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Nanomaterials
Special Issues
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles
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Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Biology and Medicines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2025 | Viewed by 10260

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Brigita Tomšič

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Textiles, Graphic arts and Design, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: chemical modification of textile surfaces; chemical finishing; nanotechnology; functionalization of textiles; antimicrobial activity; biodegradability of fibre-forming polymers

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The importance of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of nanoparticles in protecting against the growth of potential pathogens and preventing various emerging diseases is a driving force for the continuous progress of scientific knowledge to harness the full potential of nanoparticles for various beneficial purposes. While antimicrobial nanoparticles play an important role in preventing and fighting infections or accelerating the healing of skin wounds in medicine, as well as in preventing microbial contamination of water, food packaging, or various consumer products, antioxidant nanoparticles have been found plausible for the successful treatment of various inflammatory diseases related to oxidative stress, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases as well as certain types of cancer. In addition, such nanoparticles can also be used in cosmetics, especially for skin care products and anti-ageing treatments.

Although nanoparticles with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity show promising potential for application in various fields, caution is required as there is still a lack of standardized analytical methods that would provide reliable information on the safety and possible side effects of nanoparticles. Accordingly, careful consideration of the benefits and associated potential risks is essential before widespread use.

We invite researchers to submit original and review articles on ongoing advances in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of nanoparticles. Possible topics include: Synthesis, modification and functionalisation of nanoparticles for enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant activity; Surface functionalisation of solid materials; Characterisation techniques; Mechanism of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity; In vitro and in vivo studies of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity for establishing hygiene, infection control and/or antioxidant therapies; Evaluation of potential health and environmental risks.

Prof. Dr. Brigita Tomšič
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanoparticles
  • functionalization
  • surface modification, hygiene and infection control
  • antioxidant therapies
  • environment
  • toxicity
  • oxidative stress
  • biocompatibility
  • risk management

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2840 KiB  
Article
Green Synthesis of Al-ZnO Nanoparticles Using Cucumis maderaspatanus Plant Extracts: Analysis of Structural, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities
by S. K. Johnsy Sugitha, R. Gladis Latha, Raja Venkatesan, Seong-Cheol Kim, Alexandre A. Vetcher and Mohammad Rashid Khan
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221851 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 319
Abstract
Nanoparticles derived from biological sources are currently garnering significant interest due to their diverse range of potential applications. The purpose of the study was to synthesize Al-doped nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) from leaf extracts of Cucumis maderaspatanus and assess their antioxidant and [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles derived from biological sources are currently garnering significant interest due to their diverse range of potential applications. The purpose of the study was to synthesize Al-doped nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) from leaf extracts of Cucumis maderaspatanus and assess their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity using some bacterial and fungal strains. These nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The average crystalline size was determined to be 25 nm, as evidenced by the XRD analysis. In the UV-vis spectrum, the absorption band was observed around 351 nm. It was discovered that the Al-ZnO nanoparticles had a bandgap of 3.25 eV using the Tauc relation. Furthermore, by FTIR measurement, the presence of the OH group, C=C bending of the alkene group, and C=O stretching was confirmed. The SEM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles were distributed uniformly throughout the sample. The EDAX spectrum clearly confirmed the presence of Zn, Al, and O elements in the Al-ZnO nanoparticles. The TEM results also indicated that the green synthesized Al-ZnO nanoparticles displayed hexagonal shapes with an average size of 25 nm. The doping of aluminum may enhance the thermal stability of the ZnO by altering the crystal structure or phase composition. The observed changes in TG, DTA, and DTG curves reflect the impact of aluminum doping on the structural and thermal properties of ZnO nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of the Al-ZnO nanoparticles using the agar diffusion method showed that the maximum zone of inhibition has been noticed against organisms of Gram-positive S. aureus compared with Gram-negative E. coli. Moreover, antifungal activity using the agar cup method showed that the maximum zone of inhibition was observed on Aspergilus flavus, followed by Candida albicans. Al-doping nanoparticles increases the number of charge carriers, which can enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UV light exposure. These ROS are known to possess strong antimicrobial properties. Al-doping can improve the crystallinity of ZnO, resulting in a larger surface area that facilitates more interaction with microbial cells. The structural and biological characteristics of Al-ZnO nanoparticles might be responsible for the enhanced antibacterial activity exhibited in the antibacterial studies. Al-ZnO nanoparticles with Cucumis maderaspatanus leaf extract produced via the green synthesis methods have remarkable antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals against DPPH radicals, according to these results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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Figure 1
