Nutrients

324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selenium-Enriched Agaricus bisporus Mushroom Protects against Increase in Gut Permeability ex vivo and Up-Regulates Glutathione Peroxidase 1 and 2 in Hyperthermally-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats

by Tebo Maseko, Frank Rowland Dunshea, Kate Howell, Hyun-Jung Cho, Leni Rose Rivera, John Barton Furness and Ken Ng

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2478-2492; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062478 - 24 Jun 2014

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8815

Abstract

Dietary effects of organic Se supplementation in the form of Se-enriched Agaricus bisporus mushroom on ileal mucosal permeability and antioxidant selenoenzymes status in heat induced oxidative stress in rats were evaluated. Acute heat stress (40 °C, 21% relative humidity, 90 min exposure) increased [...] Read more.

Dietary effects of organic Se supplementation in the form of Se-enriched Agaricus bisporus mushroom on ileal mucosal permeability and antioxidant selenoenzymes status in heat induced oxidative stress in rats were evaluated. Acute heat stress (40 °C, 21% relative humidity, 90 min exposure) increased ileum baseline short circuit current (Isc; 2.40-fold) and epithelial conductance (Ge; 2.74-fold). Dietary supplementation with Se-enriched A. bisporus (1 µg Se/g feed) reduced (p < 0.05) ileum Isc and Ge during heat stress to 1.74 and 1.91 fold, respectively, indicating protection from heat stress-induced mucosal permeability increase. The expression of ileum glutathione peroxidase (GPx-) 1 and 2 mRNAs were up-regulated (p < 0.05) by 1.90 and 1.87-fold, respectively, for non-heat stress rats on the Se-enriched diet relative to the control. The interplay between heat stress and dietary Se is complex. For rats on the control diet, heat stress alone increased ileum expression of GPx-1 (2.33-fold) and GPx-2 (2.23-fold) relative to thermoneutral conditions. For rats on the Se-enriched diet, heat stress increased (p < 0.05) GPx-1 expression only. Rats on Se-enriched + α-tocopherol diet exhibited increased expression of both genes (p < 0.05). Thus, dietary Se-enriched A. bisporus protected against increase in ileum permeability and up-regulated GPx-1 and GPx-2 expression, selenoenzymes relevant to mitigating oxidative stress. Full article

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Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
Rectal temperatures (A) and heart rates (B) of rats over time period of exposure to heat stress conditions at 40 °C and 21% RH. Mean value and standard deviation of rectal temperature of rats and heart rates from Diet 1 (n = 7), Diet 2 (n = 7) and Diet 3 (n = 7) were plotted. Full article ">Figure 2
Effect of dietary Se supplementation on ileum (A) baseline short circuit current (Isc) and (B) epithelial conductance (Ge) of non-heat stress and heat stress rats after 30 min of mounting tissue in Ussing Chamber. Number shows mean value and standard error of ileum Isc or Ge for rats on control Diet 1 (0.12 µg Se/g feed; n = 7), Se-enriched Diet 2 (1 µg Se/g feed; n = 7) and Se-enriched + α-tocopherol Diet 3 (1 µg Se/g feed + 300 µg α-tocopherol/g feed; n = 7) that were subjected to thermoneutral (T21°C) or heat stress (T40°C) treatments. Full article ">Figure 3
Effect of dietary Se supplementation on ileum (A) glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) and (B) glutathione peroxidase-2 (GPx-2) mRNA expression. mRNA levels were measured in triplicate ileum tissues excised from the ileum of each rat fed with control diet 1 (0.12 µg Se/g feed), Se-enriched Diet 2 (1 µg Se/g feed) or Se-enriched + α-tocopherol Diet 3 (1 µg Se/g feed + 300 µg α-tocopherol/g feed), and expression levels normalized against the β-Actin reference gene. Fold change in GPx-1 and Gpx-2 mRNA levels was calculated relative to a basal level from non-heat stress rats on control Diet 1, which was set at an arbitrary expression level of 1. Number shows mean value and standard error for rats on Diet 1 (n = 7), Diet 2 (n = 7) and Diet 3 (n = 7) that were subjected to thermoneutral (21 °C) or heat stress (40 °C) treatments. Full article ">

201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oligonol Supplementation Affects Leukocyte and Immune Cell Counts after Heat Loading in Humans

by Jeong Beom Lee and Young Oh Shin

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2466-2477; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062466 - 24 Jun 2014

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7750

Abstract

Oligonol is a low-molecular-weight form of polyphenol and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, making it a potential promoter of immunity. This study investigates the effects of oligonol supplementation on leukocyte and immune cell counts after heat loading in 19 healthy male volunteers. The [...] Read more.

Oligonol is a low-molecular-weight form of polyphenol and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, making it a potential promoter of immunity. This study investigates the effects of oligonol supplementation on leukocyte and immune cell counts after heat loading in 19 healthy male volunteers. The participants took a daily dose of 200 mg oligonol or a placebo for 1 week. After a 2-week washout period, the subjects were switched to the other study arm. After each supplement, half-body immersion into hot water was made, and blood was collected. Then, complete and differential blood counts were performed. Flow cytometry was used to enumerate and phenotype lymphocyte subsets. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in blood samples were analyzed. Lymphocyte subpopulation variables included counts of total T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Oligonol intake attenuated elevations in IL-1β (an 11.1-fold change vs. a 13.9-fold change immediately after heating; a 12.0-fold change vs. a 12.6-fold change 1h after heating) and IL-6 (an 8.6-fold change vs. a 9.9-fold change immediately after heating; a 9.1-fold change vs. a 10.5-fold change 1h after heating) immediately and 1 h after heating in comparison to those in the placebo group. Oligonol supplementation led to significantly higher numbers of leukocytes (a 30.0% change vs. a 21.5% change immediately after heating; a 13.5% change vs. a 3.5% change 1h after heating) and lymphocytes (a 47.3% change vs. a 39.3% change immediately after heating; a 19.08% change vs. a 2.1% change 1h after heating) relative to those in the placebo group. Oligonol intake led to larger increases in T cells, B cells, and NK cells at rest (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001, respectively) and immediately after heating (p < 0.001) in comparison to those in the placebo group. In addition, levels of T cells (p < 0.001) and B cells (p < 0.001) were significantly higher 1 h after heating in comparison to those in the placebo group. These results demonstrate that supplementation with oligonol for 1 week may enhance the immune function under heat and suggest a potential useful adjunct to chemotherapy in malignant diseases. Full article

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Figure 1
Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 over time in two groups. Rest: before heating; Post: immediately after heating; 1 h: 1 h after heating. White columns indicate placebo intake, and black columns, oligonol intake. Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *** p < 0.001 indicates a significant difference in comparison to Rest within the same group, and ## p < 0.01 indicates a significant difference between two groups. Full article ">Figure 2
Leukocytes and lymphocytes over time in two groups. Rest: before heating; Post: immediately after heating; 1 h: 1 h after heating. White columns indicate placebo intake, and black columns, oligonol intake. Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *** p < 0.001 indicates a significant difference in comparison to Rest within the same group, and # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 indicate significant differences between two groups. Full article ">Figure 3
Lymphocyte subset counts over time in two groups. Rest: before heating; Post: immediately after heating; 1 h: 1 h after heating. White columns indicate placebo intake, and black columns, oligonol intake. Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 indicate significant differences in comparison to Rest within the same group, and # p < 0.05 and ### p < 0.001 indicate significant differences between two groups. Full article ">

