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Electronics
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Advanced RFID Technology and Applications
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Advanced RFID Technology and Applications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 28691

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jorge Munilla

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Málaga, 29070 Málaga, Spain
Interests: information and communication technology and cybersecurity; IT security; wireless sensor network; VANET; radio frequency identification and machine learning techniques applied to image processing
Prof. Dr. Mike Burmester

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4530, USA
Interests: privacy/anonymity; pervasive/ubiquitous systems; lightweight cryptographic applications; RFIDs and sensor applications; trust management; group key exchange

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

RFID in general, and NFC in particular, are mature technologies that have found application in almost every sector: transport, supply chain, agricultural activity, automotive, banking, health, etc., and have acted as precursors and pivotal elements of the IoT and its related recent paradigms of Industry 4.0 and Smart Cities. The improvement of the existing applications and the development of these new paradigms entail technological challenges in relation to RFID and NFC that include energy harvesting, compatibility, localization, and security, to name a few. Thus, in this Special Issue, we are interested in the most recent research in the definition of novel applications and new proposals for the solution of current and envisaged problems in relation to RFID and NFC technologies.

The topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

  • Novel applications and challenges for the use of RFID in smart cities and Industry 4.0
  • Energy harvesting for wireless sensors and actuators
  • Antenna design
  • Security issues and protocols
  • New standards
  • Efficiency improvements for RFID and NFC systems
  • Modelling and simulation
  • RFID-based positioning systems
  • Smart and programmable tags

Prof. Dr. Jorge Munilla
Prof. Dr. Mike Burmester
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • RFID
  • NFC
  • IoT
  • Industry 4.0
  • Smart cities
  • Wireless sensors
  • EPC

