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Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries
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Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2024) | Viewed by 35836

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Patrick S.W. Fong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
Interests: knowledge management; innovation; learning dynamics; project management; public-private partnership; value management; social value
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The concept of public–private partnership (PPP) is not new. Indeed, it has been with us for as long as private funds have been used to provide a facility or service that can be used by the general public. This arrangement has been implemented in many countries, and is used in different sectors of an economy, especially infrastructure or capital projects. PPP combines the efforts of the public and private sectors to provide a facility for use by the public. It is defined as:

“… a combination of resources of the public and private sectors in the quest for the more efficient service provision” (Akintoye et al., 2003)

“…partnerships between the public sector and the private for the purpose of designing, planning, financing, and constructing and operation of projects which would be regarded traditionally has following within their remit of the public sector” (Webb and Pulle, 2002)

“...the government and private party working together under a long term arrangements, whereby payments to the private sector depend upon its continuing to deliver the specific services to the agreed performance standards” (Pierce and Little, 2002)

“… a corporate venture between public and private sectors, built on expertise of each partner that best meets the clearly defined public need to the appropriate application of resource risks and rewards” (Allan, 1999)

Without a universally agreed definition of PPP, the World Bank in 2017 produced a holistic view of what a PPP is, and defined it as “a long-term contract between a private party and a government entity, for providing a public asset or service, in which the private party bears significant risk and management responsibility and remuneration is linked to performance” (World Bank, 2017: 1).

With the inclusion of these useful definitions of PPP, this Special Issue will invite authors, both academics and practitioners, to shed light on this very important topic through submitting high-quality papers on one or more of the following topics related to PPP:

  • Transfer of risk;
  • Value for money;
  • Management;
  • Innovation;
  • Social;
  • Legal;
  • Economic;
  • Environmental;
  • Political.

We hope that this Special Issue will become an important one-stop reference for both academics and practitioners on the topic of PPP.

Dr. Patrick S.W. Fong
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • public–private partnership
  • projects
  • risks
  • effectiveness
  • politics and economy
  • project delivery
  • decision to invest
  • value for money
  • relationships
  • legal aspects

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (17 papers)

