outcome (Yi 1990). More precisely, consumer satisfaction definitions have either emphasized an evaluation process (e.g., Fornell 1992; Hunt 1977; Oliver 1981) or a response to an evaluation process (e.g., Halstead, Hartman, and Schmidt 1994; Howard and Sheth 1969; Oliver 1997, 1981; Tse and Wilton 1988; Westbrook and Reilly 1983). From a general definition perspective, process definitions are problematic in that there is little consistency in the

satisfaction process. From an operational perspective, process definitions are plagued by antecedent constructs included in the conceptual definition; thus, there is an overlap between the domains of the determinative process constructs and the consumer satisfaction construct.

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