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Lubricants
Special Issues
Green Tribology
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Green Tribology

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2016) | Viewed by 44463

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Robert J. K. Wood

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Interests: erosion and tribology resistant coatings; thermal spraying; CVD; PVD; paints; antifouling, superhydrophobic, functionally graded coatings; tribocorrosion; sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will look at the science and engineering research that is exploring environment-friendly solutions to problems of friction, wear, and lubrication and seeking inspiration from nature. Currently tribology solutions to lubrication, friction and wear often rely on petrochemical-based lubricants which are associated with their own environmental costs. Green Tribology is a newly established field of engineering research with a focus on low impact ways of reducing friction and wear, as well as exploiting recycling of materials and reducing dependency on rear earth elements in tribological systems. New lubricants (i.e., aqueous or environmentally friendly) can be designed based on renewable natural materials or may even be dispensed with altogether if solid self-lubricating an wear-resistant surface coatings can be introduced. Renewable energy systems, such as wind turbines, are a natural area for Green Tribology engineering and research papers from this area will be encouraged.

A further major impetus for research is bioinspiration—studying the solutions that nature has evolved for the lubrication of joints in living organisms. One area already receiving intense research efforts is the replacement of diseased hip and knee joints in human patients, and this continues to be a focus of Green Tribology. Biomimetic approaches to design low drag, antifouling, self-healing surfaces, and multifunctional surfaces will also be within the scope of the Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Robert J. K. Wood
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Aqueous lubricants
  • Biomimetic
  • Self-lubricating
  • Low friction
  • Low wear
  • Efficiency
  • Green tribology

