APPENDIX A MISCELLANEOUS DATA AND CONVERSION FACTORS

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Appendix A

A-1

A-2

EMISSION FACTORS

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SOME USEFUL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Unit Of Measure grain gram ounce kilogram pound pound (troy) ton (short) ton (long) ton (metric) ton (shipping) Equivalent 0.002 0.04 28.35 2.21 0.45 12 2000 2240 2200 40 ounces ounces grams pounds kilograms ounces pounds pounds pounds feet3

centimeter inch foot meter yard mile centimeter2 inch2 foot2 meter2 yard2 mile2 centimeter3 inch3 foot3 foot3

0.39 2.54 30.48 1.09 0.91 1.61

inches centimeters centimeters yards meters kilometers inches2 centimeters2 meters2 yards2 meters2 kilometers2 inches3 centimeters3 centimeters3 inches3

0.16 6.45 0.09 1.2 0.84 2.59

0.061 16.39 283.17 1728

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Appendix A

A-3

SOME USEFUL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (cont.) Unit Of Measure meter3 yard3 Equivalent 1.31 0.77 yeads3 meters3 feet3 meters3 quarts pecks inches3 inches3 gallons barrels miles2 acres

cord cord peck bushel (dry) bushel gallon (U. S.) barrel hogshead township hectare

128 4 8 4 2150.4 231 31.5 2 36 2.5

MISCELLANEOUS DATA One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds. One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds. One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes. A gallon of water (U. S. Standard) weighs 8.33 pounds and contains 231 cubic inches. There are 9 square feet of heating surface to each square foot of grate surface. A cubic foot of water contains 7.5 gallons and 1728 cubic inches, and weighs 62.5 lbs. Each nominal horsepower of a boiler requires 30 to 35 pounds of water per hour. A horsepower is equivalent to raising 33,000 pounds one foot per minute, or 550 pounds one foot per second. To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply the height of the column in feet by 0.434.

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EMISSION FACTORS

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TYPICAL PARAMETERS OF VARIOUS FUELSa Heating Value Type Of Fuel Solid Fuels Bituminous Coal Anthracite Coal Lignite (@ 35% moisture) Wood (@ 40% moisture) Bagasse (@ 50% moisture) Bark (@ 50% moisture) Coke, Byproduct Liquid Fuels Residual Oil Distillate Oil Diesel Gasoline Kerosene Liquid Petroleum Gas Gaseous Fuels Natural Gas Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnace Gas
a b

kcal

Btu

Sulfur % (by weight)

Ash % (by weight)

7,200/kg 6,810/kg 3,990/kg 2,880/kg 2,220/kg 2,492/kg 7,380/kg 9.98 x 106/m3 9.30 x 106/m3 9.12 x 106/m3 8.62 x 106/m3 8.32 x 106/m3 6.25 x 106/m3 9,341/m3 5,249/m3 890/m3

13,000/lb 12,300/lb 7,200/lb 5,200/lb 4,000/lb 4,500/lb 13,300/lb

0.6-5.4 0.5-1.0 0.7 N N N 0.5-1.0

4-20 7.0-16.0 6.2 1-3 1-2 1-3b 0.5-5.0

150,000/gal 140,000/gal 137,000/gal 130,000/gal 135,000/gal 94,000/gal

0.5-4.0 0.2-1.0 0.4 0.03-0.04 0.02-0.05 N

0.05-0.1 N N N N N

1,050/SCF 590/SCF 100/SCF

N 0.5-2.0 N

N N N

N = negligible. Ash content may be considerably higher when sand, dirt, etc., are present.

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Appendix A

A-5

THERMAL EQUIVALENTS FOR VARIOUS FUELS Type Of Fuel Solid fuels Bituminous coal Anthracite coal Lignite Wood Liquid fuels Residual fuel oil Distillate fuel oil Gaseous fuels Natural gas Liquefied petroleum gas Butane Propane 6,480/liter 6,030/liter 97,400/gal 90,500/gal 9,350/m3 1,050/ft3 10 x 103/liter 9.35 x 103/liter 6.3 x 106/bbl 5.9 x 106/bbl (5.8 to 7.8) x 106/Mg 7.03 x 106/Mg 4.45 x 106/Mg 1.47 x 106/m3 (21.0 to 28.0) x 106/ton 25.3 x 106/ton 16.0 x 106/ton 21.0 x 106/cord kcal Btu (gross)

WEIGHTS OF SELECTED SUBSTANCES Type Of Substance Asphalt Butane, liquid at 60F Crude oil Distillate oil Gasoline Propane, liquid at 60F Residual oil Water g/liter 1030 579 850 845 739 507 944 1000 lb/gal 8.57 4.84 7.08 7.05 6.17 4.24 7.88 8.4

