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11 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Efficiency in Throwing Disciplines: Insights from 35 Elite Coaches

by Frane Žuvela, Marko Mastelić, Goran Jelaska, Paula Matijašević and Josip Maleš

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11837; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411837 - 18 Dec 2024

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Abstract

The primary objective of this research was to determine coaches’ assessments of the key variables that define the success model in athletic throwing disciplines, as well as to evaluate differences between sexes in the disciplines of javelin, discus, shot put, and hammer throw. [...] Read more.

The primary objective of this research was to determine coaches’ assessments of the key variables that define the success model in athletic throwing disciplines, as well as to evaluate differences between sexes in the disciplines of javelin, discus, shot put, and hammer throw. Thus, 35 elite coaches were asked about the influence of maximum strength and explosive power factors, manifested through various physical exercises, on final success in throwing disciplines. The questionnaire gathered general information about the coach’s achievements as an athlete and coach and key strength and power metrics, including knee lunge, knee jerk, back squat, bench press, deadlift, standing long jump, standing triple jump, and the 20 m sprint. A two-way within–within 2 × 4 ANOVA revealed a significant effect of sex (male, female) (p < 0.001, η² ranged 0.820–0.996) and discipline (javelin, discus, shot put, hammer) (p < 0.001, η² ranged 0.359–0.996) in all variables except triple standing jump. These findings offer valuable insights into how explosive power and maximum strength are perceived by elite coaches to affect success in different throwing disciplines. The results have practical applications, as they can inform the design and refinement of success models tailored to throwing disciplines, providing essential guidelines for optimizing contemporary training approaches in elite athletics and enhancing performance outcomes across genders and specific events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

17 pages, 3291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Successful Offensive Patterns in Critical Moments in Men’s EuroBasket 2022 and Women’s 2021

by Christopher Vázquez-Estévez, Adrián Paramés-González, Iván Prieto-Lage, Xoana Reguera-López-de-la-Osa, Mónica Álvarez-Rodríguez and Alfonso Gutiérrez-Santiago

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10883; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310883 - 24 Nov 2024

Viewed by 645

Abstract

The growing trend of analyzing all performance factors involved in a game makes identifying offensive patterns a determining factor in improving tactical performance and decision making during a game. The main objective of this research was to analyze the effectiveness and detect successful [...] Read more.

The growing trend of analyzing all performance factors involved in a game makes identifying offensive patterns a determining factor in improving tactical performance and decision making during a game. The main objective of this research was to analyze the effectiveness and detect successful patterns on offense at critical moments in the men’s EuroBasket 2022 and women’s EuroBasket 2021. The sample was composed of 509 technical–tactical offensive actions obtained from the last 2 min of the final quarters and overtime from the group stage and final round, whose difference in the final score was equal to or less than five points. For this purpose, observational methodology was employed using LINCE PLUS software through an observational instrument designed ad hoc. Descriptive analysis and chi-square (χ2) tests were performed with SPSS 25, and a pattern analysis (T-Patterns) was performed with Theme 5 software. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The teams that were losing when performing the offense finished a greater number of plays and with greater effectiveness. Fastbreaks seem to be more effective in the closing minutes, a play characterized by a maximum of three passes and by finishing with individual play such as 1 × 1. In turn, actions finished near the hoop by inside players seem to be more effective when the possession is finished before 17 s. The practical implications described in this research will enable coaches to tailor their strategies and training to the critical moments of the game. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

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19 pages, 308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Structure of Bouts in Men’s Olympic Boxing: Featherweight, Lightweight, Welterweight, Light Heavyweight, and Heavyweight Categories

by Alfonso Gutiérrez-Santiago, Miguel Morquillas-Riobó, Xoana Reguera-López-de-la-Osa, Antonio José Silva-Pinto, Juan Carlos Argibay-González and Iván Prieto-Lage

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10683; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210683 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 452

Abstract

Background: Men’s Olympic boxing follows a regulatory temporal structure, but previous studies have shown that this structure varies during competitions. However, these investigations have not thoroughly analyzed the differences in bout development according to weight category. Additionally, most studies have focused on a [...] Read more.