<p>Schematic diagram of Al-ZnO nanoparticles using <span class="html-italic">Cucumis maderaspatanus</span> leaf extract.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Al-ZnO nanoparticles derived from <span class="html-italic">Cucumis maderaspatanus</span> leaf extracts: (<b>A</b>) XRD pattern, (<b>B</b>) SEM, (<b>C</b>) EDAX.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>) TEM images of Al-ZnO nanoparticles, (<b>C</b>) SAED pattern of Al-ZnO nanoparticles using <span class="html-italic">Cucumis maderaspatanus</span> leaf extracts.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>FTIR spectrum of the Al-ZnO nanoparticles using <span class="html-italic">Cucumis maderaspatanus</span> leaf extracts.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>A</b>) UV spectrum, (<b>B</b>) Tauc plot of Al-ZnO nanoparticles using <span class="html-italic">Cucumis maderaspatanus</span> leaf extracts.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>A</b>) Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and (<b>B</b>) zeta-potential measurement of Al-ZnO nanoparticles using <span class="html-italic">Cucumis maderaspatanus</span> leaf extracts.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>TG/DTA curves of Al-ZnO nanoparticles using <span class="html-italic">Cucumis maderaspatanus</span> leaf extracts.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p><span class="html-italic">Cucumis maderaspatanus</span> leaf extracts served to synthesize Al-ZnO, which exhibited antibacterial activity against (<b>A</b>) <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span> and (<b>B</b>) <span class="html-italic">B. subtilitis</span>.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The concentration verses antioxidant activity of % of inhibition Al-ZnO nanoparticles using the DPHH free radical assay method.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 858 KiB  
Article
Environmentally Friendly Microemulsions of Essential Oils of Artemisia annua and Salvia fruticosa to Protect Crops against Fusarium verticillioides
by Lucia Grifoni, Cristiana Sacco, Rosa Donato, Spyros Tziakas, Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou, Helen Skaltsa, Giulia Vanti, Maria Camilla Bergonzi and Anna Rita Bilia
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(21), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14211715 - 27 Oct 2024
Viewed by 622
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are reported to be natural pesticides, but their use to protect crops is very limited due to EOs’ high instability and great volatility. Nanovectors represent a very smart alternative, and in this study, EOs from Artemisia annua (AEO) and Salvia [...] Read more.
Essential oils (EOs) are reported to be natural pesticides, but their use to protect crops is very limited due to EOs’ high instability and great volatility. Nanovectors represent a very smart alternative, and in this study, EOs from Artemisia annua (AEO) and Salvia fruticosa (SEO) were formulated into microemulsions and tested against Fusarium verticillioides. The EOs were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC–MS. The main constituents of AEO were camphor, artemisia ketone, and 1,8-cineole; the main constituents of SEO were 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-pinene, and β-pinene. Artemisia ketone and 1,8-cineole were used to calculate the recovery and chemical stability of the microemulsions. The microemulsions were loaded with 10 mg/mL of EOs, and the recoveries were 99.8% and 99.6% for AEO and SEO, respectively. The sizes of the lipid phases were 255.3 ± 0.6 nm and 323.7 ± 2.3 nm for the AEO and SEO microemulsions, respectively. Activity against F. verticillioides was tested using amphotericin B as the positive control. F. verticillioides was very susceptible to both EOs. When loaded in the microemulsions, AEO and SEO remained very active at a dose of 1.4 and 1.2 mg, with a 99.99% reduction of F. verticillioides. The findings suggest AEO and SEO microemulsions are suitable carriers for the protection of crops against F. verticillioides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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<p>Phase diagram of water–vitamin E acetate–Cremophor RH 40 plus Labrasol ALF (surfactants in a 1:1 ratio) system at 35 °C. The grey area indicates the presence of the microemulsion. The dark grey symbol (▪) identifies the composition of the selected microemulsion.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Size and size distribution (<b>A</b>) and correlogram (<b>B</b>) of empty microemulsion (light blue line) and microemulsions encapsulating SEO (green line) and AEO (orange line).</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 2784 KiB  
Article
Salmon-IgM Functionalized-PLGA Nanosystem for Florfenicol Delivery as an Antimicrobial Strategy against Piscirickettsia salmonis
by Felipe Velásquez, Mateus Frazao, Arturo Diez, Felipe Villegas, Marcelo Álvarez-Bidwell, J. Andrés Rivas-Pardo, Eva Vallejos-Vidal, Felipe Reyes-López, Daniela Toro-Ascuy, Manuel Ahumada and Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(20), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14201658 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 881
Abstract
Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, has been the most severe health concern for the Chilean salmon industry. The efforts to control P. salmonis infections have focused on using antibiotics and vaccines. However, infected salmonids exhibit limited responses to the [...] Read more.
Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, has been the most severe health concern for the Chilean salmon industry. The efforts to control P. salmonis infections have focused on using antibiotics and vaccines. However, infected salmonids exhibit limited responses to the treatments. Here, we developed a poly (D, L-lactide-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-nanosystem functionalized with Atlantic salmon IgM (PLGA-IgM) to specifically deliver florfenicol into infected cells. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared via the double emulsion solvent-evaporation method in the presence of florfenicol. Later, the PLGA-NPs were functionalized with Atlantic salmon IgM through carbodiimide chemistry. The nanosystem showed an average size of ~380–410 nm and a negative surface charge. Further, florfenicol encapsulation efficiency was close to 10%. We evaluated the internalization of the nanosystem and its impact on bacterial load in SHK-1 cells by using confocal microscopy and qPCR. The results suggest that stimulation with the nanosystem elicits a decrease in the bacterial load of P. salmonis when it infects Atlantic salmon macrophages. Overall, the IgM-functionalized PLGA-based nanosystem represents an alternative to the administration of antibiotics in salmon farming, complementing the delivery of antibiotics with the stimulation of the immune response of infected macrophages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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<p>Schematic illustration of the nanosystem based on a PLGA-florfenicol nanoparticle conjugated with salmon IgM. The cartoon illustration was generated in BioRender.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Characterization of the physicochemical properties of the nanosystem. (<b>A</b>) Z-size distribution and (<b>B</b>) PDI values based on amplitude percentage differences (25% and 15%) for sonication steps for PLGA NPs and PLGA NPs containing florfenicol (1 mg/mL). (<b>C</b>) Z-size distribution and (<b>D</b>) PDI values based on non-conjugated (PLGA-NPs) or Ab-conjugated (nanosystem) nanoparticles and PLGA NPs and PLGA NPs containing florfenicol (1 mg/mL). The statistical analysis was performed through an unpaired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test. Values are given as mean ± standard error of the mean from three independent experiments. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, ns: not significant.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Intracellular detection of the nanosystem. SHK-1 cells were incubated with the nanosystem at 50 nanosystems/cell for 3 h. The cellular nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue), actin filaments to visualize the cell cytoplasm were stained with phalloidin (red), and Alexa 488 (green) was employed to visualize the IgM in the nanosystem. The intracellular location of the nanosystem was determined by a confocal microscope orthogonal image analysis of the z-stack obtained. (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>) corresponds to images from non-stimulated SHK-1 cells (control) (scale bar 20 μm). (<b>E</b>–<b>H</b>) corresponds to images from SHK-1 cells incubated with the nanosystems (scale bar 20 μm). (<b>A</b>,<b>E</b>) nuclear stain (DAPI). (<b>B</b>,<b>F</b>) IgM detection on surface nanosystem by I-14 hybridoma and secondary antibody anti-mouse IgG Alexa 488. (<b>C</b>,<b>G</b>) Cytoskeleton detection by Phalloidin 596. (<b>D</b>,<b>H</b>) Merge of three fluorescent signals. (<b>I</b>) Orthogonal views of a midplane z section; height, 1.3 μm.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Evaluation of cytotoxicity induced by nanosystem. The cytotoxicity was evaluated at 3, 5, and 7 days post-incubation by the detection of LDH release into the extracellular medium. SHK-1 cells were incubated with nanosystem, IgM-NPs, or unencapsulated florfenicol (15 μg/mL). Values are given as the mean ± standard error of the mean from three independent experiments.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Quantification of intracellular <span class="html-italic">P. salmonis</span> bacterial load recovered from SHK-1 infected cells treated with nanosystem. SHK-1 cells were infected with <span class="html-italic">P. salmonis</span> MOI 10 bacteria/cell for 48 h. Then, cells were treated for 24 h with the nanosystem, 15 μg/mL of unencapsulated florfenicol (Florfenicol), or an equivalent number of PLGA NPs functionalized with IgM but without florfenicol (IgM-NPs). In the positive infection control, SHK-1 cells were infected for 48 h and maintained without other treatments for 24 h. The bacterial load was determined by quantification of 16S rDNA copies/cell by qPCR. The statistical analysis was performed through non-parametric ANOVA with Dunn’s multiple comparison test. Values are given as the mean ± standard error of the mean from three independent experiments. *: <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ***: <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 7445 KiB  
Article