388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphisms, Dietary Fat Intake, Obesity and Serum Lipid Concentrations in Black and White South African Women

by Yael T. Joffe, Lize Van der Merwe, Juliet Evans, Malcolm Collins, Estelle V. Lambert, Alison V. September and Julia H. Goedecke

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2436-2465; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062436 - 24 Jun 2014

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 9061

Abstract

This study investigated interactions between dietary fat intake and IL-6 polymorphisms on obesity and serum lipids in black and white South African (SA) women. Normal-weight and obese, black and white women underwent measurements of body composition, serum lipids and dietary fat intake, and [...] Read more.

This study investigated interactions between dietary fat intake and IL-6 polymorphisms on obesity and serum lipids in black and white South African (SA) women. Normal-weight and obese, black and white women underwent measurements of body composition, serum lipids and dietary fat intake, and were genotyped for the IL-6 −174 G>C, IVS3 +281 G>T and IVS4 +869 A>G polymorphisms. In black women the IVS4 +869 G allele was associated with greater adiposity, and with increasing dietary fat intake adiposity increased in the IVS3 +281 GT+GG and IVS4 +869 AA or AG genotypes. In white women, with increasing omega-3 (n-3) intake and decreasing n-6:n-3 ratio, body mass index (BMI) decreased in those with the −174 C allele, IVS3 +281 T allele and IVS4 +869 AG genotype. In the white women, those with the IVS3 +281 T allele had lower triglycerides. Further, with increasing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA); triglyceride and total cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (T-C:HDL-C) ratio decreased in those with the −174 C allele. In black women, with increasing total fat intake, triglycerides and T-C:HDL-C ratio increased in those with the IVS4 +869 G allele. This study is the first to show that dietary fat intake modulates the relationship between the IL-6 −174 G>C, IVS3 +281 G>T and IVS4 +869 A>G polymorphisms on obesity and serum lipids in black and white SA women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient: Gene Interactions)

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LD structure of IL-6 polymorphisms (n, number of women; Dʼ, Lewontin’s D; r, coefficient of correlation) for IL-6 polymorphisms of normal-weight and obese black and white women. LD plots showing (A): Normal Black; (B) Obese Black; (C) Normal White; (D) Obese White. Shading determined by value of Dʼ–light indicates high value. Full article ">Figure 2
Interaction between IL-6 IVS4 +869 A>G polymorphism and BMI group on fat mass in black women. Figure contains boxplots of fat mass in black women, separated by BMI group and genotype. Boxplots indicate the median, the quartiles and the minimum and maximum values for each group. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IL-6, Interleukin-6. Full article ">Figure 3
Association of IL-6 IVS3 +281 G>T polymorphism with triglyceride concentration in white women. The figure contains boxplots of triglyceride concentrations in white women, separated by BMI group and IL-6 IVS3 +281 G>T genotype. Full article ">Figure 4
The relationship between BMI, IL-6 −174 G>C polymorphism and dietary fat intake in white women. Symbols represent, for each woman, observed values. The lines are modeled relationships for a woman of average age (27.3 years). (A) With increasing n-3 PUFA intake (%E), BMI decreased in those with the −174 CC or GC genotypes (R2 = 0.17, p = 0.027); (B) With increasing n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, BMI increased equally with each additional −174 C allele (R2 = 0.8, p = 0.028). Full article ">Figure 5
The relationship between BMI, IL-6 IVS3 +281 G>T polymorphism and dietary fat intake in white women. Symbols represent, for each woman, observed values. The lines are modeled relationships for a woman of average age (27.3 years). (A) With increasing ALA intake (%E), BMI decreased with each additional IVS3 +281 T allele (R2 = 0.16, p = 0.032); (B) With increasing n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, BMI increased with each additional IVS3 +281 T allele (R2 = 0.18, p = 0.030). Full article ">Figure 6
The relationship between fat mass, IL-6 IVS4 +869 A>G polymorphism and dietary fat intake in white women. Symbols represent, for each woman, observed values. The lines are modeled relationships for a woman of average age (27.3 years). (A) With increasing ALA intake (%E), fat mass decreased in those with the IVS4 +869 AG or GG genotype (R2 = 0.13, p = 0.048); (B) With increasing n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, fat mass increased in those with the IVS4 +869 AG or GG genotype; compared to those with the AA genotype (R2 = 0.15, p = 0.034). Full article ">

238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of the Effects of Latent Iron Deficiency on Measures of Cognition: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial of Iron Supplementation in Young Women

by Alecia J. Leonard, Kerry A. Chalmers, Clare E. Collins and Amanda J. Patterson

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2419-2435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062419 - 23 Jun 2014

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 11192

Abstract

Rates of iron deficiency are high amongst healthy young women. Cognitive impairment occurs secondary to iron deficiency in infants and children, but evaluation of the impact on cognition among young women is inconsistent. The aim was to determine the suitability of the IntegNeuro [...] Read more.

Rates of iron deficiency are high amongst healthy young women. Cognitive impairment occurs secondary to iron deficiency in infants and children, but evaluation of the impact on cognition among young women is inconsistent. The aim was to determine the suitability of the IntegNeuro test battery for assessing cognitive function in iron-deficient and iron-sufficient young women. A pilot double-blinded, placebo-controlled intervention trial was conducted in iron-deficient (serum ferritin ≤ 20 μg/L and haemoglobin > 120 g/L) and iron-sufficient young women (18–35 years). Cognitive function and haematological markers of iron status were measured at baseline and follow-up. Iron-deficient participants (n = 24) were randomised to receive placebo, 60 mg or 80 mg elemental iron daily supplements for 16 weeks. A control group of iron-sufficient participants (n = 8) was allocated to placebo. Change scores for Impulsivity and Attention were significantly greater in plasma ferritin improvers than in non-improvers (p = 0.004, p = 0.026). IntegNeuro was easy to administer and acceptable to young women. Based on the differences in Memory and Attention scores between iron-deficient participants on iron treatment and those on placebo, it was decided that between 26 and 84 participants would be required in each iron treatment group for an adequately powered extension of this pilot RCT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron Deficiency: Development, Implications and Treatment)

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254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Quantification of Calcium Intake from Calcium-Dense Dairy Products in Dutch Fracture Patients (The Delft Cohort Study)

by Peter Van den Berg, Paul M. M. Van Haard, Joop P. W. Van den Bergh, Dieu Donné Niesten, Maarten Van der Elst and Dave H. Schweitzer

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2404-2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062404 - 23 Jun 2014

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 9780

Abstract

Recommendations for daily calcium intake from dairy products are variable and based on local consensus. To investigate whether patients with a recent fracture complied with these recommendations, we quantified the daily dairy calcium intake including milk, milk drinks, pudding, yoghurt, and cheese in [...] Read more.