Background: Men’s Olympic boxing follows a regulatory temporal structure, but previous studies have shown that this structure varies during competitions. However, these investigations have not thoroughly analyzed the differences in bout development according to weight category. Additionally, most studies have focused on a limited number of categories, leaving gaps in the temporal analysis of various categories. Aim: To determine the temporal structure in the featherweight, lightweight, welterweight, light heavyweight, and heavyweight categories of men’s Olympic boxing, in order to establish models that can help adjust training to meet competitive demands. Methods: An observational approach was used, analyzing 73 bouts involving 80 boxers who competed in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Results: Most bouts ended after the completion of the full regulation time across all categories. The most common actions were short punching sequences (two to five punches), occurring mainly in the center of the ring. Differences between weight categories were minimal, with the welterweight category showing the most variability. Conclusion: This study presents temporal models that will help coaches and boxers adjust their training with greater precision, improving the efficiency of training sessions according to competitive objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

19 pages, 1388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Impact of Heat-Compression Therapy Time on Muscle Biomechanical Properties and Forearm Tissue Perfusion in MMA Fighters—A Pilot Study

by Adrian Kużdżał, Jarosław Muracki, Piotr Makar, Robert Roczniok, Rafał Studnicki, Beata Pożarowszczyk-Kuczko, Adam Kawczyński and Robert Trybulski

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8659; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198659 - 25 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 933

Abstract

Background: The study aimed to evaluate the immediate effect of Heat-Compression-Therapy with Game Ready equipment (GR-HCT) on biomechanical properties at different treatment times. Reducing the duration of stimulation through HCT can help optimize recovery processes in sports. Methods: Twenty male MMA fighters (26.5 [...] Read more.

Background: The study aimed to evaluate the immediate effect of Heat-Compression-Therapy with Game Ready equipment (GR-HCT) on biomechanical properties at different treatment times. Reducing the duration of stimulation through HCT can help optimize recovery processes in sports. Methods: Twenty male MMA fighters (26.5 ± 4.5 years, BMI 24.75 ± 3.0, training experience: 10.3 ± 5.0 years) performed two experimental sessions: (a) 5 min heat-compression therapy (HCT) stimulation (GR-HCT-5); and (b) 10 min heat-compression therapy (GR-HCT-10). All registered parameters, tissue perfusion (PU), tissue temperature (°C), muscle tone (T-Hz) stiffness (S—N/m), elasticity (E—arb), pressure pain threshold (PPT—N/cm) and isometric muscle strength (Fmax—kgf), were measured at rest (r—2 min before GR-HCT stimulation) and 1 min after GR-HCT (p-post) for the flexor carpi radialis muscle (MFCR) and the brachioradialis muscle (MBR). Results: The Friedman’s test for MBR revealed significant differences between GR-HCT5min vs. GR-HCT10min for PU (p < 0.0001), S (p = 0.008), and for MBR and MFCR for °C (p < 0.0001). The pairwise comparisons for PU, S, and °C showed significant differences between rest vs. post values for 5 min as well as between rest vs. post values for 10 min. Further, there was a significant interaction effect (5 min-10 min × Rest-Post p < 0.0001) for PU for MFCR. The post hoc comparison for the interaction effect showed significantly higher PU for post- compared to premeasurement in 5 min PU and 10 min PU (p < 0.001). Further, there was a significant main effect of condition for Fmax both for MFCR and MBR (5 min vs. 10 min p < 0.001); The post hoc comparison for the main effect of condition showed a significantly higher Fmax for post- compared to premeasurement in 5 min and 10 min (p < 0.001). Further, there was a significant main effect of condition for pressure pain threshold [N/cm] both for MFCR and MBR and for T for MBR time of measurement rest vs. post (p < 0.001; p = 0.006; p < 0.001, respectively). The post hoc comparison for the interaction effect showed a significantly lower PPT for post vs. rest in 5 min (p < 0.001 only for MFCR) and in 10 min (p < 0.001). The delta values for PU (post-rest) and ΔTemp °C showed significant differences between the 5 min and 10 min conditions (MFCR; p < 0.0001); (MBR p < 0.001) and (MFCR p < 0.0001); (MBR p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results show that GR-HCT significantly affects recovery of muscle biomechanical parameters, pain threshold, strength, tissue perfusion, and temperature. Our findings show that a 5 min effect can be sufficient when compared to a 10 min one which is a clue for designing effective recovery protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