Unveiling the Potential of CuO and Cu2O Nanoparticles against Novel Copper-Resistant Pseudomonas Strains: An In-Depth Comparison
by Olesia Havryliuk, Garima Rathee, Jeniffer Blair, Vira Hovorukha, Oleksandr Tashyrev, Jordi Morató, Leonardo M. Pérez and Tzanko Tzanov
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(20), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14201644 - 13 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1210
Abstract
Four novel Pseudomonas strains with record resistance to copper (Cu2+) previously isolated from ecologically diverse samples (P. lactis UKR1, P. panacis UKR2, P. veronii UKR3, and P. veronii UKR4) were tested against sonochemically synthesised copper-oxide (I) (Cu2O) and [...] Read more.
Four novel Pseudomonas strains with record resistance to copper (Cu2+) previously isolated from ecologically diverse samples (P. lactis UKR1, P. panacis UKR2, P. veronii UKR3, and P. veronii UKR4) were tested against sonochemically synthesised copper-oxide (I) (Cu2O) and copper-oxide (II) (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs). Nanomaterials characterisation by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) confirmed the synthesis of CuO and Cu2O NPs. CuO NPs exhibited better performance in inhibiting bacterial growth due to their heightened capacity to induce oxidative stress. The greater stability and geometrical shape of CuO NPs were disclosed as important features associated with bacterial cell toxicity. SEM and TEM images confirmed that both NPs caused membrane disruption, altered cell morphology, and pronounced membrane vesiculation, a distinctive feature of bacteria dealing with stressor factors. Finally, Cu2O and CuO NPs effectively decreased the biofilm-forming ability of the Cu2+-resistant UKR strains as well as degraded pre-established biofilm, matching NPs’ antimicrobial performance. Despite the similarities in the mechanisms of action revealed by both NPs, distinctive behaviours were also detected for the different species of wild-type Pseudomonas analysed. In summary, these findings underscore the efficacy of nanotechnology-driven strategies for combating metal tolerance in bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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Figure 1
<p>XRD spectra of CuO (<b>a</b>) and Cu<sub>2</sub>O NPs (<b>b</b>), FTIR spectra of CuO (<b>c</b>) and Cu<sub>2</sub>O NPs (<b>d</b>), and UV-vis spectra of CuO (<b>e</b>) and Cu<sub>2</sub>O NPs (<b>f</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) TEM image, (<b>b</b>) HRTEM image, (<b>c</b>) EDX spectrum, and (<b>d</b>) SAED of CuO NPs.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) TEM image, (<b>b</b>) HRTEM image, (<b>c</b>) EDX spectrum, and (<b>d</b>) SAED of Cu<sub>2</sub>O NPs.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Effect of CuO and Cu<sub>2</sub>O NPs on the growth of the copper-resistant (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">P. lactis</span> UKR1, (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">P. panacis</span> UKR2, (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">P. veronii</span> UKR3, and (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">P. veronii</span> UKR4 strains.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in copper-resistant (a) <span class="html-italic">P. lactis</span> UKR1, (b) <span class="html-italic">P. panacis</span> UKR2, (c) <span class="html-italic">P. veronii</span> UKR3, and (d) <span class="html-italic">P. veronii</span> UKR4 treated with Cu<sub>2</sub>O or CuO NPs. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05) between NPs type and concentration for each strain; e.g., “a” is different from “b”.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Representative SEM micrographs of untreated <span class="html-italic">P. lactis</span> UKR1 cells (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>), 100 mg/L CuO NPs-treated cells (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and 100 mg/L Cu<sub>2</sub>O NPs-treated cells (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>). NP-treated cells show straightforward evidence of membrane injury, cytoplasmic leakage, and cell morphology alteration. White arrows indicate vesicle formation on the bacterial surface.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Representative TEM micrographs of untreated <span class="html-italic">P. lactis</span> UKR1 cells (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>), 100 mg/L Cu<sub>2</sub>O NP (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and 100 mg/L CuO NP-treated cells (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>). A considerable number of intracellular nanoparticles attached to the bacterial cells’ surface (black regular forms) can be observed in Cu<sub>2</sub>O and CuO-treated bacteria. The scale bar represents 0.5 µm.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Quantification of biofilm formation (<b>a</b>) and bacterial biofilm remaining (<b>b</b>) after 48-h treatment in the absence (control) and presence of 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L Cu<sub>2</sub>O or CuO NPs. Error bars indicate standard deviations (S.D.). Different letters represent statistically significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05) between NPs type and concentration for each strain; e.g., “b” is different from “c” but not from “bc”.</p> Full article ">