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EMISSION FACTORS

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DENSITIES OF SELECTED SUBSTANCES Substance Fuels Crude Oil Residual Oil Distillate Oil Gasoline Natural Gas Butane Propane Wood (Air dried) Elm Fir, Douglas Fir, Balsam Hemlock Hickory Maple, Sugar Maple, White Oak, Red Oak, White Pine, Southern Agricultural Products Corn Milo Oats Barley Wheat Cotton Mineral Products Brick Cement Cement 2.95 kg/brick 170 kg/bbl 1483 kg/m3 6.5 lb/brick 375 lb/bbl 2500 lb/yd3 25.4 kg/bu 25.4 kg/bu 14.5 kg/bu 21.8 kg/bu 27.2 kg/bu 226 kg/bale 56 lb/bu 56 lb/bu 32 lb/bu 48 lb/bu 60 lb/bu 500 lb/bale 561 kg/m3 513 kg/m3 400 kg/m3 465 kg/m3 769 kg/m3 689 kg/m3 529 kg/m3 673 kg/m3 769 kg/m3 641 kg/m3 35 lb/ft3 32 lb/ft3 25 lb/ft3 29 lb/ft3 48 lb/ft3 43 lb/ft3 33 lb/ft3 42 lb/ft3 48 lb/ft3 40 lb/ft3 874 kg/m3 944 kg/m3 845 kg/m3 739 kg/m3 673 kg/m3 579 kg/m3 507 kg/m3 7.3 lb/gal 7.88 lb/gal 7.05 lb/gal 6.17 lb/gal 1 lb/23.8 ft3 4.84 lb/gal (liquid) 4.24 lb/gal (liquid) Density

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Appendix A

A-7

DENSITIES OF SELECTED SUBSTANCES (cont.). Substance Concrete Glass, Common Gravel, Dry Packed Gravel, Wet Gypsum, Calcined Lime, Pebble Sand, Gravel (Dry, loose) 2373 kg/m3 2595 kg/m3 1600 - 1920 kg/m3 2020 kg/m3 880 - 960 kg/m3 850 - 1025 kg/m3 1440 - 1680 kg/m3 Density 4000 lb/yd3 162 lb/ft3 100 - 120 lb/ft3 126 lb/ft3 55 - 60 lb/ft3 53 - 64 lb/ft3 90 - 105 lb/ft3

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EMISSION FACTORS

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CONVERSION FACTORS The table of conversion factors on the following pages contains factors for converting English to metric units and metric to English units as well as factors to manipulate units within the same system. The factors are arranged alphabetically by unit within the following property groups. Area Density Energy Force Length Mass Pressure Velocity Volume Volumetric Rate

To convert a number from one unit to another: 1. Locate the unit in which the number is currently expressed in the left-hand column of the table; 2. Find the desired unit in the center column; and 3. Multiply the number by the corresponding conversion factor in the right-hand column.

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Appendix A

A-9

CONVERSION FACTORSa To Convert From Area Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Sq feet Sq feet Sq feet Sq feet Sq feet Sq feet Sq inches Sq inches Sq inches Sq kilometers Sq kilometers Sq kilometers Sq kilometers Sq kilometers Sq meters Sq meters Sq meters Sq meters Sq meters Sq meters Sq meters Sq miles Sq miles Sq miles Sq feet Sq kilometers Sq meters Sq miles (statute) Sq yards Acres Sq cm Sq inches Sq meters Sq miles Sq yards Sq feet Sq meters Sq mm Acres Sq feet Sq meters Sq miles Sq yards Sq cm Sq feet Sq inches Sq kilometers Sq miles Sq mm Sq yards Acres Sq feet Sq kilometers 4.356 x 104 4.0469 x 10-3 4.0469 x 103 1.5625 x 10-3 4.84 x 103 2.2957 x 10-5 929.03 144.0 0.092903 3.587 x 10-8 0.111111 6.9444 x 10-3 6.4516 x 10-4 645.16 247.1 1.0764 x 107 1.0 x 106 0.386102 1.196 x 106 1.0 x 104 10.764 1.55 x 103 1.0 x 10-6 3.861 x 10-7 1.0 x 106 1.196 640.0 2.7878 x 107 2.590 To Multiply By

A-10

EMISSION FACTORS

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CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Sq miles Sq miles Sq yards Sq yards Sq yards Sq yards Sq yards Sq yards Density Dynes/cu cm Grains/cu foot Grams/cu cm Grams/cu cm Grams/cu cm Grams/cu cm Grams/cu cm Grams/cu cm Grams/cu cm Grams/cu cm Grams/cu cm Grams/cu meter Grams/liter Kilograms/cu meter Kilograms/cu meter Kilograms/cu meter Pounds/cu foot Pounds/cu foot Pounds/cu inch Pounds/cu inch Pounds/cu inch Grams/cu cm Grams/cu meter Dynes/cu cm Grains/milliliter Grams/milliliter Pounds/cu inch Pounds/cu foot Pounds/cu inch Pounds/gal (Brit.) Pounds/gal (U. S., dry) Pounds/gal (U. S., liq.) Grains/cu foot Pounds/gal (U. S.) Grams/cu cm Pounds/cu ft Pounds/cu in Grams/cu cm kg/cu meter Grams/cu cm Grams/liter kg/cu meter 1.0197 x 10-3 2.28835 980.665 15.433 1.0 1.162 62.428 0.036127 10.022 9.7111 8.3454 0.4370 8.345 x 10-3 0.001 0.0624 3.613 x 10-5 0.016018 16.018 27.68 27.681 2.768 x 104 Sq meters Sq yards Acres Sq cm Sq ft Sq inches Sq meters Sq miles To Multiply By 2.59 x 106 3.0976 x 106 2.0661 x 10-4 8.3613 x 103 9.0 1.296 x 103 0.83613 3.2283 x 10-7