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17 pages, 12841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility of a Novel Movement Preference Approach to Classify Case Complexity for Adults with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain

by Boon Chong Kwok, Justin Xuan Li Lim and Pui Wah Kong

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8616; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198616 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 585

Abstract

The non-specific nature of low back pain (LBP) poses challenges in its diagnosis and clinical management. Classifying case complexity with an exercise method may help overcome these challenges. The present study proposed a movement-based classification system based on Dance Medicine Australia (DMA) Clinical [...] Read more.

The non-specific nature of low back pain (LBP) poses challenges in its diagnosis and clinical management. Classifying case complexity with an exercise method may help overcome these challenges. The present study proposed a movement-based classification system based on Dance Medicine Australia (DMA) Clinical Pilates for patients with non-specific chronic LBP. To test the feasibility of the proposed system, 40 adults with non-specific chronic LBP were assessed on their movement preference (i.e., movement directions that can relieve pain or are pain-free) through the DMA Clinical Pilates method. The movement preferences could be a combination of each of the following movement directions: (1) flexion or extension, (2) left or right lateral flexion and/or (3) left or right rotation. For cases that had central or bilateral pain, the number of movement preferences identified was used to guide the classification. Using the proposed system, all 40 (100%) LBP cases were successfully classified into basic (n = 8, 20%), intermediate (n = 17, 42.5%), advanced (n = 8, 20%) or expert (n = 7, 17.5%) levels of complexity. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the proposed movement-based classification system was a feasible method for classifying case complexity in adults with non-specific chronic LBP. Future clinical intervention studies are needed to confirm if this classification system can enhance therapeutic outcomes in patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

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11 pages, 1677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing the Acute Effects of Diagonal Mobilization and Nordic Hamstring Curls on Knee Flexion and Extension Strength: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Parallel Study in Young Soccer Players

by Rafał Studnicki, Urszula Tomaszewsk, Rita Hansdorfer-Korzon and Adam Kawczyński

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8610; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198610 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 892

Abstract

Background: Understanding the diverse acute effects elicited by physiotherapists in soccer players may be pertinent for enhancing performance and aiding in the mitigation of injury risk. Methods: Fifty regional-level soccer players aged 13 to 15 took part in a randomized double-blind trial. They [...] Read more.

Background: Understanding the diverse acute effects elicited by physiotherapists in soccer players may be pertinent for enhancing performance and aiding in the mitigation of injury risk. Methods: Fifty regional-level soccer players aged 13 to 15 took part in a randomized double-blind trial. They were allocated randomly to either receive diagonal manual mobilization (DM) treatment or undergo a Nordic hamstring curl (NHC) intervention, designated as the control group. Evaluations were carried out before and after the interventions to gauge standing knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) strength using the ForceFrame Strength Testing System. The recorded variables encompassed average, maximal force, and maximal impulse for both KE and KF. Results: Following the intervention, evaluations showed no significant differences between groups in KF maximal force (F_1,48 = 1.238; p = 0.271;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.025), KF average force (F_1,48 = 0.957; p = 0.333;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.020), KF maximal impulse (F_1,48 = 0.246; p = 0.622;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.005), KE maximal force (F_1,48 = 1.514; p = 0.225;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.031), KE average force (F_1,48 = 0.118; p = 0.733;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.002), and KE maximal impulse (F_1,48 = 2.540; p = 0.118;

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.050). Analysis within the DM group showed significant differences in KF maximal force (24.2 N; p = 0.004), KF average force (23.4 N; p = 0.001), KE maximal force (25.8 N; p = 0.005), KE average force (20.0 N; p = 0.044), and KE maximal impulse (265.9 Ns; p = 0.027), although no significant differences were found in KF maximal impulse (150.1 Ns; p = 0.058). Conclusions: This study indicates that both DM and NHC elicit similar effects on acute responses in KE and KF strength following intervention, although DM shows more favorable adaptations within the group. Perhaps DM could serve as a suitable warm-up strategy in specific circumstances, immediately influencing readiness for strength activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