Recommendations for daily calcium intake from dairy products are variable and based on local consensus. To investigate whether patients with a recent fracture complied with these recommendations, we quantified the daily dairy calcium intake including milk, milk drinks, pudding, yoghurt, and cheese in a Dutch cohort of fracture patients and compared outcomes with recent data of a healthy U.S. cohort (80% Caucasians). An observational study analyzed dairy calcium intakes of 1526 female and 372 male Dutch fracture patients older than 50. On average, participants reported three dairy servings per day, independently of age, gender or population density. Median calcium intake from dairy was 790 mg/day in females and males. Based on dairy products alone, 11.3% of women and 14.2% of men complied with Dutch recommendations for calcium intake (adults ≤ 70 years: 1100 mg/day and >70 years: 1200 mg/day). After including 450 mg calcium from basic nutrition, compliance raised to 60.5% and 59.1%, respectively, compared to 53.2% in the U.S. cohort. Daily dairy calcium intake is not associated with femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores or WHO Fracture Assessment Tool (FRAX) risk scores for major fracture or hip fracture. However, when sub analyzing the male cohort, these associations were weakly negative. The prevalence of maternal hip fracture was a factor for current fracture risks, both in women and men. While daily dairy calcium intake of Dutch fracture patients was well below the recommended dietary intake, it was comparable to intakes in a healthy U.S. cohort. This questions recommendations for adding more additional dairy products to preserve adult skeletal health, particularly when sufficient additional calcium is derived from adequate non-dairy nutrition. Full article

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422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DNA Hypermethylation of the Serotonin Receptor Type-2A Gene Is Associated with a Worse Response to a Weight Loss Intervention in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome

by Aurora Perez-Cornago, Maria L. Mansego, María Angeles Zulet and José Alfredo Martinez

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2387-2403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062387 - 23 Jun 2014

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7984

Abstract

Understanding the regulation of gene activities depending on DNA methylation has been the subject of much recent study. However, although polymorphisms of the HTR2A gene have been associated with both obesity and psychiatric disorders, the role of HTR2A gene methylation in these illnesses [...] Read more.

Understanding the regulation of gene activities depending on DNA methylation has been the subject of much recent study. However, although polymorphisms of the HTR2A gene have been associated with both obesity and psychiatric disorders, the role of HTR2A gene methylation in these illnesses remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of HTR2A gene promoter methylation levels in white blood cells (WBC) with obesity traits and depressive symptoms in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) enrolled in a behavioural weight loss programme. Analyses were based on 41 volunteers (mean age 49 ± 1 year) recruited within the RESMENA study. Depressive symptoms (as determined using the Beck Depression Inventory), anthropometric and biochemical measurements were analysed at the beginning and after six months of weight loss treatment. At baseline, DNA from WBC was isolated and cytosine methylation in the HTR2A gene promoter was quantified by a microarray approach. In the whole-study sample, a positive association of HTR2A gene methylation with waist circumference and insulin levels was detected at baseline. Obesity measures significantly improved after six months of dietary treatment, where a lower mean HTR2A gene methylation at baseline was associated with major reductions in body weight, BMI and fat mass after the treatment. Moreover, mean HTR2A gene methylation at baseline significantly predicted the decrease in depressive symptoms after the weight loss treatment. In conclusion, this study provides newer evidence that hypermethylation of the HTR2A gene in WBC at baseline is significantly associated with a worse response to a weight-loss intervention and with a lower decrease in depressive symptoms after the dietary treatment in subjects with MetS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Epigenetics)

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Figure 1
Genomic localization and nucleotide sequence of the 20 CpGs sites covered by the Illumina array for the study of DNA methylation levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2A promoter (from −2188 to +10 pb). Transcription Start Site (TSS). Putative consensus sequences for nine transcriptional factors (AHRR: AHR-related factors, HIF: Hypoxia inducible factor, CREB: cAMP-responsive element binding proteins, HESF: Vertebrate homologs of enhancer of split complex (Basic helix-loop-helix domain containing, class B, 2 (secondary DNA binding preference)), NRSF: Neuron-restrictive silencer factor, XCPE: X gene core promoter element 1, E2FF: E2F transcription factor 6, ZF57: KRAB domain zinc finger protein 57, DMTE: Drosophila motif ten element), found with MatInspector. Full article ">Figure 2
Anthropometric, body composition measurements and in depressive symptoms in the whole-study sample before and after the dietary treatment n = 32–34. Data are expressed as mean (CI 95%). Abbreviations: BDI, Beck depression inventory; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference. * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.001. Full article ">Figure 3
Association of baseline mean HTR2A gene methylation (%) with changes (six-month baseline) in anthropometric and body composition measurements divided by their medians in the whole-study sample n = 34. Δ = six-month baseline. Data are expressed as mean (CI 95%). Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference. <P50 = high responders; >P50 = low responders to the dietary treatment. * p < 0.05. Full article ">Figure 4
Association of the decrease (six-month baseline) in depressive symptoms with baseline (A) mean HTR2A methylation; (B) methylation levels of HTR2A CpG17 site; in the whole-study sample n = 32. Change = six-month baseline. Abbreviations: HTR2A; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A. Full article ">

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Open AccessProject Report

The Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Soybean on DNA, Cytogenicity and Some Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats

by Thanaa A. El-Kholy, Mohammad Abu Hilal, Hatim Ali Al-Abbadi, Abdulhalim Salim Serafi, Ahmad K. Al-Ghamdi, Hanan M. Sobhy and John R. C. Richardson

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2376-2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062376 - 23 Jun 2014

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 11630

Abstract

We investigated the effect of extra virgin (EV) olive oil and genetically modified (GM) soybean on DNA, cytogenicity and some antioxidant enzymes in rodents. Forty adult male albino rats were used in this study and divided into four groups. The control group of [...] Read more.

We investigated the effect of extra virgin (EV) olive oil and genetically modified (GM) soybean on DNA, cytogenicity and some antioxidant enzymes in rodents. Forty adult male albino rats were used in this study and divided into four groups. The control group of rodents was fed basal ration only. The second group was given basal ration mixed with EV olive oil (30%). The third group was fed basal ration mixed with GM (15%), and the fourth group survived on a combination of EV olive oil, GM and the basal ration for 65 consecutive days. On day 65, blood samples were collected from each rat for antioxidant enzyme analysis. In the group fed on basal ration mixed with GM soyabean (15%), there was a significant increase in serum level of lipid peroxidation, while glutathione transferase decreased significantly. Interestingly, GM soyabean increased not only the percentage of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE), but also the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes to normochromatic erythrocytes (PEC/NEC); however, the amount of DNA and NCE were significantly decreased. Importantly, the combination of EV olive oil and GM soyabean significantly altered the tested parameters towards normal levels. This may suggest an important role for EV olive oil on rodents’ organs and warrants further investigation in humans. Full article

2885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Using Spot Urine Samples

by Moo-Yong Rhee, Ji-Hyun Kim, Sung-Joon Shin, Namyi Gu, Deuk-Young Nah, Kyung-Soon Hong, Eun-Joo Cho and Ki-Chul Sung

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2360-2375; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062360 - 20 Jun 2014

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 11041

Abstract

The present study evaluated the reliability of equations using spot urine (SU) samples in the estimation of 24-hour urine sodium excretion (24-HUNa). Equations estimating 24-HUNa from SU samples were derived from first-morning SU of 101 participants (52.4 ± 11.1 years, range 24–70 years). [...] Read more.