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22 pages, 4492 KiB  
Article
Public–Private Partnerships in Urban Regeneration Projects: The Italian Context and the Case of “Porta a Mare” in Livorno
by Paula Vale de Paula, Rui Cunha Marques and Jorge Manuel Gonçalves
Buildings 2025, 15(5), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050702 - 23 Feb 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
Urban regeneration projects have been used in urban planning in different cities to recover strategic areas and combat new land consumption. Often, Public–Private Partnership (PPP) agreements are signed to meet the demands of these projects. In the Italian case, PPP arrangements can be [...] Read more.
Urban regeneration projects have been used in urban planning in different cities to recover strategic areas and combat new land consumption. Often, Public–Private Partnership (PPP) agreements are signed to meet the demands of these projects. In the Italian case, PPP arrangements can be one of three types, namely, contractual, institutionalized, and negotiable. Urban regeneration, in the Italian context, aims to increase the value of the existing infrastructure. Despite this, there are several obstacles to how these practices are developed, which demand more attention to be paid to the enabling environment and the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) that can improve the performance of these practices. Based on this, this study aims to analyze the Italian context of PPP arrangements in urban regeneration projects and the specific case of the Livorno “Porta a Mare”. To this end, the study adopts a previously established CSFs framework. The data analyzed are derived from secondary sources obtained through documentary collection and primary sources obtained through interviews. Regarding the PPP process, the results indicate the commitment of the public and private sectors, despite limitations in the selection process and the lack of public participation. Concerning urban regeneration, although not yet completed, the project allocates a significant area of waterfront to urban use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>Framework of PPP CSFs for urban regeneration projects. Source: Vale de Paula et al. (2024) [<a href="#B7-buildings-15-00702" class="html-bibr">7</a>], adapted.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The context of Livorno. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The context of Livorno and the port. Source: Prepared by the authors based on [<a href="#B35-buildings-15-00702" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The five areas of the proposed project. Source: Prepared by the authors based on [<a href="#B38-buildings-15-00702" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The area covered by the project (<b>above</b>) and the idealized masterplan (<b>below</b>). Source: [<a href="#B37-buildings-15-00702" class="html-bibr">37</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Timeline of the constitution of <span class="html-italic">STU Porta a Mare</span>. Source: Prepared by the authors based on [<a href="#B39-buildings-15-00702" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B53-buildings-15-00702" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B54-buildings-15-00702" class="html-bibr">54</a>].</p> Full article ">
21 pages, 2454 KiB  
Article
Evolutionary Mechanism of Trust for Public–Private Partnership Projects with Public Participation
by Wenjuan Zhang, Yuanming Wang, Enzhong Li, Chengyi Zhang, Huimin Li and Srishti Hada
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030391 - 26 Jan 2025
Viewed by 764
Abstract
Trust plays a pivotal role in sustaining cooperative relationships and serves as the cornerstone of successful cooperation among participants in public–private partnership (PPP) projects. A decline in trust can result in unethical behavior, fractured relationships, and even project failure. Despite its critical importance, [...] Read more.
Trust plays a pivotal role in sustaining cooperative relationships and serves as the cornerstone of successful cooperation among participants in public–private partnership (PPP) projects. A decline in trust can result in unethical behavior, fractured relationships, and even project failure. Despite its critical importance, there is an insufficiency of research exploring the evolutionary dynamics of trust, particularly from the perspective of public participation. To address this, an evolutionary game model is constructed to analyze the evolution of behavioral strategies and identify their stable state from a dynamic perspective. The model examines the influence of trust levels and public participation on cooperation, revealing that trust asymmetry negatively impacts collaborative outcomes in PPP projects. There is an optimal trust level: trust positively influences cooperation up to a certain peak, beyond which excessive trust becomes detrimental and hinders cooperative outcomes. When trust levels are equal, the selection of behavioral strategies is influenced by the initial willingness of participants. A threshold exists for this initial willingness, above which cooperation is more likely to succeed. Additionally, public participation is found to significantly enhance cooperation. These conclusions advance the theoretical advancements of trust in PPP projects and offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in addressing trust-related challenges, thereby fostering sustainable collaboration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>Flow chart outlining the methodology of this research.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Results of 100 evolutions: (<b>a</b>) the result of 100 evolutions of array 1; (<b>b</b>) the result of 100 evolutions of array 2.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The influence of different trust degrees between government and private sector on the evolution of behavior strategies.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The influence of the private sector’s trust level on the evolution of behavioral strategies when the trust level of the government is constant.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The influence of the government’s trust level on the evolution of behavioral strategies when the trust level of the private sector is constant.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The influence of no and complete trust on the evolution of behavior strategies.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The influence of public participation on the evolution of behavior strategies.</p> Full article ">
25 pages, 969 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Multi-Dimensional Incentives on the Performance of Rail Transit PPP Projects
by Zheng Zhu, Yining Yuan, Lei Zhang, Jianfeng Zhao and Jingfeng Yuan
Buildings 2025, 15(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010032 - 25 Dec 2024
Viewed by 558
Abstract
This study investigates how different types of incentives impact the performance of rail transit PPPs, focusing on their construction and operational phases. By surveying 121 practitioners working in the Chinese rail transit industry, we propose a new classification of incentives (i.e., control-oriented, neutrality-oriented, [...] Read more.