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

4940 KiB  
Article
Surface Film Adsorption and Lubricity of Soybean Oil In-Water Emulsion and Triblock Copolymer Aqueous Solution: A Comparative Study
by Reza Taheri, Buyung Kosasih, Hongtao Zhu and Anh Kiet Tieu
Lubricants 2017, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5010001 - 30 Dec 2016
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6151
Abstract
This paper investigates the surface film adsorption and lubricity of two different types of potential environmentally friendly cold metal forming lubricants: soybean vegetable oil in water VO/W emulsions and triblock copolymer aqueous solutions. The lubricants have different visual appearance, surface film adsorption characteristic, [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the surface film adsorption and lubricity of two different types of potential environmentally friendly cold metal forming lubricants: soybean vegetable oil in water VO/W emulsions and triblock copolymer aqueous solutions. The lubricants have different visual appearance, surface film adsorption characteristic, lubricity and surface cleaning behaviour. The effects of concentration, temperature and emulsification ultrasonic energy (for VO/W emulsion) are studied. The result shows that the soybean VO/W emulsions have stronger adsorption, superior lubricity and anti-wear property compared to the copolymer solutions. The effect of temperature is investigated at 30 °C and 65 °C which are below and above cloud point of the aqueous copolymer solutions. Both lubricants show improved friction and anti-wear property at 65 °C. However, tenacious residual film remained on the discs surface after surface cleaning indicates lower cleanability of the soybean VO/W emulsions compared to the copolymer solutions, postulating the need for extra post-processing cleaning operations after cold forming process with VO/W emulsion lubricant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Tribology)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Pure soybean oil <span class="html-italic">FTIR</span> Spectra.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Significant differences in samples’ appearance.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p><span class="html-italic">QCM</span> adsorption trace of 1% 10 kJ soybean <span class="html-italic">VO/W</span> emulsion at 65 °C (solid lines) compared to (<b>a</b>) 1% 5 kJ soybean <span class="html-italic">VO/W</span> emulsion at 65°C, (<b>b</b>) 1% 10 kJ soybean <span class="html-italic">VO/W</span> emulsion at 30°C, (<b>c</b>) 2% 10 kJ soybean <span class="html-italic">VO/W</span> emulsion at 65°C.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p><span class="html-italic">QCM</span> adsorption trace of 18% aqueous solutions of (<b>a</b>) normal copolymer L64, and (<b>b</b>) reverse copolymer 17R4, at 30 °C (dash line) and 65 °C (solid line).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p><span class="html-italic">FTIR</span> transmittance spectrum after the ball-on-disc test with 1% 10 kJ soybean <span class="html-italic">VO/W</span> emulsion at 65 °C (<b>a</b>) worn track and (<b>b</b>) the emulsion.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Schematic representations of copolymers molecules and unsaturated fatty acids within soybean oil.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Friction coefficient trace of 1% 10 kJ soybean <span class="html-italic">VO/W</span> emulsion at 65 °C.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Friction coefficient average of all samples in 300 m sliding distance (SB indicates soybean emulsion).</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Morphological <span class="html-italic">SEM</span> images of wear scar on balls after friction test on soybean <span class="html-italic">VO/W</span> emulsions.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Morphological <span class="html-italic">SEM</span> images of scar tracks on discs after lubricity test on 1% 10 kJ soybean <span class="html-italic">VO/W</span> emulsions.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Morphological <span class="html-italic">SEM</span> images of wear scar on balls after friction test on copolymer solutions.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Morphological <span class="html-italic">SEM</span> images of scar tracks on discs after lubricity test on copolymer solutions.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Optical images of discs surfaces after 20 min ultrasonic cleaning.</p> Full article ">
7989 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Tribological Behavior of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)-Lignin Composites
by Surojit Gupta, M. F. Riyad and Yun Ji
Lubricants 2016, 4(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants4030031 - 31 Aug 2016
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6100
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-lignin composites. During this study four different compositions, namely UHMWPE, UHMWPE-13 wt. % lignin, UHMWPE-25 wt. % lignin and UHMWPE-42.5 wt. % lignin were fabricated by hot pressing. Detailed [...] Read more.
In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-lignin composites. During this study four different compositions, namely UHMWPE, UHMWPE-13 wt. % lignin, UHMWPE-25 wt. % lignin and UHMWPE-42.5 wt. % lignin were fabricated by hot pressing. Detailed microstructural studies by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that UHMWPE and UHMWPE-13 wt. % lignin had a uniform microstructure, whereas UHMWPE-25 wt. % lignin and UHMWPE-42.5 wt. % lignin samples were riddled with pores. UHMWPE and UHMWPE-13% lignin showed comparable flexural strengths of ~32.2 MPa and ~32.4 MPa, respectively. However, the flexural strength dropped drastically in UHMWPE-25 wt. % lignin and UHMWPE-42.5 wt. % samples to ~13 MPa and ~8 MPa, respectively. The tribology of UHMWPE-lignin composites is governed by the tribofilm formation. All the compositions showed similar µmean values and the specific wear rates (WR) decreased gradually as the concentration of lignin in UHMWPE was increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Tribology)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>SE SEM micrographs of polished surfaces of (<b>a</b>) UHMWPE; (<b>b</b>) UHMWPE-13% lignin; (<b>c</b>) UHMWPE-25% lignin surface machined by a blade and; (<b>d</b>) fractured surface of UHMWPE-25% lignin; (<b>e</b>) UHMWPE-42.5% lignin; and (<b>f</b>) fractured surface of UHMWPE-42.5% lignin.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Plot of flexural stress versus displacement of different UHMWPE-lignin composites.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Plot of flexural strength versus lignin addition (wt. %) in the UHMWPE matrix.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Variation of friction coefficient versus distance of different lignin-UHMWPE composites.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Plot of friction coefficient (<span class="html-italic">Y</span>1) and <span class="html-italic">WR</span> (<span class="html-italic">Y</span>2) versus lignin additions (wt. %).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Digital pictures of alumina discs after tribological testing against, (<b>a</b>) UHMWPE and (<b>b</b>) UHMWPE-42.5 wt. % and SE SEM micrographs of (<b>c</b>) UHMWPE; (<b>d</b>) alumina surface; (<b>e</b>) UHMWPE-42.5 wt. % and (<b>f</b>) alumina surface (inset shows the morphology of polymer wear debris) after tribological testing.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Schematics of tribofilm formation in UHMWPE-lignin and alumina tribocouple: (<b>a</b>) tribocontact development; and (<b>b</b>) formation of discontinuous tribofilm formation by abrasive wear of UHMWPE-lignin surface.</p> Full article ">
7366 KiB  
Article
The Tribological Properties of Multi-Layered Graphene as Additives of PAO2 Oil in Steel–Steel Contacts
by Yan-Bao Guo and Si-Wei Zhang
Lubricants 2016, 4(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants4030030 - 31 Aug 2016
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 8275
Abstract
Multi-layered graphene was prepared by supercritical CO2 exfoliation of graphite. As the additives of polyalphaolefin-2 (PAO2) oil, its tribological properties were investigated using four-ball test method. The friction reduction and anti-wear ability of pure lubricant was improved by the addition of graphene. [...] Read more.