21 pages, 5561 KiB  
Article
Nanocurcumin-Based Sugar-Free Formulation: Development and Impact on Diabetes and Oxidative Stress Reduction
by Safa Ferradj, Madiha Melha Yahoum, Mounia Rebiha, Ikram Nabi, Selma Toumi, Sonia Lefnaoui, Amel Hadj-Ziane-Zafour, Nabil Touzout, Hichem Tahraoui, Adil Mihoub, Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Nawab Ali, Jie Zhang and Abdeltif Amrane
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(13), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14131105 - 27 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1302
Abstract
The objective of this study is the development of innovative nanocurcumin-based formulations designed for the treatment and prevention of oxidative stress and diabetes. Nanocurcumin was obtained through a micronization process and subsequently encapsulated within biopolymers derived from corn starch and fenugreek mucilage, achieving [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is the development of innovative nanocurcumin-based formulations designed for the treatment and prevention of oxidative stress and diabetes. Nanocurcumin was obtained through a micronization process and subsequently encapsulated within biopolymers derived from corn starch and fenugreek mucilage, achieving encapsulation rates of 75% and 85%, respectively. Subsequently, the encapsulated nanocurcumin was utilized in the formulation of sugar-free syrups based on Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. The stability of the resulting formulations was assessed by monitoring particle size distribution and zeta potential over a 25-day period. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed a particle size of 119.9 nm for the fenugreek mucilage-based syrup (CURF) and 117 nm for the corn starch-based syrup (CURA), with polydispersity indices PDIs of 0.509 and 0.495, respectively. The dissolution rates of the encapsulated nanocurcumin were significantly enhanced, showing a 67% improvement in CURA and a 70% enhancement in CURF compared with crude curcumin (12.82%). Both formulations demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity, as evidenced by polyphenol quantification using the 2.2-diphenyl 1-pycrilhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In the evaluation of antidiabetic activity conducted on Wistar rats, a substantial reduction in fasting blood sugar levels from 392 to 187 mg/mL was observed. The antioxidant properties of CURF in reducing oxidative stress were clearly demonstrated by a macroscopic observation of the rats’ livers, including their color and appearance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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<p>The development stages of nanocurcumin-based formulations (CURF and CURA).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Histogram representing the variation in particle size and zeta potential of nanocurcumin formulations.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>FTIR spectrum of fenugreek mucilage.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Histogram depicting the variation in particle size and zeta potential of the CURA and CURF formulations.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Evolution of the viscosity of the CURF and CURA formulations as a function of the shear rate.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Viscoelasticity profiles of the CURA and CURF formulations.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Dissolution profiles of crude curcumin and formulations.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The percentage inhibition of different formulations.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Hemolysis (%) of different formulations.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Fasting blood glucose levels of treated batches.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Rat weight evolution curves.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Histological microscopy of the pancreas.</p> Full article ">
21 pages, 8992 KiB  
Article
Carbon Nanodisks Decorated with Guanidinylated Hyperbranched Polyethyleneimine Derivatives as Efficient Antibacterial Agents
by Kyriaki-Marina Lyra, Ioannis Tournis, Mohammed Subrati, Konstantinos Spyrou, Aggeliki Papavasiliou, Chrysoula Athanasekou, Sergios Papageorgiou, Elias Sakellis, Michael A. Karakassides and Zili Sideratou
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080677 - 13 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1292
Abstract
Non-toxic carbon-based hybrid nanomaterials based on carbon nanodisks were synthesized and assessed as novel antibacterial agents. Specifically, acid-treated carbon nanodisks (oxCNDs), as a safe alternative material to graphene oxide, interacted through covalent and non-covalent bonding with guanidinylated hyperbranched polyethyleneimine derivatives (GPEI5K and GPEI25K), [...] Read more.