The present study evaluated the reliability of equations using spot urine (SU) samples in the estimation of 24-hour urine sodium excretion (24-HUNa). Equations estimating 24-HUNa from SU samples were derived from first-morning SU of 101 participants (52.4 ± 11.1 years, range 24–70 years). Equations developed by us and other investigators were validated with SU samples from a separate group of participants (n = 224, 51.0 ± 10.9 years, range 24–70 years). Linear, quadratic, and cubic equations were derived from first-morning SU samples because these samples had a sodium/creatinine ratio having the highest correlation coefficient for 24-HUNa/creatinine ratio (r = 0.728, p < 0.001). In the validation group, the estimated 24-HUNa showed significant correlations with measured 24-HUNa values. The estimated 24-HUNa by the linear, quadratic, and cubic equations developed from our study were not significantly different from measured 24-HUNa, while estimated 24-HUNa by previously developed equations were significantly different from measured 24-HUNa values. The limits of agreement between measured and estimated 24-HUNa by six equations exceeded 100 mmol/24-hour in the Bland-Altman analysis. All equations showed a tendency of under- or over-estimation of 24-HUNa, depending on the level of measured 24-HUNa. Estimation of 24-HUNa from single SU by equations as tested in the present study was found to be inadequate for the estimation of an individual’s 24-HUNa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salt and Health: A Public Health Issue)

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Relationship between (a) 24-hour urine sodium/creatinine (Na/Cr) ratio vs. first-morning spot urine Na/Cr ratio; (b) 24-hour urine Na/Cr ration vs. evening spot urine Na/Cr ratio; and (c) 24-hour urine Na/Cr ration vs. random morning spot urine Na/Cr ratio in 101 subjects. Full article ">Figure 2
Development of equations by curve fitting from 101 subjects. (a) Linear equation association; (b) quadratic equation association and (c) cubic equation association. Each equations and their correlation coefficient are showed. Equation XNa = (spot urine sodium/spot urine creatinine) × predicted 24-hour urine creatinine excretion. Full article ">Figure 3
Relationship between measured and estimated 24-hour urine sodium obtained by six equations. (a) Kawasaki’s equation; (b) Tanaka’s equation; (c) INTERSALT equation; (d) linear equation; (e) quadratic equation; and (f) cubic equation. Full article ">Figure 4
Bland-Altman analysis for agreement of the six equations. (a) Kawasaki’s equation; (b) Tanaka’s equation; (c) INTERSALT equation; (d) linear equation; (e) quadratic equation; (f) cubic equation. Full article ">Figure 5
Relationship between the differences of measured and estimated 24-hour urine sodium against measured 24-hour urine sodium. (a) Kawasaki’s equation; (b) Tanaka’s equation; (c) INTERSALT equation; (d) linear equation; (e) quadratic equation; and (f) cubic equation. Full article ">

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Open AccessArticle

Dietary Supplementation with a Superoxide Dismutase-Melon Concentrate Reduces Stress, Physical and Mental Fatigue in Healthy People: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Julie Carillon, Claire Notin, Karine Schmitt, Guy Simoneau and Dominique Lacan

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2348-2359; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062348 - 19 Jun 2014

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 15193

Abstract

Background: We aimed to investigate effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-melon concentrate supplementation on psychological stress, physical and mental fatigue in healthy people. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 61 people divided in two groups: active supplement (n = 32) [...] Read more.

Background: We aimed to investigate effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-melon concentrate supplementation on psychological stress, physical and mental fatigue in healthy people. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 61 people divided in two groups: active supplement (n = 32) and placebo (n = 29) for 12 weeks. Volunteers were given one small hard capsule per day. One capsule contained 10 mg of SOD-melon concentrate (140 U of SOD) and starch for the active supplement and starch only for the placebo. Stress and fatigue were evaluated using four psychometric scales: PSS-14; SF-36; Stroop tests and Prevost scale. Results: The supplementation with SOD-melon concentrate significantly decreased perceived stress, compared to placebo. Moreover, quality of life was improved and physical and mental fatigue were reduced with SOD-melon concentrate supplementation. Conclusion: SOD-melon concentrate supplementation appears to be an effective and natural way to reduce stress and fatigue. Trial registration: trial approved by the ethical committee of Poitiers (France), and the ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier is NCT01767922. Full article

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302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Pilot Testing of 24-Hour Multiple-Pass Recall to Assess Dietary Intake of Toddlers of Somali- and Iraqi-Born Mothers Living in Norway

by Navnit Kaur Grewal, Annhild Mosdøl, Marte Bergsund Aunan, Carina Monsen and Liv Elin Torheim

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2333-2347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062333 - 19 Jun 2014

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9199

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop, test, and evaluate a 24-h recall procedure to assess the dietary intake of toddlers of Somali- and Iraqi-born mothers living in Norway. A protocol for a 24-h multiple-pass recall procedure, registration forms, and visual tools [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to develop, test, and evaluate a 24-h recall procedure to assess the dietary intake of toddlers of Somali- and Iraqi-born mothers living in Norway. A protocol for a 24-h multiple-pass recall procedure, registration forms, and visual tools (a picture library for food identification and portion size estimation) was developed and tested in 12 mothers from Somalia and Iraq with children aged 10–21 months. Five female field workers were recruited and trained to conduct the interviews. Evaluation data for the 24-h recall procedure were collected from both the mothers and the field workers. Nutrient intake was calculated using a Norwegian dietary calculation system. Each child’s estimated energy intake was compared with its estimated energy requirement. Both the mothers and the field workers found the method feasible and the visual tools useful. The estimated energy intake corresponded well with the estimated energy requirement for most of the children (within mean ± 2 SD, except for three). The pilot study identified the need for additional foods in the picture library and some crucial aspects in training and supervising the field workers to reduce sources of error in the data collection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Paediatric Nutrition)

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234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusion of Pork Meat in the Diets of Young Women Reduces Their Intakes of Energy-Dense, Nutrient-Poor Foods: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Jennifer O. McArthur, Natalie M. Gough, Peter Petocz and Samir Samman

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2320-2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062320 - 19 Jun 2014

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 9525

Abstract

Adherence of young women to dietary recommendations has been examined predominantly by surveys. This study aimed to determine the quality of women’s diets relative to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE); and to evaluate dietary changes during an intervention trial with pork [...] Read more.