Multi-layered graphene was prepared by supercritical CO2 exfoliation of graphite. As the additives of polyalphaolefin-2 (PAO2) oil, its tribological properties were investigated using four-ball test method. The friction reduction and anti-wear ability of pure lubricant was improved by the addition of graphene. With a favorable concentration, the graphene was dispersive. The PAO2 oil with 0.05 wt % graphene showed better tribological properties than that for the other concentration of graphene additives. It could be used as a good lubricant additive for its excellent tribological characteristics, and the multi-layered graphene can bear the load of the steel ball and prevent direct contact of the mating metal surfaces. However, a higher concentration would cause the agglomeration of graphene and weaken the improvement of tribological properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Tribology)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of grapheme.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Digital pictures of pure polyalphaolefin-2 oil (PAO2) (<b>a</b>); and with different concentrations of graphene additives: 0.05 wt % (<b>b</b>); 0.1 wt % (<b>c</b>); and 0.5 wt % (<b>d</b>). After 2 weeks, the pictures of 0.05 wt %, 0.1 wt %, and 0.5 wt % are shown in (<b>e</b>), (<b>f</b>), and (<b>g</b>), respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Schematic view of the four-ball assembly.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Friction coefficient curves of different additive concentrations of graphene in PAO2 (load 120 N, rotation speed 250 rpm).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Friction coefficients versus different loads (rotation speed of 250 rpm).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Coefficients of friction (COF) of different rotation speeds for different concentrations of graphene additive (load of 120 N).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Wear scar diameter (WSD) of different concentrations of graphene additive (load 120 N, rotation speed 250 rpm).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>3D optical micrographs of the abraded surface with pure PAO2 (<b>a</b>); 0.05 wt % (<b>b</b>); 0.1 wt % (<b>c</b>); 0.5 wt % (<b>d</b>) of graphene; linear roughness with (<b>e</b>) 0.05 wt % graphene in PAO2 and (<b>f</b>) 0.5 wt % graphene in PAO2, respectively.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Viscosity of PAO2 solutions with different concentrations of grapheme.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>SEM surface morphologies and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the wear scars. (<b>a</b>) 0.0 wt % (pure PAO2); (<b>b</b>) 0.05 wt %; and (<b>c</b>) 0.5 wt % of graphene.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>SEM images of agglomerated graphene after friction test (0.5 wt % concentration).</p> Full article ">
5570 KiB  
Article
The Friction Reducing Effect of Square-Shaped Surface Textures under Lubricated Line-Contacts—An Experimental Study
by Ping Lu, Robert J. K. Wood, Mark G. Gee, Ling Wang and Wilhelm Pfleging
Lubricants 2016, 4(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants4030026 - 11 Jul 2016
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8786
Abstract
Surface texturing has been shown to be an effective modification approach for improving tribological performance. This study examined the friction reduction effect generated by square dimples of different sizes and geometries. Dimples were fabricated on the surface of ASP2023 steel plates using femtosecond [...] Read more.
Surface texturing has been shown to be an effective modification approach for improving tribological performance. This study examined the friction reduction effect generated by square dimples of different sizes and geometries. Dimples were fabricated on the surface of ASP2023 steel plates using femtosecond laser-assisted surface texturing techniques, and reciprocating sliding line contact tests were carried out on a Plint TE77 tribometer using a smooth 52100 bearing steel roller and textured ASP2023 steel plates. The tribological characterization of the friction properties indicated that the textured samples had significantly lowered the friction coefficient in both boundary (15% improvement) and mixed lubrication regimes (13% improvement). Moreover, the high data sampling rate results indicated that the dimples work as lubricant reservoirs in the boundary lubrication regime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Tribology)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>A schematic of (<b>a</b>) the TE77 test rig and (<b>b</b>) the line contact.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Intensity of the laser pulse as function of time (pulse length 350 fs) and Gaussian intensity distribution; (<b>b</b>) multi-wavelength ultrafast laser micromachining workstation with a novel Turret Optics design to deploy and index the system’s three galvo heads with near-perfect sub-micron repeatability.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Test procedures.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Design schematic of a single dimple.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>S, M and L dimple profiles.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>One-second data of non-textured specimen (test conditions: Normal load: 100 N, Frequency: 10 Hz, Oil temperature: 32 °C).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Stribeck curve showing repeatability between different tests for smooth specimen.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Friction reduction by flat bottom dimples (S: 250 μm × 250 μm × 15 μm, M: 375 μm × 375 μm × 15 μm, L: 500 μm × 500 μm × 15 μm).</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Relationship between contact width of mating elements and dimple size.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Wear scar measurement.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Single stroke friction comparison (100 N, 2 Hz and 350 N, 2 Hz).</p> Full article ">
862 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization and Tribological Evaluation of New Generation Materials for Aluminum Cold Rolling Oils
by Ponnekanti Nagendramma, Bal Mukund Shukla and Dilip Kumar Adhikari
Lubricants 2016, 4(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants4030023 - 28 Jun 2016
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7109
Abstract
The present concept of being globally “green” puts additional demands on lubricants. They are to be biodegradable and ecofriendly. Therefore, in a search for alternate lubricants meeting the above demands, we have synthesized biodegradable new generation esters using alcohols such as 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propane diol [...] Read more.
The present concept of being globally “green” puts additional demands on lubricants. They are to be biodegradable and ecofriendly. Therefore, in a search for alternate lubricants meeting the above demands, we have synthesized biodegradable new generation esters using alcohols such as 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propane diol and 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propane diol and fatty acids like caproic and 2-ethyl caproic in presence of indigenous ion exchange resin catalyst. The synthesized esters were analyzed and characterized for their physico chemical properties. In addition, with a view to finding out the possibility of using these esters as aluminum cold rolling oils, their lubricity characteristics, biodegradability and toxicity were also investigated. The products were found to have good potential for use in biodegradable aluminum cold rolling oils meeting IS: 14385-2002 specification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Tribology)
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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Esterification of caproic and 2-ethyl caproic acids with DMPD and DEPD.</p> Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Esterification of caproic and 2-ethyl caproic acids with DMPD and DEPD.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Performance evaluation of synthesized aluminum cold rolling oils.</p> Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Performance evaluation of synthesized aluminum cold rolling oils.</p> Full article ">

