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Keywords = smart composting bin

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15 pages, 4119 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Bokashi-Composting Process Using Effective Microorganisms-1 in Smart Composting Bin
by Pei Sze Lew, Nik Nor Liyana Nik Ibrahim, Suryani Kamarudin, Norashikin M. Thamrin and Mohamad Farid Misnan
Sensors 2021, 21(8), 2847; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082847 - 18 Apr 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 12966
Abstract
Malaysians generate 15,000 tons of food waste per day and dispose of it in the landfill, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. As a solution for the stated problem, this research aims to produce an excellent quality bokashi compost from household organic waste using [...] Read more.
Malaysians generate 15,000 tons of food waste per day and dispose of it in the landfill, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. As a solution for the stated problem, this research aims to produce an excellent quality bokashi compost from household organic waste using a smart composting bin. The bokashi composting method is conducted, whereby banana peels are composted with three types of bokashi brans prepared using 12, 22, and 32 mL of EM-1 mother cultured. During the 14 days composting process, the smart composting bin collected the temperature, air humidity, and moisture content produced by the bokashi-composting process. With the ATmega328 microcontroller, these data were uploaded and synchronized to Google Sheet via WIFI. After the bokashi-composting process was completed, three of each bokashi compost and a control sample were buried in separate black soil for three weeks to determine each compost’s effectiveness. NPK values and the C/N ratio were analyzed on the soil compost. From the research, 12 mL of EM-1 shows the most effective ratio to the bokashi composting, as it resulted in a faster decomposition rate and has an optimum C/N ratio. Bokashi composting can help to reduce household food wastes. An optimum amount of the EM-1 used during the bokashi-composting process will produce good quality soil without contributing to environmental issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Overall process flow of this research.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The operating procedures of the bokashi composting bin.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The components of the smart composting bin. (<b>a</b>) Shows the external view of the smart composting bin; (<b>b</b>) shows the additional cover on the composting bin; (<b>c</b>) shows the ultrasonic sensor and temperature and humidity sensor at the backside of the cover; (<b>d</b>) shows the DC motor and the spindle attached on the cover; (<b>e</b>) shows the soil moisture sensor attached on the wall of the bin; (<b>f</b>) shows the water level sensor attached to the bottom of the composting bin.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The schematic diagram of the circuit connection of the sensors.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The process flow of the preparation of bokashi brans.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The observation of the temperature of different types of bokashi from day 1 to day 14.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The observation of the moisture content of different types of bokashi from day 1 to 14.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The air humidity observation in the bokashi composting bin of different bokashi types from day 1 to day 14.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Soil sample after 21 days of soil composting.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Soil samples after 21 days of soil composting. (<b>a</b>) Soil Sample 1 (Bokashi A1); (<b>b</b>) Soil Sample 2 (Bokashi A2); (<b>c</b>) Soil Sample 3 (Bokashi A3).</p> Full article ">
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