Adherence of young women to dietary recommendations has been examined predominantly by surveys. This study aimed to determine the quality of women’s diets relative to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE); and to evaluate dietary changes during an intervention trial with pork meat or an iron supplement. A 12-week randomized trial was conducted in young women who were assigned to one of three groups. They maintained three, seven-day food diaries while continuing their routine diet (CG); taking an iron supplement (SG); or incorporating into their diets 500 g/week of pork (PG). Participants (n = 58) provided dietary information on 1218 diary-days. The serves consumed from the vegetable, fruit and dairy groups were lower (p < 0.001), and from the meat and alternatives group greater (p < 0.001) than the recommended serves. PG consumed significantly fewer (p < 0.001) serves of “extra” foods, and ate fruit more frequently (p < 0.001) than CG and SG. The participants’ dietary self-assessment showed poor agreement with the AGHE description of “serve”. The inclusion of pork in the diets of young women is associated with the reduced consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor “extra” foods and increased frequency of fruit intake. The effect may be explained by diverse factors such as increased food knowledge, cooking skills and the effect of pork on satiety. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Body Mass Index in a Large Sample of Middle-Aged Australian Men and Women

by Karen Charlton, Paul Kowal, Melinda M. Soriano, Sharon Williams, Emily Banks, Kha Vo and Julie Byles

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2305-2319; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062305 - 17 Jun 2014

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 11837

Abstract

Dietary guidelines around the world recommend increased intakes of fruits and non-starchy vegetables for the prevention of chronic diseases and possibly obesity. This study aimed to describe the association between body mass index (BMI) and habitual fruit and vegetable consumption in a large [...] Read more.

Dietary guidelines around the world recommend increased intakes of fruits and non-starchy vegetables for the prevention of chronic diseases and possibly obesity. This study aimed to describe the association between body mass index (BMI) and habitual fruit and vegetable consumption in a large sample of 246,995 Australian adults aged 45 + year who had been recruited for the “45 and Up” cohort study. Fruit and vegetable intake was assessed using validated short questions, while weight and height were self-reported. Multinomial logistic regression was used, by sex, to assess the association between fruit and vegetable intake and BMI. Compared to the referent normal weight category (BMI 18.5 to 24.9), the odds ratio (OR) of being in the highest vegetable intake quartile was 1.09 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.14) for overweight women (BMI 25.0–29.9) and 1.18 (95% CI 1.12–1.24) for obese women. The association was in the opposite direction for fruit for overweight (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.80–0.90) and obese women (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.69–0.80). Obese and overweight women had higher odds of being in the highest intake quartile for combined fruit and vegetable intake, and were more likely to meet the “2 and 5” target or to have five or more serves of fruit and vegetables per day. In contrast, overweight men were less likely to be in high intake quartiles and less likely to meet recommended target of 5 per day, but there was no consistent relationship between obesity and fruit and vegetable intake. Underweight women and underweight men were less likely to be in the highest intake quartiles or to meet the recommended targets. These data suggest that improving adherence to dietary targets for fruit and vegetables may be a dietary strategy to overcome overweight among men, but that overweight and obese women are already adhering to these targets. The association between fruit and vegetable intake and underweight in adults suggests that improving fruit and vegetables intakes are important for the overall dietary patterns of people in this group. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

The Role of FADS1/2 Polymorphisms on Cardiometabolic Markers and Fatty Acid Profiles in Young Adults Consuming Fish Oil Supplements

by Kaitlin Roke and David M. Mutch

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2290-2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062290 - 16 Jun 2014

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 9304

Abstract

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) known to influence cardiometabolic markers of health. Evidence suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase 1 and 2 (FADS1/2) gene cluster may influence an [...] Read more.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) known to influence cardiometabolic markers of health. Evidence suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase 1 and 2 (FADS1/2) gene cluster may influence an individual’s response to n-3 FAs. This study examined the impact of a moderate daily dose of EPA and DHA fish oil supplements on cardiometabolic markers, FA levels in serum and red blood cells (RBC), and whether these endpoints were influenced by SNPs in FADS1/2. Young adults consumed fish oil supplements (1.8 g total EPA/DHA per day) for 12 weeks followed by an 8-week washout period. Serum and RBC FA profiles were analyzed every two weeks by gas chromatography. Two SNPs were genotyped: rs174537 in FADS1 and rs174576 in FADS2. Participants had significantly reduced levels of blood triglycerides (−13%) and glucose (–11%) by week 12; however, these benefits were lost during the washout period. EPA and DHA levels increased significantly in serum (+250% and +51%, respectively) and RBCs (+132% and +18%, respectively) within the first two weeks of supplementation and remained elevated throughout the 12-week period. EPA and DHA levels in RBCs only (not serum) remained significantly elevated (+37% and +24%, respectively) after the washout period. Minor allele carriers for both SNPs experienced greater increases in RBC EPA levels during supplementation; suggesting that genetic variation at this locus can influence an individual’s response to fish oil supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient: Gene Interactions)

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Figure 1
Study timeline and experimental design. The supplementation period lasted for 12 weeks and the washout period for 8 weeks (total duration of 20 weeks). Symbols indicate which measurements were taken at each time-point. Full article ">Figure 2
Levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA) in serum and RBCs. Relative % EPA in (A) serum and (B) RBCs. Relative % DHA in (C) serum and (D) RBCs. Relative % AA in (E) serum and (F) RBCs. FAs are represented as relative % of total FA values. Numbers on the x-axis represent time in weeks, where baseline is indicated by 0. * Indicates p < 0.05 compared to baseline (0). Full article ">Figure 3
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels in major and minor allele carriers of the rs174537 SNP in FADS1. (A) Differences in relative % EPA in serum between major and minor allele carriers at both baseline (T0) and week 12 (T12) as well as the interaction between genotype × time. (B) Percent changes (i.e., T0 − T12) for serum % EPA in major and minor allele carriers. (C) Differences in relative % EPA in RBCs between major and minor allele carriers at both T0 and T12 as well as the interaction between genotype × time. (D) Percent change (i.e., T0 − T12) for RBC % EPA in major and minor allele carriers. p-Values are listed above each of the comparisons. Major allele carriers (GG) (n =3) and minor allele carriers (GT+ TT) (n = 9). * Indicates p < 0.05. Full article ">

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Open AccessArticle

Bioavailability of Zinc in Wistar Rats Fed with Rice Fortified with Zinc Oxide

by Ceres Mattos Della Lucia, Laura Luiza Menezes Santos, Kellen Cristina Da Cruz Rodrigues, Vivian Cristina Da Cruz Rodrigues, Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino and Helena Maria Pinheiro Sant'Ana

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2279-2289; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062279 - 13 Jun 2014

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7166

Abstract

The study of zinc bioavailability in foods is important because this mineral intake does not meet the recommended doses for some population groups. Also, the presence of dietary factors that reduce zinc absorption contributes to its deficiency. Rice fortified with micronutrients (Ultra Rice [...] Read more.