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 316 KiB  
Article
Privacy-Preserving RFID-Based Search System
by Ji Young Chun and Geontae Noh
Electronics 2021, 10(5), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050599 - 4 Mar 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1711
Abstract
The employment of mobile readers (or mobile phone collaborated with a Radio frequency identification (RFID) reader) opens a novel application for RFID technology. In particular, an RFID tag search system has been designed to find a particular tag in a group of tags [...] Read more.
The employment of mobile readers (or mobile phone collaborated with a Radio frequency identification (RFID) reader) opens a novel application for RFID technology. In particular, an RFID tag search system has been designed to find a particular tag in a group of tags using a mobile reader. Unfortunately, privacy infringement and availability issues in the search system have not been adequately addressed to date. In this paper, we propose a novel RFID tag search protocol that will enhance mobile reader user privacy while being able to operate under conditions of unstable connection to a central server. First, the proposed protocol preserves the privacy of mobile reader users. The privacy of the mobile reader user is at risk because the signal strength emitted from a mobile reader is much stronger than that from the tag, exposing the location of the mobile reader user and thus compromising the user’s privacy. Thus far, such privacy issues have been overlooked. The second issue is presented because of wireless connections that are either unreliable or too remote, causing a mobile reader to disconnect from the central server. The proposed protocol enables serverless RFID tag searches with passive tags, which obtain operating power from the mobile reader. In unstable environments, the protocol can successfully locate specific tags without any server. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced RFID Technology and Applications)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Our Overall Protocol.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Tag Search Protocol.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Access List Update Protocol.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 639 KiB  
Article
5G-Compliant Authentication Protocol for RFID
by Jorge Munilla, Adel Hassan and Mike Burmester
Electronics 2020, 9(11), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111951 - 19 Nov 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3210
Abstract
The term “Internet of Things” was originally coined when radio frequency identification (RFID) technology was being developed to refer to applications where RFID tagged objects and sensors enabled computers to achieve effective situational awareness without human intervention. Currently, this term encompasses a myriad [...] Read more.
The term “Internet of Things” was originally coined when radio frequency identification (RFID) technology was being developed to refer to applications where RFID tagged objects and sensors enabled computers to achieve effective situational awareness without human intervention. Currently, this term encompasses a myriad of medium/small devices connected to the Internet. On the other hand, 5G is a key enabling technology that will support next generation wireless communications. Moreover, 5G aims to realize the “Internet of Everything”. Surprisingly, despite the expected relationship between these two technologies, RFID tags have not been properly integrated into 4G and it is not clear if this will change in 5G. RFID is considered as a parallel technology where, at best, it has connection to the core network using back-end servers as gateways between the two technologies. With the aim of overcoming this problem, this paper proposes a 5G compliant RFID protocol that allows RFID tags to act as fully fledged 5G subscribers while taking into account the main characteristics of RFID systems. This proposal leverages the separation between USIM and mobile equipment within the user equipment to implement a 5G compliant protocol where tags accomplish the authentication part, as 5G subscribers, while readers assume the mobile equipment role, carrying out the 5G communication and most of the resource consuming tasks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced RFID Technology and Applications)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Here: 5G architecture and the main elements involved in the security procedures.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>5G-authentication and key agreement (AKA).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Equivalent Architecture for the 5G-compliant radio frequency identification (RFID) protocol.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>5G-compliant RFID Initialization Protocol.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>5G-compliant RFID Authentication Protocol.</p> Full article ">
20 pages, 7959 KiB  
Article
A Sequential RFID System for Robust Communication with Underground Carbon Steel Pipes in Oil and Gas Applications
by Rushi Vyas and Bailey Tye
Electronics 2019, 8(12), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121374 - 20 Nov 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5245
Abstract
The world’s oil and gas is transported using a network of steel pipelines most of which lie underground. The length of this network in the US/Canada alone is 3.5 million kilometers. Keeping track of pipes in such a network for pipeline-health monitoring, maintenance, [...] Read more.
The world’s oil and gas is transported using a network of steel pipelines most of which lie underground. The length of this network in the US/Canada alone is 3.5 million kilometers. Keeping track of pipes in such a network for pipeline-health monitoring, maintenance, and logistics is an acute problem faced by pipeline-operators. Recently, radio-frequency-identification tags (RFIDs) have been proposed for tracking pipelines and even for monitoring pipeline health with additional built-in sensors. Low-cost RFID tags are wirelessly powered and battery-less. However, RFIDs do not function optimally in the presence of magnetic carbon steel pipes that are prevalent in the industry. High-frequency wireless signals also attenuate rapidly through wet soils. In this research, the use of passive RFID sensor platforms for interrogating buried pipes up to 1.25 m deep in the LF bands is proposed. Using magnetic-induction-based communication, a test-comparison between conventional full/half duplex (FDX/HDX) and sequential (SEQ) RFID schemes is detailed. Wireless measurements in the presence of an industry-standard ASTM A-53 carbon-steel pipe show a SEQ RFID offering better immunity against magnetic proximity effects of the pipe’s wall with an 8.3 dB (x6.8) improvement over a FDX/HDX RFID operating under similar conditions over a distance of 80–125 cm at which pipes are typically buried. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced RFID Technology and Applications)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Proposed radio-frequency-identification tags (RFID) system sensor platform for communicating with buried pipelines. Typical sensors include temperature, moisture, and strain-gauge sensors that run from a 3 V supply.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Diagram of full/half duplex and sequential RFID systems. Black bars indicate wireless transmission. Reproduced from [<a href="#B20-electronics-08-01374" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Diagram of full/half duplex and sequential RFID systems.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Power spectrum diagram for full/half duplex and sequential RFID systems. Downlink power transmission frequency is f<sub>c</sub> for full/half duplex (FDX/HDX) and sequential (SEQ) RFID systems. Uplink data frequency is f<sub>c</sub> ± f<sub>m</sub> for FDX/HDX and f<sub>d</sub> for SEQ RFID systems.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Preliminary measurement of tag coil’s AC resistance vs frequency when mounted on pipe. Measurements show an approximate linear rise in the AC resistance of the tag coil due to magnetic proximity effects of the carbon steel pipe by about 0.5 ohms per kHz, which reduces the tag input voltage V<sub>in–pk</sub> with increasing frequency.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Architecture of SEQ tag and measured oscilloscope readings of important signals (top—signals show cold starting of tag during downlink power transmission; bottom—signals show uplink transmission).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Reader system implemented to study FDX/HDX and SEQ RFID system behavior on carbon steel pipes. Signal generator: Agilent 33120; Current Amplifier: Accel TS 250; Amplifier: Linear Technology LT1226; Spectrum Analyzer: Tektronics RSA 306B; Processor for Rx processing: Arduino Due with Atmel AT91SAM3X8E.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Test setup used to test out FDX/HDX and SEQ RFID systems with an industry standard ASTM A-53 carbon steel pipe. Non-magnetic materials such as foam were used in the mounts on the reader and tag side so as not to affect the downlink and uplink magnetic fields. Other magnetic objects were placed at least 1 m away and outside the transmission axis of the coils. Measurements with and without the pipe were carried out by keeping the setup of the tag and reader constant for relative measurements. Distance for wireless link measurements was measured using a Bosch laser meter. Tests were done without sand/soil/moisture since at 16 and 105 kHz soil/moisture magnetic permeabilities are same as air [<a href="#B6-electronics-08-01374" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>SEQ and FDX/HDX RFID equivalent circuits without pipe.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>SEQ and FDX/HDX RFID equivalent circuits with pipe.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Pipe effect on inductance of the tag coil vs tag–pipe separation distance.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Pipe effect on resistance of the tag coil as distance from pipe increases. Values at 25 cm are 0.37 ohms (SEQ 16) and 2.2 (FDX/HDX).</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Simulated effects of the pipe on tag coil voltages at 80 cm separation distance between reader and tag. Downlink power increased for FDX/HDX to ensure similar power level is received on reader side as SEQ. (<b>a</b>) FDX/HDX tag coil voltage; (<b>b</b>) SEQ tag coil voltage.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Measured spectrum plots of the uplink data communication signal at a reader–tag distance of 80 cm with and without pipe for: (<b>a</b>) FDX/HDX RFID communication system; (<b>b</b>) SEQ RFID communication system.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Measured reader received signal power level vs tag–reader separation distance for FDX/HDX and SEQ RFIDs with and without pipe effects.</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Waveform of an entire packet measured on the reader side. Data shown is 0x6F70 656E.</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Transmission packet rate of designed sequential system vs tag–reader distance.</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Signal-to-noise ratio of received sequential signal vs tag–reader distance.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 8231 KiB  
Article
Data-Dense and Miniature Chipless Moisture Sensor RFID Tag for Internet of Things
by Iqra Jabeen, Asma Ejaz, Muhib Ur Rahman, Mahdi Naghshvarianjahromi, Muhammad Jamil Khan, Yasar Amin and Hannu Tenhunen
Electronics 2019, 8(10), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101182 - 17 Oct 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3879
Abstract
A novel and miniaturized semi-elliptical 20-bit fully passive chipless RFID sensor tag is proposed in this article. The realized sensor tag is made up of semi-elliptical shaped open-end slots within the compact size of 25 mm × 17 mm. The multi-substrate analysis of [...] Read more.
A novel and miniaturized semi-elliptical 20-bit fully passive chipless RFID sensor tag is proposed in this article. The realized sensor tag is made up of semi-elliptical shaped open-end slots within the compact size of 25 mm × 17 mm. The multi-substrate analysis of the proposed tag is examined using non-flexible and flexible materials. The articulated tag configuration is capable of monitoring moisture levels when the largest resonator is covered by a heat-resistant sheet of Kapton HN (DuPontTM). The proposed tag functions in the operational frequency band of 4.1 GHz–16 GHz and possesses the overall bit density of 4.70 bit/cm2. The structure is composed of a thin passive substrate layer topped with an active layer of conductive path and is considered as a potential candidate for low-cost identification of the tagged objects. In addition to that, its moisture sensing property and flexible nature make it a reliable smart sensor for conformal applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced RFID Technology and Applications)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Anatomy of two equi-central radiators.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Geometrical configuration of symmetric elliptical and asymmetric semi-elliptical resonator.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Dual resonant element geometric design.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>RCS response of dual resonant elements.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Current density at 4.1 GHz. (<b>b</b>) 3-D radiation pattern of dual resonators.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Proposed multi-resonator chipless tag layout.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>RFID system components.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Proposed tag fabricated model.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Block diagram of measurement system.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>RCS response with Taconic TLX-0.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Computed and Measured RCS response.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Various bit encoding sequences.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Bending analysis of the proposed tag.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Cutting plane view of a portion of the proposed moisture sensor tag.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Proposed moisture sensor tag layout.</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>RCS response of the tag for moisture sensing.</p> Full article ">