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11 pages, 2639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Anthropometric and Strength Profiles of Streetlifting Athletes

by Giuseppe Rosaci, Davide Latini, Sandro Bartolomei and Federico Nigro

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 7172; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167172 - 15 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric characteristics of streetlifting athletes in the different body weight categories and to develop specific equations to predict the individual performance in the different exercises included in competitive programs (chin-up, dip, muscle-up and squat). [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric characteristics of streetlifting athletes in the different body weight categories and to develop specific equations to predict the individual performance in the different exercises included in competitive programs (chin-up, dip, muscle-up and squat). A total of 79 athletes (60 men and 19 women; age: 26.1 ± 6.4 y; body mass: 72.7 ± 13.2 kg; height: 171.7 ± 8.9 cm) were tested in accordance with the Italian National championships. Athletes were tested for anthropometry and body composition before the competition, and the performance in each lift was registered. A partial correlation of 0.47 and 0.60 was detected between arm girth and chin-up and dip performance, respectively. On the contrary, body fat was negatively correlated with the same exercises (r = −0.42). Squat performance appeared mainly determined by fat-free mass and thigh cross-sectional area, while body fat did not affect the performance in this exercise. The prediction equations developed were based on anthropometric and body composition parameters and showed near-perfect correlations with the participants’ competitive results (R² between 0.66 and 0.90). The normative data presented in this investigation and the prediction equations developed may help coaches and practitioners in athlete evaluation and comprehension of the key factor of streetlifting performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

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13 pages, 790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potentiation with Overspeed for Jump Height Enhancement: An Analysis of Factors Distinguishing Responders from Non-Responders

by Dawid Koźlenia and Jarosław Domaradzki

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6618; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156618 - 29 Jul 2024

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Abstract

(1) Background: This cross-over study aimed to assess the effectiveness of jump height (JH) enhancement after post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol based on assisted band jumps and to determine factors distinguishing responders (RS) and non-responders (NRS) based on morphological and functional factors. (2) [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This cross-over study aimed to assess the effectiveness of jump height (JH) enhancement after post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol based on assisted band jumps and to determine factors distinguishing responders (RS) and non-responders (NRS) based on morphological and functional factors. (2) Methods: Ten males aged 20–23 years with relative strength in back squat 156 ± 14% body weight participated. The conditioning activity, based on three series of five repetitions of assisted jumps with a band (30% of body mass load reduction) with one minute rest between series, was introduced. (3) Results: The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant interaction between effects (F = 7.78; p-eta = 0.30; p < 0.01). Comparison with the Bonferroni test showed that JH was higher than the baseline in the 3rd minute (p = 0.02; ES = 0.30) in the 6th (p < 0.01; ES = 0.39), and in the (9th p < 0.01; ES = 0.32) in an experimental condition. No factor statistically significantly distinguishes RS and NRS, but due to effect size (ES) relative strength (ES = −0.80), baseline jump ability (countermovement jump ES = −0.74; squat jump =−0.59), limb symmetry index (ES = −0.56) can be considered to contribute the most to positive effects. (4) Conclusions: The provided PAPE protocol is effective in enhancing JH but optimal rest should be established individually. Individuals characterized by greater muscular strength may benefit the most, but further consideration is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

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12 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Impact of Accumulated Training Shots on Electromyography Parameters in Trained Archery Athletes: Exploring Fatigue and Its Association with Training Practices

by Weronika Naderza, Bartłomiej Niespodziński and Rafał Studnicki

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6109; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146109 - 13 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1352

Abstract

Background: Accumulated training shots throughout a session may induce changes in electromyography (EMG) parameters of the primary muscles involved in movement in archery athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was two-fold: (i) analyze the impact of 50 and 100 archery shots on [...] Read more.