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Appendix A

A-11

CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Pounds/gal (U. S., liq.) Pounds/gal (U. S., liq.) Energy Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/hr Btu/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb Calories, kg (mean) Calories, kg (mean) Calories, kg (mean) Calories, kg (mean) Calories, kg (mean) Calories, kg (mean) Calories, kg (mean) Ergs Ergs Cal. gm (IST.) Ergs Foot-pounds Hp-hours Joules (Int.) kg-meters kW-hours (Int.) Cal. kg/hr Ergs/sec Foot-pounds/hr Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (metric) Kilowatts Foot-pounds/lb Hp-hr/lb Joules/gram Btu (IST.) Ergs Foot-pounds Hp-hours Joules kg-meters kW-hours (Int.) Btu Foot-poundals 251.83 1.05435 x 1010 777.65 3.9275 x 10-4 1054.2 107.51 2.9283 x 10-4 0.252 2.929 x 106 777.65 3.9275 x 10-4 2.9856 x 10-5 3.926 x 10-4 3.982 x 10-4 2.929 x 10-4 777.65 3.9275 x 10-4 2.3244 3.9714 4.190 x 1010 3.0904 x 103 1.561 x 10-3 4.190 x 103 427.26 1.1637 x 10-3 9.4845 x 10-11 2.373 x 10-6 Grams/cu cm Pounds/cu ft To Multiply By 0.1198 7.4805

A-12

EMISSION FACTORS

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CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Ergs Ergs Ergs Ergs Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Foot-pounds/hr Foot-pounds/hr Foot-pounds/hr Foot-pounds/hr Foot-pounds/hr Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (boiler) Foot-pounds Joules (Int.) kW-hours kg-meters Btu (IST.) Cal. kg (IST.) Ergs Foot-poundals Hp-hours Joules kg-meters kW-hours (Int.) Newton-meters Btu/min Ergs/min Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (metric) Kilowatts Btu (mean)/hr Ergs/sec Foot-pounds/hr Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (metric) Joules/sec Kilowatts (Int.) Btu (mean)/hr Ergs/sec Foot-pounds/min Horsepower (mechanical) To Multiply By 7.3756 x 10-8 9.99835 x 10-8 2.7778 x 10-14 1.0197 x 10-8 1.2851 x 10-3 3.2384 x 10-4 1.3558 x 107 32.174 5.0505 x 10-7 1.3558 0.138255 3.76554 x 10-7 1.3558 2.1432 x 10-5 2.2597 x 105 5.0505 x 10-7 5.121 x 10-7 3.766 x 10-7 2.5425 x 103 7.457 x 109 1.980 x 106 0.07602 0.9996 1.0139 745.70 0.74558 3.3446 x 104 9.8095 x 1010 4.341 x 105 13.155

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Appendix A

A-13

CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower (metric) Horsepower-hours Horsepower-hours Horsepower-hours Horsepower-hours Horsepower-hours Joules (Int.) Joules (Int.) Joules (Int.) Joules (Int.) Joules (Int.) To Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (metric) Joules/sec Kilowatts Btu (mean)/hr Cal. kg/hr Ergs/sec Foot-pounds/min Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (metric) Joules/sec Kilowatts Btu (mean)/hr Ergs/sec Foot-pounds/min Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (electric) kg-meters/sec Kilowatts Btu (mean) Foot-pounds Joules kg-meters kW-hours Btu (IST.) Ergs Foot-poundals Foot-pounds kW-hours Multiply By 13.15 13.337 9.8095 x 103 9.8095 2.5435 x 103 641.87 7.46 x 109 3.3013 x 104 0.07605 1.0143 746.0 0.746 2.5077 x 103 7.355 x 109 3.255 x 104 0.98632 0.07498 0.9859 75.0 0.7355 2.5425 x 103 1.98 x 106 2.6845 x 106 2.73745 x 105 0.7457 9.4799 x 10-4 1.0002 x 107 12.734 0.73768 2.778 x 10-7

A-14

EMISSION FACTORS

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CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Joules (Int.)/sec Joules (Int.)/sec Joules (Int.)/sec Kilogram-meters Kilogram-meters Kilogram-meters Kilogram-meters Kilogram-meters Kilogram-meters Kilogram-meters Kilogram-meters Kilogram-meters/sec Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatts (Int.) Kilowatt-hours (Int.) Kilowatt-hours (Int.) Kilowatt-hours (Int.) Kilowatt-hours (Int.) Kilowatt-hours (Int.) Newton-meters Newton-meters To Btu (mean)/min Cal. kg/min Horsepower Btu (mean) Cal. kg (mean) Ergs Foot-poundals Foot-pounds Hp-hours Joules (Int.) kW-hours Watts Btu (IST.)/hr Cal. kg (IST.)/hr Ergs/sec Foot-poundals/min Foot-pounds/min Horsepower (mechanical) Horsepower (boiler) Horsepower (electric) Horsepower (metric) Joules (Int.)/hr kg-meters/hr Btu (mean) Foot-pounds Hp-hours Joules (Int.) kg-meters Gram-cm kg-meters Multiply By 0.05683 0.01434 1.341 x 10-3 9.2878 x 10-3 2.3405 x 10-3 9.80665 x 107 232.715 7.233 3.653 x 10-6 9.805 2.724 x 10-6 9.80665 3.413 x 103 860.0 1.0002 x 1010 1.424 x 106 4.4261 x 104 1.341 0.10196 1.3407 1.3599 3.6 x 106 3.6716 x 105 3.41 x 103 2.6557 x 106 1.341 3.6 x 106 3.6716 x 105 1.01972 x 104 0.101972