12 pages, 3928 KiB  
Article
Miniature Compact Folded Dipole for Metal Mountable UHF RFID Tag Antenna
by Fuad Erman, Effariza Hanafi, Eng-Hock Lim, Wan Amirul Wan Mohd Mahyiddin, Sulaiman Wadi Harun, Hassan Umair, Rawan Soboh and Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud
Electronics 2019, 8(6), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060713 - 24 Jun 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5671
Abstract
This article describes the design of an Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) miniature folded dipole Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag antenna that can be mountable on metallic objects. The compact tag antenna is formed from symmetric C-shaped resonators connected with additional arms embedded into the [...] Read more.
This article describes the design of an Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) miniature folded dipole Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag antenna that can be mountable on metallic objects. The compact tag antenna is formed from symmetric C-shaped resonators connected with additional arms embedded into the outer strip lines for miniaturization purposes. It is loaded with outer strip lines, resulting in a flexible tuning method that is capable of matching the integrated circuit (IC) chip’s impedance. The proposed tag is fabricated on a single layer of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrate. It has simple structure and does not require any metallic vias or shorting plate. The miniature tag antenna with a size of 82.75 × 19.5 × 1.5   mm 3 yields a total realized gain of − 0.53   dB at the resonance frequency when attached to a 40 × 40   cm 2 metal plate. The presented design utilizes a European RFID band, and the simulated results of realized gain, read range, and input impedance are verified with measurement results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced RFID Technology and Applications)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Geometry of the miniature folded dipole tag antenna <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mi>x</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>82.75</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mi>y</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>19.5</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>37.125</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>11.1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>W</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.2</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (unit: mm).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) input impedance for the stages with C-shaped resonators and additional arms; (<b>b</b>) input impedance for the stages with outer strip lines and tuning the dimensions of C-shaped resonators (Solid line: Resistance, Dotted line: Reactance).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Tag antenna’s surface current distribution at the resonance frequency for design procedure; (<b>a</b>) first stage, (<b>b</b>) second stage and (<b>c</b>) final stage.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) simulated antenna’s input impedance for different <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> values; (<b>b</b>) power transmission coefficient for various <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> values.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) differential probe method; (<b>b</b>) simulated and measured tag antenna’s impedance.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Simulated radiation pattern at resonance frequency for the miniature tag antenna; (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">X–Z</span> plane; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">X–Y</span> plane; and (<b>c</b>) radiation pattern.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) the measurement setup; (<b>b</b>) the computed and measured detection distances.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The simulated and measured realized gains of the tag antenna.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The simulated realized gain (<b>a</b>) varying the length of backing metal for fixed width; (<b>b</b>) varying the width of the backing metal for fixed length.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 7351 KiB  
Article
Compact Printable Inverted-M Shaped Chipless RFID Tag Using Dual-Polarized Excitation
by Wazie M. Abdulkawi, Abdel-Fattah A. Sheta, Khaled Issa and Saleh A. Alshebeili
Electronics 2019, 8(5), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050580 - 25 May 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4536
Abstract
A novel and compact dual-polarized (DP) chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag is presented in this paper. This tag can read both vertical and horizontal orientations within its frequency band, which improves the robustness and detection capability of the RFID system. The proposed tag [...] Read more.