Non-toxic carbon-based hybrid nanomaterials based on carbon nanodisks were synthesized and assessed as novel antibacterial agents. Specifically, acid-treated carbon nanodisks (oxCNDs), as a safe alternative material to graphene oxide, interacted through covalent and non-covalent bonding with guanidinylated hyperbranched polyethyleneimine derivatives (GPEI5K and GPEI25K), affording the oxCNDs@GPEI5K and oxCNDs@GPEI25K hybrids. Their physico-chemical characterization confirmed the successful and homogenous attachment of GPEIs on the surface of oxCNDs, which, due to the presence of guanidinium groups, offered them improved aqueous stability. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of oxCNDs@GPEIs was evaluated against Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria. It was found that both hybrids exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity, with oxCNDs@GPEI5K being more active than oxCNDs@GPEI25K. Their MIC and MBC values were found to be much lower than those of oxCNDs, revealing that the GPEI attachment endowed the hybrids with enhanced antibacterial properties. These improved properties were attributed to the polycationic character of the oxCNDs@GPEIs, which enables effective interaction with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and cell walls, leading to cell envelope damage, and eventually cell lysis. Finally, oxCNDs@GPEIs showed minimal cytotoxicity on mammalian cells, indicating that these hybrid nanomaterials have great potential to be used as safe and efficient antibacterial agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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Figure 1
<p>Deconvoluted high-resolution core-level C1s (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) and N1s (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) photoelectron spectra of GPEI5K and oxCNDs@GPEI5K; (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) color legend: C-C/C=C (blue), C-O/C-N (green), C=N (dark yellow), and C-N<sup>+</sup> (purple); (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) color legend: =N- (blue), -NH- (green), and -N<sup>+</sup> (dark yellow).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Deconvoluted high-resolution core-level C1s (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) and N1s (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) photoelectron spectra of GPEI25K and oxCNDs@GPEI25K; (a,c) color legend: C-C/C=C (blue), C-O/C-N (green), C=N (dark yellow), and C-N<sup>+</sup> (purple); (b,d) color legend: =N- (blue), -NH- (green), and -N<sup>+</sup> (dark yellow).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Deconvoluted Raman spectra of CNDs, oxCNDs, and GPEI-functionalized oxCNDs. All the bands were fit to Lorentzian profiles. (<b>b</b>) Lorentzian curve fitting of the (001) reflexes of oxCNDs, oxCNDs@GPEI5K, and oxCNDs@GPEI25K. Insets: The corresponding schematic representations before and after the partial intercalation of oxCNDs with GPEI5K and GPEI25K; (<b>a</b>) color legend for the bands: D (light red), D″ (pink), G (green), D′ (navy blue), G′ (magenta), D+G (cyan), and 2G (dark yellow); (<b>b</b>) color legend for the components of the (001) reflexes: non-intercalated (magenta) and GPEI-intercalated (green) domains.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>SEM images of oxCNDs (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>), oxCNDs@GPEI5K (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) and oxCNDs@GPEI25K (<b>G</b>–<b>I</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>TEM images of oxCNDs@GPEI5K (<b>A</b>–<b>E</b>) and oxCNDs@GPEI25K (<b>F</b>–<b>J</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Scanning/transmission electron microscopy high-angle annular dark field images presenting the morphology of oxCNDs@GPEI5K (<b>A</b>) and oxCNDs@GPEI25K (<b>B</b>) and the corresponding EDS elemental mapping images of C (K edge), N (K edge) and O (K edge).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Digital images of oxCNDs (1), oxCNDs@GPEI5K (2) and oxCNDs@GPEI25K (3) aqueous dispersions at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, immediately after sonication (<b>a</b>) and after standing still for 15 days (<b>b</b>).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Comparative toxicities of GPEI-functionalized oxCNDs on human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells following incubation at various concentrations for 24 h as determined by MTT assays. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of six independent values obtained from at least three independent experiments.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>SEM images of <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> bacteria: untreated cells (<b>A</b>,<b>E</b>) and cells after 12 h incubation time at 37 °C with oxCNDs@GPEI5K (<b>B</b>–<b>D</b>) or oxCNDs@GPEI25K (<b>F</b>–<b>H</b>) at ½ MIC.</p> Full article ">
17 pages, 6532 KiB  
Article
Silver-Sulfamethazine-Conjugated β-Cyclodextrin/Dextran-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Pathogen Inhibition
by Anastasiia B. Shatan, Vitalii Patsula, Hana Macková, Andrii Mahun, Renáta Lehotská, Elena Piecková and Daniel Horák
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(4), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14040371 - 17 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1696
Abstract
In the fight against antibiotic resistance, which is rising to dangerously high levels worldwide, new strategies based on antibiotic-conjugated biocompatible polymers bound to magnetic nanoparticles that allow the drug to be manipulated and delivered to a specific target are being proposed. Here, we [...] Read more.