The study of zinc bioavailability in foods is important because this mineral intake does not meet the recommended doses for some population groups. Also, the presence of dietary factors that reduce zinc absorption contributes to its deficiency. Rice fortified with micronutrients (Ultra Rice^®) is a viable alternative for fortification since this cereal is already inserted into the population habit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of zinc (Zn) in rice fortified with zinc oxide. During 42 days, rats were divided into four groups and fed with diets containing two different sources of Zn (test diet: UR^® fortified with zinc oxide, or control diet: zinc carbonate (ZnCO₃)), supplying 50% or 100%, respectively, of the recommendations of this mineral for animals. Weight gain, food intake, feed efficiency ratio, weight, thickness and length of femur; retention of zinc, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the femur and the concentrations of Zn in femur, plasma and erythrocytes were evaluated. Control diet showed higher weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, retention of Zn and Zn concentration in the femur (p < 0.05). However, no differences were observed (p > 0.05) for dietary intake, length and thickness of the femur, erythrocyte and plasmatic Zn between groups. Although rice fortified with zinc oxide showed a lower bioavailability compared to ZnCO₃, this food can be a viable alternative to be used as a vehicle for fortification. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of Instant Cooked Giant Embryonic Rice on Body Fat Weight and Plasma Lipid Profile in High Fat-Fed Mice

by Soo Im Chung, Tae Hyeong Kim, Catherine W. Rico and Mi Young Kang

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2266-2278; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062266 - 13 Jun 2014

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7730

Abstract

The comparative effects of instant cooked rice made from giant embryo mutant or ordinary normal rice on body weight and lipid profile in high fat-fed mice were investigated. The animals were given experimental diets for seven weeks: normal control (NC), high fat (HF), [...] Read more.

The comparative effects of instant cooked rice made from giant embryo mutant or ordinary normal rice on body weight and lipid profile in high fat-fed mice were investigated. The animals were given experimental diets for seven weeks: normal control (NC), high fat (HF), and HF supplemented with instant normal white (HF-NW), normal brown (HF-NB), giant embryonic white (HF-GW), or giant embryonic brown (HF-GB) rice. The HF group showed markedly higher body weight, body fat, plasma and hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, and atherogenic index relative to NC group. However, instant rice supplementation counteracted this high fat-induced hyperlipidemia through regulation of lipogenesis and adipokine production. The GB rice exhibited greater hypolipidemic and body fat-lowering effects than the GW or NB rice. These findings illustrate that the giant embryo mutant may be useful as functional biomaterial for the development of instant rice with strong preventive action against high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Fortification and Human Health)

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Open AccessReview

Are the Dietary Guidelines for Meat, Fat, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Appropriate for Environmental Sustainability? A Review of the Literature

by Christian John Reynolds, Jonathan David Buckley, Philip Weinstein and John Boland

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2251-2265; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062251 - 12 Jun 2014

Cited by 111 | Viewed by 24683

Abstract

This paper reviews the current literature around the environmental impacts of dietary recommendations. The focus of the review is on collating evidence relating to environmental impacts of the dietary advice found in the World Health Organisation guidelines, and environmental impact literature: reducing the [...] Read more.

This paper reviews the current literature around the environmental impacts of dietary recommendations. The focus of the review is on collating evidence relating to environmental impacts of the dietary advice found in the World Health Organisation guidelines, and environmental impact literature: reducing the consumption of fat, reducing the consumption of meat-based protein and animal-based foods, and increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables. The environmental impact of reducing dietary fat intake is unclear, although reducing consumption of the food category of edible fats and oils appears to have little impact. However most, but not all, studies support environmental benefits of a reduced consumption of animal-based foods and increased consumption of fruit and vegetables. In general, it appears that adhering to dietary guidelines reduces impact on the environment, but further study is required to examine the environmental impacts of animal-based foods, and fruit and vegetable intake in depth. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Glycemic Response of a Carbohydrate-Protein Bar with Ewe-Goat Whey

by Eirini Manthou, Maria Kanaki, Kalliopi Georgakouli, Chariklia K. Deli, Dimitrios Kouretas, Yiannis Koutedakis and Athanasios Z. Jamurtas

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2240-2250; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062240 - 12 Jun 2014

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8484

Abstract

In this study we examined the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of a functional food product, which contains ewe-goat whey protein and carbohydrates in a 1:1 ratio. Nine healthy volunteers, (age, 23.3 ± 3.9 years; body mass index, 24.2 ± 4.1 [...] Read more.

In this study we examined the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of a functional food product, which contains ewe-goat whey protein and carbohydrates in a 1:1 ratio. Nine healthy volunteers, (age, 23.3 ± 3.9 years; body mass index, 24.2 ± 4.1 kg·m²; body fat %, 18.6 ± 10.0) randomly consumed either a reference food or amount of the test food both with equal carbohydrate content in two visits. In each visit, seven blood samples were collected; the first sample after an overnight fast and the remaining six at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the beginning of food consumption. Plasma glucose concentration was measured and the GI was determined by calculation of the incremental area under the curve. The GL was calculated using the equation: test food GI/100 g available carbohydrates per test food serving. The GI of the test food was found to be 5.18 ± 3.27, while the GL of one test food serving was 1.09 ± 0.68. These results indicate that the tested product can be classified as a low GI (<55) and low GL (<10) food. Given the health benefits of low glycaemic response foods and whey protein consumption, the tested food could potentially promote health beyond basic nutrition. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Zinc Fortification Decreases ZIP1 Gene Expression of Some Adolescent Females with Appropriate Plasma Zinc Levels

by Rosa O. Méndez, Alejandra Santiago, Gloria Yepiz-Plascencia, Alma B. Peregrino-Uriarte, Ana M. Calderón de la Barca and Hugo S. García

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2229-2239; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062229 - 11 Jun 2014

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7094

Abstract

Zinc homeostasis is achieved after intake variation by changes in the expression levels of zinc transporters. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary intake (by 24-h recall), absorption, plasma zinc (by absorption spectrophotometry) and the expression levels (by quantitative PCR), of [...] Read more.

Zinc homeostasis is achieved after intake variation by changes in the expression levels of zinc transporters. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary intake (by 24-h recall), absorption, plasma zinc (by absorption spectrophotometry) and the expression levels (by quantitative PCR), of the transporters ZIP1 (zinc importer) and ZnT1 (zinc exporter) in peripheral white blood cells from 24 adolescent girls before and after drinking zinc-fortified milk for 27 day. Zinc intake increased (p < 0.001) from 10.5 ± 3.9 mg/day to 17.6 ± 4.4 mg/day, and its estimated absorption from 3.1 ± 1.2 to 5.3 ± 1.3 mg/day. Mean plasma zinc concentration remained unchanged (p > 0.05) near 150 µg/dL, but increased by 31 µg/dL (p < 0.05) for 6/24 adolescents (group A) and decreased by 25 µg/dL (p < 0.05) for other 6/24 adolescents (group B). Expression of ZIP1 in blood leukocytes was reduced 1.4-fold (p < 0.006) in group A, while for the expression of ZnT1 there was no difference after intervention (p = 0.39). An increase of dietary zinc after 27-days consumption of fortified-milk did not increase (p > 0.05) the plasma level of adolescent girls but for 6/24 participants from group A in spite of the formerly appropriation, which cellular zinc uptake decreased as assessed by reduction of the expression of ZIP1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Fortification and Human Health)

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Open AccessArticle

Fat Content and Composition in Retail Samples of Australian Beef Mince

by Flavia Fayet-Moore, Judy Cunningham, Tim Stobaus and Veronique Droulez

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2217-2228; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062217 - 11 Jun 2014

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 9452

Abstract

Nutrient composition data, representative of the retail supply, is required to support labelling and dietetic practice. Because beef mince represents approximately 30% of all beef dishes prepared in Australian households, a national survey of the different types of mince available for purchase in [...] Read more.