This study investigates how different types of incentives impact the performance of rail transit PPPs, focusing on their construction and operational phases. By surveying 121 practitioners working in the Chinese rail transit industry, we propose a new classification of incentives (i.e., control-oriented, neutrality-oriented, and recognition-oriented incentives) based on psychological theories to broaden the categorization of “positive” (rewards) and “negative” (punishment) incentives. We further explore how these multi-dimensional incentives influence project performance by surveying another 256 industry professionals. Our findings reveal that (1) in addition to punishments, performance-based payment/bonus, credit ratings, and reputation mechanisms are newly recognized as control-oriented incentives, which can restrain the autonomy of the private sector; (2) control-oriented incentives positively influence project performance in the construction phase where clear, measurable goals are available, but their impact diminishes in the operational phase; (3) recognition-oriented incentives enhance project performance in both construction and operational phases (especially the latter), fostering long-term sustainability; and (4) neutrality-oriented incentives focus on risk allocation and collaboration between public and private sectors, showing a modestly positive effect in the operational phase. As such, the study provides decision-makers in the rail transit industry with valuable insights to enhance project performance effectively when implementing incentive policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>The hypothesized model. Note: H = hypothesis.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Results of SEM. Note: Solid lines represent significant path coefficients, while dashed lines indicate non-significant ones. All path coefficients are standardized. ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, two-tailed.</p> Full article ">
37 pages, 959 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Analysis of Critical Success Factors in the Development of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Project Briefs in the United Arab Emirates
by Rauda Al Saadi, Alaa Abdou and Sabah Alkass
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 4067; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124067 - 21 Dec 2024
Viewed by 903
Abstract
This paper presents the research findings on Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) brief development in the United Arab Emirates. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess and rank the relative importance of the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) identified in PPP brief development in the UAE. [...] Read more.
This paper presents the research findings on Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) brief development in the United Arab Emirates. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess and rank the relative importance of the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) identified in PPP brief development in the UAE. A quantitative analysis was then conducted on the data gathered from the survey, and the results of the analysis are described. The processes of purifying and computing the measurement instruments are also explored using Cronbach’s alpha to assess the reliability of scale measurements. The statistical analysis focuses on the importance and ranking of the identified thirty-eight (38) CSFs and their Sub-Success Factors (SSFs). The overall assessment of these factors highlights their importance in a brief development process. Accordingly, these factors are grouped into seven categories, and the developed CSF framework is presented. The categories, listed in descending order, are Regulatory and Legal Factors; Finance and Economic Factors; Risk-Related Factors; Public Sector Capacity-Related Factors; Procurement-Related Factors; Stakeholder-Related Factors; and Social, Cultural, and Ethical Factors. The research findings offer a comprehensive framework of CSFs for brief development tailored to the unique PPP environment of the UAE to ensure project success. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>The Research Methodology for Developing the Critical Success Factors Framework for PPP Briefing with Special Reference to the UAE context.</p> Full article ">
26 pages, 1658 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Sustainable Performance of Public–Private Partnership Projects: The Buffering Effect of Environmental Uncertainty
by Waseem Ali Tipu, Yasir Hayat Mughal, Ghulam Muhammad Kundi, Kesavan Sreekantan Nair and Ramayah Thurasamy
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3879; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123879 - 3 Dec 2024
Viewed by 822
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the buffering (moderating) effect of environmental uncertainty (EU) on the relationship between the critical success factors (CSFs) of public–private partnership projects (PPPPs) and sustainable performance. A survey approach was adopted to collect primary data from [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the buffering (moderating) effect of environmental uncertainty (EU) on the relationship between the critical success factors (CSFs) of public–private partnership projects (PPPPs) and sustainable performance. A survey approach was adopted to collect primary data from construction industries that have signed an agreement with the public sector. The public sector includes federal and provincial government departments such as the National Highway Authority (NHA) and the Frontier Works Organization (FWO) for the construction of roads, and the private sector includes engineering companies registered with the Pakistan engineering council. The non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to select the sample, and the Krejcie and Morgan table was used to calculate the sample size. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed but 394 completed questionnaires were used in the analysis of the data, yielding a response rate of 78.8%. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to check the reliability and validity of the scales; the findings revealed that the scales met the threshold, and all the factor loadings, average variance extracted, composite reliability, Cronbach alpha, and discriminant validities met the cut-off level. Hence, the questionnaires were found to be reliable and valid. The results revealed that environmental uncertainty significantly moderates the CSFs (technical, procurement, and economic factors) of PPPs and the sustainable performance of PPPPs. Furthermore, the interaction terms of all moderating effects revealed negative beta values; this implies that a low level of uncertainty results in better economic performance, better technical and procurement factors, and highly sustainable performance. It is concluded from the findings that if EU is high, then the sustainability of PPPPs is low; moreover, fewer economic resources and no technical support and procurement also have a weak impact on enhancing sustainable performance. On the contrary, if EU is low, there is a high level of sustainability in PPPPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>Theoretical framework.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Moderating impact of EU on relationship between TF and SPPPP.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Moderating impact of EU on relationship between EF and SPPPP.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Moderating impact of EU on relationship between PrF and SPPPP.</p> Full article ">