Background: Accumulated training shots throughout a session may induce changes in electromyography (EMG) parameters of the primary muscles involved in movement in archery athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was two-fold: (i) analyze the impact of 50 and 100 archery shots on a single session on the EMG parameters of trained archery athletes; and (ii) explore the effects of training routines of the athletes to cope with fatigue induced by the accumulated shots on the EMG parameters. Methods: They were divided into two groups: those who regularly performed ≤100 shots per training session (n = 13) and those who performed >100 shots per session (n = 7). The participants were exposed to a condition involving 100 archery shots, with measurements taken at baseline, after 50, and after 100 shots. EMG was used to measure the electric potential of the deltoid (middle and posterior), trapezius (upper, middle, and lower), and infraspinatus during isometric contraction. The collected outcomes included the mean and maximal amplitude of EMG root mean square (EMGRMS, µV) and the median frequency of the raw surface EMG signal power spectrum (EMGMED, Hz). Results: The results showed significant differences for most of the analyzed muscles analyzed, specifically in the deltoid, infraspinatus, and trapezius (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study suggests that in most of the muscles analyzed, EMG parameters—particularly mean and maximal EMGRMS—tend to increase from baseline to 50 shots, with significant declines observed after 100 shots, indicating muscle fatigue. The training routines of the athletes do not appear to significantly influence their response to fatigue conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

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Review

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33 pages, 2810 KiB

Open AccessReview

Acute and Chronic Effects of Muscle Strength Training on Physical Fitness in Boxers: A Scoping Review

by Jordan Hernandez-Martinez, Izham Cid-Calfucura, Pablo Valdés-Badilla, Emerson Franchini, José Manuel García-García and Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9706; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219706 - 24 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2230

Abstract

The aim of this scoping review was to compile the current evidence and provide a summary of the acute and chronic effects of muscle strength training on the physical fitness of amateur boxers and provide recommendations to optimize their physical performance. This scoping [...] Read more.

The aim of this scoping review was to compile the current evidence and provide a summary of the acute and chronic effects of muscle strength training on the physical fitness of amateur boxers and provide recommendations to optimize their physical performance. This scoping review was developed using guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR. The search was conducted in the Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases between December 2023 and June 2024. In total, 50 full-text articles were assessed to determine eligibility, while 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to detailed analysis and assessment of their methodological quality. Our findings indicate that muscular strength training interventions can improve punching performance in amateur boxers acutely and chronically, in addition to improving their physical fitness and generating increases in the capacity to generate maximum force and improvements in RFD and the power production of the upper and lower limbs of boxers. However, this scoping review only included one study in female boxers, so we recommend that future studies contain muscular strength training interventions in females to analyze their adaptations in punching force and physical fitness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

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20 pages, 563 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trends and Future Directions in the Sports Performance of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Athletes: A Systematic Review

by Eliza Gaweł, Javier Soto-Rey, Anna Zwierzchowska and Javier Perez-Tejero

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 6860; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166860 - 6 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1645

Abstract

The aim of this systematic review was twofold: to identify the main trends and issues that are being addressed by researchers in the context of physical fitness and sports performance in deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) athletes and to indicate the needs and future [...] Read more.

The aim of this systematic review was twofold: to identify the main trends and issues that are being addressed by researchers in the context of physical fitness and sports performance in deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) athletes and to indicate the needs and future directions that should be implemented in the training process of athletes with hearing impairments. The methodology of this systematic review was planned according to PRISMA guidelines. A search of electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus) was conducted to identify all studies on physical fitness, sports performance and participation, and D/HH athletes from 2003 to 2024. In total, 87 full-text articles were assessed to determine eligibility, while 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to detailed analysis and assessment of their methodological quality. The presented systematic review indicates evidence that D/HH athletes are characterized by a similar or higher level in selected motor abilities compared to hearing athletes. Moreover, it seems that hearing impairment is not a barrier in the development of an athlete’s physical fitness, including aerobic capacity, muscular strength and power or speed of reaction. Furthermore, inclusion in sports participation and specific tools (i.e., communication aids) appear to be crucial factors for performance enhancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement)

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