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Appendix A

A-15

CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Newton-meters Force Dynes Dynes Dynes Newtons Newtons Poundals Poundals Poundals Pounds (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Length Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Inches Inches Inches Inches Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Kilometers Meters Meters Micrometers Centimeters Inches Kilometers Meters Miles (statute) Centimeters Feet Kilometers Meters Feet Meters Miles (statute) Yards Feet Inches Angstrom units 30.48 12 3.048 x 10-4 0.3048 1.894 x 10-4 2.540 0.08333 2.54 x 10-5 0.0254 3.2808 x 103 1000 0.62137 1.0936 x 103 3.2808 39.370 1.0 x 104 Newtons Poundals Pounds Dynes Pounds (avdp.) Dynes Newtons Pounds (avdp.) Dynes Newtons Poundals 1.0 x 10-5 7.233 x 10-5 2.248 x 10-6 1.0 x 10-5 0.22481 1.383 x 104 0.1383 0.03108 4.448 x 105 4.448 32.174 Pound-feet To Multiply By 0.73756

A-16

EMISSION FACTORS

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CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Micrometers Micrometers Micrometers Micrometers Micrometers Micrometers Miles (statute) Miles (statute) Miles (statute) Miles (statute) Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Millimeters Nanometers Nanometers Nanometers Nanometers Nanometers Yards Yards Mass Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grams Grams Milligrams Pounds (apoth. or troy) Pounds (avdp.) Tons (metric) Dynes 0.064799 64.799 1.7361 x 10-4 1.4286 x 10-4 6.4799 x 10-8 980.67 Centimeters Feet Inches Meters Millimeters Nanometers Feet Kilometers Meters Yards Angstrom units Centimeters Inches Meters Micrometers Mils Angstrom units Centimeters Inches Micrometers Millimeters Centimeters Meters To Multiply By 1.0 x 10-3 3.2808 x 10-6 3.9370 x 10-5 1.0 x 10-6 0.001 1000 5280 1.6093 1.6093 x 103 1760 1.0 x 107 0.1 0.03937 0.001 1000 39.37 10 1.0 x 10-7 3.937 x 10-8 0.001 1.0 x 10-6 91.44 0.9144

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Appendix A

A-17

CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Megagrams Milligrams Milligrams Milligrams Milligrams Milligrams Milligrams Ounces (apoth. or troy) Ounces (apoth. or troy) Ounces (apoth. or troy) Ounces (avdp.) Ounces (avdp.) Ounces (avdp.) Ounces (avdp.) Ounces (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Grains Kilograms Micrograms Pounds (avdp.) Tons, metric (megagrams) Grains Poundals Pounds (apoth. or troy) Pounds (avdp.) Tons (long) Tons (metric) Tons (short) Tons (metric) Grains Grams Ounces (apoth. or troy) Ounces (avdp.) Pounds (apoth. or troy) Pounds (avdp.) Grains Grams Ounces (avdp.) Grains Grams Ounces (apoth. or troy) Pounds (apoth. or troy) Pounds (avdp.) Poundals Pounds (apoth. or troy) Tons (long) To Multiply By 15.432 0.001 1 x 106 2.205 x 10-3 1 x 10-6 1.5432 x 104 70.932 2.679 2.2046 9.842 x 10-4 0.001 1.1023 x 10-3 1.0 0.01543 1.0 x 10-3 3.215 x 10-5 3.527 x 10-5 2.679 x 10-6 2.2046 x 10-6 480 31.103 1.097 437.5 28.350 0.9115 0.075955 0.0625 32.174 1.2153 4.4643 x 10-4

A-18

EMISSION FACTORS

(Reformatted 1/95)

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CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Pounds (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Pounds (avdp.) Tons (long) Tons (long) Tons (long) Tons (long) Tons (long) Tons (metric) Tons (metric) Tons (metric) Tons (metric) Tons (metric) Tons (metric) Tons (short) Tons (short) Tons (short) Tons (short) Tons (short) Pressure Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Atmospheres Inches of Hg (60F) cm of H2O (4C) Ft of H2O (39.2F) In. of Hg (32F) kg/sq cm mm of Hg (0C) Pounds/sq inch Atmospheres 1.033 x 103 33.8995 29.9213 1.033 760 14.696 0.03333 Tons (metric) Tons (short) Grains Grams Ounces (apoth. or troy) Ounces (avdp.) Kilograms Pounds (apoth. or troy) Pounds (avdp.) Tons (metric) Tons (short) Grams Megagrams Pounds (apoth. or troy) Pounds (avdp.) Tons (long) Tons (short) Kilograms Pounds (apoth. or troy) Pounds (avdp.) Tons (long) Tons (metric) To Multiply By 4.5359 x 10-4 5.0 x 10-4 7000 453.59 14.583 16 1.016 x 103 2.722 x 103 2.240 x 103 1.016 1.12 1.0 x 106 1.0 2.6792 x 103 2.2046 x 103 0.9842 1.1023 907.18 2.4301 x 103 2000 0.8929 0.9072