22 pages, 2152 KiB  
Article
A Triadic Competency Requirement Model for Successful Win-Win Optimization in Public–Private Partnerships: A Structural Equation Modelling
by Bridget T. B. Eshun, Albert P. C. Chan, Emmanuel B. Boateng and Daniel Oteng
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3768; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123768 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 751
Abstract
Public Private Partnership (PPP) initiatives are often promoted as a mechanism for achieving win-win outcomes. However, recent studies highlight the realisation as a hurdle due to gaps in public and private sector competencies. PPP studies have typically focused on specific competency areas and [...] Read more.
Public Private Partnership (PPP) initiatives are often promoted as a mechanism for achieving win-win outcomes. However, recent studies highlight the realisation as a hurdle due to gaps in public and private sector competencies. PPP studies have typically focused on specific competency areas and have typically overlooked assessing the interrelationships among various competency dimensions, although these interconnections reflect how competencies function in real-world projects. Therefore, this study sets the pace in the development and modelling of a holistic competency requirement model for the public and private sectors in PPP schemes. A comprehensive literature review coupled with expert validation through piloting identified and categorised the competencies while Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was adopted in model development. Findings indicated that public and private sector competencies for win-win optimisation should capture functional requirements, which are PPP scheme and type dependent, organisational requirements which highlight the institutional build of the project parties and relational/behavioural competency requirements that capture the traits and alliancing attributes. The study recommends the strategic alignment of public and private sector roles, skills, and capabilities before initiating infrastructure development to cultivate an environment conducive to achieving win-win outcomes in PPPs. This study challenges the conventional isolated approaches to PPP competencies with an integrated approach that deepens the understanding of successful infrastructure development in PPP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>The Triadic Public and Private Competency Requirements Framework.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Hypothetical competency model for win-win optimisation in PPP.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Initial Measurement Model.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Final Measurement Model.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Structural Model with path coefficients and <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values.</p> Full article ">
16 pages, 5709 KiB  
Article
Exploring Briefing Processes across Mature Markets of Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Projects: Comparative Insights and Important Considerations
by Rauda Al Saadi and Alaa Abdou
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072125 - 11 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1135
Abstract
The primary objective of this research paper is to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the process of developing briefs for Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects. The study aims to outline the fundamental stages, standard processes, and critical decision points involved in this process. This [...] Read more.
The primary objective of this research paper is to conduct a comprehensive investigation into the process of developing briefs for Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects. The study aims to outline the fundamental stages, standard processes, and critical decision points involved in this process. This is achieved through a comparative analysis of briefing frameworks used in three countries that are among the top in the PPP Market Maturity chart: The United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada. The paper discusses the stages and decision points within these countries’ briefing processes, highlighting their challenges, similarities, and differences. It emphasizes the fundamental role of effective communication and coordination in PPP projects, which involve multiple stakeholders. By examining these interconnected activities and analyzing the phases, stages, and key processes constituting the briefing process, the study provides valuable insights into the PPP briefing processes in these nations. The paper concludes by proposing a conceptual process framework for brief development in PPP projects, which will be further tailored for adaptation in the PPP market in the United Arab Emirates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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Figure 1
<p>The research methodology to develop a systematic process framework for PPP brief development with special reference to UAE construction projects.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>RIBA Plan of Work 2020 compared with RIBA Outline Plan of Work 2007—developed based on [<a href="#B21-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">22</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Phases and activities of the PPP delivery process in Australia—Phases of government approval in NSW—source: [<a href="#B42-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">42</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Phases and activities of the PPP delivery process in Australia—Major stages in developing a Partnerships Victoria project—source: [<a href="#B40-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">40</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Overall, the Canadian PPP delivery process—developed based on [<a href="#B47-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The overall briefing stages in detail for the three countries [<a href="#B17-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B21-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B40-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B47-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Main phases and decision gates within the PPP briefing stages in the three most mature countries [<a href="#B17-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B21-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B40-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B47-buildings-14-02125" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The proposed conceptual process framework for PPP briefing.</p> Full article ">
29 pages, 1709 KiB  
Article