Review

Jump to: Research

1592 KiB  
Review
Progress in Tribological Properties of Nano-Composite Hard Coatings under Water Lubrication
by Qianzhi Wang and Fei Zhou
Lubricants 2017, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5010005 - 17 Feb 2017
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6948
Abstract
The tribological properties, under water-lubricated conditions, of three major nano-composite coatings, i.e., diamond-like carbon (DLC or a-C), amorphous carbon nitride (a-CNx) and transition metallic nitride-based (TiN-based, CrN-based), coatings are reviewed. The influences of microstructure (composition and architecture) and test conditions (counterparts and friction [...] Read more.
The tribological properties, under water-lubricated conditions, of three major nano-composite coatings, i.e., diamond-like carbon (DLC or a-C), amorphous carbon nitride (a-CNx) and transition metallic nitride-based (TiN-based, CrN-based), coatings are reviewed. The influences of microstructure (composition and architecture) and test conditions (counterparts and friction parameters) on their friction and wear behavior under water lubrication are systematically elucidated. In general, DLC and a-CNx coatings exhibit superior tribological performance under water lubrication due to the formation of the hydrophilic group and the lubricating layer with low shear strength, respectively. In contrast, TiN-based and CrN-based coatings present relatively poor tribological performance in pure water, but are expected to present promising applications in sea water because of their good corrosion resistance. No matter what kind of coatings, an appropriate selection of counterpart materials would make their water-lubricated tribological properties more prominent. Currently, Si-based materials are deemed as beneficial counterparts under water lubrication due to the formation of silica gel originating from the hydration of Si. In the meantime, the tribological properties of nano-composite coatings in water could be enhanced at appropriate normal load and sliding velocity due to mixed or hydrodynamic lubrication. At the end of this article, the main research that is now being developed concerning the development of nano-composite coatings under water lubrication is described synthetically. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Tribology)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Number of articles and (<b>b</b>) the number of citations in the past 15 years.</p> Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Number of articles and (<b>b</b>) the number of citations in the past 15 years.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Comparison of the friction coefficient of diamond-like carbon (DLC):H and doped DLC:H coatings [<a href="#B25-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B27-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">27</a>]; (<b>b</b>) evolution of the mean-steady friction coefficient of the Si-DLC:H/stainless steel(AISI 440C) tribopair as a function of Si content [<a href="#B26-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Comparison of the friction coefficient of diamond-like carbon (DLC):H and doped DLC:H coatings [<a href="#B25-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B27-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">27</a>]; (<b>b</b>) evolution of the mean-steady friction coefficient of the Si-DLC:H/stainless steel(AISI 440C) tribopair as a function of Si content [<a href="#B26-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Mean-steady friction coefficient and coating wear rate of the DLC:H/AISI 440C tribopair in different water [<a href="#B45-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">45</a>]; (<b>b</b>) wear rate of DLC:H coatings mating with brass in pure and quasi-tap water [<a href="#B48-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Tribological properties of a-C/SiC, a-CN<sub><span class="html-italic">x</span></sub>/SiC and BCN/SiC tribopairs [<a href="#B54-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">54</a>]; (<b>b</b>) tribological properties of BCN coatings sliding against different counterparts [<a href="#B56-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">56</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Evolution of the tribological properties of (<b>a</b>) CrSiN [<a href="#B75-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">75</a>] and (<b>b</b>) CrBN [<a href="#B9-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">9</a>] coatings as a function of Si and B contentunder water lubrication.</p> Full article ">Figure 5 Cont.
<p>Evolution of the tribological properties of (<b>a</b>) CrSiN [<a href="#B75-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">75</a>] and (<b>b</b>) CrBN [<a href="#B9-lubricants-05-00005" class="html-bibr">9</a>] coatings as a function of Si and B contentunder water lubrication.</p> Full article ">
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