In the fight against antibiotic resistance, which is rising to dangerously high levels worldwide, new strategies based on antibiotic-conjugated biocompatible polymers bound to magnetic nanoparticles that allow the drug to be manipulated and delivered to a specific target are being proposed. Here, we report the direct surface engineering of nontoxic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) using biocompatible dextran (Dex) covalently linked to β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with the ability to form non-covalent complexes with silver-sulfamethazine (SMT-Ag). To achieve a good interaction of β-CD-modified dextran with the surface of the nanoparticles, it was functionalized with diphosphonic acid (DPA) that provides strong binding to Fe atoms. The synthesized polymers and nanoparticles were characterized by various methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), etc. The resulting magnetic ION@DPA-Dex-β-CD-SMT-Ag nanoparticles were colloidally stable in water and contained 24 μg of antibiotic per mg of the particles. When tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungi (yeast Candida albicans and mold Aspergillus niger), the particles showed promising potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>TEM micrographs of (<b>a</b>) IONs, (<b>b</b>) ION@DPA-Dex-β-CD and (<b>c</b>) ION@DPA-Dex-β-CD-SMT-Ag particles.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Synthesis of 4-toluenesulfonic anhydride (Ts<sub>2</sub>O) and three-step modification of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to yield 6-deoxy-6-(2-hydroxyethyl) (vinylsulfonyl)methylamino-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD-VS); EA—ethanolamine, DMSO—dimethyl sulfoxide, DVS—divinyl sulfone.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Modification of dextran with tosyl chloride (TsCl), ethanolamine (EA), 6-deoxy-6-(2-hydroxyethyl) (vinylsulfonyl)methylamino-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD-VS) and vinylidene 1,1-diphosphonic acid (VDPA) and conjugation of silver-sulfamethazine (SMT-Ag) to form silver-sulfamethazine-conjugated β-cyclodextrin/dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle (ION); DMAc—dimethylacetamide.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) FTIR and (<b>d</b>) TGA analysis of IONs, β-CD, β-CD-Ts, β-CD-EA, β-CD-VS, Dex, Dex-Ts, Dex-EA, SMT, DPA-Dex-β-CD, ION-DPA-Dex-β-CD and ION-DPA-Dex-β-CD-SMT.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>MIC of ION-DEX-CD-SMT-Ag; columns 1–10, concentration 1500–2.5 µg/mL; column 11, positive control; column 12, negative control. Row A, B—<span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span>; row C, D—<span class="html-italic">E. coli</span>; row E, F—<span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span>; row G, H—<span class="html-italic">A. niger</span>. The blue lines show the boundary between no growth and pathogen growth; column 3/4 is for rows A–D, and column 4/5 is for rows E–H.</p> Full article ">
22 pages, 3731 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Activity of Citrate-Coated Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
by Ekaterina Vladimirovna Silina, Olga Sergeevna Ivanova, Natalia Evgenevna Manturova, Olga Anatolyevna Medvedeva, Alina Vladimirovna Shevchenko, Ekaterina Sergeevna Vorsina, Raghu Ram Achar, Vladimir Anatolevich Parfenov and Victor Aleksandrovich Stupin
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(4), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14040354 - 13 Feb 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2008
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of citrate-stabilized sols of cerium oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations via different microbiological methods and to compare the effect with the peroxidase activity of nanoceria for the subsequent development of a regeneration-stimulating [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of citrate-stabilized sols of cerium oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations via different microbiological methods and to compare the effect with the peroxidase activity of nanoceria for the subsequent development of a regeneration-stimulating medical and/or veterinary wound-healing product providing new types of antimicrobial action. The object of this study was cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous solutions of cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate and citric acid (the size of the nanoparticles was 3–5 nm, and their aggregates were 60–130 nm). Nanoceria oxide sols with a wide range of concentrations (10−1–10−6 M) as well as powder (the dry substance) were used. Both bacterial and fungal strains (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasielensis) were used for the microbiological studies. The antimicrobial activity of nanoceria was investigated across a wide range of concentrations