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Life
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Update on Microalgae Metabolites
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Update on Microalgae Metabolites

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 July 2025 | Viewed by 719

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Interests: microalgae biotechnology; bioprocess engineering; sustainable engineering; microalgae-based processes and products
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Interests: microalgae biotechnology; microalgae-based products; natural pigments; carotenoids; chlorophylls; bioactive compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microalgae and their extracts represent a vast and unexplored source of compounds with biological activity. These compounds show nutraceutical, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, aggregative, vasoconstricting, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, immunosuppressive, photoprotective, and neurotransmitting activities. Although hundreds of these metabolites have been identified in cultures of photosynthetic microorganisms, the induction of synthesis is unknown in most cases, the separation and recovery of the compounds need to be optimized, and, thus, their inclusion into commercial products awaits further research and development. Chemically, the compounds with biological activity can be grouped into proteins/enzymes, fatty acids, sterols, pigments, vitamins, alkaloids, mycosporine-like amino acids, and other compounds that do not fit into these aforementioned categories. This Special Issue is dedicated to all aspects of the production of specialty chemicals from microalgae, covering the selection of the species, the definition of the culture conditions, isolating and purifying the target molecule, and demonstrating the biological activity through clinical tests.

Prof. Dr. Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biosynthesis
  • culture conditions
  • bioactive compounds
  • biological activity
  • biorefinery
  • proteins
  • peptides
  • antifreeze proteins
  • enzymes
  • carbohydrates
  • exocellular polysaccharides
  • carbohydrate-binding proteins
  • lipids
  • fatty acids
  • chlorophylls
  • carotenoids
  • phycobiliproteins
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • trace elements
  • sterols
  • secondary metabolites
  • downstream processing
  • purification
  • safety
  • regulatory issues
  • clinical tests

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

25 pages, 3676 KiB  
Article
Microalgae-Derived Carotenoid Extract and Biomass Reduce Viability, Induce Oxidative Stress, and Modulate the Purinergic System in Two Melanoma Cell Lines
by Luisa Chitolina Schetinger, Loren S. B. de Jesus, Nathieli B. Bottari, Altevir R. Viana, Jelson N. Nauderer, Marcylene V. Silveira, Milagros Castro, Pricila Nass, Patrícia Acosta Caetano, Vera Morsch, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Leila Queiroz Zepka and Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
Life 2025, 15(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020199 (registering DOI) - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 567
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an aggressive and metastatic tumor, resulting in high mortality rates. Despite significant advances in therapeutics, the available treatments still require improvements. Thus, purinergic signaling emerged as a potential pathway to cancer therapy due to its involvement in cell communication, [...] Read more.
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an aggressive and metastatic tumor, resulting in high mortality rates. Despite significant advances in therapeutics, the available treatments still require improvements. Thus, purinergic signaling emerged as a potential pathway to cancer therapy due to its involvement in cell communication, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition, due to safety and acceptable clinical tolerability, carotenoids from microalgae have been investigated as adjuvants in anti-melanoma therapy. Then, this work aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-melanogenic effect of carotenoid extract (CA) and total biomass (BM) of the Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae on two cutaneous melanoma cell lines (A375 and B16F10). Cells were cultivated under ideal conditions and treated with 10, 25, 50, and 100 μM of CA or BM for 24 h. The effects of the compounds on viability, oxidant status, and purinergic signaling were verified. The IC50 cell viability results showed that CA and BM decreased B16F10 viability at 24.29 μM and 74.85 μM, respectively and decreased A375 viability at 73.93 μM and 127.80 μM, respectively. Carotenoid treatment for 24 h in B16F10 and A375 cells increased the release of reactive oxygen species compared to the control. In addition, CA and BM isolated or combined with cisplatin chemotherapy (CIS) modulated the purinergic system in B16F10 and A375 cell lines through P2X7, A2AR, CD39, and 5′-nucleotidase. They led to cell apoptosis and immunoregulation by activating A2A receptors and CD73 inhibition. The results disclose that CA and BM from Scenedesmus obliquus exhibit an anti-melanogenic effect, inhibiting melanoma cell growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Microalgae Metabolites)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Cell viability of A375 (<b>A</b>) and B16F10 (<b>B</b>) cells exposed to a range of concentrations of carotenoid and total biomass in 24 h of treatment, measured by the MTT assay. Statistical analysis compared treatment groups to the negative control (NC) and to the positive control (PC). Statistically significant values were considered as follows: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Cell viability and oxidative stress quantification after treatment with different concentrations of carotenoids and total biomass: (<b>A</b>) MTT method; (<b>B</b>) neutral red method; (<b>C</b>) dichlorofluorescein method; (<b>D</b>) nitric oxide release measurement. Statistical analyses were performed comparing treatment and control groups (NC). Statistically significant values were considered as follows; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001. NC—negative control (cells + culture medium); PC—positive control (100 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Determination of cytotoxicity by MTT (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>), LDH (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>), and free dsDNA (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) in B16F10 and A375 cells exposed to IC50 values for BM and CA. Statistical analysis was performed comparing treatment groups to negative control (NC), and statistically significant values were considered as follows: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001. Tukey’s post hoc test; two-way ANOVA.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Effects of carotenoids and biomass in colony formation. Treatment concentrations applied: 50 µM of CA or BM, 100 µM of cisplatin, or a combination of them. A negative control (NC) was also present: (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>) A375 lineage; (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>) B16F10 lineage. Statistical analysis was performed comparing treatment groups to the negative control (NC), and statistically significant values were considered as follows: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01; **** compared to negative control; # difference among treatment groups. the Tukey’s post hoc test; two-way ANOVA.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Assessment of the redox status of A375 and B16F10 cells exposed to a range of carotenoid concentrations and total biomass treatments. Results are presented for DCFH-DA (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and NO (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>). Statistical analysis was performed com-paring treatment to control groups (NC), and statistically significant values were considered as follows: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides in melanoma cells exposed to carotenoid extracts and total biomass: (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) NTPDase1 (using ATP as a substrate); (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) NTPDase1 (using ADP as a substrate); (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) 5′-Nucleotidase; (<b>G</b>) Adenosine deaminase (E-ADA). The treatment concentration applied were 50 µM for both CA and BM. Cisplatin was used at a concentration of 100 µM. Then, combinations of these same concentrations were performed. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. A statistical analysis compared treatment and control groups (NC). Statistically significant values were considered as follows: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01; # difference among treatment groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Carotenoids and biomass upregulate purinoreceptors in melanoma cells: (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>) representative flow cytometry histograms; (<b>E</b>) expression of P2X7+ cells; (<b>F</b>) expression of A2A+ cells; (<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>) representative flow cytometry histograms; (<b>I</b>) expression of CD73+ cells. Data acquisition was performed by flow cytometry. The treatment concentrations applied were 50 µM for both CA and BM. Cisplatin was used at a concentration of 100 µM. Then, combinations of these same concentrations were performed. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Data was analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. A statistical analysis was performed to compare treatment and control groups (NC). Statistically significant values were considered as follows: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01; **** compared to negative control; # difference among treatment groups.</p> Full article ">
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