Research on the Construction of a Risk Assessment Indicator System for Transportation Infrastructure Investment under Public–Private Partnership Model
by Xiangjian Weng, Chunhui Yuan, Xiaolong Li and Hui Li
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061679 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1197
Abstract
This paper is dedicated to developing a risk assessment indicator system applicable to transportation infrastructure investment projects in the public–private partnership (PPP) model. Initially, through practical research, literature reviews, and expert interviews, key risk factors for transportation infrastructure investment projects in the PPP [...] Read more.
This paper is dedicated to developing a risk assessment indicator system applicable to transportation infrastructure investment projects in the public–private partnership (PPP) model. Initially, through practical research, literature reviews, and expert interviews, key risk factors for transportation infrastructure investment projects in the PPP mode were identified. Based on these risk factors, a preliminary risk assessment indicator system was established. Subsequently, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the indicators, simplify the structure of the system, and highlight key risk factors. Simultaneously, the CRITIC-EWM method was applied to calculate the weights of the indicators. Furthermore, to validate the effectiveness of the indicator system, a questionnaire survey was conducted, collecting 314 responses. Structural equation modeling was applied to validate the effectiveness of the indicator system and examine its application value in practical risk management processes. The primary contribution of this study lies in proposing a method for constructing a risk assessment indicator system that combines quantitative and qualitative analyses, providing new theoretical and practical guidance for risk management of transportation infrastructure investment projects under the PPP mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>Research framework.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The structure of an indicator system.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Model of structural equations.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>First-order structural equation model fitting result.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Fitting results of the second-order structural equation model.</p> Full article ">
19 pages, 3901 KiB  
Article
Why Are PPP Projects Stagnating in China? An Evolutionary Analysis of China’s PPP Policies
by Yougui Li, Erman Xu, Zhuoyou Zhang, Shuxian He, Xiaoyan Jiang and Martin Skitmore
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041160 - 19 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2267
Abstract
The Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model has significantly contributed to global infrastructure and public service provision. The evolution of the PPP model closely aligns with policy directives. China’s PPP policy evolution has included five stages: budding (1986–2000), fluctuating (2001–2008), steady (2009–2012), expanding (2013–2018), and [...] Read more.
The Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model has significantly contributed to global infrastructure and public service provision. The evolution of the PPP model closely aligns with policy directives. China’s PPP policy evolution has included five stages: budding (1986–2000), fluctuating (2001–2008), steady (2009–2012), expanding (2013–2018), and stagnating (2019–present). This study employs bibliometric analysis and co-word analysis to examine 407 policies enacted by the Chinese government from 1986 to 2018. By extracting policy text keywords at various stages and constructing a co-word network matrix, this study delineates the distinctive characteristics of Chinese PPP policies across different epochs. It can be found that critical areas such as “government credit”, “contract spirit”, and “power supervision” are still underappreciated. The challenges confronting China’s PPP model are multifaceted, stemming from policy gaps that have led to substantial project difficulties. Although the government proposed a new mechanism for franchising in 2023, the new mechanism is only for new PPP projects, and the difficulties of existing PPP projects have not been solved. This study advocates for enhancements in project bankability, regulatory clarity, institutional environment improvement, contract spirit defense, and the development of the PPP-REITs model to address these issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>Research framework.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Distribution of the number and intensity of Chinese PPP policies from 1986 to 2018.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Quantitative distribution of Chinese PPP projects from 1986 to 2019.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Social network diagram of subject terms from 1986 to 2000.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Policy topic gatherings from 2001 to 2008.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Policy topic gatherings from 2009 to 2012.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Policy topic gatherings from 2013 to 2018.</p> Full article ">
36 pages, 13879 KiB  
Article
Riesgo: A Knowledge-Based Qualitative Risk Assessment System for PPP Projects
by Kadir Kuru and Deniz Artan
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040953 - 30 Mar 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1972
Abstract
A successful public-private partnership (PPP) relies heavily on effective risk assessment, given the intricate risk factors and contractual arrangements involved. While quantitative risk assessment methods have received significant attention in the PPP literature, qualitative risk assessment, the sector’s predominant preference, remains underexplored, causing [...] Read more.
A successful public-private partnership (PPP) relies heavily on effective risk assessment, given the intricate risk factors and contractual arrangements involved. While quantitative risk assessment methods have received significant attention in the PPP literature, qualitative risk assessment, the sector’s predominant preference, remains underexplored, causing a low level of applicability of academic studies and indicating a noticeable research gap. A qualitative risk assessment tool prototype, Riesgo, is developed in this paper as a customizable, knowledge-based digital risk register incorporating a pre-defined template that guides users using PPP risk factors, compensation and mitigation options, project information requirements, and risk register items. This paper presents the proposed system architecture, explains the research steps adopted in determining the system elements, and delineates the system functions through a use case developed to illustrate the process and information flows. The prototype was verified by 13 PPP experts who employed it for risk assessment, and their feedback was utilized for further development. A validation survey of 21 professionals affirmed Riesgo’s usability and applicability in the industry. The customizable and knowledge-based prototype has the potential to streamline effective risk assessment and guide the users across various PPP phases, such as early risk assessment, feasibility studies, contract preparation, and monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>System architecture.