Nutrient composition data, representative of the retail supply, is required to support labelling and dietetic practice. Because beef mince represents approximately 30% of all beef dishes prepared in Australian households, a national survey of the different types of mince available for purchase in representative retail outlets was conducted. Sixty-one samples of beef mince from 24 retail outlets in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia were collected in 2010 and analysed for moisture, protein, total fat and fatty acid profile. A variety of 18 different descriptors were used at point of sale with “Premium” (n = 15) and “Regular” (n = 8) the most commonly used terms. The analysed fat content of “Premium” samples varied from 2.2 g/100 g to 8.0 g/100 g. Forty-eight percent (n = 29) of the samples were categorised as low fat (<5 g/100 g; mean 4.1 g/100 g), 21% as medium fat (5–10 g/100 g; mean 8.9 g/100 g) and 31% as high fat (>10 g/100 g; mean 10.4 g/100 g). There was no significant difference between the types of mince available for purchase in low versus high socio-economic suburbs (Chi-square, p > 0.05). In conclusion, the fat content of the majority of retail beef mince in Australia is <10 g/100 g and a variety of descriptors are used at point of sale, all of which do not necessarily reflect analysed fat content. Full article

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Open AccessReview

Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Level of Circulating High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Neng Chen, Zhongxiao Wan, Shu-Fen Han, Bing-Yan Li, Zeng-Li Zhang and Li-Qiang Qin

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2206-2216; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062206 - 10 Jun 2014

Cited by 116 | Viewed by 10714

Abstract

Vitamin D might elicit protective effects against cardiovascular disease by decreasing the level of circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), an inflammatory marker. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the association of vitamin D supplementation with circulating hs-CRP level. [...] Read more.

Vitamin D might elicit protective effects against cardiovascular disease by decreasing the level of circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), an inflammatory marker. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the association of vitamin D supplementation with circulating hs-CRP level. A systematic literature search was conducted in September 2013 (updated in February 2014) via PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library to identify eligible studies. Either a fixed-effects or a random-effects model was used to calculate pooled effects. The results of the meta-analysis of 10 trials involving a total of 924 participants showed that vitamin D supplementation significantly decreased the circulating hs-CRP level by 1.08 mg/L (95% CI, −2.13, −0.03), with the evidence of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis suggested a higher reduction of 2.21 mg/L (95% CI, −3.50, −0.92) among participants with baseline hs-CRP level ≥5 mg/L. Meta-regression analysis further revealed that baseline hs-CRP level, supplemental dose of vitamin D and intervention duration together may be attributed to the heterogeneity across studies. In summary, vitamin D supplementation is beneficial for the reduction of circulating hs-CRP. However, the result should be interpreted with caution because of the evidence of heterogeneity. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D Level and Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Sepsis

by Anna J. Jovanovich, Adit A. Ginde, John Holmen, Kristen Jablonski, Rebecca L. Allyn, Jessica Kendrick and Michel Chonchol

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2196-2205; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062196 - 10 Jun 2014

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9511

Abstract

Previous research has reported reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels is associated with acute infectious illness. The relationship between vitamin D status, measured prior to acute infectious illness, with risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and sepsis has not been examined. Community-living individuals hospitalized [...] Read more.

Previous research has reported reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels is associated with acute infectious illness. The relationship between vitamin D status, measured prior to acute infectious illness, with risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and sepsis has not been examined. Community-living individuals hospitalized with CAP or sepsis were age-, sex-, race-, and season-matched with controls. ICD-9 codes identified CAP and sepsis; chest radiograph confirmed CAP. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured up to 15 months prior to hospitalization. Regression models adjusted for diabetes, renal disease, and peripheral vascular disease evaluated the association of 25(OH)D levels with CAP or sepsis risk. A total of 132 CAP patients and controls were 60 ± 17 years, 71% female, and 86% Caucasian. The 25(OH)D levels <37 nmol/L (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.57, 95% CI 1.08–6.08) were strongly associated with increased odds of CAP hospitalization. A total of 422 sepsis patients and controls were 65 ± 14 years, 59% female, and 91% Caucasian. The 25(OH)D levels <37 nmol/L (adjusted OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11–2.77) were associated with increased odds of sepsis hospitalization. Vitamin D status was inversely associated with risk of CAP and sepsis hospitalization in a community-living adult population. Further clinical trials are needed to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation can reduce risk of infections, including CAP and sepsis. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Sasa borealis Stem Extract Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat Diet-induced Obese Rats

by Yuno Song, Soo-Jung Lee, Sun-Hee Jang, Ji Hee Ha, Young Min Song, Yeoung-Gyu Ko, Hong-Duck Kim, Wongi Min, Suk Nam Kang and Jae-Hyeon Cho

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2179-2195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062179 - 5 Jun 2014

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9742

Abstract

The aim of the current study is to examine the improving effect of Sasa borealis stem (SBS) extract extracts on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis in rats. To determine the hepatoprotective effect of SBS, we fed rats a normal regular diet (ND), [...] Read more.

The aim of the current study is to examine the improving effect of Sasa borealis stem (SBS) extract extracts on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis in rats. To determine the hepatoprotective effect of SBS, we fed rats a normal regular diet (ND), HFD, and HFD supplemented with 150 mg/kg body weight (BW) SBS extracts for five weeks. We found that the body weight and liver weight of rats in the HFD + SBS group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. Significantly lower serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were observed in the SBS-supplemented group compared with the HFD group. We also found that the HFD supplemented with SBS group showed dramatically reduced hepatic lipid accumulation compared to the HFD alone group, and administration of SBS resulted in dramatic suppression of TG, TC in the HFD-induced fatty liver. In liver gene expression within the SBS treated group, PPARα was significantly increased and SREBP-1c was significantly suppressed. SBS induced a significant decrease in the hepatic mRNA levels of PPARγ, FAS, ACC1, and DGAT2. In conclusion, SBS improved cholesterol metabolism, decreased lipogenesis, and increased lipid oxidation in HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in rats, implying a potential application in treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Liver Disease)