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Appendix A

A-19

CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Inches of Hg (60F) Inches of Hg (60F) Inches of Hg (60F) Inches of H2O (4C) Inches of H2O (4C) Inches of H2O (4C) Inches of H2O (4C) Inches of H2O (4C) Kilograms/sq cm Kilograms/sq cm Kilograms/sq cm Kilograms/sq cm Kilograms/sq cm Millimeters of Hg (0C) Millimeters of Hg (0C) Millimeters of Hg (0C) Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Velocity Centimeters/sec Centimeters/sec Centimeters/sec Centimeters/sec Centimeters/sec Feet/min Feet/sec Kilometers/hr Meters/min Miles/hr 1.9685 0.0328 0.036 0.6 0.02237 Grams/sq cm mm of Hg (60F) Pounds/sq ft Atmospheres In. of Hg (32F) kg/sq meter Pounds/sq ft Pounds/sq inch Atmospheres cm of Hg (0C) Ft of H2O (39.2F) In. of Hg (32F) Pounds/sq inch Atmospheres Grams/sq cm Pounds/sq inch Atmospheres cm of Hg (0C) cm of H2O (4C) In. of Hg (32F) In. of H2O (39.2F) kg/sq cm mm of Hg (0C) To Multiply By 34.434 25.4 70.527 2.458 x 10-3 0.07355 25.399 5.2022 0.036126 0.96784 73.556 32.809 28.959 14.223 1.3158 x 10-3 1.3595 0.019337 0.06805 5.1715 70.309 2.036 27.681 0.07031 51.715

A-20

EMISSION FACTORS

(Reformatted 1/95)

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CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Feet/minute Feet/minute Feet/minute Feet/minute Feet/minute Feet/sec Feet/sec Feet/sec Feet/sec Kilometers/hr Kilometers/hr Kilometers/hr Kilometers/hr Kilometers/hr Meters/min Meters/min Meters/min Meters/min Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Volume Barrels (petroleum, U. S.) Barrels (petroleum, U. S.) Barrels (petroleum, U. S.) Barrels (U. S., liq.) Barrels (U. S., liq.) Cu feet Gallons (U. S.) Liters Cu feet Cu inches 5.6146 42 158.98 4.2109 7.2765 x 103 cm/sec Kilometers/hr Meters/min Meters/sec Miles/hr cm/sec Kilometers/hr Meters/min Miles/hr cm/sec Feet/hr Feet/min Meters/sec Miles (statute)/hr cm/sec Feet/min Feet/sec Kilometers/hr cm/sec Feet/hr Feet/min Feet/sec Kilometers/hr Meters/min To Multiply By 0.508 0.01829 0.3048 5.08 x 10-3 0.01136 30.48 1.0973 18.288 0.6818 27.778 3.2808 x 103 54.681 0.27778 0.62137 1.6667 3.2808 0.05468 0.06 44.704 5280 88 1.4667 1.6093 26.822

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Appendix A

A-21

CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Barrels (U. S., liq.) Barrels (U. S., liq.) Barrels (U. S., liq.) Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic centimeters Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic feet Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic inches Cubic meters Cubic meters Cubic meters Cubic meters Cubic meters Cubic meters Cubic meters Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cu meters Gallons (U. S., liq.) Liters Cu feet Cu inches Cu meters Cu yards Gallons (U. S., liq.) Quarts (U. S., liq.) Cu centimeters Cu meters Gallons (U. S., liq.) Liters Cu cm Cu feet Cu meters Cu yards Gallons (U. S., liq.) Liters Quarts (U. S., liq.) Barrels (U. S., liq.) Cu cm Cu feet Cu inches Cu yards Gallons (U. S., liq.) Liters Bushels (Brit.) Bushels (U. S.) Cu cm To Multiply By 0.1192 31.5 119.24 3.5315 x 10-5 0.06102 1.0 x 10-6 1.308 x 10-6 2.642 x 10-4 1.0567 x 10-3 2.8317 x 104 0.028317 7.4805 28.317 16.387 5.787 x 10-4 1.6387 x 10-5 2.1433 x 10-5 4.329 x 10-3 0.01639 0.01732 8.3864 1.0 x 106 35.315 6.1024 x 104 1.308 264.17 1000 21.022 21.696 7.6455 x 105

A-22

EMISSION FACTORS

(Reformatted 1/95)

9/85

CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Cubic yards Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Gallons (U. S., liq.) Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Cu feet Cu inches Cu meters Gallons Gallons Gallons Liters Quarts Quarts Quarts Barrels (U. S., liq.) Barrels (petroleum, U. S.) Bushels (U. S.) Cu centimeters Cu feet Cu inches Cu meters Cu yards Gallons (wine) Liters Ounces (U. S., fluid) Pints (U. S., liq.) Quarts (U. S., liq.) Cu centimeters Cu feet Cu inches Cu meters Gallons (U. S., liq.) Ounces (U. S., fluid) To Multiply By 27 4.6656 x 104 0.76455 168.18 173.57 201.97 764.55 672.71 694.28 807.90 0.03175 0.02381 0.10742 3.7854 x 103 0.13368 231 3.7854 x 10-3 4.951 x 10-3 1.0 3.7854 128.0 8.0 4.0 1000 0.035315 61.024 0.001 0.2642 33.814