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Menu functions and information flow in the prototype.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>All projects menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>A section from the project charter.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Project financials menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Graph for demand projection based on dummy data.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>A section of Risk Hierarchy menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Risk search.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Adding new risk (before–after).</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Dropdown List Items menu and adding new items.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Risk register menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>An example of the Explanation (description) field in the Risk Register menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Risk Register menu (after the Changes in the Law risk is assessed).</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>An example of Dropdown lists in the Risk Register menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Risk Matrix menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Risk Ranking menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>A section of Risk Schema menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>A section from risk Visualization menu.</p> Full article ">Figure 19
<p>Documents menu.</p> Full article ">
20 pages, 707 KiB  
Article
Determining the Critical Risk Factors of Implementing Public–Private Partnership in Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Facilities: Perspectives of Private and Public Partners in Iran
by Leila Moradi Shahdadi, Babak Aminnejad, Hadi Sarvari and Daniel W. M. Chan
Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2735; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112735 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2362
Abstract
Due to the fact that risks can cause project delays and increase project implementation costs, successful construction project completion requires effective and holistic risk management. Identification and evaluation of critical risk factors (CRFs) associated with different types of projects are the most significant [...] Read more.
Due to the fact that risks can cause project delays and increase project implementation costs, successful construction project completion requires effective and holistic risk management. Identification and evaluation of critical risk factors (CRFs) associated with different types of projects are the most significant components of accurate risk management. This study aims to identify and evaluate the CRFs inherent with private–public partnership (PPP) projects specifically for the development of water and wastewater infrastructure (WWI) facilities in the developing country of Iran. In this line, a comprehensive literature analysis was undertaken to extract the CRFs in applying PPP projects for the development of infrastructure projects in developing countries in general. Then, four rounds of a Delphi survey were conducted to consolidate the major risks to the circumstances of Iran and WWI facilities. There were a total of 35 risks that were grouped into six categories. The main risks were then analyzed and ranked using the Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the Compromise Solution (MARCOS) technique. The overall ranking results of the various CRFs revealed that “lack of trust in government’s economic programs” risk was ranked first in terms of importance, followed by the risk of “delay in timely fund payment for project financing and credits,” and the risk of “delay in finalizing bank negotiations.” The overall ranking of the risks placed “economic changes, such as inflation, increase or decrease in prices, and exchange rate” risk in the bottom position. According to the risk ranking findings based on the opinions of private experts, “lack of commitment to the project schedule” was placed first. Conversely, experts from the public sector considered “choosing the wrong financing method” to be the most CRF. It is anticipated that the key research findings and effective recommendations of this study will considerably contribute to the smooth development and remarkable improvement of risk management in applying PPP for WWI facilities in developing countries while enhancing different stakeholders’ understanding of the CRFs for PPP projects, particularly towards WWI services in Iran. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>The research framework of the study.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 1082 KiB  
Article
Driving Factors of Concession Period in Healthcare Public Private Partnerships
by Gabriel Castelblanco, Pourya Safari and Alberto De Marco
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2452; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102452 - 27 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2020
Abstract
Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) play a vital role in infrastructure development and public service delivery, with government entities collaborating with private sector organizations to achieve shared goals in the long term. An essential aspect of PPP contracts is the concession period, during which [...] Read more.
Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) play a vital role in infrastructure development and public service delivery, with government entities collaborating with private sector organizations to achieve shared goals in the long term. An essential aspect of PPP contracts is the concession period, during which Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) are responsible for financing, building, operating, and maintaining public assets. The concession period has significant implications, associated with project risk, revenue, operations expenses, profitability, and bankability. While numerous studies focus on determining “optimal” concession periods, fewer explore the factors driving concession periods in national PPP programs, especially for social infrastructure projects relying primarily on availability payments. To fill this gap, this research aims to identify and analyze the effect of various potential factors on the length of the concession period, using linear regression analysis on a data set of healthcare PPP projects in Italy. This research theoretically contributes to understanding the driving factors of concession periods in PPP projects and provides insights for a balanced approach to PPP project planning and regulation and related strategies. On the practical side, decision makers can negotiate optimized concession periods, ensuring successful and sustainable public infrastructure projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>Histogram of residuals.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Normal probability plot of residuals.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Residuals versus fits.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Residuals versus order plot.</p> Full article ">