A novel and compact dual-polarized (DP) chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag is presented in this paper. This tag can read both vertical and horizontal orientations within its frequency band, which improves the robustness and detection capability of the RFID system. The proposed tag makes use of the slot length variation encoding technique to improve the encoding capacity. This technique can duplicate the encoding capacity, thereby reducing the overall tag size by almost 50%. In particular, the proposed tag has an encoding capacity of 20 bits in the 3–8 GHz frequency band and achieves data density of around 15.15 bits/cm2. Three prototypes are fabricated and tested outside an anechoic chamber. Furthermore, one tag is tested at different distances (10 cm, 30 cm, and 60 cm) from the reader and the measured results are compared. The simulated and measured results are in reasonable agreement, with acceptable shifts at some frequencies due to fabrication and experimental errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced RFID Technology and Applications)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Geometry of the tag.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Ten inverted-M chipless RFID tags (<b>a</b>) active mode and (<b>b</b>) passive mode.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Simulation setup for the proposed tag.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Designed tag with two different bit combinations: (<b>a</b>) “0101010101” and (<b>b</b>) “1010101010”.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Amplitude reflection coefficients of the vertical (VP) and horizontal (HP) polarizations for states “1111111111” and “0000000000”.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Vertically (VP) and horizontally (HP) polarized S<sub>11</sub> of the proposed tag with state “1010101010”.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Vertically (VP) and horizontally (HP) polarized S<sub>11</sub> for code “0101010101”.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Amplitude difference between vertically and horizontally polarized S<sub>11</sub> for code “1111111111”.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Amplitude difference between vertically and horizontally polarized S<sub>11</sub> for code “1010101010”.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Amplitude difference between vertically and horizontally polarized S<sub>11</sub> for code “0101010101”.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Two simulated S<sub>11</sub> for the proposed tag with length variations.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Proposed tag with nine unit cells (ID: 11111111111111111111).</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Fabricated images of the proposed tag with two different bit combinations: (<b>a</b>) 11001100110011001100 and (<b>b</b>) 00110011001100110011.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Measurement setup outside the anechoic chamber.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Simulated and measured S<sub>11</sub> under horizontal polarization for 10 cm distance from the RFID reader: (<b>a</b>) ID: 11111111111111111111, (<b>b</b>) ID: 11001100110011001100, and (<b>c</b>) ID: 00110011001100110011.</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Simulated and measured S<sub>11</sub> under vertical polarization for 10 cm distance from the RFID reader: (<b>a</b>) ID: 11111111111111111111, (<b>b</b>) ID: 11001100110011001100, and (<b>c</b>) ID: 00110011001100110011.</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Measured responses of the nine unit cells at different distances.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 10203 KiB  
Article
Passive Multiple Target Indoor Localization Based on Joint Interference Cancellation in an RFID System
by Meng Liu, Liang Ma, Na Wang, Yajun Zhang, Yang Yang and Hongjun Wang
Electronics 2019, 8(4), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040426 - 11 Apr 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3225
Abstract
Radio frequency identification (RFID) provides a simple and effective solution to the passive indoor localization. The conventional wisdom about RFID localization is using reference tags. It performs well in tag or passive single target localization. However, in the passive multiple target scenario, reference [...] Read more.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) provides a simple and effective solution to the passive indoor localization. The conventional wisdom about RFID localization is using reference tags. It performs well in tag or passive single target localization. However, in the passive multiple target scenario, reference tag based localization suffers from some limitations, including the array aperture, mutual coupling of reference tags, and coherent superimposition signals. These problems are harmless and ignored in tag or passive single target localization, but degrade the performance severely in passive multiple target scenario. Therefore, in this paper, the authors propose a joint interference cancellation method to mitigate the effect of these limitations. Uniform circular array (UCA) of reference tags were used to reduce the interference of the array aperture. A carefully designed relative position of adjacent reference tags and a modified channel model were combined to reduce the mutual coupling. A virtual distributed reader antenna array was used to reduce the false positive and false negative estimations. The system was evaluated in real indoor environment using noodles and colas as targets and can work well in a smoky environment that is similar to some real industrial environments. The accuracy of target number estimation is 97.5%. The spatial resolution is about 30 cm, and the median error of 2-D multiple target localization is about 5.5 cm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced RFID Technology and Applications)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Signal propagation of a reference tag.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The preliminary 2-D spatial spectrum.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Analyses of mutual coupling: (<b>a</b>) part of UCA using perpendicularly placed tags and (<b>b</b>) measurement setup.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The measured phase of (<b>a</b>) different turn angles and (<b>b</b>) different distances.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Part of UCA using the optimized relative position.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The spatial spectrum after cancelling aperture limitation and mutual coupling: (<b>a</b>) two targets and (<b>b</b>) five targets.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The final spatial spectrum.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Experimental setup in indoor environment.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The localization results: (<b>a</b>) single target localization results of 16 test positions, (<b>b</b>) five-target localization results, and (<b>c</b>) CDFs of 2-D localization.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>The median errors of different number of targets.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>The results with different distances between the target and the center of reference tags array: (<b>a</b>) the errors and (<b>b</b>) estimation accuracy of targets’ number.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>The results without weighted spatial averaging: (<b>a</b>) 170 cm, (<b>b</b>) 50 cm, and (<b>c</b>) 30 cm interval.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Weighted spatial averaging process: (<b>a</b>) the initial 21 spatial spectrums, and (<b>b</b>) the spatial spectrum after spatial averaging.</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Smoky environment.</p> Full article ">
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