9/85 (Reformatted 1/95)

Appendix A

A-23

CONVERSION FACTORS (cont.). To Convert From Volumetric Rate Cu ft/min Cu ft/min Cu ft/min Cu ft/min Cu meters/min Cu meters/min Gallons (U. S.)/hr Gallons (U. S.)/hr Gallons (U. S.)/hr Gallons (U. S.)/hr Liters/min Liters/min
a

To

Multiply By

Cu cm/sec Cu ft /hr Gal (U. S.)/min Liters/sec Gal (U. S.)/min Liters/min Cu ft/hr Cu meters/min Cu yd/min Liters/hr Cu ft/min Gal (U. S., liq.)/min

471.95 60. 0 7.4805 0.47193 264.17 999.97 0.13368 6.309 x 10-5 8.2519 x 10-5 3.7854 0.0353 0.2642

Where appropriate, the conversion factors appearing in this table have been rounded to four to six significant figures for ease in use. The accuracy of these numbers is considered suitable for use with emissions data; if a more accurate number is required, tables containing exact factors should be consulted.

A-24

EMISSION FACTORS

(Reformatted 1/95)

9/85

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR COMMON AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER To Convert From Milligrams/cu m Grams/cu ft Grams/cu m Micrograms/cu m Micrograms/cu ft Pounds/1000 cu ft Grams/cu ft Milligrams/cu m Grams/cu m Micrograms/cu m Micrograms/cu ft Pounds/1000 cu ft Grams/cu m Milligrams/cu m Grams/cu ft Micrograms/cu m Micrograms/cu ft Pounds/1000 cu ft Micrograms/cu m Milligrams/cu m Grams/cu ft Grams/cu m Micrograms/cu ft Pounds/1000 cu ft Micrograms/cu ft Milligrams/cu m Grams/cu ft Grams/cu m Micrograms/cu m Pounds/1000 cu ft Pounds/1000 cu ft Milligrams/cu m Grams/cu ft Micrograms/cu m Grams/cu m Micrograms/cu ft To Multiply By 283.2 x 10-6 0.001 1000.0 28.32 62.43 x 10-6 35.3145 x 103 35.314 35.314 x 106 1.0 x 106 2.2046 1000.0 0.02832 1.0 x 106 28.317 x 103 0.06243 0.001 28.317 x 10-9 1.0 x 10-6 0.02832 62.43 x 10-9 35.314 x 10-3 1.0 x 10-6 35.314 x 10-6 35.314 2.2046 x 10-6 16.018 x 103 0.35314 16.018 x 106 16.018 353.14 x 103

9/85 (Reformatted 1/95)

Appendix A

A-25

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR COMMON AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS (cont.). SAMPLING PRESSURE To Convert From Millimeters of mercury (0C) Inches of mercury (0C) To Inches of water (60F) Inches of water (60F) Millimeters of mercury (0C) Inches of water (60F) Inches of mercury (0C) Multiply By 0.5358 13.609 1.8663 73.48 x 10-3

A-26

EMISSION FACTORS

(Reformatted 1/95)

9/85

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR COMMON AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS (cont.). ATMOSPHERIC GASES To Convert From Milligrams/cu m To Micrograms/cu m Micrograms/liter ppm by volume (20C) ppm by weight Pounds/cu ft Micrograms/cu m Milligrams/cu m Micrograms/liter ppm by volume (20C) ppm by weight Pounds/cu ft Micrograms/liter Milligrams/cu m Micrograms/cu m ppm by volume (20C) ppm by weight Pounds/cu ft ppm by volume (20C) Milligrams/cu m Micrograms/cu m Micrograms/liter ppm by weight Pounds/cu ft ppm by weight Milligrams/cu m Micrograms/cu m Micrograms/liter ppm by volume (20C) Pounds/cu ft Pounds/cu ft Milligrams/cu m Micrograms/cu m Micrograms/liter ppm by volume (20C) ppm by weight M = Molecular weight of gas. 9/85 (Reformatted 1/95) Appendix A A-27 Multiply By 1000.0 1.0 24.04/M 0.8347 62.43 x 10-9 0.001 0.001 0.02404/M 834.7 x 10-6 62.43 x 10-12 1.0 1000.0 24.04/M 0.8347 62.43 x 10-9 M/24.04 M/0.02404 M/24.04 M/28.8 M/385.1 x 106 1.198 1.198 x 10-3 1.198 28.8/M 7.48 x 10-6 16.018 x 106 16.018x 109 16.018x 106 385.1 x 106/M 133.7 x 103