31 pages, 2897 KiB  
Article
Exploring Risk Factors Affecting Sustainable Outcomes of Global Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Projects: A Stakeholder Perspective
by Zilin Li and Haotian Wang
Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2140; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092140 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4536
Abstract
As a model for delivering infrastructure initiatives, public–private partnerships (PPPs) have gained significant popularity in recent years. The globalization of PPP has exposed them to elevated risks emanating from the international real economy and financial market, which can ultimately result in project cancellations [...] Read more.
As a model for delivering infrastructure initiatives, public–private partnerships (PPPs) have gained significant popularity in recent years. The globalization of PPP has exposed them to elevated risks emanating from the international real economy and financial market, which can ultimately result in project cancellations or distress. This study analyzes risk factors affecting the sustainable outcomes of global PPP projects from a stakeholder perspective. After identifying the interests of key stakeholders and examining how various risks influence stakeholders’ interests, a two-step binomial probit model is used to investigate domestic and international risk factors in PPP arrangements based on the World Bank PPI database. The empirical results indicate that inflation has a substantially positive effect on project failure, while factors such as PPP experience, central government involvement, exchange rate fluctuations, etc., significantly contribute to PPP success. In addition, the study demonstrates that trade openness and net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow are crucial for the transmission of global risks. The study also provides policy implications and recommendations from a risk allocation–stakeholder relationship perspective to enhance the resilience of PPP initiatives based on these findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>Devision of the database by (<b>a</b>) regions, (<b>b</b>) sectors, and (<b>c</b>) income groups.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Global trend in failed projects and new projects.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Correlation between failed projects and new projects.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Time lag between financial closure and project failure.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Trends of new and failed projects in (<b>a</b>) East Asia and (<b>b</b>) Latin America.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Trends of new projects (represented by the solid line) and failed projects (represented by the dotted line) in (<b>a</b>) Energy and (<b>b</b>) Water and Sewerage sector.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>BRENT and WTI oil prices (1989–2015).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Stakeholder relationships in a typical international PPP project (drawn by authors).</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Trends of GDP growth in China, the U.S., and the world average.</p> Full article ">
26 pages, 4620 KiB  
Article
Identification of Various Execution Modes and Their Respective Risks for Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Infrastructure Projects
by Muhammad Akhtar, Nadeem Ahmad Mufti, Sajjad Mubin, Muhammad Qaiser Saleem, Sadaf Zahoor and Sanna Ullah
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081889 - 25 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4904
Abstract
The public–private partnership (PPP) based model for the execution of infrastructure projects originated from Anglo-Saxon countries and was initially used in 1977 by the United Kingdom (U.K). Since then, its popularity has increased worldwide. Earlier studies by researchers and many other professional sectors [...] Read more.
The public–private partnership (PPP) based model for the execution of infrastructure projects originated from Anglo-Saxon countries and was initially used in 1977 by the United Kingdom (U.K). Since then, its popularity has increased worldwide. Earlier studies by researchers and many other professional sectors and departments have introduced PPP contracts into different execution modes like Build, Operate, and Transfer (BOT); Build, Own, Operate, and Transfer (BOOT); and Build, Lease, and Transfer (BLT), etc. All definitions of PPP contracts are different but have a few common characteristics and risks. Previously, numerous pieces of literature were available on these common risks for various execution modes of PPP contracts. However, each PPP mode still has unique risks that must be identified to understand and successfully implement the PPP projects properly. This paper fills the gap mentioned above and aims to identify various commonly used PPP execution modes in infrastructure projects and their corresponding risks after placing the different PPP execution modes into four (04) different categories. Identified risks for the corresponding PPP categories were also divided into seven (07) stages of the PPP life cycle. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather information from thirty-four (34) PPP experts worldwide. Accordingly, interviews are transcribed and processed for thematic analysis in academic NVIVO software. These identified risks are further placed in the respective PPP category for the convenience and better understanding of the study’s outcome to the users and for the subsequent prioritization and allocation of these identified risks accordingly to the PPP parties during the finalization of the PPP execution mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>Core PPP contract types and categorization Public–Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The extent of public and private participation (<a href="https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/agreements" target="_blank">https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/agreements</a> (accessed on 3 March 2020).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Organizational type.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Experience of respondents in years.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Educational background.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Research methodology.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>The NVIVO coding and the hierarchy chart.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The purview of overall NVIVO coding of transcribed data.</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>NVIVO word cloud.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>NVIVO coding of DBFOT-BOT Types of PPP contracts.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>NVIVO coding of lease–affermage BLT types of PPP contracts.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>NVIVO coding of ownership-BOOT type of PPP contracts.</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Percentage coverage of transcribed data.</p> Full article ">