using three methods sequentially; the antimicrobial activity was studied by examining diffusion into agar, the serial dilution method was used to detect the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, and, finally, gas chromatography with mass-selective detection was performed to study the inhibition of E. coli’s growth. To study the redox activity of different concentrations of nanocerium, we studied the intensity of chemiluminescence in the oxidation reaction of luminol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. As a result of this study’s use of the agar diffusion and serial dilution methods followed by sowing, no significant evidence of antimicrobial activity was found. At the same time, in the current study of antimicrobial activity against E. coli strains using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, the ability of nanoceria to significantly inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms after 24 h and, in particular, after 48 h of incubation at a wide range of concentrations, 10−2–10−5 M (48–95% reduction in the number of microbes with a significant dose-dependent effect) was determined as the optimum concentration. A reliable redox activity of nanoceria coated with citrate was established, increasing in proportion to the concentration, confirming the oxidative mechanism of the action of nanoceria. Thus, nanoceria have a dose-dependent bacteriostatic effect, which is most pronounced at concentrations of 10−2–10−3 M. Unlike the effects of classical antiseptics, the effect was manifested from 2 days and increased during the observation. To study the antimicrobial activity of nanomaterials, it is advisable not to use classical qualitative and semi-quantitative methods; rather, the employment of more accurate quantitative methods is advised, in particular, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, during several days of incubation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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<p>(<b>a</b>) The results of analysis of nanoceria sol via spectroscopy methods; (<b>b</b>) X-ray diffraction; (<b>c</b>) dynamic light scattering; (<b>d</b>) transmission electron microscopy.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Kinetic curves of chemiluminescence of the product of luminol oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in a reaction mixture containing a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) and cerium dioxide citrate sols. The concentrations of CeO<sub>2</sub> in the reaction mixture are shown in the figure.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Dependence of the integral intensity of chemiluminescence of the oxidation products of luminol on the concentration of cerium dioxide in reaction mixtures containing a buffer solution (pH 7.4), luminol, hydrogen peroxide, and CeO<sub>2</sub> sols coated with citrate ions.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Zones of growth inhibition for <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> in three samples of nanoceria with a maximum concentration of 10<sup>−2</sup> M. The red arrows indicates obvious areas of growth retardation.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Results of the first phase of the experiment to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of citrate-stabilized nanoceria against various microorganisms. The numbers indicate the numbers of the tubes, in test tube No. 1 the concentration of nanocerium is maximum (0.05 g/mL), in test tube No. 2—2 times less (0.025 g/mL) and so on, in test tube No. 10 the concentration of nanocerium is minimal (0.0001 g/mL); test tube No. 11—Control.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The growth of microorganisms in all Petri dishes. In the lower samples (the least concentrated and 11—the control), the growth intensity was maximum (on the left in the figure are samples with <span class="html-italic">B. subtilis</span>; in sector 2, there was almost complete inhibition of bacilli growth; in samples 3–7, the growth intensity was less pronounced compared to the control). The second row contained <span class="html-italic">Candida</span>, and growth inhibition was visualized in sectors 4–5. <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> growth was reduced in sectors 2–3, and in <span class="html-italic">St. aureus</span>, growth was reduced in sectors 1–3.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The number of microbial bodies of <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> in different control groups and during co-cultivation with 10 vol.% sols of citrate-stabilized cerium oxide nanoparticles in different concentrations after 24 h and 48 h (*—significant difference from the control at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; ANOVA and Dunnett’s and Bonferroni’s post hoc tests).</p> Full article ">
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