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR COMMON AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS (cont.). VELOCITY To Convert From Meters/sec Kilometers/hr Feet/sec Miles/hr Kilometers/hr Meters/sec Feet/sec Miles/hr Feet/sec Meters/sec Kilometers/hr Miles/hr Miles/hr Meters/sec Kilometers/hr Feet/sec ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE To Convert From Atmospheres To Millimeters of mercury Inches of mercury Millibars Millimeters of mercury Atmospheres Inches of mercury Millibars Inches of mercury Atmospheres Millimeters of mercury Millibars Millibars Atmospheres Millimeters of mercury Inches of mercury VOLUME EMISSIONS To Convert From Cubic m/min Cubic ft/min Cubic ft/min Cubic m/min To Multiply By 35.314 0.0283 Multiply By 760.0 29.92 1013.2 1.316 x 10-3 39.37 x 10-3 1.333 0.03333 25.4005 33.35 0.00987 0.75 0.30 To Multiply By 3.6 3.281 2.237 0.2778 0.9113 0.6214 0.3048 1.09728 0.6818 0.4470 1.6093 1.4667

A-28

EMISSION FACTORS

(Reformatted 1/95)

9/85

BOILER CONVERSION FACTORS 1 Megawatt 1 Megawatt 1 BHP 1 BHP 1 lb steam/hr = = = = = 10.5 x 106 Btu/hr (8 to 14 x 106 Btu/hr) 8 x 103 lb steam/hr (6 to 11 x 103 lb steam/hr) 34.5 lb steam/hr 45 x Btu/hr (40 to 50 x 103 Btu/hr) 1.4 x 103 Btu/hr (1.2 to 1.7 x 103 Btu/hr) 103 NOTES: In the relationships, Megawatt is the net electric production of a steam electric power plant. BHP is boiler horsepower. lb steam/hr is the steam production rate of the boiler. Btu/hr is the heat input rate to the boiler (based on the gross or high heating value of the fuel burned). For less efficient (generally older and/or smaller) boiler operations, use the higher values expressed. For more efficient operations (generally newer and/or larger), use the lower values.
ounces (U. S. fl.) 0.5541 0.03381 33.8147 0.029573 3.7853 119.2369 28.316 128 4032.0 957.568 31.5 7.481 0.23743 gallons (U. S.) 4.3290x10-3 2.6418x10-4 0.26418 7.8125x10-3 barrels (U. S.) 1.37429x10-4 8.387x10-6 8.387x10-3 2.48x10-4 0.031746

Volume Cubic inches Milliliters Liters Ounces (U. S. fl.) Gallons (U. S.)a Barrels (U. S.) Cubic feet

cu in

ml 16.3868

liters 0.0163868 0.001

cu ft 5.78704x10-4 3.5316x10-5 0.035316 1.0443x10-3 0.13368 4.2109

0.061024 61.024 1.80469 231 7276.5 1728 1000 29.5729 3785.3 1.1924x105 2.8316x104

U. S. gallon of water at 16.7C (62F) weighs 3.780 kg or 8.337 pounds (avoir.)

Mass Grams Kilograms Ounces (avoir.) Pounds (avoir.)a Grains Tons (U. S.) Milligrams

grams

kilograms 0.001

ounces (avoir.) 3.527x10-2 35.274

pounds (avoir.) 2.205x10-3 2.2046 0.0625

grains 15.432 15432 437.5 7000

tons (U. S.) 1.102x10-6 1.102x10-3 3.125x10-5 5.0x10-4 7.142x10-8

milligrams 1000 1x106 2.8350x104 4.5359x105 64.799 9.0718x108

1000 28.350 453.59 0.06480 9.072x105 0.001 0.028350 0.45359 6.480x10-5 907.19 1x10-6

16.0 2.286x10-3 3.200x104 3.527x10-5 1.429x10-4 2000 2.205x10-6

1.4x107 0.015432 1.102x10-9

Mass of 27.692 cubic inches water weighed in air at 4.0C, 760 mm mercury pressure.

9/85 (Reformatted 1/95)

Appendix A

A-29

A-30
Work and Energy Gram calories (mean) Kilogram calories 1000 2.3889x10 0.23889 251.98 0.32389 2.3427
-8

g cal.

kg cal.

ergs

joules

Btu

ft lb

kg meters

L-Atm

HP hours

ft poundals

kWh

Wh

0.001

4.186x107 4.186x1010

4.186 4186 1x10

-7

3.9680x10-3 3.9680 9.4805x10

-11

3.0874 3087.4 7.3756x10 0.73756 777.98

-8

0.42685 426.85 1.0197x10 0.10197 107.56 0.13825

-8

0.041311 41.311 9.8689x10

-10

1.5593x10-6 1.5593x10-3 3.7251x10

-14

99.334 99334 2.3730x10 23.730 2.5030x104 32.174 232.71

-6

1.1628x10-6 1.1628x10-3 2.7778x10

-14

1.1628x10-3 1.1628 2.7778x10-11 2.7778x10-4 0.2930 3.7662x10-4 2.7241x10-3

EMISSION FACTORS
(Reformatted 1/95)

Ergs Joules Btu (mean) Foot pounds Kilogram meters Liter atmospheres (normal) Horsepower hours Foot poundals Kilowatt hours Watt hours