Review

Jump to: Research

20 pages, 949 KiB  
Review
Building Urban Community Resilience against Hazards through Public-Private Partnerships: A Review of Critical Resilience Strategies
by Robert Osei-Kyei, Godslove Ampratwum, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Ursa Komac and Timur Narbaev
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1947; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071947 - 27 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2051
Abstract
The need for governments and stakeholders to find urgent solutions to address the destructive effects of disasters in urban areas has led to the call for cross-sector collaborations such as public-private partnerships to assist with the development of urban community resilience in this [...] Read more.
The need for governments and stakeholders to find urgent solutions to address the destructive effects of disasters in urban areas has led to the call for cross-sector collaborations such as public-private partnerships to assist with the development of urban community resilience in this modern era. This paper comprehensively reviews studies on the critical strategies in using public-private partnerships as a collaboration mechanism in building urban community resilience. Through a two-stage systematic literature review process, 83 publications related to PPPs and urban community resilience were retrieved for thorough content analysis. Based on an analysis of the literature, 35 critical resilience strategies for using PPPs in building urban community resilience were derived. These strategies were further categorized into nine major groupings. These groups include vulnerability and risks assessment, information gathering, database, legal, monitoring and evaluation, resilience capacity, communication and coordination, financial incentives, and business continuity. Furthermore, a theoretical framework was developed. These resilience strategies can be adopted by states and communities that intend to use the PPP concept to build the resilience of their urban communities. It also opens the international debate on the suitability of the PPP model for community resilience building. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>Research Process.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Conceptual framework for using PPPs in building urban community resilience.</p> Full article ">
18 pages, 630 KiB  
Review
Critical Success Factors of Water and Power Public–Private Partnerships in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review
by Khaled Aljaber, M. Sohail and Kirti Ruikar
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061603 - 1 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1241
Abstract
Public–private partnerships (PPP) have evolved as a choice of infrastructure procurement for numerous developing countries, particularly in the water and power sectors, thereby capturing the interest of researchers. A rich body of literature exists in the field of PPPs, as well as their [...] Read more.
Public–private partnerships (PPP) have evolved as a choice of infrastructure procurement for numerous developing countries, particularly in the water and power sectors, thereby capturing the interest of researchers. A rich body of literature exists in the field of PPPs, as well as their critical success factors (CSF). Despite the valuable insights garnered from individual studies, a research gap exists in conducting a meta-synthesis of the findings from multiple developing countries and investigating the broader elements and themes of power and water PPP CSF research. This systematic review employed the PRISMA protocol and identified 30 records. We explored the regions, sectors, yearly output, adopted research methods, key authors, and themes of the corpus reviewed. The review recognised four emerging trends in the records, which are identifying, ranking, exploring the interrelationship, or utilising CSFs. The review identified the top 30 frequent CSFs in the corpus, as well as their ranking by importance across multiple settings. The review concludes by addressing geographic and methodological limitations and proposing directions for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>PRISMA review method.</p> Full article ">
24 pages, 3548 KiB  
Review
Public-Private Partnership: A Bibliometric Analysis and Historical Evolution
by Mathew Azarian, Asmamaw Tadege Shiferaw, Tor Kristian Stevik, Ola Lædre and Paulos Abebe Wondimu
Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082035 - 9 Aug 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4908
Abstract
The broad and extensive application of public-private partnership (PPP), as well as the divergent documented definitions and experiences, have led to a translucent perspective of PPP and strained academia and industry to reach a consensus on the major practice of this concept. Early [...] Read more.
The broad and extensive application of public-private partnership (PPP), as well as the divergent documented definitions and experiences, have led to a translucent perspective of PPP and strained academia and industry to reach a consensus on the major practice of this concept. Early contractor involvement (ECI), governance tools, and relational contracting are only a few of the frameworks attributed to PPP. This issue has received limited attention from researchers, despite the focus of review studies on different disciplines of PPP. Hence, this paper puts forward the idea of conducting a comprehensive review to not only shed light on the major practice of PPP but also provide a wider outlook on this concept based on the research carried out since 1979. A narrative review is initially accomplished to identify the major drivers and milestones that have contributed to the evolution of PPP. Employing bibliometric analysis in the following phase assists in conducting a multi-dimensional assessment of studies published within the last five decades. The economic and societal practices of PPP throughout its evolution path signified the dominant application of this concept as a business model. The bibliometric analysis revealed that PPP has contributed to various sectors, i.e., urban development, public infrastructure, transportation, health, and education, just to name a few. In addition, economic and organizational management of PPP was revealed as a major research stream that was accompanied by sustainable development. As a matter of fact, economic and environmental sustainability are the major cross-disciplinary elements that form an interplay between the drivers and attributes of PPP. Value for money (VfM), technology, and innovation, along with smart infrastructure (SI) and smart cities (SCs), are identified as the major directions for the future research agenda associated with PPP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) for Construction Project Deliveries)
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<p>The timeline of PPP evolution, inspired by Beauregard [<a href="#B1-buildings-13-02035" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Publication trend of studies surrounding PPP between 1979 and 2023 (1 April 2023).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Network map of keyword co-occurrence analysis.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Network map of bibliographic coupling based on the sources (journals).</p> Full article ">
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