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Effect of SBS on serum lipid contents in HFD-fed rats. (A) Serum TG and TC levels in rats fed a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet supplemented with SBS. Serum TG and TC levels were significantly reduced in rats treated with HFD + SBS compared to HFD. The values are expressed as the mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. (B) Serum levels of AST and ALT of rats fed ND, HFD, and HFD + SBS. The values are expressed as the mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Full article ">Figure 2
SBS reduces hepatic lipid levels in HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in rats. (A) Hepatic TG and TC levels in rats fed a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet supplemented with SBS. Significant decreases in the levels of hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol were observed in the SBS-treated groups compared with HFD-induced obese rats. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. (B) Representative histological section of H & E staining of liver prepared from rats fed ND, HFD, and HFD supplemented with SBS (magnification 200×, scale bar = 100 µm). The major histological change induced by HFD in rat liver was hepatocyte steatosis and ballooning. Full article ">Figure 3
SBS inhibits expression of genes that regulate hepatic lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in hepatic steatosis. Total RNA isolated from liver was subjected to RT-PCR, and all of the gene transcripts were normalized using β-actin as a control. All of the experiments were performed in three independent experiments. Mean valves were significantly different from the ND group: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; and *** p < 0.001. ND, rats fed a normal diet; HFD, rats fed a high-fat diet; HFD + SBS, rats fed a high-fat diet plus SBS (150 mg/kg BW); SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator receptors-alpha; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator receptors-gamma; FAS, fatty-acid synthase; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; DGTA2, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2. Full article ">

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Open AccessReview

Early Life Nutrition, Epigenetics and Programming of Later Life Disease

by Mark H. Vickers

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2165-2178; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062165 - 2 Jun 2014

Cited by 271 | Viewed by 25058

Abstract

The global pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is often causally linked to marked changes in diet and lifestyle; namely marked increases in dietary intakes of high energy diets and concomitant reductions in physical activity levels. However, less attention has been paid [...] Read more.

The global pandemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is often causally linked to marked changes in diet and lifestyle; namely marked increases in dietary intakes of high energy diets and concomitant reductions in physical activity levels. However, less attention has been paid to the role of developmental plasticity and alterations in phenotypic outcomes resulting from altered environmental conditions during the early life period. Human and experimental animal studies have highlighted the link between alterations in the early life environment and increased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders in later life. This link is conceptualised as the developmental programming hypothesis whereby environmental influences during critical periods of developmental plasticity can elicit lifelong effects on the health and well-being of the offspring. In particular, the nutritional environment in which the fetus or infant develops influences the risk of metabolic disorders in offspring. The late onset of such diseases in response to earlier transient experiences has led to the suggestion that developmental programming may have an epigenetic component, as epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation or histone tail modifications could provide a persistent memory of earlier nutritional states. Moreover, evidence exists, at least from animal models, that such epigenetic programming should be viewed as a transgenerational phenomenon. However, the mechanisms by which early environmental insults can have long-term effects on offspring are relatively unclear. Thus far, these mechanisms include permanent structural changes to the organ caused by suboptimal levels of an important factor during a critical developmental period, changes in gene expression caused by epigenetic modifications (including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA) and permanent changes in cellular ageing. A better understanding of the epigenetic basis of developmental programming and how these effects may be transmitted across generations is essential for the implementation of initiatives aimed at curbing the current obesity and diabetes crisis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Epigenetics)

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Open AccessArticle

Is Omega-3 Fatty Acids Enriched Nutrition Support Safe for Critical Ill Patients? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Wei Chen, Hua Jiang, Zhi-Yuan Zhou, Ye-Xuan Tao, Bin Cai, Jie Liu, Hao Yang, Charles Damien Lu and Jun Zeng

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2148-2164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062148 - 30 May 2014

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 12444

Abstract

Objective: To systematically review the effects of omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (FA) enriched nutrition support on the mortality of critically illness patients. Methods: Databases of Medline, ISI, Cochrane Library, and Chinese Biomedicine Database were searched and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified. [...] Read more.

Objective: To systematically review the effects of omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (FA) enriched nutrition support on the mortality of critically illness patients. Methods: Databases of Medline, ISI, Cochrane Library, and Chinese Biomedicine Database were searched and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified. We enrolled RCTs that compared fish oil enriched nutrition support and standard nutrition support. Major outcome is mortality. Methodological quality assessment was conducted based on Modified Jadad’s score scale. For control heterogeneity, we developed a method that integrated I² test, nutritional support route subgroup analysis and clinical condition of severity. RevMan 5.0 software (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used for meta-analysis. Results: Twelve trials involving 1208 patients that met all the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity existed between the trials. A random model was used, there was no significant effect on mortality RR, 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.62, 1.09), p = 0.18. Knowing that the route of fish oil administration may affect heterogeneity, we categorized the trials into two sub-groups: parenteral administration (PN) of omega-3 and enteral administration (EN) of omega-3. Six trials administered omega-3 FA through PN. Pooled results indicated that omega-3 FA had no significant effect on mortality, RR 0.76, 95% CI (0.52, 1.10), p = 0.15. Six trials used omega-3 fatty acids enriched EN. After excluded one trial that was identified as source of heterogeneity, pooled data indicated omega-3 FA enriched EN significant reduce mortality, RR=0.69, 95% CI [0.53, 0.91] (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Omega-3 FA enriched nutrition support is safe. Due to the limited sample size of the included trials, further large-scale RCTs are needed. Full article

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Open AccessReview

Beyond Meatless, the Health Effects of Vegan Diets: Findings from the Adventist Cohorts

by Lap Tai Le and Joan Sabaté

Nutrients 2014, 6(6), 2131-2147; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062131 - 27 May 2014

Cited by 224 | Viewed by 117302

Abstract

Vegetarians, those who avoid meat, and vegans, additionally avoiding dairy and eggs, represent 5% and 2%, respectively, of the US population. The aim of this review is to assess the effects of vegetarian diets, particularly strict vegetarian diets (i.e., vegans) on [...] Read more.

Vegetarians, those who avoid meat, and vegans, additionally avoiding dairy and eggs, represent 5% and 2%, respectively, of the US population. The aim of this review is to assess the effects of vegetarian diets, particularly strict vegetarian diets (i.e., vegans) on health and disease outcomes. We summarized available evidence from three prospective cohorts of Adventists in North America: Adventist Mortality Study, Adventist Health Study, and Adventist Health Study-2. Non-vegetarian diets were compared to vegetarian dietary patterns (i.e., vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian) on selected health outcomes. Vegetarian diets confer protection against cardiovascular diseases, cardiometabolic risk factors, some cancers and total mortality. Compared to lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, vegan diets seem to offer additional protection for obesity, hypertension, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular mortality. Males experience greater health benefits than females. Limited prospective data is available on vegetarian diets and body weight change. Large randomized intervention trials on the effects of vegetarian diet patterns on neurological and cognitive functions, obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular outcomes are warranted to make meaningful recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegan diets and Human health)

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Nutrients, Volume 6, Issue 6 (June 2014) – 25 articles , Pages 2131-2492

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