2.3889x10

-11

2.3889x10-4 0.25198 3.2389x10-4 2.3427x10-3

1x107 1.0548x1010 1.35582x107 9.8066x107 1054.8 1.3558 9.8066

9.4805x10-4

9.8689x10-3 10.409 0.013381 0.096781

3.7251x10-7 3.9292x10-4 5.0505x10-7 3.6529x10-6

2.7778x10-7 2.930x10-4 3.7662x10-7 2.7241x10-6

1.2854x10-3 9.2967x10-3 7.2330

24.206 6.4130x105 0.010067 8.6001x105 860.01

2.4206x10-2 641.30 10.067x10 860.01 0.86001

-6

1.0133x109 2.6845x1013 4.21402x10

5

101.328 2.6845x106 0.04214 3.6000x106 3600

0.09606 2454.0 3.9952x10 3413.0 3.4130

-5

74.735 1.9800x106 0.031081 2.6552x106 2655.3

10.333 2.7374x105 4.2972x10

-3

3.7745x10-5 26494 4.1558x10

-4

2404.5 6.3705x107

2.8164x10-5 0.7457 1.17055x10

-8

2.8164x10-2 745.7 1.17055x10-5 1000

1.5697x10 1.3440

-8

3.6000x1013 3.6000x1010

3.6709x10-5 367.09

3.5529x106 3.5529x103

8.5430x107 8.5430x101 0.001

1.3410x10-3

9/85

9/85 (Reformatted 1/95)

Power Watts Kilowatts Foot pounds per second 1000 1.3558x10-3 1x10-10 0.017580 9.8067x10-8 7.3756x10-8 12.9600 7.2330x10-5 1.7580x108 5.5783x10-6 7.1146x105 7.6042x106 15.254 1.0197x104 2.9878x103 10.688 2.1437x10-5 0.01433 4.1997x10-3 2.0061x10-6 1.341x10-3 3.9291x10-4 668 195.80 0.29299 watts kW 0.001 ft lb/sec 0.73756 737.56 erg/sec 1x107 1x1010 1.3558x107 Btu/min 0.056884 56.884 g cm/sec 1.0197x104 1.0197x107 1.3826x104 1.0197x10-3 1.7926x105 kg cal/min 0.01433 14.3334 HP 1.341x10-3 1.3410 1.8182x10-3 1.3410x10-10 0.023575 1.3151x10-7 lumens 668 6.68x105 joules/sec 1 1000 Btu/hr 3.41304 3413.04 1.35582 1x10-7 17.580 9.8067x10-5 0.077124 5.688x10-9 0.019433 1.4333x10-9 0.2520 1.4056x10-6 906.28 6.6845x10-5 11751 1.3558 1x10-7 17.580 9.8067x10-5 4.6274 3.4130x10-7 60 3.3470x10-4

Appendix A A-31

Ergs per second Btua per minute Gram centimeters per second Kilogram calories per minute Horsepower (U. S.) Lumens Joules per second Btua per hour

980.665 6.9770x108 7.457x109 1.496x104 1x107 2.9299x106

0.065552

69.767 745.7 1.496x10-3 1 0.29299

0.069767 0.7457 1.496x10-6 0.001 2.9299x10-4

51.457 550 1.0034x10-3 0.73756 0.21610

3.9685 42.4176 8.5096x10-5 0.056884 0.01667

0.093557

46636 498129

69.769 745.7 1.496x10-3

238.11 2545.1 5.1069x10-3 3.41304

British Thermal Units (Mean)

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR VARIOUS SUBSTANCESa Type Of Substance Fuel Oil Natural gas Gaseous Pollutants O3 NO2 SO2 H2S CO HC (as methane) Agricultural products Corn Milo Oats Barley Wheat Cotton Mineral products Brick Cement Cement Concrete Mobile sources, fuel efficiency Motor vehicles Waterborne vessels Miscellaneous liquids Beer Paint Varnish Whiskey Water
a

Conversion Factors

1 bbl = 159 liters (42 gal) 1 therm = 100,000 Btu (approx.25000 kcal) 1 ppm, volume = 1960g/m3 1 ppm, volume = 1880g/m3 1 ppm, volume = 2610g/m3 1 ppm, volume = 1390 g/m3 1 ppm, volume = 1.14 mg/m3 1 ppm, volume = 0.654 mg/m3 1 bu = 25.4 kg = 56 lb 1 bu = 25.4 kg = 56 lb 1 bu = 14.5 kg = 32 lb 1 bu = 21.8 kg = 48 lb 1 bu = 27.2 kg = 60 lb 1 bale = 226 kg = 500 lb 1 brick = 2.95 kg = 6.5 lb 1 bbl = 170 kg = 375 lb 1 yd3 = 1130 kg = 2500 lb 1 yd3 = 1820 kg = 4000 lb 1.0 mi/gal = 0.426 km/liter 1.0 gal/naut mi = 2.05 liters/km 1 bbl = 31.5 gal 1 gal = 4.5 to 6.82 kg = 10 to 15 lb 1 gal = 3.18 kg = 7 lb 1 bbl = 190 liters = 50.2 gal 1 gal = 3.81 kg = 8.3 lb Many of the conversion factors in this table represent average values and approximations and some of the values vary with temperature and pressure. These conversion factors should, however, be sufficiently accurate for general field use. A-32 EMISSION FACTORS 9/85

(Reformatted 1/95)